devwiki wiki http://dev.wiki.local.wmftest.net:10241/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.30.0-alpha first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wiki Wiki talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk 0 6 11 2017-06-15T13:13:40Z 10.0.2.2 Created page with "." wikitext text/x-wiki . 6t9fg2gmch401ldtk8m7pyzz632ixbb 12 11 2017-06-19T13:43:17Z Admin 1 wikitext text/x-wiki . . p3zsz52vehdi0bvi0eh703xddcmpgyp 13 12 2017-06-19T13:43:57Z Foo 3 wikitext text/x-wiki . 6t9fg2gmch401ldtk8m7pyzz632ixbb 14 13 2017-06-21T00:34:57Z Ad Orientem 0 Removing link(s): [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of quotes featuring Berlin]] closed as delete ([[WP:XFDC|XFDcloser]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|the capital of Germany}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}} {{Infobox German state |Name=Berlin |German_name= |image_photo={{Photomontage|position=center | photo1a = Siegessaeule_Aussicht_10-13_img4_Tiergarten.jpg | photo2a = Bikinihaus_Berlin-1210760.jpg | photo2b = Brandenburger_Tor_Nachts.JPG | photo3a = Berlin_Wall6331.JPG | photo3b = Berlin_Oberbaumbruecke_2.jpg | photo4a= Reichstag_Berlin_Germany.jpg | size = 280 | spacing = 2 | color = | border = 0 | foot_montage = {{nobreak|From top: Skyline including the [[Fernsehturm Berlin|TV Tower]],}}<br>[[City West]], [[Brandenburg Gate]],<br>[[East Side Gallery]] ([[Berlin Wall]]), [[Oberbaum Bridge]] (River [[Spree]]),<br>[[Reichstag building]] (Bundestag) }} |state_coa=Coat of arms of Berlin.svg |coa_size=70 |map=Berlin in Germany and EU.png |map_size=270 |map_text=Location within [[European Union]] and Germany |coordinates={{coord|52|30|26|N|13|8|45|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |flag=Flag_of_Berlin.svg |area=891.7 |area_source= |population=3671000 |pop_ref=<ref name="Population11">{{cite web|url=https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/pms/2017/17-02-24a.pdf|title=Amt für Statistik Berlin Brandenburg|work=[[Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg]]|year=2016|accessdate=28 February 2017|language=German}}</ref> |pop_date=2016 |pop_metro=6004857 |elevation=34 |population_demonym=Berliner (m), Berlinerin (f) |GDP=124/ $137 |GDP_year=2015 |GDP_ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vgrdl.de/VGRdL/tbls/tab.jsp?rev=RV2014&tbl=tab01&lang=de-DE#tab01|title=Bruttoinlandsprodukt – in jeweiligen Preisen – in Deutschland 1991 bis 2015 nach Bundesländern (WZ 2008)|first=Statistisches Landesamt|last=Baden-Württemberg|date=|work=vgrdl.de}}</ref> |GDP_per_capita=35,600/ $40,000 |GDP_per_capita_year=2015 |GDP_percent= |Website=[http://www.berlin.de/en/ berlin.de] |leader_title=[[Governing Mayor of Berlin|Governing Mayor]] |leader=Michael Müller (politician) |leader_party=[[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] |ruling_party1=[[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] |ruling_party2=[[The Left (Germany)|Left]] |ruling_party3=[[Alliance 90/The Greens|Greens]] |votes=4 |NUTS=DE3 |Vorwahl=030 |Kfz=B<small></small><ref>Prefixes for vehicle registration were introduced in 1906, but often changed due to the political changes after 1945. Vehicles were registered under the following prefixes: "I A" (1906&nbsp;– April 1945; devalidated on 11 August 1945); no prefix, only digits (from July to August 1945), "БГ" (=BG; 1945–46, for cars, lorries and busses), "ГФ" (=GF; 1945–46, for cars, lorries and busses), "БM" (=BM; 1945–47, for motor bikes), "ГM" (=GM; 1945–47, for motor bikes), "KB" (i.e.: [[Allied Kommandatura|Kommandatura]] of Berlin; for all of Berlin 1947–48, continued for [[West Berlin]] until 1956), "GB" (i.e.: Greater Berlin, for [[East Berlin]] 1948–53), "I" (for East Berlin, 1953–90), "B" (for West Berlin from 1 July 1956, continued for all of Berlin since 1990).</ref> |iso region=DE-BE |date=April 2017}} '''Berlin''' ({{IPAc-en|b|əɹ|ˈ|l|ɪ|n}}, {{IPA-de|bɛɐ̯ˈliːn|lang|de-Berlin.ogg}}) is the [[Capital city|capital]] and the largest city of [[Germany]] as well as one of its 16 constituent [[states of Germany|states]]. With a population of approximately 3.7 million,<ref name="Population"/> Berlin is the second [[List of largest cities in the European Union by population within city limits|most populous city proper]] and the seventh [[List of urban areas in the European Union|most populous urban area]] in the [[European Union]].<ref name="Insee - -" >{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?ref_id=cmptef01103&id=18|title=Population des villes et unités urbaines de plus de 1 million d'habitants de l'Union européenne|author=[[INSEE]]|accessdate=17 August 2008|language=French}}</ref> Located in northeastern Germany on the banks of the rivers [[Spree]] and [[Havel]], it is the centre of the [[Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region|Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region]], which has roughly 6 million residents from more than 180 nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlin-brandenburg.de/daten-fakten/ |title=Daten und Fakten Hauptstadtregion |publisher=Berlin-Brandenburg.de |accessdate=10 February 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029041157/http://www.berlin-brandenburg.de/daten-fakten/ |archivedate=29 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deutsche-metropolregionen.org/mitglieder/berlin-brandenburg/ |title=Initiativkreis Europäische Metropolregionen in Deutschland: Berlin-Brandenburg |publisher=Deutsche-metropolregionen.org |accessdate=10 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurometrex.org/Docs/Moscow/BerlinBrandenburg_planning_metropolitan_region_DE.pdf |title=PowerPoint-Präsentation |format=PDF |accessdate=12 March 2013}}</ref><ref name=LUZ>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanaudit.org/CityProfiles.aspx|title=City Profiles Berlin|work=Urban Audit|accessdate=20 August 2008}}</ref> Due to its location in the [[European Plain]], Berlin is influenced by a [[Temperate climate|temperate]] seasonal climate. Around one-third of the city's area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers, canals and lakes.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=94LP4xCb-KcC&pg=PA23&lpg=PA23&dq=%22Berlin+%22+rivers+lakes+foreests+%22one+third%22#v=onepage&q=&f=false|title=Gren Berlin|work=[[Lonely Planet]]|accessdate=9 October 2009|isbn=9781740594721|author1=Schulte-Peevers|first1=Andrea|last2=Parkinson|first2=Tom|year=2004}}</ref> First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic [[trade route]]s,<ref name="staple">[http://www.diegeschichteberlins.de/geschichteberlins/berlin-abc/stichwortehn/599-niederlagsrecht.html ''Niederlagsrecht''], Verein für die Geschichte Berlins. Retrieved 21 November 2015 (German).</ref> Berlin became the capital of the [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]] (1417{{ndash}}1701), the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] (1701–1918), the [[German Empire]] (1871–1918), the [[Weimar Republic]] (1919–1933) and the [[Third Reich]] (1933–1945).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/germanunification.html|title=Documents of German Unification, 1848–1871|work=Modern History Sourcebook|accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref> [[1920s Berlin|Berlin in the 1920s]] was the third largest municipality in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=23505|title=Topographies of Class: Modern Architecture and Mass Society in Weimar Berlin (Social History, Popular Culture and Politics in Germany).|publisher=www.h-net.org|accessdate=9 October 2009}}</ref> After [[World War II]] and its subsequent occupation by the victorious countries, the city was divided; [[East Berlin]] was declared capital of [[East Germany]], while [[West Berlin]] became a de facto [[West Germany|West German]] [[exclave]], surrounded by the [[Berlin Wall]] (1961–1989) and East German territory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/62202/Berlin-Wall|title=Berlin Wall|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref> Following [[German reunification]] in 1990, Berlin once again became the capital of all-Germany. Berlin is a [[Global city|world city]] of culture, politics, media and science.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.germany.info/Vertretung/usa/en/04__W__t__G/03/01/03/Feature__3.html |title=Berlin – Capital of Germany |work=German Embassy in Washington |accessdate=18 August 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112204045/http://www.germany.info/Vertretung/usa/en/04__W__t__G/03/01/03/Feature__3.html |archivedate=12 January 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/BUSINESS/04/10/cities.dominate.world/?hpt=C2|title=Revealed: Cities that rule the world&nbsp;– and those on the rise|first=Catriona|last=Davies|publisher=CNN|date=10 April 2010|accessdate=11 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/22/travel/22iht-22berlin.13882912.html?_r=1|title=Berlin, the big canvas|first=Sam|last=Sifton|work=The New York Times|accessdate=18 August 2008 |date=31 December 1969}} See also: {{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb146.html#t5|title=Sites and situations of leading cities in cultural globalisations/Media|work=GaWC Research Bulletin 146|accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref><ref> {{cite journal|title=Global Power City Index 2009|work=Institute for Urban Strategies at The Mori Memorial Foundation|location=Tokyo, Japan|date=22 October 2009|url=http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2009_English.pdf|accessdate=29 October 2009}}</ref> Its economy is based on [[High tech|high-tech]] firms and the service sector, encompassing a diverse range of [[creative industries]], research facilities, media corporations and convention venues.<ref name=congress>{{cite web|url=http://www.iccaworld.com/npps/story.cfm?ID=1577|title=ICCA publishes top 20 country and city rankings 2007|work=ICCA|accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref><ref name=Cityofdesign>{{cite press release|url=http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=29376&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|title=Berlin City of Design |publisher=[[UNESCO]]|accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref> Berlin serves as a continental hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network. The metropolis is a popular [[Tourism in Germany|tourist destination]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Berlin Beats Rome as Tourist Attraction as Hordes Descend|work=Bloomberg L.P.|date=4 September 2014|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-09-03/berlin-beats-rome-as-tourist-attraction-as-hordes-descend.html|accessdate=11 September 2014}}</ref> Significant industries also include [[information technology|IT]], pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, clean tech, [[biotechnology]], construction and electronics. Modern Berlin is home to world renowned universities, orchestras, museums, entertainment venues and is host to many sporting events.<ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/896|title=World Heritage Site Museumsinsel|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref> Its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international [[List of films set in Berlin|film productions]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3549403,00.html|title=Hollywood Helps Revive Berlin's Former Movie Glory|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=9 August 2008|accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref> The city is well known for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts and a [[World's most liveable cities|high quality of living]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://travel2.nytimes.com/2004/12/12/travel/12surf.html?ex=1150862400&en=f2c1cc6c507fea18&ei=5070 |title=The Club Scene, on the Edge |work=The New York Times |accessdate=18 August 2008 |first=Sunshine |last=Flint |date=12 December 2004 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402221310/http://travel2.nytimes.com/2004/12/12/travel/12surf.html?ex=1150862400&en=f2c1cc6c507fea18&ei=5070 |archivedate=2 April 2013 }} See also: {{cite web|url=http://www.citymayors.com/features/quality_survey.html|title=Ranking of best cities in the world|work=City mayors|accessdate=18 August 2008}} and {{cite web|url=http://monocle.com/film/affairs/the-monocle-quality-of-life-survey-2015/|title=The Monocle Quality Of Life Survey 2015|publisher=Monocle|accessdate=20 July 2015}}</ref> Since the 2000s Berlin has seen the emergence of a cosmopolitan [[entrepreneurship|entrepreneurial]] [[Startup ecosystem|scene]].<ref> {{cite journal|title=Young Israelis are Flocking to Berlin|work=Newsweek|location=NYC, United States|date=13 June 2014|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2014/06/20/young-israelis-are-flocking-berlin-262139.html|accessdate=28 August 2014}}</ref> ==History== {{Main article|History of Berlin|Timeline of Berlin}} ===Etymology=== The name Berlin has its roots in the language of [[West Slavs|West Slavic]] inhabitants of the area of today's Berlin, and may be related to the Old [[Polabian language|Polabian]] stem ''berl-''/''birl-'' ("swamp").<ref>{{Cite book|last=Berger|first=Dieter|title=Geographische Namen in Deutschland|publisher=Bibliographisches Institut|year=1999|isbn=3-411-06252-5}}</ref> All German place names ending on ''-ow'', ''-itz'' and ''-in'', of which there are many east of the [[Elbe|River Elbe]], are of [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] origin ([[Germania Slavica]]). There are many boroughs of Slavic origin in the city: Berlin-[[Karow (Berlin)|Karow]], Berlin-[[Malchow (Berlin)|Malchow]], Berlin-[[Pankow]], Berlin-[[Spandau]] (earlier: ''Spandow''), Berlin-[[Gatow]], Berlin-[[Kladow]], Berlin-[[Steglitz]], Berlin-[[Lankwitz]], Berlin-[[Britz]], Berlin-[[Buckow (Berlin)|Buckow]], Berlin-[[Rudow]], Berlin-[[Alt-Treptow]], Berlin-[[Schmöckwitz]], Berlin-[[Marzahn]] and Berlin-[[Köpenick]]. Since the ''Ber-'' at the beginning sounds like the German word ''Bär'' (bear), a bear appears in the coat of arms of the city. It is therefore a [[canting arms|canting arm]]. ===12th to 16th centuries=== [[File:ZLB-Berliner Ansichten-Januar.jpg|thumb|Map of Berlin in 1688]] The earliest evidence of settlements in the area of today's Berlin are a wooden rod dated from approximately 1192<ref name="zycwaq">{{cite news|agency=Associated Press |title=Berlin dig finds city older than thought|accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref> and leftovers of wooden houseparts dated to 1174 found in a 2012 excavation in Berlin Mitte.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=dpa |title=Berlin ist älter als gedacht: Hausreste aus dem Jahr 1174 entdeckt|accessdate=24 August 2012|url=http://www.berlin.de/aktuelles/berlin/2674414-958092-berlin-ist-aelter-als-gedacht-hausreste-.html}}</ref> The first written records of towns in the area of present-day Berlin date from the late 12th century. [[Spandau]] is first mentioned in 1197 and [[Köpenick]] in 1209, although these areas did not join Berlin until 1920.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlin.de/tourismus/sehenswuerdigkeiten.en/00175.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612020333/http://www.berlin.de/tourismus/sehenswuerdigkeiten.en/00175.html|archivedate=12 June 2008|title=Spandau Citadel|work=Berlin tourist board|accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref> The central part of Berlin can be traced back to two towns. [[Cölln]] on the [[Fischerinsel]] is first mentioned in a 1237 document, and Berlin, across the [[Spree]] in what is now called the [[Nikolaiviertel]], is referenced in a document from 1244.<ref name="zycwaq"/> 1237 is considered the founding date of the city.<ref name=Medtradc>{{cite web|title=The medieval trading center|url=http://www.berlin.de/berlin-im-ueberblick/geschichte/handelsstadt.en.html|accessdate=11 June 2013|location=www.berlin.de}}</ref> The two towns over time formed close economic and social ties, and profited from the [[staple right]] on the two important [[trade route]]s ''[[Via Imperii]]'' and from [[Bruges]] to [[Novgorod]].<ref name="staple"/> In 1307, they formed an alliance with a common external policy, their internal administrations still being separated.<ref name="Stöver2010">Stöver B. Geschichte Berlins. Verlag CH Beck, 2010. {{ISBN|978-3-406-60067-8}}</ref><ref name="Lui stadtgr">[http://berlingeschichte.de/stadtentwicklung/texte/articles/1_02_stadtgr Stadtgründung Und Frühe Stadtentwicklung], Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein. Retrieved 10 June 2013</ref> In 1415 [[Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg|Frederick I]] became the [[prince-elector|elector]] of the [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]], which he ruled until 1440.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.west.net/~antipas/protected_files/news/europe/hohenzollerns.html|title=The Hohenzollern Dynasty|work=Antipas|accessdate=18 August 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807093738/http://www.west.net/~antipas/protected_files/news/europe/hohenzollerns.html |archivedate=7 August 2007}}</ref> During the 15th century, his successors established Berlin-Cölln as capital of the margraviate, and subsequent members of the [[Hohenzollern]] family ruled in Berlin until 1918, first as electors of Brandenburg, then as kings of Prussia, and eventually as [[German emperor]]s. In 1443 [[Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg|Frederick II Irontooth]] started the construction of a new [[Stadtschloss, Berlin|royal palace]] in the twin city Berlin-Cölln. The protests of the town citizens against the building culminated in 1448, in the "Berlin Indignation" ("Berliner Unwille").<ref>[http://www.diegeschichteberlins.de/geschichteberlins/berlinabc/stichworteag/555-berliner-unwillen.html Berliner Unwillen]. ''Verein für die Geschichte Berlins e.&nbsp;V.'' Retrieved 30 May 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/serie-was-den-berliner-unwillen-erregte/7301932.html Was den "Berliner Unwillen" erregte.]. ''Der Tagesspiegel'', 26 Oktober 2012</ref> This protest was not successful and the citizenry lost many of its political and economic privileges. After the royal palace was finished in 1451, it gradually came into use. From 1470, with the new elector [[Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg|Albrecht III Achilles]], Berlin-Cölln became the new royal residence.<ref name="Lui stadtgr"/> Officially, the Berlin-Cölln palace became permanent residence of the Brandenburg electors of the Hohenzollerns from 1486, when [[John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg|John Cicero]] came to power.<ref>{{cite web|title=The electors' residence|url=http://www.berlin.de/berlin-im-ueberblick/geschichte/residenzstadt.en.html|accessdate=11 June 2013|location=www.berlin.de}}</ref> Berlin-Cölln, however, had to give up its status as a free [[Hanseatic League|Hanseatic]] city. In 1539, the electors and the city officially became [[Lutheran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smp-protein.de/SMPConference/berlin.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818100934/http://www.smp-protein.de/SMPConference/berlin.htm|archivedate=18 August 2006|title=Berlin Cathedral|work=SMPProtein|accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref> ===17th to 19th centuries=== [[File:Friedrich Zweite Alt.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Frederick the Great]] (1712–1786) was one of Europe's [[enlightened monarch]]s.]] The [[Thirty Years' War]] between 1618 and 1648 devastated Berlin. One third of its houses were damaged or destroyed, and the city lost half of its population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/germany/bra30.html|title=Brandenburg during the 30 Years War|work=WHKMLA|accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref> [[Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg|Frederick William]], known as the "Great Elector", who had succeeded his father [[George William, Elector of Brandenburg|George William]] as ruler in 1640, initiated a policy of promoting immigration and religious tolerance.<ref name="Carlyle1853">{{cite book|author=Thomas Carlyle|title=Fraser's Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PME1mMFlEMcC&pg=PA63|year=1853|publisher=J. Fraser|page=63|accessdate=11 February 2016}}</ref> With the [[Edict of Potsdam]] in 1685, Frederick William offered asylum to the French [[Huguenot]]s.<ref name="Plaut1995">{{cite book|author=W. Gunther Plaut|title=Asylum: A Moral Dilemma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oirvylPVAhAC&pg=PA42|date=1 January 1995|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-95196-2|page=42}}</ref> By 1700, approximately 30 percent of Berlin's residents were French, because of the Huguenot immigration.<ref name="Gray2007">{{cite book|author=Jeremy Gray|title=Germany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5t5mZE_s5YC&pg=PA49|year=2007|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74059-988-7|page=49}}</ref> Many other immigrants came from [[Bohemia]], [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]], and [[Archbishopric of Salzburg|Salzburg]].<ref name="Cybriwsky2013">{{cite book|author=Roman Adrian Cybriwsky|title=Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qb6NAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA48|date=23 May 2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-248-9|page=48}}</ref> [[File:Berlin Unter den Linden Victoria Hotel um 1900.jpg|thumb|left|Berlin became the capital of the [[German Empire]] in 1871 and expanded rapidly in the following years. (Unter den Linden in 1900)]] Since 1618 the Margraviate of Brandenburg had been in [[personal union]] with the [[Duchy of Prussia]]. In 1701 the dual state formed the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], as [[Frederick III, Elector of Brandenburg]] crowned himself as king [[Frederick I of Prussia|Frederick I in Prussia]]. Berlin became the capital of the new Kingdom. This was a successful attempt to centralise the capital in the very far-flung state, and it was the first time the city began to grow. In 1709, Berlin merged with the four cities of Cölln, Friedrichswerder, Friedrichstadt and Dorotheenstadt under the name Berlin, "Haupt- und Residenzstadt Berlin".<ref name="Stöver2010"/> In 1740 Frederick II, known as [[Frederick the Great]] (1740–1786), came to power.<ref name="Zaide1965">{{cite book|author=Gregorio F. Zaide|title=World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kq512SmGMIsC&pg=PA273|year=1965|publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc.|isbn=978-971-23-1472-8|page=273}}</ref> Under the rule of Frederick II, Berlin became a center of [[the Enlightenment]], but also, was briefly occupied during the [[Seven Years' War]] by the Russian army.<ref name="PerryChase2012">{{cite book|author1=Marvin Perry|author2=Myrna Chase|author3=James Jacob |author4=Margaret Jacob |author5=Theodore Von Laue|title=Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YYIJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA444|date=1 January 2012|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=1-133-70864-1|page=444}}</ref> Following France's victory in the [[War of the Fourth Coalition]], [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] marched into Berlin in 1806, but granted self-government to the city.<ref name="Lewis2013">{{cite book|author=Peter B. Lewis|title=Arthur Schopenhauer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6TBXX9KVtzsC&pg=PA57|date=15 February 2013|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-78023-069-6|page=57}}</ref> In 1815 the city became part of the new [[Province of Brandenburg]].<ref name="StaffInc.2010">{{cite book|author1=Harvard Student Agencies Inc. Staff|author2=Harvard Student Agencies, Inc.|title=Let's Go Berlin, Prague & Budapest: The Student Travel Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nj0YqD4ntvIC&pg=PA83|date=28 December 2010|publisher=Avalon Travel|isbn=1-59880-914-8|page=83}}</ref> The [[Industrial Revolution]] transformed Berlin during the 19th century; the city's economy and population expanded dramatically, and it became the main railway hub and economic centre of Germany. Additional suburbs soon developed and increased the area and population of Berlin. In 1861 neighbouring suburbs including [[Wedding (Berlin)|Wedding]], [[Moabit]] and several others were incorporated into Berlin.<ref name="Schulte-Peevers2010">{{cite book|author=Andrea Schulte-Peevers|title=Lonel Berlin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DKlXQS6c3p0C&pg=PA25|date=15 September 2010|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74220-407-9|page=25}}</ref> In 1871 Berlin became capital of the newly founded [[German Empire]].<ref name="Stöver2013">{{cite book|author=Bernd Stöver|title=Berlin: A Short History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVA8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT20|date=2 October 2013|publisher=C.H.Beck|isbn=978-3-406-65633-0|page=20}}</ref> In 1881 it became a city district separate from Brandenburg.<ref name="Strassmann2008">{{cite book|author=W. Paul Strassmann|title=The Strassmanns: Science, Politics and Migration in Turbulent Times (1793–1993)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5cCuBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|date=15 June 2008|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-84545-416-6|page=26}}</ref> ===20th to 21st centuries=== {{Main article|West Berlin|East Berlin}} {{See also|1920s Berlin}} [[File:Kirchner 1913 Street, Berlin.jpg|thumb|150px|''Street, Berlin'' (1913) by [[Ernst Ludwig Kirchner]] ]] In the early 20th century, Berlin had become a fertile ground for the [[German Expressionism|German Expressionist]] movement.<ref name="HollandGawthrop2001">{{cite book|author1=Jack Holland|author2=John Gawthrop|title=The Rough Guide to Berlin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-EsJWmKCSa8C&pg=PA361|year=2001|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-85828-682-2|page=361}}</ref> In fields such as [[architecture]], [[painting]] and [[film|cinema]] new forms of artistic styles were invented. At the end of the [[First World War]] in 1918, a [[Weimar Republic|republic]] was proclaimed by [[Philipp Scheidemann]] at the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag building]]. In 1920 the [[Greater Berlin Act]] incorporated dozens of suburban cities, villages and estates around Berlin into an expanded city. The act increased the area of Berlin from {{convert|66|to|883|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. The population almost doubled and Berlin had a population of around four million. During the [[Weimar culture|Weimar era]], Berlin underwent political unrest due to economic uncertainties, but also became a renowned centre of the [[Roaring Twenties]]. The metropolis experienced its heyday as a major world capital and was known for its leadership roles in science, technology, arts, the humanities, city planning, film, higher education, government and industries. [[Albert Einstein]] rose to public prominence during his years in Berlin, being awarded the [[Nobel Prize for Physics]] in 1921. [[File:Potsdamer Platz 1945.jpg|thumb|left|Berlin in ruins after the [[Second World War]] ([[Potsdamer Platz]], 1945)]] In 1933 [[Adolf Hitler]] and the [[Nazi Party]] [[Nazi seizure of power|came to power]]. NSDAP rule diminished Berlin's Jewish community from 160,000 (one-third of all Jews in the country) to about 80,000 as a result of emigration between 1933 and 1939. After [[Kristallnacht]] in 1938, thousands of the city's Jews were imprisoned in the nearby [[Sachsenhausen concentration camp]]. Starting in early 1943, many were shipped to [[death camp]]s, such as [[Auschwitz]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005450|title=Berlin|publisher=}}</ref> During World War II, large parts of Berlin were destroyed in [[Battle of Berlin (air)|the 1943–45 air raids]] and during the [[Battle of Berlin]]. Around 125,000 civilians were killed.<ref>{{citation|last=Clodfelter|first=Michael|title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000|edition=2nd|publisher=McFarland & Company|year=2002|isbn=0-7864-1204-6}}</ref> After the [[end of World War II in Europe|end of the war in Europe]] in May 1945, Berlin received large numbers of refugees from the Eastern provinces. The victorious powers divided the city into four sectors, analogous to the [[Allied-occupied Germany|occupation zones]] into which Germany was divided. The sectors of the [[Allies of World War II|Western Allies]] (the United States, the United Kingdom and France) formed [[West Berlin]], while the [[Soviet Union|Soviet sector]] formed [[East Berlin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/psf/box31/t297c01.html|title=Agreement to divide Berlin|work=FDR-Library|accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref> [[File:Berlinermauer.jpg|thumb|The [[Berlin Wall]] (painted on the western side) was a barrier that divided the city from 1961 to 1989.]] All four [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] shared administrative responsibilities for Berlin. However, in 1948, when the Western Allies extended the currency reform in the Western zones of Germany to the three western sectors of Berlin, the [[Soviet Union]] imposed a [[Berlin Blockade|blockade]] on the access routes to and from West Berlin, which lay entirely inside Soviet-controlled territory. The [[Berlin airlift]], conducted by the three western Allies, overcame this blockade by supplying food and other supplies to the city from June 1948 to May 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.western-allies-berlin.com/historic-events/detail/airlift-blockade|title=Berlin Airlift / Blockade|publisher=Western Allies Berlin|accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref> In 1949 the Federal Republic of Germany was founded in [[West Germany]] and eventually included all of the American, British and French zones, excluding those three countries' zones in Berlin, while the [[Marxist-Leninist]] [[East Germany|German Democratic Republic]] was proclaimed in East Germany. West Berlin officially remained an occupied city, but it politically was aligned with the Federal Republic of Germany despite West Berlin's geographic isolation. Airline service to West Berlin was granted only to American, British and French airlines. [[File:Thefalloftheberlinwall1989.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Berlin Wall#The Fall|fall of the Berlin Wall]] on 9 November 1989. On [[German Unity Day|3 October 1990]], the [[German reunification]] process was formally finished.]] The founding of the two German states increased [[Cold War]] tensions. West Berlin was surrounded by East German territory, and East Germany proclaimed the Eastern part as its capital, a move that was not recognised by the western powers. East Berlin included most of the historic centre of the city. The West German government established itself in [[Bonn]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlin.de/berlin-im-ueberblick/geschichte/1945.en.html|title=Berlin official website; History after 1945|publisher=City of Berlin|accessdate=8 April 2009}}</ref> In 1961 East Germany began the building of the [[Berlin Wall]] between East and West Berlin, and events escalated to a tank standoff at [[Checkpoint Charlie]]. West Berlin was now de facto a part of West Germany with a unique legal status, while East Berlin was de facto a part of East Germany. [[John F. Kennedy]] gave his "''[[Ich bin ein Berliner]]''"{{snd}} speech in 1963 underlining the US support for the Western part of the city. Berlin was completely divided. Although it was possible for Westerners to pass from one to the other side through strictly controlled checkpoints, for most Easterners travel to West Berlin or West Germany was prohibited by the government of East Germany. In 1971, a [[Four Power Agreement on Berlin|Four-Power agreement]] guaranteed access to and from West Berlin by car or train through East Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/ga5-710903.htm|title=Ostpolitik: The Quadripartite Agreement of September 3, 1971|publisher=US Berlin Embassy|accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref> In 1989, with the end of the Cold War and pressure from the East German population, the Berlin Wall fell on 9 November and was subsequently mostly demolished. Today, the [[East Side Gallery]] preserves a large portion of the wall. On 3 October 1990, the two parts of Germany were [[German reunification|reunified]] as the Federal Republic of Germany and Berlin again became the official German capital. In 1991, the German Parliament, the [[Bundestag]], [[Decision on the Capital of Germany|voted to move the seat]] of the German capital from Bonn to Berlin, which was completed in 1999. On 18 June 1994 soldiers from the United States, France and Britain marched in a parade which was part of the ceremonies to mark the final withdrawal of foreign troops allowing a [[German reunification#Reunified Berlin|reunified Berlin]].<ref name=ReUnificationParade>{{cite news | last = Kinzer | first = Stephan | title = Allied Soldiers March to Say Farewell to Berlin | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/19/world/allied-soldiers-march-to-say-farewell-to-berlin.html | newspaper = [[New York Times]] | location = New York City | date = 19 June 1994 | accessdate = 20 November 2015}}</ref> [[Berlin's 2001 administrative reform]] merged several districts. The number of boroughs was reduced from 23 to 12. In 2006, the [[2006 FIFA World Cup Final|FIFA World Cup Final]] was held in Berlin. ==Geography== {{Main article|Geography of Berlin}} {{multiple image |align=center |image2=Über den Dächern von Berlin.jpg |width2=310 |caption2=[[Mitte (locality)|Mitte]], the historical center: [[Unter den Linden]] boulevard in the foreground, high-rise buildings of [[Potsdamer Platz]] up to the right |image1=Cityscape Berlin.jpg |width1=347 |caption1= [[Mitte (locality)|Berlin Mitte]] landmarks from left to right (seen from [[Berlin Victory Column|Victory Column]]): [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag building]], [[Fernsehturm Berlin|Fernsehturm]], [[Berlin Cathedral|Cathedral]], [[Rotes Rathaus|City Hall]], [[Brandenburg Gate]], [[Gendarmenmarkt]]}} ===Topography=== [[File:Berlin - Aerial view - 2016.jpg|thumb|Aerial view towards northeast over central Berlin]] Berlin is situated in northeastern [[Germany]], in an area of low-lying marshy woodlands with a mainly flat [[topography]], part of the vast [[Northern European Plain]] which stretches all the way from northern [[France]] to western [[Russia]]. The ''Berliner Urstromtal'' (an ice age [[glacial valley]]), between the low [[Barnim Plateau]] to the north and the [[Teltow plateau|Teltow Plateau]] to the south, was formed by meltwater flowing from ice sheets at the end of the last [[Weichselian glaciation]]. The [[Spree]] follows this valley now. In Spandau, a borough in the west of Berlin, the Spree empties into the river [[Havel]], which flows from north to south through western Berlin. The course of the Havel is more like a chain of lakes, the largest being the Tegeler See and the [[Großer Wannsee]]. A series of lakes also feeds into the upper Spree, which flows through the [[Müggelsee|Großer Müggelsee]] in eastern Berlin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=52.5333,13.38000&spn=0.060339,0.085316&t=k&hl=en|title=Satellite Image Berlin|publisher=[[Google Maps]]|accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref> Substantial parts of present-day Berlin extend onto the low plateaus on both sides of the Spree Valley. Large parts of the boroughs [[Reinickendorf]] and [[Pankow]] lie on the Barnim Plateau, while most of the boroughs of [[Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf]], [[Steglitz-Zehlendorf]], [[Tempelhof-Schöneberg]], and [[Neukölln]] lie on the Teltow Plateau. The borough of Spandau lies partly within the Berlin Glacial Valley and partly on the Nauen Plain, which stretches to the west of Berlin. Since 2015, the highest elevation in Berlin is found on the Arkenberge hills in Pankow, at {{convert|122|m|ft|abbr=off}}. Through the dumping of construction debris, they surpassed [[Teufelsberg]] ({{convert|120.1|m|ft|disp=or|abbr=on}}), a [[Schuttberg|hill made of rubble]] from the ruins of the Second World War.<ref>[http://www.qiez.de/pankow/wohnen-und-leben/gruenes-berlin/der-hoechste-berg-von-berlin-liegt-nun-in-pankow-arkenberge/169588800 Berlin hat eine neue Spitze], Qiez, 27 January 2015.</ref> The highest natural elevation is found on the [[Müggelberge]] at {{convert|114.7|m|ft|abbr=off}}, and the lowest at the Spektesee in Spandau, at {{convert|28.1|m|ft|abbr=off}}.<ref>Stefan Jacobs: [http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/bezirke/pankow/das-ist-die-hoehe-arkenberge-der-hoechste-berg-von-berlin-ist-neuerdings-in-pankow/11406254.html Der höchste Berg von Berlin ist neuerdings in Pankow], 22 February 2015.</ref> ===Climate=== [[File:Luftbild bln-schmoeckwitz.jpg|thumb|The outskirts of Berlin are covered with woodlands and numerous lakes.]] Berlin has a [[Oceanic climate|Maritime temperate climate]] (''Cfb'') according to the [[Köppen climate classification]] system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=58301&cityname=Berlin%2C+Berlin%2C+Germany&units=|title=Berlin, Germany Climate Summary|publisher=Weatherbase|accessdate=15 March 2015}}</ref> There are significant influences of mild continental climate due to its inland position, with frosts being common in winter and there being larger temperature differences between seasons than typical for many oceanic climates. Furthermore, Berlin is classified as a [[Temperate climate|temperate]] [[humid continental climate|continental climate]] (''Dc'') under the [[Trewartha climate classification|Trewartha climate scheme]].<ref>Gerstengarbe FW, Werner PC (2009) A short update on Koeppen climate shifts in Europe between 1901 and 2003. Clim Change 92: 99–107</ref> Summers are warm and sometimes humid with average high temperatures of {{convert|22|–|25|C|F}} and lows of {{convert|12|–|14|C|F}}. Winters are cool with average high temperatures of {{convert|3|C|F}} and lows of {{convert|−2|to|0|C|F}}. Spring and autumn are generally chilly to mild. Berlin's built-up area creates a microclimate, with [[urban heat island|heat stored by the city's buildings and pavement]]. Temperatures can be {{convert|4|C-change|sigfig=1}} higher in the city than in the surrounding areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/ |title=weather.com |publisher=weather.com |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> Annual precipitation is {{convert|570|mm|in|sp=us}} with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Snowfall mainly occurs from December through March.<ref name=worldweather>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldweather.org/016/c00059.htm|title=Climate figures|work=World Weather Information Service|accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref> {{Clear}} {{Weather box |location=Berlin- Tempelhof (1971–2000), extremes (1876– 2015) (Source: DWD) |metric first=yes |single line=yes |Jan record high C = 15.5 |Feb record high C = 18.7 |Mar record high C = 24.8 |Apr record high C = 31.3 |May record high C = 35.5 |Jun record high C = 35.9 |Jul record high C = 38.1 |Aug record high C = 38.0 |Sep record high C = 34.2 |Oct record high C = 28.1 |Nov record high C = 20.5 |Dec record high C = 16.0 |year record high C = 38.1 |Jan high C=3.3 |Feb high C=5.0 |Mar high C=9.0 |Apr high C=15.0 |May high C=19.6 |Jun high C=22.3 |Jul high C=25.0 |Aug high C=24.5 |Sep high C=19.3 |Oct high C=13.9 |Nov high C=7.7 |Dec high C=3.7 |year high C= |Jan mean C=0.6 |Feb mean C=1.4 |Mar mean C=4.8 |Apr mean C=8.9 |May mean C=14.3 |Jun mean C=17.1 |Jul mean C=19.2 |Aug mean C=18.9 |Sep mean C=14.5 |Oct mean C=9.7 |Nov mean C=4.7 |Dec mean C=2.0 |Jan low C=−1.9 |Feb low C=−1.5 |Mar low C=1.3 |Apr low C=4.2 |May low C=9.0 |Jun low C=12.3 |Jul low C= 14.3 |Aug low C=14.1 |Sep low C=10.6 |Oct low C=6.4 |Nov low C=2.2 |Dec low C=-0.4 |year low C= |Jan record low C = -23.1 |Feb record low C = -26.0 |Mar record low C = -16.5 |Apr record low C = -8.1 |May record low C = -4.0 |Jun record low C = 1.5 |Jul record low C = 5.4 |Aug record low C = 3.5 |Sep record low C = -1.5 |Oct record low C = -9.6 |Nov record low C = -16.0 |Dec record low C = -20.5 |year record low C = -26.0 |rain colour = green |Jan rain mm=42.3 |Feb rain mm=33.3 |Mar rain mm=40.5 |Apr rain mm=37.1 |May rain mm=53.8 |Jun rain mm=68.7 |Jul rain mm=55.5 |Aug rain mm=58.2 |Sep rain mm=45.1 |Oct rain mm=37.3 |Nov rain mm=43.6 |Dec rain mm=55.3 |Jan rain days=10.0 |Feb rain days=8.0 |Mar rain days=9.1 |Apr rain days=7.8 |May rain days=8.9 |Jun rain days=7.0 |Jul rain days=7.0 |Aug rain days=7.0 |Sep rain days=7.8 |Oct rain days=7.6 |Nov rain days=9.6 |Dec rain days=11.4 |unit rain days= 1.0 mm |Jan sun=46.5 |Feb sun=73.5 |Mar sun=120.9 |Apr sun=159.0 |May sun=220.1 |Jun sun=222.0 |Jul sun=217.0 |Aug sun=210.8 |Sep sun=156.0 |Oct sun=111.6 |Nov sun=51.0 |Dec sun=37.2 |year sun=1625.6 |source 1=[[World Meteorological Organization]] (UN),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://worldweather.wmo.int/016/c00059.htm |title=World Weather Information Service&nbsp;– Berlin |publisher=Worldweather.wmo.int |date=5 October 2006 |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> HKO<ref name=HKO>{{cite web|url=http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/ger_pl/berlin_e.htm|title=Climatological Normals of Berlin|accessdate=20 May 2010|publisher=[[Hong Kong Observatory]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berliner-extremwerte.com/Berliner-Extremwerte.htm|title=Berliner Extremwerte}}</ref> |date=April 2013}} ===Cityscape=== [[File:View from Park inn Berlin November 2013.jpg|thumb|Typically dense cityscape of core Berlin: [[Mitte]] area]] Berlin's history has left the city with a [[polycentrism|polycentric organization]] and a highly eclectic array of architecture and buildings. The city's appearance today is predominantly shaped by the key role it played in Germany's history in the 20th century. Each of the national governments based in Berlin{{snd}} the Kingdom of Prussia, the 1871 German Empire, the Weimar Republic, Nazi Germany, East Germany, and now the reunified Germany{{snd}} initiated ambitious reconstruction programs, with each adding its own distinctive style to the city's architecture. Berlin was devastated by [[Bombing of Berlin in World War II|bombing raids]], fires and street battles during World War II, and many of the buildings that had remained after the war were demolished in the post-war period in both West and East Berlin. Much of this demolition was initiated by municipal architecture programs to build new residential or business quarters and main roads. Many [[Ornament (art)|ornaments]] of pre-war buildings were destroyed following [[Ornament and Crime|modernist dogmas]]. While in both systems and in reunified Berlin, various important heritage monuments were also (partly) [[Reconstruction (architecture)|reconstructed]], including the ''Forum Fridericianum'' with e.g., the [[Berlin State Opera|State Opera]] (1955), [[Charlottenburg Palace]] (1957), the main monuments of the [[Gendarmenmarkt]] (1980s), [[Alte Kommandantur|Kommandantur]] (2003) and the project to reconstruct the baroque façades of the [[City Palace, Berlin|City Palace]]. A number of new buildings are inspired by historical predecessors or the general classical style of Berlin, such as [[Hotel Adlon]]. Clusters of [[List of tallest buildings in Berlin|high-rise buildings]] emerge at disperse locations, e.g. [[Potsdamer Platz]], [[City West]], and [[Alexanderplatz]], the latter two representing the previous centers of West and East Berlin, respectively, and the former representing the new Berlin of the 21st century built upon the previous no-man's land of the Berlin Wall. Berlin has three of the top 40 [[List of tallest buildings in Germany|tallest buildings]] in Germany. ===Architecture=== {{Main article|Architecture in Berlin}} {{See also|List of sights in Berlin|List of tallest buildings in Berlin}} [[File:Berlin, Kreuzberg, Chamissoplatz 4, Mietshaus.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Mixed-use development|mixed-use]] building in [[Kreuzberg]]. The 'blockrand' structure of the 1862 [[Hobrecht-Plan]] is typical for Berlin.]] The [[Fernsehturm Berlin|Fernsehturm]] (TV tower) at [[Alexanderplatz]] in [[Mitte]] is among the tallest structures in the European Union at {{convert|368|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Built in 1969, it is visible throughout most of the central districts of Berlin. The city can be viewed from its {{convert|204|m|ft|abbr=on}} high observation floor. Starting here the [[Karl-Marx-Allee]] heads east, an avenue lined by monumental residential buildings, designed in the [[Socialist Classicism]] style. Adjacent to this area is the [[Rotes Rathaus]] (City Hall), with its distinctive red-brick architecture. In front of it is the [[Neptunbrunnen]], a fountain featuring a mythological group of [[Triton (mythology)|Tritons]], [[Anthropomorphism|personifications]] of the four main Prussian rivers and [[Neptune (mythology)|Neptune]] on top of it. [[File:Brandenburger Tor abends.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Brandenburg Gate]], icon of Berlin and Germany]] The [[Brandenburg Gate]] is an iconic landmark of Berlin and Germany; it stands as a symbol of eventful European history and of unity and peace. The [[Reichstag building]] is the traditional seat of the German Parliament. It was remodelled by British architect [[Norman Foster (architect)|Norman Foster]] in the 1990s and features a glass dome over the session area, which allows free public access to the parliamentary proceedings and magnificent views of the city. The [[East Side Gallery]] is an open-air exhibition of art painted directly on the last existing portions of the Berlin Wall. It is the largest remaining evidence of the city's historical division. The [[Gendarmenmarkt]] is a [[neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] square in Berlin, the name of which derives from the headquarters of the famous Gens d'armes regiment located here in the 18th century. It is bordered by two similarly designed cathedrals, the [[Französischer Dom]] with its observation platform and the [[Deutscher Dom]]. The Konzerthaus (Concert Hall), home of the Berlin Symphony Orchestra, stands between the two cathedrals. [[File:Haus der Weltkulturen.jpg|thumb|[[Haus der Kulturen der Welt]] ]] [[File:Berlin.Memorial_to_the_Murdered_Jews_of_Europe_003.JPG|thumb|[[Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe|Holocaust Memorial]] ]] The [[Museum Island]] in the [[River Spree]] houses [[Berlin#Museums|five museums]] built from 1830 to 1930 and is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Restoration and the construction of a main entrance to all museums, as well as the reconstruction of the [[Stadtschloss, Berlin|Stadtschloss]] is continuing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/newsticker/neumann--stadtschloss-wird-teurer,10917074,10924086.html |title=Neumann: Stadtschloss wird teurer|work= Berliner Zeitung |language=de |date=24 June 2011 |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/archiv/die-nullerjahre--nation-building---der-wiedervereinigte-staat-baut-sich-eine-neue-hauptstadt-das-pathos-der-berliner-republik,10810590,10717494.html |title=Das Pathos der Berliner Republik|work= Berliner Zeitung |language=de |date=19 May 2010 |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> Also located on the island and adjacent to the [[Lustgarten]] and palace is [[Berlin Cathedral]], emperor William II's ambitious attempt to create a Protestant counterpart to [[St. Peter's Basilica]] in Rome. A large crypt houses the remains of some of the earlier Prussian royal family. [[St. Hedwig's Cathedral]] is Berlin's Roman Catholic cathedral. [[File:17 20 pm (570903628).jpg|thumb|left|Potsdamer Platz, Kollhoff Tower at the center.]] [[Unter den Linden]] is a tree-lined east–west avenue from the Brandenburg Gate to the site of the former Berliner Stadtschloss, and was once Berlin's premier promenade. Many Classical buildings line the street and part of [[Humboldt University]] is located there. [[Friedrichstraße]] was Berlin's legendary street during the [[Golden Twenties]]. It combines 20th-century traditions with the modern architecture of today's Berlin. [[File:Unter den Linden Berlin2007.jpg|thumb|left|[[Unter den Linden]] boulevard with [[Zeughaus]], [[Berlin Cathedral]] and [[Fernsehturm Berlin]] at night.]] [[Potsdamer Platz]] is an entire quarter built from scratch after 1995 after the [[Berlin Wall|Wall]] came down.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/bauen/baubilanz/en/potsdamer_platz.html |title=Construction and redevelopment since 1990 |publisher=Senate Department of Urban Development |accessdate=18 August 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610103008/http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/bauen/baubilanz/en/potsdamer_platz.html |archivedate=10 June 2008 }}</ref> To the west of Potsdamer Platz is the Kulturforum, which houses the [[Gemäldegalerie, Berlin|Gemäldegalerie]], and is flanked by the [[Neue Nationalgalerie]] and the [[Berliner Philharmonie]]. The [[Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe]], a [[Holocaust]] memorial, is situated to the north.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://travel2.nytimes.com/2005/05/09/arts/design/09holo.html?ex=1162962000&en=272335914d8b80d6&ei=5070 |title=A Forest of Pillars, Recalling the Unimaginable |work=The New York Times |accessdate=18 August 2008 |first=Nicolai |last=Ouroussoff |date=9 May 2005 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205123448/http://travel2.nytimes.com/2005/05/09/arts/design/09holo.html?ex=1162962000&en=272335914d8b80d6&ei=5070 |archivedate=5 December 2013 }}</ref> The area around [[Hackescher Markt]] is home to fashionable culture, with countless clothing outlets, clubs, bars, and galleries. This includes the [[Hackesche Höfe]], a conglomeration of buildings around several courtyards, reconstructed around 1996. The nearby [[New Synagogue, Berlin|New Synagogue]] is the center of Jewish culture. [[File:Le château de Charlottenburg (Berlin) (6340508573).jpg|thumb|[[Charlottenburg Palace]] is the largest existing palace in Berlin.]] The [[Straße des 17. Juni]], connecting the Brandenburg Gate and Ernst-Reuter-Platz, serves as the central east-west axis. Its name commemorates the [[Uprising of 1953 in East Germany|uprisings in East Berlin of 17 June 1953]]. Approximately halfway from the Brandenburg Gate is the Großer Stern, a circular traffic island on which the [[Siegessäule]] (Victory Column) is situated. This monument, built to commemorate Prussia's victories, was relocated in 1938–39 from its previous position in front of the Reichstag. The [[Kurfürstendamm]] is home to some of Berlin's luxurious stores with the [[Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church]] at its eastern end on [[Breitscheidplatz]]. The church was destroyed in the Second World War and left in ruins. Nearby on Tauentzienstraße is [[KaDeWe]], claimed to be continental Europe's largest department store. The [[Rathaus Schöneberg]], where [[John F. Kennedy]] made his famous "[[Ich bin ein Berliner]]!" speech, is situated in [[Tempelhof-Schöneberg]]. West of the center, [[Bellevue Palace (Germany)|Bellevue Palace]] is the residence of the German President. [[Charlottenburg Palace]], which was burnt out in the Second World War, is the largest historical palace in Berlin. The [[Funkturm Berlin]] is a {{convert|150|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall lattice radio tower in the fairground area, built between 1924 and 1926. It is the only observation tower which stands on insulators and has a restaurant {{convert|55|m|ft|abbr=on}} and an observation deck {{convert|126|m|ft|abbr=on}} above ground, which is reachable by a windowed elevator. The [[Oberbaumbrücke]] is Berlin's most iconic bridge, crossing the [[Spree|River Spree]]. It was a former East-West border crossing and connects the boroughs of [[Friedrichshain]] and [[Kreuzberg]]. It was completed in a [[brick gothic]] style in 1896. The center portion has been reconstructed with a steel frame after having been destroyed in 1945. The bridge has an upper deck for the [[Berlin U-Bahn]] line {{BVG lines|U1}}. ==Demographics== {{Main article|Demographics of Berlin}} [[File:BearpitKaraoke.jpg|thumb|People in [[Mauerpark]]]] On 31 December 2015 the city-state of Berlin had a population of 3,520,031 registered inhabitants<ref name="Population">{{cite web|url=https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/BasisZeitreiheGrafik/Bas-Einwohnerregister.asp?Ptyp=300&Sageb=12041&creg=BBB&anzwer=11|title=Einwohner am Ort der Hauptwohnung am 31. Dezember 2015|work=[[Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg]]|accessdate=13 June 2016|language=German}}</ref> in an area of {{convert|891.85|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="statoffice">{{cite web|url=http://www.statistik-berlin.de/|title=Berlin statistical figures|work=[[Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg]]|accessdate=19 August 2008|language=German}}</ref> The city's population density was 4,048 inhabitants per km². Berlin is the second [[Largest cities of the European Union by population within city limits|most populous city proper]] in the EU. The [[urban area]] of Berlin comprised about 4.1 million people in 2014 in an area of {{convert|1347|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, making it the seventh [[Largest urban areas of the European Union|most populous urban area]] in the [[European Union]].<ref name="Insee - -"/><ref name=Demographia>[http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf Demographia: World Urban Areas]. Retrieved 6 September 2015.</ref> The [[urban agglomeration]] of the metropolis was home to about 4.5&nbsp;million in an area of {{convert|5370|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. {{As of|2014}} the [[Larger Urban Zones|functional urban area]] was home to about 5&nbsp;million people in an area of approximately {{convert|15000|km²|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en Population on 1 January by age groups and sex – functional urban areas, Eurostat]. Retrieved 29 September 2016.</ref> The entire [[Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region|Berlin-Brandenburg capital region]] has a population of more than 6 million in an area of {{convert|30370|km²|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{de icon}} [http://www.deutsche-metropolregionen.org/mitglieder/berlin-brandenburg/ Hauptstadtregion Berlin-Brandenburg]</ref> In 2014, the city state Berlin had 37.368 live births (+6,6%), a record number since 1991. The number of deaths was 32.314. Almost 2.0 million households were counted in the city. 54 percent of them were single-person households. More than 337.000 families with children under the age of 18 lived in Berlin. In 2014 the German capital registered a migration surplus of approximately 40.000 people.<ref>[https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/produkte/kleinestatistik/AP_kleinestatistik_en_2015_be.pdf statistics Berlin Brandenburg]. www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de Retrieved 10 October 2016.</ref> [[File:Berlin population2.svg|thumb|left|Berlin's population 1880–2012]] National and international migration into the city has a long history. In 1685, following the revocation of the [[Edict of Nantes]] in France, the city responded with the [[Edict of Potsdam]], which guaranteed religious freedom and tax-free status to French Huguenot refugees for ten years. The [[Greater Berlin Act]] in 1920 incorporated many suburbs and surrounding cities of Berlin. It formed most of the territory that comprises modern Berlin and increased the population from 1.9&nbsp;million to 4&nbsp;million. Active immigration and asylum politics in West Berlin triggered waves of immigration in the 1960s and 1970s. Currently, Berlin is home to about 200,000 [[Turks in Germany|Turks]],<ref name="250k Turks">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/berlin-shish-and-sauerkraut-to-go-448678.html |title=Berlin: Shish And Sauerkraut To Go |first=Andrew |last=Spooner |work=The Independent |location=UK |date=13 May 2007 |accessdate=24 May 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514033307/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/berlin-shish-and-sauerkraut-to-go-448678.html |archivedate=14 May 2011 }}</ref> making it the largest Turkish community outside of Turkey. In the 1990s the ''Aussiedlergesetze'' enabled immigration to Germany of some residents from the former [[Soviet Union]]. Today ethnic [[History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union|Germans]] from countries of the former Soviet Union make up the largest portion of the Russian-speaking community.<ref>{{cite web|author=Dmitry Bulgakov |url=http://www.russiajournal.com/node/4653 |title=Berlin is speaking Russians' language|publisher=Russiajournal.com |date=11 March 2001 |accessdate=10 February 2013}}</ref> The last decade experienced an influx from various Western countries and some African regions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.welt.de/print-wams/article616463/Berlin_wird_farbiger_Die_Afrikaner_kommen.html |title=Berlin wird farbiger. Die Afrikaner kommen – Nachrichten WELT am SONNTAG – WELT ONLINE |language=de |work=Die Welt |date=28 October 2001 |accessdate=2 June 2011}}</ref> A portion of the African immigrants have settled in the [[Afrikanisches Viertel]].<ref>{{cite press release |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=6 February 2009 |title=Zweites Afrika-Magazin "Afrikanisches Viertel" erschienen Bezirksbürgermeister Dr. Christian Hanke ist Schirmherr |url=http://www.berlin.de/ba-mitte/aktuell/presse/archiv/20090206.1305.119894.html |location=Berlin |publisher=berlin.de |access-date=27 September 2016}}</ref> Young Germans, EU-Europeans and Israelis have also settled in the city.<ref> {{cite journal|title=Hummus In The Prenzlauer Berg|work=The Jewish Week|location=NYC, United States|date=12 December 2014|url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/special-sections/jewish-journeys/hummus-prenzlauer-berg|accessdate=29 December 2014}}</ref> ===Immigration=== {{Expand section|date=June 2017}} {|class="infobox" style="float:right;" | style="text-align:center;" colspan="2" | '''Registered residents (2014)'''<ref name="pop-detail">{{cite web|url=https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/produkte/jahrbuch/jb2015/JB_2015_BE.pdf|format=PDF|title=Statistisches Jahrbuch 2015|trans-title=Statistical Yearbook 2015|website=[[Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg]]|accessdate=4 August 2016|language=German}}</ref><ref name="registered residents 2014">{{cite web|url=https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/publikationen/stat_berichte/2015/SB_A01-05-00_2014h02_BE.pdf|format=PDF|title= Einwohnerinnen und Einwohner im Land Berlin am 31. Dezember 2014|trans-title=Residents of Berlin as of 31 December 2016|website=[[Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg]]|accessdate=19 August 2016|language=German}}</ref> |- ! Largest Migrant Communities|| Population |- | {{flag|Turkey}} ||176,730 |- | {{flag|Poland}} ||107,807 |- | {{flag|Russia}} ||53,753 |- | {{flag|Italy}} ||34,605 |- | {{flag|Syria}} ||33,007 |- | {{flag|Bulgaria}} ||30,406 |- | {{flag|Lebanon}} ||27,621 |- | {{flag|Serbia}} ||27,060 |- | {{flag|United States}} ||26,283 |- | {{flag|Vietnam}} ||25,637 |- | {{flag|France}} ||25,556 |- | {{flag|Romania}} ||23,117 |- | {{flag|Kazakhstan}} ||20,886 |- | {{flag|Ukraine}} ||20,023 |- | {{flag|United Kingdom}} ||19,726 |- | {{flag|Greece}} ||17,860 |- | {{flag|Spain}} ||17,602 |- | {{flag|Croatia}} ||15,921 |- | {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} ||15,408 |} In December 2015, there were 621,075 registered residents of foreign nationality, and another 457,016 German citizens with a "migration background",<ref name="Population"/> meaning they or one of their parents immigrated after 1955.<ref name="registered residents 2014"/> Foreign residents of Berlin originate from approximately 190 different countries.<ref name="Foreign residents of Berlin">{{cite web|url=http://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/pms/2011/11-02-04.pdf |format=PDF |title=Über 457 000 Ausländer aus 190 Staaten in Berlin gemeldet |trans-title=Over 457,000 foreigners from 190 countries registered in Berlin |website=[[Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg]] |accessdate=5 February 2011 |language=German |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719085632/http://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/pms/2011/11-02-04.pdf |archivedate=19 July 2011 }}</ref> In 2008, about 25–30% of the population had foreign born parents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/;art270,2563533 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703200909/http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/;art270,2563533 |archivedate=3 July 2008 |dead-url=yes |title=Jeder vierte Berliner ist ausländischer Herkunft|work=[[Der Tagesspiegel]]|accessdate=19 August 2008|language=German}}</ref> 45 percent of the residents under the age of 18 have foreign roots.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/the-meteoric-political-rise-ofmpalestinian-immigrant-raed-saleh-a-963384.html|work=Spiegel Online|title=From Burger Flipper to Bürgermeister? Immigrant Could Become Next Berlin Mayor}}</ref> Berlin in 2009 was estimated to have 100,000 to 250,000 non-registered inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web|author=Von Andrea Dernbach |url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/deutschland/berlin-will-illegalen-einwanderern-helfen/1452916.html |title=Migration: Berlin will illegalen Einwanderern helfen – Deutschland – Politik – Tagesspiegel |publisher=Tagesspiegel.de |date=23 February 2009 |accessdate=15 September 2011}}</ref> Boroughs of Berlin with a significant number of migrants or foreign born population are [[Mitte (locality)|Mitte]], [[Neukölln]] and [[Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg]].<ref>[https://jungefreiheit.de/politik/deutschland/2016/zahl-der-auslaender-in-berlin-steigt-auf-rekordhoch/ "Zahl der Ausländer in Berlin steigt auf Rekordhoch"], retrieved 13 June 2017.</ref> There are more than 20 non-indigenous communities with a population of at least 10,000 people, including [[Turks in Berlin|Turkish]], Polish, Russian, Lebanese, Palestinian, Serbian, Italian, Bosnian, [[Vietnamese community of Berlin|Vietnamese]], American, Romanian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Chinese, Austrian, Ukrainian, French, British, Spanish, Israeli, Thai, Iranian, [[Arabs in Berlin|Egyptian and Syrian communities]]. ===Languages=== {{Main article|German language|Berlinerisch dialect}} [[German language|German]] is the official and predominant spoken language in Berlin. It is a [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic language]] that derives most of its vocabulary from the Germanic branch of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] language family. German is one of 24 languages of the European Union,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/languages/policy/linguistic-diversity/official-languages-eu_en.htm |title=Official Languages |author=European Commission |accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> and one of the three [[working language]]s of the [[European Commission]]. Berlinerisch or Berlinisch is not a dialect linguistically, but has features of [[Lausitzisch-neumärkisch dialects]]. It is spoken in Berlin and the [[Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region|surrounding metropolitan area]]. It originates from a [[Mark Brandenburgish dialects|Mark Brandenburgish]] variant. The dialect is now seen more as a [[sociolect]], largely through increased immigration and trends among the educated population to speak [[standard German]] in everyday life. The most-commonly-spoken foreign languages in Berlin are Turkish, English, Russian, Arabic, Polish, Kurdish, Serbo-Croatian, Italian, Vietnamese, and French. Turkish, Arabic, Kurdish, Serbo-Croatian are heard more often in the western part, due to the large Middle Eastern and former-Yugoslavian communities. English, Vietnamese, Russian, and Polish have more native speakers in East Berlin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.morgenpost.de/printarchiv/wirtschaft/article1309952/Zwei-Millionen-Berliner-sprechen-mindestens-zwei-Sprachen.html |title=Studie – Zwei Millionen Berliner sprechen mindestens zwei Sprachen – Wirtschaft – Berliner Morgenpost – Berlin |publisher=Morgenpost.de |date=18 May 2010 |accessdate=2 June 2011}}</ref> ===Religion=== {{Main article|Religion in Berlin}} {{bar box |title=Religion in Berlin – 2010 |float=left |bars= {{bar percent|[[Irreligion|Irreligious]]|SlateGray|60.0}} {{bar percent|[[Evangelical Church in Germany|EKD Protestants]]|DodgerBlue|18.7}} {{bar percent|[[Catholic Church|Roman Catholics]]|DarkOrchid|9.1}} {{bar percent|[[Muslim]]s|LimeGreen|8.1}} {{bar percent|Other [[Christianity|Christian]]|Magenta|2.7}} {{bar percent|Other religion|Black|1.0}} }} [[File:141227 Berliner Dom.jpg|thumb|The Protestant [[Berlin Cathedral]], held by the [[Evangelical Church in Germany|EKD]] ]] More than 60% of Berlin residents have no registered religious affiliation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/26/berlin-germany-religious-education-ethics|title=Atheist Berlin to decide on religion's place in its schools|author=Connolly, Kate|work=The Guardian |location=UK |date=26 April 2009|accessdate=10 May 2010}}</ref> The largest denomination in 2010 was the [[Protestant]] [[Landeskirche|regional church body]] – the [[Evangelical Church of Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Upper Lusatia|Evangelical Church of Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Upper Lusatia (EKBO)]] – a [[United church]]. EKBO is a member of the [[Evangelical Church in Germany|Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD)]] and [[Union Evangelischer Kirchen|Union Evangelischer Kirchen (UEK)]], and accounts for 18.7% of the local population.<ref name="kirchenmitglieder2010">Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland: ''Kirchenmitgliederzahlen am 31. Dezember 2010''. EKD, 2011, ([http://www.ekd.de/download/Ber_Kirchenmitglieder_2010.pdf PDF; 0,45&nbsp;MB]) Retrieved, 10 March 2012.</ref> The [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]] has 9.1% of residents registered as its members.<ref name="kirchenmitglieder2010"/> About 2.7% of the population identify with other Christian denominations (mostly [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]], but also various Protestants).<ref name="klStatistik2010">Amt für Statistik Berlin Brandenburg: ''Die kleine Berlin-Statistik 2010.'' ([http://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/Produkte/kleinestatistik/kBEst_2010.pdf PDF-Datei]). Retrieved, 4 January 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904233957/http://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/Produkte/kleinestatistik/kBEst_2010.pdf |date=4 September 2012 }}</ref> [[File:Berlin Sehitlik-Moschee 3.JPG|thumb|The Sunni ''Şehitlik mosque'' in Berlin&nbsp;[[Bezirk Neukölln|Neukölln]]]] In 2009 estimated 249.000 [[Muslim]]s resided in Berlin, making up 7,2% of the population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/produkte/jahrbuch/jb2010/JB_201004_BE.pdf |title=Statistisches Jahrbuch für Berlin 2010. January 10 Märch 2012. |format=PDF |accessdate=10 February 2013}}</ref> About a year later calculations based on census data for migrants from 21 countries of origin brought a similar number for Muslim migrants in Berlin (about 257,700 in May 2011). According to that 7,8% of Berlin´s 3,292,365 inhabitants were Muslim migrants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kartenseite.files.wordpress.com/2017/04/brd_muslime_in_den_landkreisen_beim_zensus2011_sortiert_nach_regionalschluessel1.pdf |title=Kartenseite: Muslime in den Landkreisen beim Zensus 2011 |format=PDF |accessdate=30 April 2017}}</ref> In 2016 the number of Muslims was estimated at about 350.000 people which portrays 9,5% of the city population.<ref>[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/muslime-im-fastenmonat-ramadan-in-fluechtlingsheimen-und-schulen-in-berlin/13696160.html "Ramadan in Flüchtlingsheimen und Schulen in Berlin"], retrieved 13 June 2017.</ref> Due to rising numbers of Muslim migration to the city as well as higher birthrates by Muslim parents and simultaneously sinking numbers of Protestants and Roman Catholics, Islam could become the largest denomination in Berlin by 2035.<ref>{{cite news |last=Schupelius |first=Gunnar |date=28 May 2015 |title=Wird der Islam künftig die stärkste Religion in Berlin sein? |url=http://www.bz-berlin.de/berlin/kolumne/wird-der-islam-kuenftig-die-staerkste-religion-in-berlin-sein |work=B.Z. |location=Berlin |access-date=13 June 2017}}</ref> About 0.9% of Berliners belong to other religions. Of the estimated population of 30,000–45,000 Jewish residents,<ref name="The Boston Globe 2014-11-01">{{cite web| url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2014/11/01/germany-jewish-community-now-thrives/fcPnmnfpbLQ0hM1A6zDyNN/story.html| title=In Germany, a Jewish community now thrives| author=Mike Ross| date=1 November 2014| website=The Boston Globe| publisher=| accessdate=19 August 2016 }}</ref> approximately 12,000 are registered members of religious organizations.<ref name="klStatistik2010"/> Berlin is the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Berlin|Roman Catholic archbishop of Berlin]] and [[Evangelical Church of Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Upper Lusatia|EKBO]]'s elected chairperson is titled the bishop of EKBO. Furthermore, Berlin is the seat of many Orthodox cathedrals, such as the Cathedral of St. Boris the Baptist, one of the two seats of the [[Bulgarian Orthodox Church|Bulgarian Orthodox]] Diocese of Western and Central Europe, and the Resurrection of Christ Cathedral of the Diocese of Berlin (Patriarchate of Moscow). The faithful of the different religions and denominations maintain many [[List of places of worship in Berlin|places of worship in Berlin]]. The [[Independent Evangelical Lutheran Church]] has eight parishes of different sizes in Berlin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.selk-berlin.de/|title=Lutheran Diocese Berlin-Brandenburg|work=Selbständige Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche|accessdate=19 August 2008}}</ref> There are 36 [[Baptist]] congregations (within [[Union of Evangelical Free Church Congregations in Germany]]), 29 [[New Apostolic Church]]es, 15 [[United Methodist]] churches, eight Free Evangelical Congregations, four [[Church of Christ, Scientist|Churches of Christ, Scientist]] (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 11th), six congregations of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], an [[Old Catholic]] church, and an [[Anglican]] church in Berlin. Berlin has more than 80 mosques,<ref name="Deutsche Welle 2014-04-16">{{cite web| url=http://www.dw.com/en/berlins-mosques/g-17572423| title=Berlin′s mosques| author=| date=16 April 2014| website=Deutsche Welle| publisher=| accessdate=19 August 2016 }}</ref> 11 synagogues, and two [[Buddhist]] temples, in addition to a number of [[humanism|humanist]] and [[atheist]] groups. ==Government== {{Main article|Politics of Berlin|Berlin Police}} ===City state=== [[File:Berlin- The Rotes Rathaus with the Neptunbrunnen in front - 2752.jpg|thumb|left|[[Rotes Rathaus]], seat of the Senate and Governing Mayor of Berlin]] Since [[German reunification|the reunification]] on 3 October 1990, Berlin has been one of the three [[States of Germany#Subdivisions|city states in Germany]] among the present 16 states of Germany. The [[Abgeordnetenhaus von Berlin|House of Representatives]] (''Abgeordnetenhaus'') functions as the city and state parliament, which currently has 141 seats. Berlin's executive body is the [[Senate of Berlin]] (''Senat von Berlin''). The Senate consists of the [[List of mayors of Berlin|Governing Mayor]] (''Regierender Bürgermeister'') and up to eight senators holding ministerial positions, one of them holding the title of "Mayor" (''Bürgermeister'') as deputy to the Governing Mayor. The total annual state budget of Berlin in 2015 exceeded €24.5 ($30.0) billion including a budget surplus of €205 ($240) million.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/berlin/berliner-haushalt-finanzsenator-bleibt-trotz-sprudelnder-steuereinnahmen-vorsichtig-24702234|title=Berliner Haushalt Finanzsenator bleibt trotz sprudelnder Steuereinnahmen vorsichtig |work=Berliner Zeitung |accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref> The [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] (SPD) and [[The Left (Germany)|The Left]] (Die Linke) took control of the city government after the [[Berlin state election, 2001|2001 state election]] and won another term in the [[Berlin state election, 2006|2006 state election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistik-berlin.de/produkte/Faltblatt_Brochure/berlin_in_Zahlen_engl.pdf |title=Berlin state election, 2006 |work=Der Landeswahlleiter für Berlin |accessdate=17 August 2008 |language=German |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323161037/https://www.statistik-berlin.de/produkte/Faltblatt_Brochure/berlin_in_Zahlen_engl.pdf |archivedate=23 March 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> Since the [[Berlin state election, 2016|2016 state election]], there has been a coalition between the Social Democratic Party, the Greens and the Left Party. The Governing Mayor is simultaneously Lord Mayor of the City of Berlin (''Oberbürgermeister der Stadt'') and Minister President of the Federal State of Berlin (''Ministerpräsident des Bundeslandes''). The office of the Governing Mayor is located in the [[Rotes Rathaus|Rotes Rathaus (Red City Hall)]]. Since 2014 this office has been held by [[Michael Müller (politician)|Michael Müller]] of the Social Democrats.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2051103,00.html|title=The Glamor Guy|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time Europe]]|date=8 May 2005|accessdate=17 August 2008}} See also: {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/23/world/europe/23wowereit.html?ex=1161489600&en=2129daf9965bf613&ei=5070|title=Berlin Mayor, Symbol of Openness, Has National Appeal|work=The New York Times|accessdate=17 August 2008|first=Mark|last=Landler|date=23 September 2006}}</ref> ===Boroughs=== {{Main article|Boroughs and neighborhoods of Berlin}} [[File:Berlin Subdivisions.svg|thumb|280px|[[Boroughs and neighborhoods of Berlin|Berlin's twelve boroughs and their 96 neighborhoods]] ]] Berlin is subdivided into 12 boroughs or districts (''Bezirke''). Each borough is made up by a number of subdistricts or neighborhoods (''Ortsteile''), which have historic roots in much older municipalities that predate the formation of Greater Berlin on 1 October 1920. These subdistricts became urbanized and incorporated into the city later on. Many residents strongly identify with their neighbourhoods, colloquially called ''[[Kiez]]'' . At present, Berlin consists of 96 subdistricts, which are commonly made up of several smaller residential areas or quarters. Each borough is governed by a borough council (''Bezirksamt'') consisting of five councilors (''Bezirksstadträte'') including the borough's mayor (''Bezirksbürgermeister''). The council is elected by the borough assembly (''Bezirksverordnetenversammlung''). However, the individual boroughs are not independent municipalities, but subordinate to the Senate of Berlin. <!-- ([[urban district]], ''Stadtkreis'') --> The borough's mayors make up the council of mayors (''Rat der Bürgermeister''), which is led by the city's Governing Mayor and advises the Senate. The neighborhoods have no local government bodies. ===Twin towns – sister cities=== {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany}} Berlin maintains official partnerships with 17 cities.<ref name=Berlinsistercities>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/en/international-relations/city-partnerships/ |title=City Partnerships |type=official web site |publisher=Governing Mayor of Berlin, Senate Chancellery, Directorate for Protocol and International Relations |website=Berlin.de |accessdate=16 November 2014}}</ref> [[Twin towns and sister cities|Town twinning]] between Berlin and other cities began with its sister city Los Angeles in 1967. East Berlin's partnerships were canceled at the time of German reunification but later partially reestablished. West Berlin's partnerships had previously been restricted to the borough level. During the Cold War era, the partnerships had reflected the different power blocs, with West Berlin partnering with capitals in the Western World, and East Berlin mostly partnering with cities from the [[Warsaw Pact]] and its allies. There are several joint projects with many other cities, such as [[Beirut]], [[Belgrade]], [[São Paulo]], [[Copenhagen]], [[Helsinki]], [[Johannesburg]], [[Mumbai]], [[Oslo]], [[Shanghai]], [[Seoul]], [[Sofia]], [[Sydney]], [[New York City]] and [[Vienna]]. Berlin participates in international city associations such as the Union of the Capitals of the European Union, Eurocities, Network of European Cities of Culture, Metropolis, Summit Conference of the World's Major Cities, and Conference of the World's Capital Cities. Berlin's official sister cities are:<ref name=Berlinsistercities/> {{Colbegin|3}} * 1967 {{flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles]], United States * 1987 {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paris]], France * 1988 {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Madrid]], Spain * 1989 {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey * 1991 {{flagicon|POL}} [[Warsaw]], Poland<ref name="Warsaw">{{cite web|url=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/node/2920?page=0,0|title=Miasta partnerskie Warszawy| publisher=Biuro Promocji Miasta|date=4 May 2005|accessdate=29 August 2008}}</ref> * 1991 {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], Russia * 1992 {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Brussels]], Belgium * 1992 {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Budapest]], Hungary<ref name="Budapest twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://budapest.hu/Lapok/Fovaros/Testvervarosok.aspx|title=Budapest – Testvérvárosok|accessdate=14 August 2013|work=Budapest Főváros Önkormányzatának hivatalos oldala [Official site of the Municipality of Budapest]|language=Hungarian|trans_title=Budapest – Twin Cities|archiveurl=http://budapest.hu/Lapok/Fovaros/Testvervarosok.aspx|archivedate=9 August 2013}}</ref> * 1993 {{flagicon|UZB}} [[Tashkent]], Uzbekistan * 1993 {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mexico City]], Mexico * 1993 {{flagicon|IDN}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesia * 1994 {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Beijing]], China * 1994 {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tokyo]], Japan * 1994 {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina * 1995 {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Prague]], Czech Republic<ref name="Prague twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu/jnp/cz/partnerska_mesta/index.html#|title=Partnerská města HMP|accessdate=5 August 2013|date=18 July 2013|work = Portál „Zahraniční vztahy“ [Portal "Foreign Affairs"]|language=Czech|trans_title=Prague – Twin Cities HMP|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625205859/http://zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu/jnp/cz/partnerska_mesta/index.html|archivedate =25 June 2013}}</ref> * 2000 {{flagicon|NAM}} [[Windhoek]], Namibia * 2000 {{flagicon|UK}} [[London]], United Kingdom {{Colend}} ===Capital city=== Berlin is the capital of the Federal Republic of Germany. The [[President of Germany]], whose functions are mainly ceremonial under the [[Grundgesetz|German constitution]], has their official residence in [[Bellevue Palace (Germany)|Bellevue Palace]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bundespraesident.de/DE/Home/home_node.html |title=Bundespräsident Horst Köhler |language=de |publisher=Bundespraesident.de |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> Berlin is the seat of the [[Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic of Germany)|German executive]], housed in the [[German Chancellery|Chancellery]], the ''Bundeskanzleramt''. Facing the Chancellery is the [[Bundestag]], the German Parliament, housed in the renovated [[Reichstag building]] since the government's relocation to Berlin in 1998. The [[Bundesrat of Germany|Bundesrat]] ("federal council", performing the function of an upper house) is the representation of the Federal States (''Bundesländer'') of Germany and has its seat at the former [[Prussian House of Lords]]. The total annual federal budget managed by the German government exceeded €310 ($375) billion in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buzer.de/gesetz/11213/a188132.htm|title=Gesetz über die Feststellung des Bundeshaushaltsplans für das Haushaltsjahr 2014 |work=buzer.de|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref> <gallery mode=packed> File:Berlin Reichstag 01.jpg|[[Reichstag building|Reichstag]], seat of the [[Bundestag]] File:Kanzler21a.jpg|[[German Chancellery]] File:Be ItalianEmbassy 01.JPG|The Italian embassy File:Berlin, Mitte, Wilhelmstraße, Detlev-Rohwedder-Haus.jpg|The Federal Ministry of Finance </gallery> The relocation of the federal [[Cabinet of Germany|government]] and Bundestag to Berlin was mostly completed in 1999, however some ministries as well as some minor departments stayed in the [[federal city]] [[Bonn]], the former capital of West Germany. [[Berlin-Bonn Act|Discussions about moving]] the remaining ministries and departments to Berlin continue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/archiv/der-regierungsumzug-ist-ueberfaellig,10810590,10751012.html |title=Der Regierungsumzug ist überfällig|work= Berliner Zeitung|language=de|date=26 October 2010 |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> The ministries and departments of [[Federal Ministry of Defence (Germany)|Defence]], [[Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection|Justice and Consumer Protection]], [[Federal Ministry of Finance (Germany)|Finance]], [[Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)|Interior]], [[Foreign Office (Germany)|Foreign]], [[Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (Germany)|Economic Affairs and Energy]], [[Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs|Labour and Social Affairs]] , [[Federal Ministry of Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth|Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth]], [[Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety|Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety]], [[Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture|Food and Agriculture]], [[Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development|Economic Cooperation and Development]], [[Federal Ministry of Health (Germany)|Health]], [[Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure|Transport and Digital Infrastructure]] and [[Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany)|Education and Research]] are based in the capital. Berlin hosts in total 158 foreign embassies<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.embassypages.com/germany|title=Germany – Embassies and Consulates|work=embassypages.com|accessdate=23 August 2014}}</ref> as well as the headquarters of many think tanks, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups, and professional associations. Due to the influence and international partnerships of the Federal Republic of Germany, the capital city has become a significant centre of German and European affairs. Frequent official visits, and diplomatic consultations among governmental representatives and national leaders are common in contemporary Berlin. ==Economy== {{Main article|Economy of Berlin}} [[File:Berlin Panorama 2010.jpg|thumb|Berlin is a UNESCO "City of Design" and recognized for its [[creative industries]] and [[startup ecosystem]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.credit-suisse.com/us/en/news-and-expertise/entrepreneurs/articles/news-and-expertise/2015/08/en/berlin-europes-new-start-up-capital.html|title=Berlin – Europe's New Start-Up Capital|website=Credit Suisse|access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref>]] In 2015 the nominal GDP of the citystate Berlin totaled €124.16 (~$142) billion compared to €117.75 in 2014,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.statistik-portal.de/Statistik-Portal/de_jb27_jahrtab65.asp|title=Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnungen – Bruttoinlandsprodukt|agency=statistik-portal |accessdate=21 May 2016|language=German}}</ref> an increase of about 5.4%. Berlin's economy is dominated by the service sector, with around 84% of all companies doing business in services. In 2015, the total labour force in Berlin was 1.85 million. The unemployment rate reached a 24-year low in November 2015 and stood at 10.0% .<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/wirtschaft/arbeitsmarkt-in-berlin-berlin-hat-so-wenig-arbeitslose-wie-seit-24-jahren-nicht,10808230,32678128.html|title=Berlin hat so wenig Arbeitslose wie seit 24 Jahren nicht|publisher=Berliner Zeitung |accessdate=1 November 2015|language=German}}</ref> From 2012–2015 Berlin, as a German state, had the highest annual employment growth rate. Around 130,000 jobs were added in this period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/berlin/rekord-in-der-hauptstadt-in-berlin-gibt-es-so-viele-beschaeftigte-wie-nie-zuvor,10809148,33634676.html|title=In Berlin gibt es so viele Beschäftigte wie nie zuvor|publisher=Berliner Zeitung |date=28 January 2015|accessdate=16 February 2016|language=German}}</ref> Important economic sectors in Berlin include life sciences, transportation, information and communication technologies, media and music, advertising and design, biotechnology, environmental services, construction, e-commerce, retail, hotel business, and medical engineering.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=7953479|title=Poor but sexy|work=The Economist|accessdate=19 August 2008|date=21 September 2006}}</ref> Research and development have economic significance for the city.<ref name="factsheet">{{cite web|url=https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/produkte/kleinestatistik/AP_kleinestatistik_de_2013_be.pdf |format=PDF |title=Die kleine Berlin Statistik |work=berlin.de |accessdate=26 August 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714163544/https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/produkte/kleinestatistik/AP_kleinestatistik_de_2013_be.pdf |archivedate=14 July 2014 }}</ref> Several major corporations like Volkswagen, Pfizer, and SAP operate innovation laboratories in the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.morgenpost.de/wirtschaft/article208628997/Immer-mehr-Konzerne-suchen-den-Spirit-Berlins.html|title=Immer mehr Konzerne suchen den Spirit Berlins|publisher=Berliner Morgenpost|accessdate=13 January 2017}}</ref> The Science and Business Park in Adlershof is the largest technology park in Germany measured by revenue.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Science and Technology Park Berlin-Adlershof|url=http://www.adlershof.de/en/facts-figures/adlershof-in-numbers/|website=Berlin Adlershof: Facts and Figures|publisher=Adlershof|accessdate=13 January 2017}}</ref> Within the [[Eurozone]], Berlin has become a center for business relocation and international [[investment]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.kpmg.com/FR/fr/IssuesAndInsights/News/Documents/GPIA-KPMG-CIM-2012.pdf|title=Global Cities Investment Monitor 2012|publisher=KPMG |accessdate=28 August 2014}}</ref> ===Companies=== [[File:2015-03-22 D-ABKT at Berlin-Tegel TXL by sebaso.jpg|thumb|[[Air Berlin]] is headquartered in Berlin.]] Many German and international companies have business or service centers in the city. For several years Berlin has been recognized as a major center of [[Entrepreneurship|business founders]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/jan/03/berlin-poor-sexy-silicon-valley-microsoft-google |title=Berlin's 'poor but sexy' appeal turning city into European Silicon Valley |publisher=The Guardian |date=3 January 2014 |accessdate=6 September 2014}}</ref> In 2015 Berlin generated the most venture capital for young [[Startup company|startup companies]] in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Frost|first1=Simon|title=Berlin outranks London in start-up investment|url=http://www.euractiv.com/sections/innovation-industry/berlin-outranks-london-start-investment-317140|website=euractiv.com|accessdate=28 October 2015}}</ref> Among the 10 largest employers in Berlin are the City-State of Berlin, [[Deutsche Bahn]], the hospital provider [[Charité]] and Vivantes, the Federal Government of Germany, the local public transport provider [[Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe|BVG]], [[Siemens]] and [[Deutsche Telekom]]. The two largest banks headquartered in the capital are ''Investitionsbank Berlin'' and [[Landesbank Berlin]]. [[Daimler AG|Daimler]] manufactures cars, and [[BMW Motorrad|BMW builds motorcycles]] in Berlin. [[Bayer Schering Pharma|Bayer Health Care]] and ''Berlin Chemie'' are major pharmaceutical companies in the city. The second largest German airline [[Air Berlin]] is based there as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airberlin.com/site/kontakt_db_a.php?LANG=eng |title=Contact |publisher=Air Berlin |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> [[Siemens]], a [[Fortune Global 500|Global 500]] and [[DAX]]-listed company is partly headquartered in Berlin. The national railway operator [[Deutsche Bahn]], the [[MDAX]]-listed firms [[Axel Springer AG|Axel Springer SE]] and [[Zalando]], and the [[SDAX]] listed company [[Rocket Internet]] have their main headquarters in the central districts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deutschebahn.com/site/bahn/en/group/group__affairs/schenker__frankfurt__20100714.html |title=DB Schenker to concentrate control functions in Frankfurt am Main |accessdate=6 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922063223/http://www.deutschebahn.com/site/bahn/en/group/group__affairs/schenker__frankfurt__20100714.html |archivedate=22 September 2010 }}</ref> Among the largest international corporations who operate a German or European headquarter in Berlin are [[Bombardier Transportation]], [[Gazprom Germania]], [[Coca-Cola]], [[Pfizer]] and [[Total S.A.]]. ===Tourism and conventions=== {{Main article|Sights in Berlin|}} {{multiple image |align=left |image1=Berlin Fashion Week 2013.jpg |width1=206 |caption1= The [[Berlin Fashion Week]]. |image2=IFA 2012 IMG 7677.JPG |width2=206 |caption2=[[Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin|IFA]] is the world's leading trade show for consumer electronics. }} Berlin had 788 hotels with 134,399 beds in 2014.<ref name=visitberlin>{{cite web|url=http://press.visitberlin.de/en/news-release/berlin-welcomes-record-numbers-of-tourists-and-convention-participants-in-2014-287-mill|title=Berlin Welcomes Record Numbers of Tourists and Convention Participants in 2014|work=visitBerlin|accessdate=5 March 2015}}</ref> The city recorded 28.7&nbsp;million overnight hotel stays and 11.9&nbsp;million hotel guests in 2014.<ref name=visitberlin/> Tourism figures have more than doubled within the last ten years and Berlin has become the third most-visited city destination in Europe. The largest visitor groups are from Germany, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain and the United States. According to figures from the [[International Congress and Convention Association]] in 2015 Berlin became the leading organizer of conferences in the world hosting 195 international meetings.<ref>[http://www.c-mw.net/berlin-no-1-city-germany-no-2-country-new-icca-rankings/ Berlin No.1 city and Germany No.2 country in new ICCA rankings], CMW, retrieved 12 January 2017</ref> Some of these congress events take place on venues such as CityCube Berlin or the Berlin Congress Center (bcc). The [[Messe Berlin]] (also known as Berlin ExpoCenter City) is the main convention organizing company in the city. Its main exhibition area covers more than {{convert|160,000|m2|0|abbr=off}}. Several large-scale trade fairs like the consumer electronics trade fair [[IFA Berlin|IFA]], the [[ILA Berlin Air Show]], the [[Berlin Fashion Week]] (including the ''Premium Berlin'' and the ''Panorama Berlin''),<ref>{{cite web|title=Following the Followers of Fashion|url=https://global.handelsblatt.com/companies-markets/following-the-followers-of-fashion-683735|publisher=Handelsblatt Global|accessdate=21 January 2017}}</ref> the [[Berlin International Green Week|Green Week]], the ''Fruit Logistica'', the transport fair [[InnoTrans]], the tourism fair [[ITB Berlin|ITB]] and the adult entertainment and erotic fair [[Venus Award|Venus]] are held annually in the city, attracting a significant number of business visitors. {{Clear}} ===Creative industries=== {{Main article|List of films set in Berlin}} [[File:European Film Academy - European Film Awards logo.svg|thumb|frame|The [[European Film Academy]] (logo pictured) was founded in Berlin.]] The [[Creative industries|creative arts and entertainment]] business is an important and sizable sector of the economy of Berlin. The sector comprises music, film, advertising, architecture, art, design, [[German fashion|fashion]], [[performing arts]], publishing, [[research and development|R&D]], [[software]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-04-12/berlin-cracks-the-startup-code |title=Berlin Cracks the Startup Code |publisher=Businessweek |date=12 April 2012 |accessdate=10 February 2013}}</ref> TV, radio, and [[Video gaming in Germany|video games]]. In 2014 around 30,500 creative companies were operating in the Berlin-Brandenburg metropolitan region, predominantly [[Small and medium-sized enterprises|SMEs]]. Generating a revenue of 15.6 billion Euro and 6% of all private economic sales, the culture industry grew from 2009 to 2014 at an average rate of 5.5% per year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.creative-city-berlin.de/en/good-to-know/facts-figures/ |title=Culture and Creative Industries Index Berlin-Brandenburg 2015 |publisher=Creative City Berlin |date=7 June 2015 |accessdate=3 January 2016}}</ref> Berlin is an important centre in the European and [[Cinema of Germany|German film industry]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/arts/walltowall-culture/2007/11/09/1194329483873.html|title=Wall-to-wall culture|work=The Age |location=Australia|date=10 November 2007|accessdate=30 November 2007}}</ref> It is home to more than 1,000 film and television production companies, 270 movie theaters, and around 300 national and international co-productions are filmed in the region every year.<ref name="factsheet"/> The historic [[Babelsberg Studios]] and the production company [[Universum Film AG|UFA]] are located adjacent to Berlin in [[Potsdam]]. The city is also home of the [[Deutsche Filmakademie|German Film Academy]] (Deutsche Filmakademie), founded in 2003, and the [[European Film Academy]], founded in 1988. ===Media=== {{Main article|Media in Berlin}} [[File:Berlin, Kreuzberg, Axel-Springer-Strasse 56, Axel-Springer-Hochhaus 01.jpg|thumb|upright|Headquarter of the [[Axel Springer AG|Axel Springer SE]] ]] Berlin is home to numerous magazine, newspaper, book and scientific/academic publishers, as well as their associated service industries. In addition around 20 news agencies, more than 90 regional daily newspapers and their websites, as well as the Berlin offices of more than 22 national publications such as [[Der Spiegel]], and [[Die Zeit]] re-enforce the capital's position as Germany's epicenter for influential debate. Therefore, many international journalists, bloggers and writers live and work in the city. Berlin is the central location to several international and regional television and radio stations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medienboard.de/WebObjects/Medienboard.woa/wa/CMSshow/2809830 |title=Media Companies in Berlin and Potsdam |work=medienboard |accessdate=19 August 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602163244/http://www.medienboard.de/WebObjects/Medienboard.woa/wa/CMSshow/2809830 |archivedate=2 June 2013 }}</ref> The public broadcaster [[Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg|RBB]] has its headquarters in Berlin as well as the commercial broadcasters [[MTV Europe]], [[Viva (TV station)|VIVA]], and [[N24 (Germany)|N24]]. German international public broadcaster [[Deutsche Welle]] has its TV production unit in Berlin, and most national German broadcasters have a studio in the city including [[ZDF]] and [[RTL Television|RTL]]. Berlin has Germany's largest number of daily newspapers, with numerous local [[broadsheet]]s (''[[Berliner Morgenpost]]'', ''[[Berliner Zeitung]]'', ''[[Der Tagesspiegel]]''), and three major [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|tabloids]], as well as national dailies of varying sizes, each with a different political affiliation, such as ''[[Die Welt]]'', ''[[Neues Deutschland]]'', and ''[[Die Tageszeitung]]''. The ''[[Exberliner]]'', a monthly magazine, is Berlin's English-language periodical and [[La Gazette de Berlin]] a French-language newspaper. Berlin is also the headquarter of major German-language [[publishing house]]s like [[Walter de Gruyter]], [[Axel Springer AG|Springer]], the Ullstein Verlagsgruppe (publishing group), [[Suhrkamp]] and Cornelsen are all based in Berlin. Each of which publish books, periodicals, and multimedia products. ==Infrastructure== ===Transport=== {{Main article|Transport in Berlin}} ;Road [[File:Berlin hauptbahnhof no 2.jpg|thumb|[[Berlin Hauptbahnhof]] is the largest grade-separated railway station in Europe.]] Berlin's transport infrastructure is highly complex, providing a diverse range of urban mobility.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesslocationcenter.de/en/business-location/business-location/infrastructure/transport-infrastructure/passenger-and-freight-service|title=Mobile capital|work=BLC|date=2011|accessdate=14 February 2016}}</ref> A total of 979 bridges cross {{convert|197|km|0|abbr=on}} of inner-city waterways. {{convert|5422|km|0|abbr=on}} of roads run through Berlin, of which {{convert|77|km|0|abbr=on}} are motorways ("[[Autobahn]]").<ref name="statistics"/> In 2013, 1.344&nbsp;million motor vehicles were registered in the city.<ref name="statistics">{{cite web|url=https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/BasisZeitreiheGrafik/Bas-Strassenverkehr.asp?Ptyp=300&Sageb=46002&creg=BBB&anzwer=6|title=Straßenverkehr 2013|work=Amt für Statistik Belrin Brandenburg|accessdate=28 March 2015|language=German}}</ref> With 377 cars per 1000 residents in 2013 (570/1000 in Germany), Berlin as a [[Western World|West]]ern global city has one of the lowest numbers of cars per capita. In 2012 around 7600 mostly beige colored [[taxicab]]s were in service. Since 2011 a number of app based [[Electric vehicle|e-car]] and [[Electric motorcycles and scooters|e-scooter]] sharing services have evolved. ;Rail Long-distance rail lines connect Berlin with all of the major cities of Germany and with many cities in neighboring European countries. Regional rail lines of the [[Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg]] provide access to the surrounding regions of Brandenburg and to the [[Baltic Sea]]. The [[Berlin Hauptbahnhof]] is the largest [[Grade separation|grade-separated]] [[railway station]] in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://berliner-hbf.de/bahnhof_berlin_hbf_daten_und_fakten.html|title=Bahnhof Berlin Hbf Daten und Fakten|work=Berliner HBF|accessdate=14 February 2016|language=German}}</ref> [[Deutsche Bahn]] runs high speed [[Intercity-Express|ICE trains]] to domestic destinations like [[Hamburg]], [[Munich]], [[Cologne]], [[Stuttgart]], [[Frankfurt am Main]] and others. It also runs an SXF airport express rail service, as well as trains to several international destinations like [[Vienna]], [[Prague]], [[Zürich]], [[Warsaw]], [[Budapest]] and [[Amsterdam]]. ;Public transport The {{lang|de|[[Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe]]}} and the Deutsche Bahn manage several extensive urban public transport systems.<ref>[https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/produkte/kleinestatistik/AP_kleinestatistik_de_2015_be.pdf Die kleine Berlin-Statistik 2015]. (German). Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg. Accessed 14 February 2016.</ref> {|class="wikitable" |- ! style="background:gold; color:navy;"|System ! style="background:gold; color:navy;"|Stations / Lines / Net length ! style="background:gold; color:navy;"|Annual Ridership ! style="background:gold; color:navy;"|Operator / Notes |- |[[Berlin S-Bahn|S-Bahn]] |166 / 15 / {{convert|327|km|abbr=on}} |417,000,000 <small>(2015)</small> |[[Deutsche Bahn|DB]] / Mainly overground [[rapid transit]] rail system with suburban stops |- |[[Berlin U-Bahn|U-Bahn]] |173 / 10 / {{convert|146|km|abbr=on}} |507,000,000 <small>(2012)</small> |[[Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe|BVG]] / Mainly underground rail system / 24h-service on weekends |- |[[Tram transport in Berlin|Tram]] |404 / 22 / {{convert|189|km|abbr=on}} |181,000,000 <small>(2014)</small> |BVG / Operates predominantly in eastern boroughs |- |[[Bus transport in Berlin|Bus]] |3227 / 151 / {{convert|1626|km|abbr=on}} |405,000,000 <small>(2014)</small> |BVG / Extensive services in all boroughs / 62 Night Lines |- |[[Ferry transport in Berlin|Ferry]] |5 lines | |BVG / All modes of transport can be accessed with a single ticket |} ;Airports [[File:BER-Destinations.png|thumb|Flights departing from Berlin serve 163 destinations around the globe.]] Berlin has two commercial international airports. [[Tegel Airport]] (TXL) is situated within the city limits. [[Schönefeld Airport]] (SXF) is located just outside Berlin's south-eastern border in the state of Brandenburg. Both airports together handled 29.5 million passengers in 2015. In 2014, 67 airlines served 163 destinations in 50 countries from Berlin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlin-airport.de/en/press/press-releases/2014/2014-03-28-summer-flight-schedule/index.php|title=2014 summer flight schedule|work=FBB|accessdate=10 September 2014}}</ref> Tegel Airport is an important transfer hub for [[Air Berlin]] as well as a focus city for [[Lufthansa]] and [[Eurowings]]. Schönefeld serves as an important destination for airlines like [[Germania (airline)|Germania]], [[easyJet]] and [[Ryanair]]. The new [[Berlin Brandenburg Airport]] (BER), currently under construction, will replace Tegel as single commercial airport of Berlin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlin-airport.de/en/ber/index.php||title=The latest from Berlin Brandenburg Airport|work=FBB|date=2016|accessdate=14 February 2016}}</ref> The airport is going to integrate Schönefeld (SXF) facilities and is scheduled to open not before autumn 2017. The BER will have an initial capacity of around 35 million passengers per year. {{As of|2016}}, plans for further expansion bringing the terminal capacity to approximately 50 million per year are in development. ;Cycling {{Main article|Cycling in Berlin}} Berlin is well known for its highly developed bicycle lane system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/07/bike_city_berli.php|title=Bike City Berlin|work=Treehugger|accessdate=19 August 2008}}</ref> It is estimated that Berlin has 710 bicycles per 1000 residents. Around 500,000 daily bike riders accounted for 13% of total traffic in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.neues-deutschland.de/artikel/193840.platz-da-8211-fuer-die-radfahrer.html|title=Platz da! – für die Radfahrer|work=ND|accessdate=22 March 2011}}</ref> Cyclists have access to {{convert|620|km|0|abbr=on}} of bicycle paths including approximately {{convert|150|km|0|abbr=on}} of mandatory bicycle paths, {{convert|190|km|0|abbr=on}} of off-road bicycle routes, {{convert|60|km|0|abbr=on}} of bicycle lanes on roads, {{convert|70|km|0|abbr=on}} of shared bus lanes which are also open to cyclists, {{convert|100|km|0|abbr=on}} of combined pedestrian/bike paths and {{convert|50|km|0|abbr=on}} of marked bicycle lanes on roadside pavements (or sidewalks).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/verkehr/politik_planung/zahlen_fakten/download/Mobility_en_komplett.pdf|title=Berlin Traffic in Figures|work=Senate Department of urban development|date=2013|accessdate=14 February 2016}}</ref> Riders are allowed to carry their bicycles on [[Regionalbahn]], S-Bahn and U-Bahn trains, on trams, and on night buses if a bike ticket is purchased.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/verkehr/mobil/fahrrad/bus_bahn/ | title = Mit dem Fahrrad – In Bussen und Bahnen | trans_title = By Bicycle – In Buses and Trains | publisher = Senate Department of Urban Development | language = German | accessdate = 15 June 2010}}</ref> ===Energy=== [[File:Berlin-mitte heizkraftwerk-mitte 20060605 629.jpg|thumb|Power plant Heizkraftwerk Mitte]] Berlin's two largest energy provider for private households are the Swedish firm [[Vattenfall]] and the Berlin-based company [[GASAG]]. Both offer electric power and natural gas supply. Some of the city´s electric energy is imported from nearby power plants in southern [[Brandenburg]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/greencityindex_international/all/en/pdf/berlin.pdf|title=European Green City Index Berlin Germany|work=Siemens|date=2009|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> {{As of|2015}} the five [[List of power stations in Germany|largest power plants measured by capacity]] are the Heizkraftwerk Reuter West, the Heizkraftwerk Lichterfelde, the Heizkraftwerk Mitte, the Heizkraftwerk Wilmersdorf, and the Heizkraftwerk Charlottenburg. All of these [[power station]]s generate [[electricity generation|electricity]] and [[Heat|useful heat]] at the same time to facilitate buffering during load peaks. In 1993 the power grid connections in the Berlin-Brandenburg capital region were renewed. In most of the inner districts of Berlin power lines are underground cables; only a 380&nbsp;kV and a 110&nbsp;kV line, which run from Reuter substation to the urban [[Autobahn]], use overhead lines. The [[Berlin 380-kV electric line]] is the backbone of the city's energy grid. ===Health=== [[File:2016 Charite Hospital.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Charité]] university hospital]] Berlin has a long history of discoveries in medicine and innovations in medical technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/magazin/wissen/Elitewettbewerb-Universitaeten;art304,2400973|title=Berlin leuchtet|first1=Anja|last1=Kühne|first2=Tilmann|last2=Warnecke|work=[[Der Tagesspiegel]]|date=17 October 2007|accessdate=18 December 2016|language=German}}</ref> The modern history of medicine has been significantly influenced by scientists from Berlin. [[Rudolf Virchow]] was the founder of cellular pathology, while [[Robert Koch]] developed vaccines for anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.charite.de/en/the_charite/about_us/history/|title=History of the Charité of Berlin|work=[[Charité]]|date= 2015|accessdate=14 February 2016}}</ref> The [[Charité]] complex (Universitätsklinik Charité) is the largest [[university hospital]] in Europe, tracing back its origins to the year 1710. The Charité is spread over four sites and comprises 3,300 beds, around 14,000 staff, 7,000 students, and more than 60 operating theaters, and it has a turnover of over one billion euros annually. The [[Charité]] is a joint institution of the [[Free University of Berlin|Freie Universität Berlin]] and the [[Humboldt University of Berlin]], including a wide range of institutes and specialized medical centers. Among them are the German Heart Center, one of the most renowned transplantation centers, the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine and the Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics. The scientific research at these institutions is complemented by many research departments of companies such as Siemens and Bayer. The [[World Health Summit]] and several international health related conventions are held annually in Berlin. ===Telecommunication=== [[File:St oberholz.jpg|thumb|Students at the St. Oberholz café in Berlin Mitte using [[Wi-Fi]] devices]] The [[digital television]] standard in Berlin and Germany is [[DVB-T]]. This system transmits [[video compression|compressed]] [[digital audio]], [[digital video]] and other data in an [[MPEG transport stream]]. The transmission standard is scheduled to be replaced by [[DVB-T2]] in 2017. Berlin has installed several hundred free public [[Wireless LAN]] sites across the capital since 2016. The wireless networks are concentrated mostly in central districts; 650 hotspots (325 indoor and 325 outdoor access points) are installed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telecompaper.com/news/berlin-to-get-free-public-wi-fi-in-early-2016--1115805|title=Berlin to get free public Wi-Fi in early 2016|work=telecompaper|date=26 November 2015|accessdate=14 February 2016}}</ref> Deutsche Bahn is planning to introduce Wi-Fi services in long distance and regional trains in 2017. The [[UMTS]] (3G) and [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] (4G) networks of the three major cellular operators [[Vodafone]], [[T-Mobile]] and [[Telefónica Germany|O2]] enable the use of mobile broadband applications citywide. The [[Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications|Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute]] develops mobile and stationary [[broadband]] communication networks and multimedia systems. Focal points are [[Photonics|photonic components and systems]], [[Optical fiber|fiber optic]] sensor systems, and [[Digital image processing|image signal processing]] and [[Signal processing|transmission]]. Future applications for broadband networks are developed as well. ==Education== {{Main article|Education in Berlin}} [[File:Humboldt monument.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Humboldt University of Berlin]]. 40 Nobel Prize winners are affiliated with the Berlin-based colleges.]] Berlin has 878 schools that teach 340,658 children in 13,727 classes and 56,787 trainees in businesses and elsewhere.<ref name="factsheet"/> The city has a 6-year primary education program. After completing primary school, students continue to the Sekundarschule (a comprehensive school) or Gymnasium (college preparatory school). Berlin has a special bilingual school program embedded in the "Europaschule" in which children are taught the curriculum in German and a foreign language, starting in primary school and continuing in high school. Nine major European languages can be chosen as foreign languages in 29 schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/;art270,2185300|title=Jahrgangsstufe Null|work=[[Der Tagesspiegel]]|accessdate=19 August 2008|language=German}} {{Failed verification|date=May 2010}}</ref> The [[Französisches Gymnasium Berlin]], which was founded in 1689 to teach the children of Huguenot refugees, offers (German/French) instruction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fg-berlin.de/WebObjects/FranzGym.woa/wa/CMSshow/1064384 |title=Geschichte des Französischen Gymnasiums |work=Französisches Gymnasium Lycée Français Berlin |accessdate=17 August 2008 |language=German |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615205603/http://www.fg-berlin.de/WebObjects/FranzGym.woa/wa/CMSshow/1064384 |archivedate=15 June 2008 }}</ref> The [[John F. Kennedy School, Berlin|John F. Kennedy School]], a bilingual German–American public school located in [[Zehlendorf (Berlin)|Zehlendorf]], is particularly popular with children of diplomats and the English-speaking expatriate community. Four schools teach [[Latin]] and [[Classical Greek]]. Two of them are state schools (Steglitzer Gymnasium in [[Steglitz]] and Goethe-Gymnasium in [[Wilmersdorf]]), one is Protestant ([[Evangelisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster]] in Wilmersdorf), and one is Jesuit ([[Canisius-Kolleg]] in the "Embassy Quarter" in [[Tiergarten (Berlin)|Tiergarten]]). ===Higher education=== {{Main article|Universities and research institutions in Berlin}} [[File:Freie Universitaet Berlin - Gebaeudekomplex Rost- und Silberlaube.jpg|thumb|260px|left|The [[Free University of Berlin|Free University]] is one of Germany's eleven "Universities of Excellence".]] The Berlin-Brandenburg capital region is one of the most prolific centres of higher education and research in Germany and Europe. Historically, 40 Nobel Prize winners are affiliated with the Berlin-based universities. The city has four public research universities and more than 30 private, professional, and technical colleges ''(Hochschulen)'', offering a wide range of disciplines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlin-partner.de/622/?L=1|title=Metropolis of Sciences|work=Berlin Partner GmbH|accessdate=19 August 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424003113/http://www.berlin-partner.de/622/?L=1 |archivedate=24 April 2008}}</ref> A record number of 175,651 students were enrolled in the winter term of 2015/16.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.focus.de/regional/brandenburg/hochschulen-berlin-mit-neuem-studentenrekord_id_5111299.html|title=HochschulenBerlin mit neuem Studentenrekord|work=Focus|date=25 November 2015|accessdate=1 December 2015|language=German}}</ref> Among them around 18% have an international background. The three largest universities combined have approximately 100,000 enrolled students. There are the [[Humboldt University of Berlin|Humboldt Universität zu Berlin]] ''(HU Berlin)'' with 33,000 students, the [[Free University of Berlin|Freie Universität Berlin]] ''(Free University of Berlin, FU Berlin)'' with about 33,000 students, and the [[Technical University of Berlin|Technische Universität Berlin]] ''(TU Berlin)'' with 33,000 students. The FU and the HU are part of the [[German Universities Excellence Initiative]]. The [[Berlin University of the Arts|Universität der Künste]] ''(UdK)'' has about 4,000 students. The [[Berlin School of Economics and Law]] has an enrollment of about 10,000 students and the [[HTW Berlin|Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft]] (University of Applied Sciences for Engineering and Economics) of about 13.000 students. ===Research=== [[File:Berlin Adlershof Photonics Center 2016.jpg|thumb|The [[WISTA|Science and Technology Park]] in [[Berlin-Adlershof|Adlershof]] is home to several new businesses and research institutes.]] The city has a high density of internationally renowned research institutions, such as the [[Fraunhofer Society]], the [[Leibniz Association]], the [[Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres|Helmholtz Association]], and the [[Max Planck Society]], which are independent of, or only loosely connected to its universities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ten institutions that dominated science in 2015|url=http://www.natureindex.com/news-blog/ten-institutions-that-dominated-science-in-twentyfifteen|website=Nature Index|accessdate=20 April 2016}}</ref> In 2012, around 65,000 professional scientists were working in [[research and development]] in the city.<ref name="factsheet"/> Berlin is one of the knowledge and innovation communities (KIC) of the [[European Institute of Innovation and Technology]] (EIT).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eit.europa.eu/home.html |title=European Institute of Innovation and Technology: Home |work=Europa (web portal) |accessdate=8 June 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529152704/http://eit.europa.eu/home.html |archivedate=29 May 2010 }}</ref> The KIC is based at the Centre for Entrepreneurship at TU Berlin and has a focus in the development of IT industries. It partners with major multinational companies such as Siemens, Deutsche Telekom, and SAP.<ref>{{cite web|title=EIT ICT Labs – Turn Europe into a global leader in ICT Innovation|url=http://www.entrepreneurship.tu-berlin.de/menue/masterprogramme_qualifizierung/eit_ict_labs/|website=Technische Universität Berlin Centre for Entrepreneurship|accessdate=25 October 2016}}</ref> One of Europe's successful research, business and technology [[List of technology centers|clusters]] is based at [[WISTA]] in [[Berlin-Adlershof]], with more than 1,000 affiliated firms, university departments and scientific institutions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Adlershof in Brief|url=http://www.adlershof.de/en/facts-figures/adlershof-in-numbers/|website=Adlershof.de|accessdate=27 October 2016}}</ref> In addition to the libraries that are affiliated with the various universities, the [[Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin]] is a major research library. Its two main locations are on Potsdamer Straße and on [[Unter den Linden]]. There are also 86 public libraries in the city.<ref name="factsheet"/> [[ResearchGate]], a global social networking site for scientists, is based in Berlin. ==Culture== {{Main article|Culture in Berlin}} {{multiple image |align=right |image1=Alte Nationalgalerie abends (Zuschnitt).jpg |width1=195 |caption1= The [[Alte Nationalgalerie]] is part of the [[Museum Island]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] |image2=20150208 - Berlinale Palast and Red Carpet.JPG |width2=200 |caption2= The [[Berlinale]] is the largest international spectator film festival. }} Berlin is known for its numerous cultural institutions, many of which enjoy international reputation.<ref name=UNESCO/><ref name=UNESCO2>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/532|title=World Heritage Site Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin|work=[[UNESCO]]|accessdate=19 August 2008}}</ref> The diversity and vivacity of the metropolis led to a trendsetting atmosphere.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hubculture.com/groups/hubnews/news/162/|title=Hub Culture's 2009 Zeitgeist Ranking|work=Hub Culture|accessdate=30 April 2009}}</ref> An innovative music, dance and art scene has developed in the 21st century. Young people, international artists and entrepreneurs continued to settle in the city and made Berlin a popular entertainment center in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.observer.com/node/39370|title=A New Williamsburg! Berlin's Expats Go Bezirk|first=Nicholas|last=Boston|work=[[The New York Observer]]|date=10 September 2006|accessdate=17 August 2008}} See also: {{cite web|url=http://www.magazine-deutschland.de/magazin/J-Kunstszene_2-05.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211095052/http://www.magazine-deutschland.de/magazin/J-Kunstszene_2-05.php|archivedate=11 December 2007|title=Die Kunstszene|work=Deutschland Online|accessdate=19 August 2008|language=German}} and {{cite web|url=http://www.metropolis2005.org/en/berlin/kultur.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928020742/http://www.metropolis2005.org/en/berlin/kultur.html|archivedate=28 September 2007|title=Culture of Berlin|work=Metropolis|accessdate=19 August 2008}}</ref> The expanding cultural performance of the city was underscored by the relocation of the [[Universal Music Group]] who decided to move their headquarters to the banks of the River Spree.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/bauen/bueroflaechen/en/friedrichshain.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911125347/http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/bauen/bueroflaechen/en/friedrichshain.shtml|archivedate=11 September 2007|title=Berlin's music business booms|work=Expatica|accessdate=19 August 2008}}</ref> In 2005, Berlin was named "City of Design" by [[UNESCO]].<ref name=Cityofdesign/> ===Galleries and museums=== {{See also|List of museums and galleries in Berlin}} [[File:Jewishmuseumberlin2007.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The [[Jewish Museum Berlin|Jewish Museum]] presents two millennia of [[German Jews|German–Jewish history]] ]] {{As of|2011}} Berlin is home to 138 museums and more than 400 art galleries.<ref name="factsheet"/> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://service.zitty.de/kultur-kunst/14539/ |title=Sprung in die Wolken |work=Zitty |date=2 July 2008 |accessdate=19 August 2008 |language=German |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402162248/http://service.zitty.de/kultur-kunst/14539/ |archivedate=2 April 2012 }}</ref> The ensemble on the [[Museum Island]] is a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]] and is situated in the northern part of the Spree Island between the Spree and the Kupfergraben.<ref name=UNESCO/> As early as 1841 it was designated a "district dedicated to art and antiquities" by a royal decree. Subsequently, the [[Altes Museum]] was built in the Lustgarten. The [[Neues Museum]], which displays the [[Nefertiti Bust|bust of Queen Nefertiti]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expatica.com/de/life_in/leisure/a-3000-year-old-smile-the-strange-history-of-queen-nefertiti-22752.html |title=A 3,000-year-old smile |publisher=Expatica.com |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> [[Alte Nationalgalerie]], [[Pergamon Museum]], and [[Bode Museum]] were built there. Apart from the Museum Island, there are many additional museums in the city. The [[Gemäldegalerie, Berlin|Gemäldegalerie]] (Painting Gallery) focuses on the paintings of the "old masters" from the 13th to the 18th centuries, while the [[Neue Nationalgalerie]] (New National Gallery, built by [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]]) specializes in 20th-century European painting. The [[Hamburger Bahnhof]], located in [[Moabit]], exhibits a major collection of modern and contemporary art. The expanded [[Deutsches Historisches Museum]] re-opened in the Zeughaus with an overview of German history spanning more than a millennium. The [[Bauhaus Archive]] is a museum of 20th century design from the famous [[Bauhaus]] school. [[File:Ishtar Gate at Berlin Museum.jpg|thumb|The reconstructed [[Ishtar Gate]] of Babylon at the [[Pergamon Museum]] ]] The [[Jewish Museum Berlin|Jewish Museum]] has a standing exhibition on two millennia of German-Jewish history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.juedisches-museum-berlin.de/site/EN/01-Exhibitions/exhibitions.php|title=Exhibitions|work=[[Jewish Museum Berlin]]|accessdate=10 August 2008 |archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/wayback/20090714235317/http%3A//www%2Ejuedisches%2Dmuseum%2Dberlin%2Ede/site/EN/01%2DExhibitions/exhibitions%2Ephp |archivedate= 14 July 2009 }}</ref> The [[German Museum of Technology (Berlin)|German Museum of Technology]] in [[Kreuzberg]] has a large collection of historical technical artifacts. The [[Museum für Naturkunde]] exhibits natural history near [[Berlin Hauptbahnhof]]. It has the largest mounted dinosaur in the world (a [[Giraffatitan]]). Well-preserved specimens of [[Tyrannosaurus Rex]] and the early bird [[Archaeopteryx]] are at display as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naturkundemuseum-berlin.de/en/ausstellungen/the-world-of-dinosaurs.html?Fsize=0&Lightversion=0%3Ftypo%3D2%3Ftypo%3D1%3Ftypo%3D0 |title=The World of Dinosaurs |publisher=Naturkundemuseum-berlin.de |date=20 October 2011 |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> In [[Dahlem (Berlin)|Dahlem]], there are several museums of world art and culture, such as the [[Museum of Asian Art]], the [[Ethnological Museum of Berlin|Ethnological Museum]], the [[Museum Europäischer Kulturen|Museum of European Cultures]], as well as the [[Allied Museum]]. The [[Brücke Museum]] features one of the largest collection of works by artist of the early 20th-century expressionist movement. In [[Lichtenberg]], on the grounds of the former [[Stasi|East German Ministry for State Security]], is the [[Stasi Museum]]. The site of [[Checkpoint Charlie]], one of the most renowned crossing points of the Berlin Wall, is still preserved. A private [[Checkpoint Charlie Museum|museum venture]] exhibits a comprehensive documentation of detailed plans and strategies devised by people who tried to flee from the East. The [[Beate Uhse Erotic Museum]] claims to be the world's largest erotic museum.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/travel/index/stories/beck04181999.htm |title=In Berlin, the Art of Sex |publisher=Washingtonpost.com |date=18 April 1999 |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> The cityscape of Berlin displays large quantities of urban [[street art]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitberlin.de/en/see/museums-art/street-art|title=Berlin – Urban Art – visitBerlin.de EN|publisher=}}</ref> It has become a significant part of the city's cultural heritage and has its roots in the graffiti scene of [[Kreuzberg]] of the 1980s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/02/travel/02headsup.html|title=One Wall Down, Thousands to Paint|date=2 March 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> The [[Berlin Wall graffiti art|Berlin Wall]] itself has become one of the largest open-air canvasses in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2014/apr/03/thierry-noir-graffiti-berlin-wall|title=Graffiti in the death strip: the Berlin wall's first street artist tells his story|work=the Guardian|accessdate=11 February 2016}}</ref> The leftover stretch along the Spree river in [[Friedrichshain]] remains as the [[East Side Gallery]]. Berlin today is consistently rated as an important world city for street art culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/17/best-street-art-cities_n_5155653.html|title=The 26 Best Cities In The World To See Street Art|date=17 April 2014|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> ===Nightlife and festivals=== [[File:Franzoesischer Dom - Festival of Lights 2011.jpg|thumb|upright|[[French Cathedral, Berlin|French Cathedral]] during the annual [[Festival of Lights (Berlin)|Festival of Lights]] ]] Berlin's nightlife has been celebrated as one of the most diverse and vibrant of its kind.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metrotimes.com/editorial/story.asp?id=6949|title=Losing your mind in Berlin|first=Walter|last=Wasacz|work=[[Metro Times]]|date=11 October 2004|accessdate=18 November 2006}}</ref> In the 1970s and 80s the [[SO36]] in [[Kreuzberg]] was a centre for [[punk music]] and culture. The ''SOUND'' and the ''Dschungel'' gained notoriety. Throughout the 1990s, people in their 20s from all over the world, particularly those in [[Western Europe|Western]] and [[Central Europe]], made Berlin's club scene a premier nightlife venue. After the [[fall of the Berlin Wall]] in 1989, many historic buildings in Mitte, the former city centre of East Berlin, were illegally occupied and re-built by young squatters and became a fertile ground for underground and [[counterculture]] gatherings. The central boroughs are home to many nightclubs, including the Watergate, [[Tresor]], [[E-Werk]] and [[Berghain]]. The [[KitKatClub]] and several other locations are known for their sexually uninhibited parties. Clubs are not required to close at a fixed time during the weekends, and many parties last well into the morning, or even all weekend. The ''Berghain'' features the well-known ''Panorama Bar'', a bar that opens its shades at daybreak, allowing party-goers a panorama view of Berlin after dancing through the night. The ''Weekend Club'' near [[Alexanderplatz]] features a roof terrace that allows partying at night. Several venues have become a popular stage for the [[Neo-Burlesque]] scene. [[File:In Berghain.jpg|thumb|left|[[Berghain]] nightclub]] Berlin has a long history of gay culture, and is an important [[Scientific-Humanitarian Committee|birthplace of the LGBT rights movement]]. Same-sex bars and dance halls operated freely as early as the 1880s, and the first gay magazine, ''Der Eigene'', started in 1896. By the 1920s, gays and lesbians had an unprecedented visibility.<ref name=Krauss>{{cite book|last=Krauss|first=Kenneth|title=The drama of fallen France: reading la comédie sans tickets|year=2004|publisher=State University of New York|location=Albany|isbn=0-7914-5953-5|page=11}}</ref><ref name="The New Yorker">{{cite magazine| url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/01/26/berlin-story| title=Berlin Story – The New Yorker| author=Alex Ross| date=26 January 2015| magazine=[[The New Yorker]]| publisher=[[Condé Nast]]| accessdate=6 June 2016 }}</ref> Today, in addition to a positive atmosphere in the wider club scene, the city again has a huge number of queer clubs and festivals. The most famous and largest are [[Berlin Pride]], the [[Christopher Street Day]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlin-tourist-information.de/english/zielgruppen/e_zg_gay_bezirke.php |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007101504/http://www.berlin-tourist-information.de/english/zielgruppen/e_zg_gay_bezirke.php |archivedate=7 October 2006 |title=Berlin for Gays and Lesbians |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=7 October 2006 |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> the [[Lesbian and Gay City Festival]] in Berlin-Schöneberg, the [[Kreuzberg Pride]] and [[Hustlaball]]. The annual [[Berlin International Film Festival]] (Berlinale) with around 500,000 admissions is considered to be the largest publicly attended film festival in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europeanfilmacademy.org/ |title=European Film Academy |publisher=European Film Academy |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlinale.de/ |title=Berlin Film Festival |publisher=Berlinale.de |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> The Karneval der Kulturen (''Carnival of Cultures''), a multi-ethnic street parade, is celebrated every [[Pentecost]] weekend.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.karneval-berlin.de/de/english.175.html |title=English Summary |publisher=Karneval-berlin.de |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> Berlin is also well known for the cultural festival, [[Berliner Festspiele]], which includes the jazz festival [[JazzFest Berlin]]. Several technology and media art festivals and conferences are held in the city, including [[Transmediale]] and [[Chaos Communication Congress]]. The annual [[Berlin Festival]] focuses on indie rock, electronic music and synthpop and is part of the International Berlin Music Week.<ref>[http://www.berlinfestival.de/en.html Berlin Festival] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314234453/http://www.berlinfestival.de/en.html |date=14 March 2015 }} website</ref><ref>[http://www.berlin-music-week.de/en/ Berlin Music Week] website</ref> Every year Berlin hosts one of the largest New Year's Eve celebrations in the world, attended by well over a million people. The focal point is the Brandenburg Gate, where midnight fireworks are centred, but various private fireworks displays take place throughout the entire city. Partygoers in Germany often toast the New Year with a glass of [[Sekt|sparkling wine]]. ===Performing arts=== {{Main article|Music in Berlin}} [[File:Rattle BPH-Rittershaus1-Wikipedia.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sir]] [[Simon Rattle]] conducting the renowned [[Berlin Philharmonic]] ]] Berlin is home to 44 theaters and stages.<ref name="factsheet"/> The [[Deutsches Theater (Berlin)|Deutsches Theater]] in Mitte was built in 1849–50 and has operated almost continuously since then. The [[Volksbühne]] at [[Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz]] was built in 1913–14, though the company had been founded in 1890. The [[Berliner Ensemble]], famous for performing the works of [[Bertolt Brecht]], was established in 1949. The [[Schaubühne]] was founded in 1962 and moved to the building of the former Universum Cinema on Kurfürstendamm in 1981. With a seating capacity of 1,895 and a stage floor of {{convert|2,854|m2|0|abbr=off}}, the [[Friedrichstadt-Palast]] in Berlin Mitte is the largest show palace in Europe. [[File:2010-03-13-friedrichstadtpalast-by-RalfR-1.jpg|thumb|Dance show at [[Friedrichstadt-Palast]] ]] Berlin has three major [[opera house]]s: the [[Deutsche Oper]], the [[Berlin State Opera]], and the [[Komische Oper]]. The Berlin State Opera on [[Unter den Linden]] opened in 1742 and is the oldest of the three. Its current musical director is [[Daniel Barenboim]]. The Komische Oper has traditionally specialized in [[operetta]]s and is located at Unter den Linden as well. The Deutsche Oper opened in 1912 in Charlottenburg. The city's main venue for musical theater performances are the Theater am Potsdamer Platz and [[Theater des Westens]] (built in 1895). Contemporary dance can be seen at the ''Radialsystem V''. The [[Tempodrom]] is host to concerts and circus inspired entertainment. It also houses a multi-sensory spa experience. The [[Admiralspalast]] in Mitte has a vibrant program of [[variety show|variety]] and music events. There are seven symphony orchestras in Berlin. The [[Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra]] is one of the preeminent orchestras in the world;<ref>{{cite news|author=Charlotte Higgins and Ben Aris in Berlin |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/apr/29/germany.arts |title=Is Rattle's Berlin honeymoon over? |publisher=Guardian |date= 29 April 2004|accessdate=7 April 2012 |location=London}}</ref> it is housed in the [[Berliner Philharmonie]] near Potsdamer Platz on a street named for the orchestra's longest-serving conductor, [[Herbert von Karajan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://travel2.nytimes.com/2005/09/25/travel/25berlin.html?ex=1162962000&en=36217d7f20459f88&ei=5070 |title=Music: Berlin |first=Daniel J. |last=Wakin |work=The New York Times |date=25 September 2005 |accessdate=7 November 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205123518/http://travel2.nytimes.com/2005/09/25/travel/25berlin.html?ex=1162962000&en=36217d7f20459f88&ei=5070 |archivedate=5 December 2013 }}</ref> The current principal conductor is [[Simon Rattle]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.culturekiosque.com/klassik/news/rherattle.htm |title=Berlin Philharmonic elects Sir Simon Rattle |publisher=Culturekiosque.com |date=24 June 1999 |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> The [[Konzerthausorchester Berlin]] was founded in 1952 as the orchestra for East Berlin. Its current principal conductor is [[Ivan Fischer]]. The [[Haus der Kulturen der Welt]] presents various exhibitions dealing with intercultural issues and stages world music and conferences.<ref>{{cite web|author=D |url=http://www.hkw.de/en/bottom/impressum/impressum.php |title=Haus der Kulturen der Welt |publisher=Hkw.de |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> The ''Kookaburra'' and the ''Quatsch Comedy Club'' are known for satire and [[stand up comedy]] shows. ===Cuisine=== {{See also|German cuisine}} [[File:Berlin-Mitte Deutsches Currywurst Museum.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Deutsches Currywurst Museum|Currywurst Museum]].]] The [[German cuisine|cuisine]] and culinary offerings of Berlin vary greatly. Twelve restaurants in Berlin have been included in the [[Michelin guide]] of 2015, which ranks the city at the top for the number of restaurants having this distinction in Germany.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/09/fashion/09iht-luxmag18.html Berlin Minimalist Glamor]. New York Times. Retrieved 25 February 2016.</ref> Berlin is well known for its offerings of [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saveur.com/vegetarian-restaurants-berlin-germany |title=Good Taste Award Winner 2015: Berlin, The New Vegetarian Capital|publisher=SAVEUR |accessdate=1 March 2016}}</ref> and [[Veganism|vegan]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/berlin-vegan-capital-of-the-world/a-35951064 |title=Berlin: Vegan capital of the world?|publisher=DW |accessdate=4 April 2017}}</ref> cuisine and is home to an innovative entrepreneurial food scene promoting cosmopolitan flavors, local and sustainable ingredients, pop-up street food markets, supper clubs, as well as food festivals, such as Berlin Food Week.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/berlins-booming-food-scene/a-17983026 |title=Berlin's booming food scene|publisher=DW |accessdate=4 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://foodtank.com/news/2016/09/conscious-food-consumption-at-berlins-restlos-gluecklich/ |title=Conscious Food Consumption at Berlin’s Restlos Glücklich|publisher=Food Tank |accessdate=4 April 2017}}</ref> Many local foods originated from north German culinary traditions and include rustic and hearty dishes with pork, goose, fish, peas, beans, cucumbers, or potatoes. Typical Berliner fare include popular [[street food]] like the ''[[Currywurst]]'' (which gained popularity with post-war construction workers rebuilding the city), ''[[Frikadeller|Buletten]]'' and the ''[[Berliner (doughnut)|Berliner]]'' doughnut, known in Berlin as {{lang|de|''Pfannkuchen''}}.<ref>[http://www.germanfoods.org/consumer/facts/berlin.cfm Berlin] German Foods</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/news/spicy-sausage-that-is-worthy-of-a-shrine-in-berlin-1772530.html|title=Spicy sausage that is worthy of a shrine in Berlin|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|first=Tony|last=Paterson|date=15 August 2009}}</ref> German bakeries offering a variety of breads and pastries are widespread. One of Europe's largest [[delicatessen]] markets is found at the [[KaDeWe]], and among the world’s largest chocolate stores is ''Fassbender & Rausch''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://luxeadventuretraveler.com/fassbender-rausch/|title=Chocolate Heaven at Fassbender & Rausch |publisher=Luxe Adventure Traveler|date=2013|accessdate=1 March 2016}}</ref> Berlin is also home to a diverse gastronomy scene reflecting the immigrant history of the city. Turkish and Arab immigrants brought their culinary traditions to the city, such as the [[lahmajoun]] and [[falafel]], which have become common fast food staples. The modern fast food version of the [[doner kebab]] sandwich [[Kadir Nurman|evolved in Berlin]] in the 1970s, and became a favorite in Germany and elsewhere in the world.<ref name="WSJ">{{cite news| url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304432704577350194262835880| title=There's Nothing More German Than a Big, Fat Juicy Döner Kebab| author=James Angelos| date=18 April 2012| newspaper=The Wall Street Journal| publisher=| accessdate=6 June 2016 }}</ref> Asian cuisine like Chinese, Vietnamese, Thai, Indian, Korean, and Japanese restaurants, as well as Spanish tapas bars, Italian, and Greek cuisine, can be found in many parts of the city. ===Recreation=== [[File:Zoo041.jpg|thumb|Elephant Gate at [[Berlin Zoological Garden|Berlin Zoo]] ]] [[File:Berlin_Siegessaeule_Festival_Lights.JPG|thumb|[[Berlin Victory Column]] in [[Tiergarten (park)|Tiergarten]] ]] [[Berlin Zoological Garden|Zoologischer Garten Berlin]], the older of two zoos in the city, was founded in 1844. It is the most visited zoo in Europe and presents the most diverse range of species in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rbb-online.de/_/nachrichten/vermischtes/beitrag_jsp/key=news4382800.html|archive-url=http://archive.is/20061007155448/http://www.rbb-online.de/_/nachrichten/vermischtes/beitrag_jsp/key=news4382800.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=7 October 2006|title=Hauptstadt-Zoo beliebtester Tierpark|work=[[Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg]]|accessdate=17 August 2008}}</ref> It was the home of the captive-born celebrity polar bear [[Knut (polar bear)|Knut]].<ref name="knutbbc1">{{Cite news|first=Tristana|last=Moore|title=Baby bear becomes media star|date=23 March 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6486993.stm|work=BBC News |accessdate=17 August 2008}}</ref> The city's other zoo, [[Tierpark Berlin|Tierpark Friedrichsfelde]], was founded in 1955. [[Berlin-Dahlem Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum|Berlin's Botanischer Garten]] includes the Botanic Museum Berlin. With an area of {{convert|43|ha|acre}} and around 22,000 different plant species, it is one of the largest and most diverse collections of botanical life in the world. Other gardens in the city include the [[Britzer Garten]], and the [[Erholungspark Marzahn|Gärten der Welt]] (Gardens of the World) in Marzahn.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gruen-berlin.de/gesellschaft/ |title=Grün Berlin |language=German |trans_title=Green Berlin |publisher=Die Grün Berlin GmbH |accessdate=27 May 2011}}</ref> [[File:NeuesPalais.jpg|thumb|left|[[Neues Palais]] in the former royal gardens of [[Sanssouci Park|Sanssouci]] ]] The [[Tiergarten, Berlin|Tiergarten]], located in Mitte, is Berlin's largest park and was designed by [[Peter Joseph Lenné]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/aktuell/wettbewerbe/lenne/en/biographie.shtml |title=Peter Joseph Lenné, Senate Department of Urban Development |publisher=Stadtentwicklung.berlin.de |date=30 September 2011 |accessdate=10 February 2013}}</ref> In Kreuzberg, the [[Viktoriapark]] provides a viewing point over the southern part of inner-city Berlin. [[Treptower Park]], beside the Spree in [[Treptow]], features a large [[Soviet War Memorial (Treptower Park)|Soviet War Memorial]]. The Volkspark in [[Friedrichshain]], which opened in 1848, is the oldest park in the city, with monuments, a summer outdoor cinema and several sports areas.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Paul Sullivan|title=Volkspark Friedrichshain|url=http://www.slowtravelberlin.com/volkspark-friedrichshain/|website=Slow Travel Berlin|publisher=Slow Travel Berlin|accessdate=30 August 2014|date=30 July 2010}}</ref> [[Potsdam]] is situated on the southwestern periphery of Berlin. The city was a residence of the [[Prussia]]n kings and the [[German Emperor|German Kaiser]], until 1918. The area around Potsdam in particular [[Sanssouci]] is known for a series of interconnected lakes and cultural landmarks. The [[Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin]] are the largest [[World Heritage Site]] in Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/532 |title=Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=3 January 2016}}</ref> Berlin is also well known for its numerous cafés, street musicians, beach bars along the Spree River, flea markets, boutique shops and [[pop up store]]s, which are a source for recreation and leisure.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lee |first=Denny |url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/12/10/travel/10hours.html |title=36 Hours in Berlin |location=Berlin (Germany) |publisher=Travel.nytimes.com |date=10 December 2006 |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> {{Clear}} ===Sports=== {{Main article|Sport in Berlin|Football in Berlin}} [[File:Berliner Olympiastadion night 2.jpg|thumb|The [[Olympic Stadium (Berlin)|Olympiastadion]] hosted the [[1936 Summer Olympics]] and the [[2006 FIFA World Cup Final]] ]] [[File:Berlin marathon.jpg|thumb|The [[Berlin Marathon]] is the current world record course.]] Berlin has established a high-profile as a host city of major international sporting events.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/04/01/2204562.htm?section=sport|title=Melbourne retains ultimate sports city title|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|date=1 April 2008|accessdate=1 July 2008}}</ref> The city hosted the [[1936 Summer Olympics]] and was the host city for the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]] final.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/overview.html |title=Italy conquer the world as Germany wins friends |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821050509/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/overview.html |archivedate=21 August 2008 }}</ref> The [[IAAF World Championships in Athletics]] was held in the [[Olympiastadion]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlin2009.org/ |title=12. IAAF Leichtathletik WM berlin 2009 |publisher=Berlin2009.org |accessdate=10 February 2013}}</ref> The city hosted the Basketball [[Euroleague Final Four]] in [[2009 Euroleague Final Four|2009]] and [[2016 Euroleague Final Four|2016]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euroleague.net/news/i/5y55csanso845gfb|title=Euroleague Final Four returns to Berlin in 2016|publisher =Euroleague|date=11 May 2015}}</ref> and was one of the hosts of the FIBA [[EuroBasket 2015]]. In 2015 Berlin became the venue for the [[2015 UEFA Champions League Final|UEFA Champions League Final]]. The annual [[Berlin Marathon]]{{snd}} a course that holds the most top-10 world record runs{{snd}} and the [[Internationales Stadionfest|ISTAF]] are well-established athletic events in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scc-events.com/en/events/halbmarathon/ |title=Berlin Marathon |publisher=Scc-events.com |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> The [[Mellowpark]] in Köpenick is one of the biggest skate and BMX parks in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbancatalyst-studio.de/en/projects/project-site/mellowpark-berlin.html |title=MELLOWPARK CAMPUS |publisher=urbancatalyst-studio.de |accessdate=29 August 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904031925/http://www.urbancatalyst-studio.de/en/projects/project-site/mellowpark-berlin.html |archivedate=4 September 2014 }}</ref> A Fan Fest at Brandenburg Gate, which attracts several hundred-thousand spectators, has become popular during international football competitions, like the [[UEFA European Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.bettor.com/The-best-sports-stadiums-in-the-world-a21645 |title=500,000 spectators to watch the game together |publisher=Blogs.bettor.com |accessdate=7 April 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322085540/http://blogs.bettor.com/The-best-sports-stadiums-in-the-world-a21645 |archivedate=22 March 2012 }}</ref> In 2013 around 600,000 Berliners were registered in one of the more than 2,300 sport and fitness clubs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lsb-berlin.net/wir-ueber-uns/der-lsb-berlin/ |title=Der Landessportbund Berlin – Mitglieder |publisher=LSB |accessdate=3 September 2014}}</ref> The city of Berlin operates more than 60 public indoor and outdoor swimming pools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newinthecity.de/en/sports-leisure-berlin/2976-berlin-swimming-pools-and-bathing-spots.html |title=Berlin’s swimming pools and bathing spots |publisher=New in the City |accessdate=12 February 2016}}</ref> Berlin is the largest Olympic training centre in Germany. About 500 top athletes (15% of all German top athletes) are based there. Forty-seven elite athletes participated in the 2012 Summer Olympics. Berliners would achieve seven gold, twelve silver and three bronze medals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlin-sportmetropole.de/english/olympiastuetzpunkt/index.html |title=Sports Metropolis |publisher=Be Berlin |accessdate=12 February 2016}}</ref> Several professional clubs representing the most important spectator team sports in Germany have their base in Berlin: {|class="wikitable" |- ! style="background:gold; color:navy;"|Club ! style="background:gold; color:navy;"|Sport ! style="background:gold; color:navy;"|Founded ! style="background:gold; color:navy;"|League ! style="background:gold; color:navy;"|Venue |- |[[Hertha BSC]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.herthabsc.de/ |title=Hertha BSC |publisher=Herthabsc.de |date=27 December 2011 |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> |[[Association football|Football]] |1892 |[[Bundesliga]] |[[Olympic Stadium (Berlin)|Olympiastadion]] |- |[[1. FC Union Berlin]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fc-union-berlin.de/ |title=Union Berlin |publisher=Fc-union-berlin.de |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> |[[Association football|Football]] |1966 |[[2. Fußball-Bundesliga|2. Bundesliga]] |[[Stadion An der Alten Försterei]] |- |[[ALBA Berlin]]<ref>{{cite web|author=SPORTWERK 2012 |url=http://www.albaberlin.de/ |title=ALBA Berlin |publisher=Albaberlin.de |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> |[[Basketball]] |1991 |[[Basketball Bundesliga|BBL]] |[[Mercedes-Benz Arena (Berlin)|Mercedes-Benz Arena]] |- |[[Eisbären Berlin]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eisbaeren.de |title=Eisbären Berlin |publisher=Eisbaeren.de |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> |[[Ice hockey]] |1954 |[[Deutsche Eishockey Liga|DEL]] |[[Mercedes-Benz Arena (Berlin)|Mercedes-Benz Arena]] |- |[[Füchse Berlin Reinickendorf HBC|Füchse Berlin]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fuechse-berlin.de/ |title=Füchse Berlin |publisher=Fuechse-berlin.de |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> |[[Team handball|Handball]] |1891 |[[Bundesliga (handball)|HBL]] |[[Max-Schmeling-Halle]] |} ==See also== {{Portal|Berlin|Germany|European Union}} {| | style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;"| * List of quotes featuring Berlin * [[List of fiction set in Berlin]] * [[List of songs about Berlin]] * [[List of people from Berlin]] * [[List of honorary citizens of Berlin]] * [[:Category:Video games set in Berlin|List of video games set in Berlin]] * [[List of films set in Berlin]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;"| |} ==Notes== {{reflist|30em}} ==References== * {{cite book|last=Chandler|first=Tertius|title=Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census|publisher=Edwin Mellen Pr|year=1987|isbn=0-88946-207-0}} * {{cite book|last=Gill|first=Anton|title=A Dance Between Flames: Berlin Between the Wars|publisher=John Murray|year=1993|isbn=0-7195-4986-8}} * {{cite book|last=Gross|first=Leonard|title=The Last Jews in Berlin|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|year=1999|isbn=0-7867-0687-2}} * {{cite book|last=Large|first=David Clay|title=Berlin|publisher=Basic Books|year=2001|isbn=0-465-02632-X}} * {{cite book|last=Read|first=Anthony|author2=David Fisher|title=Berlin Rising: Biography of a City|publisher=W.W. Norton|year=1994|isbn=0-393-03606-5}} * {{cite book|last=Ribbe|first=Wolfgang|title=Geschichte Berlins|publisher=Bwv – Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag|year=2002|isbn=3-8305-0166-8}} * {{cite book|last=Roth|first=Joseph|title=What I Saw: Reports from Berlin 1920–33|publisher=Granta Books|year=2004|isbn=1-86207-636-7}} * {{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Frederick|title=The Berlin Wall: 13 August 1961 – 9 November 1989|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |year=2007|isbn=0-06-078614-0}} * {{cite book|last=Maclean|first=Rory|title=Berlin: Imagine a City|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2014|isbn=978-0-297-84803-5}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|voy=Berlin|Berlin}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Berlin}} * [http://www.berlin.de/en/ Berlin.de] – Official website * {{Osmrelation-inline|62422}} <!--TEMPLATES--> {{Navboxes |list= {{Berlin}} {{Boroughs of Berlin}} {{Cities in Germany}} {{States of the Federal Republic of Germany}} {{Capitals of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany}} {{Capital cities of the European Union}} {{List of European capitals by region}} {{European Capital of Culture}} {{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities|nocat=yes}} {{IAAF World Championships in Athletics Host cities}} {{Hanseatic League}} }} <!--FA/GA LINKS--> {{Authority control}} <!--CATEGORIES--> [[Category:Berlin| ]]<!--Leave the empty space as standard for catmain--> [[Category:German state capitals]] [[Category:Capitals in Europe]] [[Category:City-states]] [[Category:Members of the Hanseatic League]] [[Category:Populated places established in the 13th century]] [[Category:1237 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire]] [[Category:University towns in Germany]] eeku9zy5p4xkoibic7turwk02l67i6k 15 14 2017-06-23T15:39:31Z Admin 1 1 revision imported wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|the capital of Germany}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}} {{Infobox German state |Name=Berlin |German_name= |image_photo={{Photomontage|position=center | photo1a = Siegessaeule_Aussicht_10-13_img4_Tiergarten.jpg | photo2a = Bikinihaus_Berlin-1210760.jpg | photo2b = Brandenburger_Tor_Nachts.JPG | photo3a = Berlin_Wall6331.JPG | photo3b = Berlin_Oberbaumbruecke_2.jpg | photo4a= Reichstag_Berlin_Germany.jpg | size = 280 | spacing = 2 | color = | border = 0 | foot_montage = {{nobreak|From top: Skyline including the [[Fernsehturm Berlin|TV Tower]],}}<br>[[City West]], [[Brandenburg Gate]],<br>[[East Side Gallery]] ([[Berlin Wall]]), [[Oberbaum Bridge]] (River [[Spree]]),<br>[[Reichstag building]] (Bundestag) }} |state_coa=Coat of arms of Berlin.svg |coa_size=70 |map=Berlin in Germany and EU.png |map_size=270 |map_text=Location within [[European Union]] and Germany |coordinates={{coord|52|30|26|N|13|8|45|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |flag=Flag_of_Berlin.svg |area=891.7 |area_source= |population=3671000 |pop_ref=<ref name="Population11">{{cite web|url=https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/pms/2017/17-02-24a.pdf|title=Amt für Statistik Berlin Brandenburg|work=[[Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg]]|year=2016|accessdate=28 February 2017|language=German}}</ref> |pop_date=2016 |pop_metro=6004857 |elevation=34 |population_demonym=Berliner (m), Berlinerin (f) |GDP=124/ $137 |GDP_year=2015 |GDP_ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vgrdl.de/VGRdL/tbls/tab.jsp?rev=RV2014&tbl=tab01&lang=de-DE#tab01|title=Bruttoinlandsprodukt – in jeweiligen Preisen – in Deutschland 1991 bis 2015 nach Bundesländern (WZ 2008)|first=Statistisches Landesamt|last=Baden-Württemberg|date=|work=vgrdl.de}}</ref> |GDP_per_capita=35,600/ $40,000 |GDP_per_capita_year=2015 |GDP_percent= |Website=[http://www.berlin.de/en/ berlin.de] |leader_title=[[Governing Mayor of Berlin|Governing Mayor]] |leader=Michael Müller (politician) |leader_party=[[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] |ruling_party1=[[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] |ruling_party2=[[The Left (Germany)|Left]] |ruling_party3=[[Alliance 90/The Greens|Greens]] |votes=4 |NUTS=DE3 |Vorwahl=030 |Kfz=B<small></small><ref>Prefixes for vehicle registration were introduced in 1906, but often changed due to the political changes after 1945. Vehicles were registered under the following prefixes: "I A" (1906&nbsp;– April 1945; devalidated on 11 August 1945); no prefix, only digits (from July to August 1945), "БГ" (=BG; 1945–46, for cars, lorries and busses), "ГФ" (=GF; 1945–46, for cars, lorries and busses), "БM" (=BM; 1945–47, for motor bikes), "ГM" (=GM; 1945–47, for motor bikes), "KB" (i.e.: [[Allied Kommandatura|Kommandatura]] of Berlin; for all of Berlin 1947–48, continued for [[West Berlin]] until 1956), "GB" (i.e.: Greater Berlin, for [[East Berlin]] 1948–53), "I" (for East Berlin, 1953–90), "B" (for West Berlin from 1 July 1956, continued for all of Berlin since 1990).</ref> |iso region=DE-BE |date=April 2017}} '''Berlin''' ({{IPAc-en|b|əɹ|ˈ|l|ɪ|n}}, {{IPA-de|bɛɐ̯ˈliːn|lang|de-Berlin.ogg}}) is the [[Capital city|capital]] and the largest city of [[Germany]] as well as one of its 16 constituent [[states of Germany|states]]. With a population of approximately 3.7 million,<ref name="Population"/> Berlin is the second [[List of largest cities in the European Union by population within city limits|most populous city proper]] and the seventh [[List of urban areas in the European Union|most populous urban area]] in the [[European Union]].<ref name="Insee - -" >{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?ref_id=cmptef01103&id=18|title=Population des villes et unités urbaines de plus de 1 million d'habitants de l'Union européenne|author=[[INSEE]]|accessdate=17 August 2008|language=French}}</ref> Located in northeastern Germany on the banks of the rivers [[Spree]] and [[Havel]], it is the centre of the [[Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region|Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region]], which has roughly 6 million residents from more than 180 nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlin-brandenburg.de/daten-fakten/ |title=Daten und Fakten Hauptstadtregion |publisher=Berlin-Brandenburg.de |accessdate=10 February 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029041157/http://www.berlin-brandenburg.de/daten-fakten/ |archivedate=29 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deutsche-metropolregionen.org/mitglieder/berlin-brandenburg/ |title=Initiativkreis Europäische Metropolregionen in Deutschland: Berlin-Brandenburg |publisher=Deutsche-metropolregionen.org |accessdate=10 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurometrex.org/Docs/Moscow/BerlinBrandenburg_planning_metropolitan_region_DE.pdf |title=PowerPoint-Präsentation |format=PDF |accessdate=12 March 2013}}</ref><ref name=LUZ>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanaudit.org/CityProfiles.aspx|title=City Profiles Berlin|work=Urban Audit|accessdate=20 August 2008}}</ref> Due to its location in the [[European Plain]], Berlin is influenced by a [[Temperate climate|temperate]] seasonal climate. Around one-third of the city's area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers, canals and lakes.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=94LP4xCb-KcC&pg=PA23&lpg=PA23&dq=%22Berlin+%22+rivers+lakes+foreests+%22one+third%22#v=onepage&q=&f=false|title=Gren Berlin|work=[[Lonely Planet]]|accessdate=9 October 2009|isbn=9781740594721|author1=Schulte-Peevers|first1=Andrea|last2=Parkinson|first2=Tom|year=2004}}</ref> First documented in the 13th century and situated at the crossing of two important historic [[trade route]]s,<ref name="staple">[http://www.diegeschichteberlins.de/geschichteberlins/berlin-abc/stichwortehn/599-niederlagsrecht.html ''Niederlagsrecht''], Verein für die Geschichte Berlins. Retrieved 21 November 2015 (German).</ref> Berlin became the capital of the [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]] (1417{{ndash}}1701), the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] (1701–1918), the [[German Empire]] (1871–1918), the [[Weimar Republic]] (1919–1933) and the [[Third Reich]] (1933–1945).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/germanunification.html|title=Documents of German Unification, 1848–1871|work=Modern History Sourcebook|accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref> [[1920s Berlin|Berlin in the 1920s]] was the third largest municipality in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=23505|title=Topographies of Class: Modern Architecture and Mass Society in Weimar Berlin (Social History, Popular Culture and Politics in Germany).|publisher=www.h-net.org|accessdate=9 October 2009}}</ref> After [[World War II]] and its subsequent occupation by the victorious countries, the city was divided; [[East Berlin]] was declared capital of [[East Germany]], while [[West Berlin]] became a de facto [[West Germany|West German]] [[exclave]], surrounded by the [[Berlin Wall]] (1961–1989) and East German territory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/62202/Berlin-Wall|title=Berlin Wall|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref> Following [[German reunification]] in 1990, Berlin once again became the capital of all-Germany. Berlin is a [[Global city|world city]] of culture, politics, media and science.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.germany.info/Vertretung/usa/en/04__W__t__G/03/01/03/Feature__3.html |title=Berlin – Capital of Germany |work=German Embassy in Washington |accessdate=18 August 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112204045/http://www.germany.info/Vertretung/usa/en/04__W__t__G/03/01/03/Feature__3.html |archivedate=12 January 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/BUSINESS/04/10/cities.dominate.world/?hpt=C2|title=Revealed: Cities that rule the world&nbsp;– and those on the rise|first=Catriona|last=Davies|publisher=CNN|date=10 April 2010|accessdate=11 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/22/travel/22iht-22berlin.13882912.html?_r=1|title=Berlin, the big canvas|first=Sam|last=Sifton|work=The New York Times|accessdate=18 August 2008 |date=31 December 1969}} See also: {{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb146.html#t5|title=Sites and situations of leading cities in cultural globalisations/Media|work=GaWC Research Bulletin 146|accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref><ref> {{cite journal|title=Global Power City Index 2009|work=Institute for Urban Strategies at The Mori Memorial Foundation|location=Tokyo, Japan|date=22 October 2009|url=http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/pdf/GPCI2009_English.pdf|accessdate=29 October 2009}}</ref> Its economy is based on [[High tech|high-tech]] firms and the service sector, encompassing a diverse range of [[creative industries]], research facilities, media corporations and convention venues.<ref name=congress>{{cite web|url=http://www.iccaworld.com/npps/story.cfm?ID=1577|title=ICCA publishes top 20 country and city rankings 2007|work=ICCA|accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref><ref name=Cityofdesign>{{cite press release|url=http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=29376&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|title=Berlin City of Design |publisher=[[UNESCO]]|accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref> Berlin serves as a continental hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network. The metropolis is a popular [[Tourism in Germany|tourist destination]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Berlin Beats Rome as Tourist Attraction as Hordes Descend|work=Bloomberg L.P.|date=4 September 2014|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-09-03/berlin-beats-rome-as-tourist-attraction-as-hordes-descend.html|accessdate=11 September 2014}}</ref> Significant industries also include [[information technology|IT]], pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, clean tech, [[biotechnology]], construction and electronics. Modern Berlin is home to world renowned universities, orchestras, museums, entertainment venues and is host to many sporting events.<ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/896|title=World Heritage Site Museumsinsel|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref> Its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international [[List of films set in Berlin|film productions]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3549403,00.html|title=Hollywood Helps Revive Berlin's Former Movie Glory|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=9 August 2008|accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref> The city is well known for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts and a [[World's most liveable cities|high quality of living]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://travel2.nytimes.com/2004/12/12/travel/12surf.html?ex=1150862400&en=f2c1cc6c507fea18&ei=5070 |title=The Club Scene, on the Edge |work=The New York Times |accessdate=18 August 2008 |first=Sunshine |last=Flint |date=12 December 2004 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402221310/http://travel2.nytimes.com/2004/12/12/travel/12surf.html?ex=1150862400&en=f2c1cc6c507fea18&ei=5070 |archivedate=2 April 2013 }} See also: {{cite web|url=http://www.citymayors.com/features/quality_survey.html|title=Ranking of best cities in the world|work=City mayors|accessdate=18 August 2008}} and {{cite web|url=http://monocle.com/film/affairs/the-monocle-quality-of-life-survey-2015/|title=The Monocle Quality Of Life Survey 2015|publisher=Monocle|accessdate=20 July 2015}}</ref> Since the 2000s Berlin has seen the emergence of a cosmopolitan [[entrepreneurship|entrepreneurial]] [[Startup ecosystem|scene]].<ref> {{cite journal|title=Young Israelis are Flocking to Berlin|work=Newsweek|location=NYC, United States|date=13 June 2014|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2014/06/20/young-israelis-are-flocking-berlin-262139.html|accessdate=28 August 2014}}</ref> ==History== {{Main article|History of Berlin|Timeline of Berlin}} ===Etymology=== The name Berlin has its roots in the language of [[West Slavs|West Slavic]] inhabitants of the area of today's Berlin, and may be related to the Old [[Polabian language|Polabian]] stem ''berl-''/''birl-'' ("swamp").<ref>{{Cite book|last=Berger|first=Dieter|title=Geographische Namen in Deutschland|publisher=Bibliographisches Institut|year=1999|isbn=3-411-06252-5}}</ref> All German place names ending on ''-ow'', ''-itz'' and ''-in'', of which there are many east of the [[Elbe|River Elbe]], are of [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] origin ([[Germania Slavica]]). There are many boroughs of Slavic origin in the city: Berlin-[[Karow (Berlin)|Karow]], Berlin-[[Malchow (Berlin)|Malchow]], Berlin-[[Pankow]], Berlin-[[Spandau]] (earlier: ''Spandow''), Berlin-[[Gatow]], Berlin-[[Kladow]], Berlin-[[Steglitz]], Berlin-[[Lankwitz]], Berlin-[[Britz]], Berlin-[[Buckow (Berlin)|Buckow]], Berlin-[[Rudow]], Berlin-[[Alt-Treptow]], Berlin-[[Schmöckwitz]], Berlin-[[Marzahn]] and Berlin-[[Köpenick]]. Since the ''Ber-'' at the beginning sounds like the German word ''Bär'' (bear), a bear appears in the coat of arms of the city. It is therefore a [[canting arms|canting arm]]. ===12th to 16th centuries=== [[File:ZLB-Berliner Ansichten-Januar.jpg|thumb|Map of Berlin in 1688]] The earliest evidence of settlements in the area of today's Berlin are a wooden rod dated from approximately 1192<ref name="zycwaq">{{cite news|agency=Associated Press |title=Berlin dig finds city older than thought|accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref> and leftovers of wooden houseparts dated to 1174 found in a 2012 excavation in Berlin Mitte.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=dpa |title=Berlin ist älter als gedacht: Hausreste aus dem Jahr 1174 entdeckt|accessdate=24 August 2012|url=http://www.berlin.de/aktuelles/berlin/2674414-958092-berlin-ist-aelter-als-gedacht-hausreste-.html}}</ref> The first written records of towns in the area of present-day Berlin date from the late 12th century. [[Spandau]] is first mentioned in 1197 and [[Köpenick]] in 1209, although these areas did not join Berlin until 1920.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlin.de/tourismus/sehenswuerdigkeiten.en/00175.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612020333/http://www.berlin.de/tourismus/sehenswuerdigkeiten.en/00175.html|archivedate=12 June 2008|title=Spandau Citadel|work=Berlin tourist board|accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref> The central part of Berlin can be traced back to two towns. [[Cölln]] on the [[Fischerinsel]] is first mentioned in a 1237 document, and Berlin, across the [[Spree]] in what is now called the [[Nikolaiviertel]], is referenced in a document from 1244.<ref name="zycwaq"/> 1237 is considered the founding date of the city.<ref name=Medtradc>{{cite web|title=The medieval trading center|url=http://www.berlin.de/berlin-im-ueberblick/geschichte/handelsstadt.en.html|accessdate=11 June 2013|location=www.berlin.de}}</ref> The two towns over time formed close economic and social ties, and profited from the [[staple right]] on the two important [[trade route]]s ''[[Via Imperii]]'' and from [[Bruges]] to [[Novgorod]].<ref name="staple"/> In 1307, they formed an alliance with a common external policy, their internal administrations still being separated.<ref name="Stöver2010">Stöver B. Geschichte Berlins. Verlag CH Beck, 2010. {{ISBN|978-3-406-60067-8}}</ref><ref name="Lui stadtgr">[http://berlingeschichte.de/stadtentwicklung/texte/articles/1_02_stadtgr Stadtgründung Und Frühe Stadtentwicklung], Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein. Retrieved 10 June 2013</ref> In 1415 [[Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg|Frederick I]] became the [[prince-elector|elector]] of the [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]], which he ruled until 1440.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.west.net/~antipas/protected_files/news/europe/hohenzollerns.html|title=The Hohenzollern Dynasty|work=Antipas|accessdate=18 August 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807093738/http://www.west.net/~antipas/protected_files/news/europe/hohenzollerns.html |archivedate=7 August 2007}}</ref> During the 15th century, his successors established Berlin-Cölln as capital of the margraviate, and subsequent members of the [[Hohenzollern]] family ruled in Berlin until 1918, first as electors of Brandenburg, then as kings of Prussia, and eventually as [[German emperor]]s. In 1443 [[Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg|Frederick II Irontooth]] started the construction of a new [[Stadtschloss, Berlin|royal palace]] in the twin city Berlin-Cölln. The protests of the town citizens against the building culminated in 1448, in the "Berlin Indignation" ("Berliner Unwille").<ref>[http://www.diegeschichteberlins.de/geschichteberlins/berlinabc/stichworteag/555-berliner-unwillen.html Berliner Unwillen]. ''Verein für die Geschichte Berlins e.&nbsp;V.'' Retrieved 30 May 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/serie-was-den-berliner-unwillen-erregte/7301932.html Was den "Berliner Unwillen" erregte.]. ''Der Tagesspiegel'', 26 Oktober 2012</ref> This protest was not successful and the citizenry lost many of its political and economic privileges. After the royal palace was finished in 1451, it gradually came into use. From 1470, with the new elector [[Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg|Albrecht III Achilles]], Berlin-Cölln became the new royal residence.<ref name="Lui stadtgr"/> Officially, the Berlin-Cölln palace became permanent residence of the Brandenburg electors of the Hohenzollerns from 1486, when [[John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg|John Cicero]] came to power.<ref>{{cite web|title=The electors' residence|url=http://www.berlin.de/berlin-im-ueberblick/geschichte/residenzstadt.en.html|accessdate=11 June 2013|location=www.berlin.de}}</ref> Berlin-Cölln, however, had to give up its status as a free [[Hanseatic League|Hanseatic]] city. In 1539, the electors and the city officially became [[Lutheran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smp-protein.de/SMPConference/berlin.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818100934/http://www.smp-protein.de/SMPConference/berlin.htm|archivedate=18 August 2006|title=Berlin Cathedral|work=SMPProtein|accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref> ===17th to 19th centuries=== [[File:Friedrich Zweite Alt.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Frederick the Great]] (1712–1786) was one of Europe's [[enlightened monarch]]s.]] The [[Thirty Years' War]] between 1618 and 1648 devastated Berlin. One third of its houses were damaged or destroyed, and the city lost half of its population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/germany/bra30.html|title=Brandenburg during the 30 Years War|work=WHKMLA|accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref> [[Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg|Frederick William]], known as the "Great Elector", who had succeeded his father [[George William, Elector of Brandenburg|George William]] as ruler in 1640, initiated a policy of promoting immigration and religious tolerance.<ref name="Carlyle1853">{{cite book|author=Thomas Carlyle|title=Fraser's Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PME1mMFlEMcC&pg=PA63|year=1853|publisher=J. Fraser|page=63|accessdate=11 February 2016}}</ref> With the [[Edict of Potsdam]] in 1685, Frederick William offered asylum to the French [[Huguenot]]s.<ref name="Plaut1995">{{cite book|author=W. Gunther Plaut|title=Asylum: A Moral Dilemma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oirvylPVAhAC&pg=PA42|date=1 January 1995|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-95196-2|page=42}}</ref> By 1700, approximately 30 percent of Berlin's residents were French, because of the Huguenot immigration.<ref name="Gray2007">{{cite book|author=Jeremy Gray|title=Germany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5t5mZE_s5YC&pg=PA49|year=2007|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74059-988-7|page=49}}</ref> Many other immigrants came from [[Bohemia]], [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]], and [[Archbishopric of Salzburg|Salzburg]].<ref name="Cybriwsky2013">{{cite book|author=Roman Adrian Cybriwsky|title=Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qb6NAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA48|date=23 May 2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-248-9|page=48}}</ref> [[File:Berlin Unter den Linden Victoria Hotel um 1900.jpg|thumb|left|Berlin became the capital of the [[German Empire]] in 1871 and expanded rapidly in the following years. (Unter den Linden in 1900)]] Since 1618 the Margraviate of Brandenburg had been in [[personal union]] with the [[Duchy of Prussia]]. In 1701 the dual state formed the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], as [[Frederick III, Elector of Brandenburg]] crowned himself as king [[Frederick I of Prussia|Frederick I in Prussia]]. Berlin became the capital of the new Kingdom. This was a successful attempt to centralise the capital in the very far-flung state, and it was the first time the city began to grow. In 1709, Berlin merged with the four cities of Cölln, Friedrichswerder, Friedrichstadt and Dorotheenstadt under the name Berlin, "Haupt- und Residenzstadt Berlin".<ref name="Stöver2010"/> In 1740 Frederick II, known as [[Frederick the Great]] (1740–1786), came to power.<ref name="Zaide1965">{{cite book|author=Gregorio F. Zaide|title=World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kq512SmGMIsC&pg=PA273|year=1965|publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc.|isbn=978-971-23-1472-8|page=273}}</ref> Under the rule of Frederick II, Berlin became a center of [[the Enlightenment]], but also, was briefly occupied during the [[Seven Years' War]] by the Russian army.<ref name="PerryChase2012">{{cite book|author1=Marvin Perry|author2=Myrna Chase|author3=James Jacob |author4=Margaret Jacob |author5=Theodore Von Laue|title=Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YYIJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA444|date=1 January 2012|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=1-133-70864-1|page=444}}</ref> Following France's victory in the [[War of the Fourth Coalition]], [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] marched into Berlin in 1806, but granted self-government to the city.<ref name="Lewis2013">{{cite book|author=Peter B. Lewis|title=Arthur Schopenhauer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6TBXX9KVtzsC&pg=PA57|date=15 February 2013|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-78023-069-6|page=57}}</ref> In 1815 the city became part of the new [[Province of Brandenburg]].<ref name="StaffInc.2010">{{cite book|author1=Harvard Student Agencies Inc. Staff|author2=Harvard Student Agencies, Inc.|title=Let's Go Berlin, Prague & Budapest: The Student Travel Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nj0YqD4ntvIC&pg=PA83|date=28 December 2010|publisher=Avalon Travel|isbn=1-59880-914-8|page=83}}</ref> The [[Industrial Revolution]] transformed Berlin during the 19th century; the city's economy and population expanded dramatically, and it became the main railway hub and economic centre of Germany. Additional suburbs soon developed and increased the area and population of Berlin. In 1861 neighbouring suburbs including [[Wedding (Berlin)|Wedding]], [[Moabit]] and several others were incorporated into Berlin.<ref name="Schulte-Peevers2010">{{cite book|author=Andrea Schulte-Peevers|title=Lonel Berlin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DKlXQS6c3p0C&pg=PA25|date=15 September 2010|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74220-407-9|page=25}}</ref> In 1871 Berlin became capital of the newly founded [[German Empire]].<ref name="Stöver2013">{{cite book|author=Bernd Stöver|title=Berlin: A Short History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVA8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT20|date=2 October 2013|publisher=C.H.Beck|isbn=978-3-406-65633-0|page=20}}</ref> In 1881 it became a city district separate from Brandenburg.<ref name="Strassmann2008">{{cite book|author=W. Paul Strassmann|title=The Strassmanns: Science, Politics and Migration in Turbulent Times (1793–1993)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5cCuBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|date=15 June 2008|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-84545-416-6|page=26}}</ref> ===20th to 21st centuries=== {{Main article|West Berlin|East Berlin}} {{See also|1920s Berlin}} [[File:Kirchner 1913 Street, Berlin.jpg|thumb|150px|''Street, Berlin'' (1913) by [[Ernst Ludwig Kirchner]] ]] In the early 20th century, Berlin had become a fertile ground for the [[German Expressionism|German Expressionist]] movement.<ref name="HollandGawthrop2001">{{cite book|author1=Jack Holland|author2=John Gawthrop|title=The Rough Guide to Berlin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-EsJWmKCSa8C&pg=PA361|year=2001|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-85828-682-2|page=361}}</ref> In fields such as [[architecture]], [[painting]] and [[film|cinema]] new forms of artistic styles were invented. At the end of the [[First World War]] in 1918, a [[Weimar Republic|republic]] was proclaimed by [[Philipp Scheidemann]] at the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag building]]. In 1920 the [[Greater Berlin Act]] incorporated dozens of suburban cities, villages and estates around Berlin into an expanded city. The act increased the area of Berlin from {{convert|66|to|883|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. The population almost doubled and Berlin had a population of around four million. During the [[Weimar culture|Weimar era]], Berlin underwent political unrest due to economic uncertainties, but also became a renowned centre of the [[Roaring Twenties]]. The metropolis experienced its heyday as a major world capital and was known for its leadership roles in science, technology, arts, the humanities, city planning, film, higher education, government and industries. [[Albert Einstein]] rose to public prominence during his years in Berlin, being awarded the [[Nobel Prize for Physics]] in 1921. [[File:Potsdamer Platz 1945.jpg|thumb|left|Berlin in ruins after the [[Second World War]] ([[Potsdamer Platz]], 1945)]] In 1933 [[Adolf Hitler]] and the [[Nazi Party]] [[Nazi seizure of power|came to power]]. NSDAP rule diminished Berlin's Jewish community from 160,000 (one-third of all Jews in the country) to about 80,000 as a result of emigration between 1933 and 1939. After [[Kristallnacht]] in 1938, thousands of the city's Jews were imprisoned in the nearby [[Sachsenhausen concentration camp]]. Starting in early 1943, many were shipped to [[death camp]]s, such as [[Auschwitz]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005450|title=Berlin|publisher=}}</ref> During World War II, large parts of Berlin were destroyed in [[Battle of Berlin (air)|the 1943–45 air raids]] and during the [[Battle of Berlin]]. Around 125,000 civilians were killed.<ref>{{citation|last=Clodfelter|first=Michael|title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000|edition=2nd|publisher=McFarland & Company|year=2002|isbn=0-7864-1204-6}}</ref> After the [[end of World War II in Europe|end of the war in Europe]] in May 1945, Berlin received large numbers of refugees from the Eastern provinces. The victorious powers divided the city into four sectors, analogous to the [[Allied-occupied Germany|occupation zones]] into which Germany was divided. The sectors of the [[Allies of World War II|Western Allies]] (the United States, the United Kingdom and France) formed [[West Berlin]], while the [[Soviet Union|Soviet sector]] formed [[East Berlin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/psf/box31/t297c01.html|title=Agreement to divide Berlin|work=FDR-Library|accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref> [[File:Berlinermauer.jpg|thumb|The [[Berlin Wall]] (painted on the western side) was a barrier that divided the city from 1961 to 1989.]] All four [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] shared administrative responsibilities for Berlin. However, in 1948, when the Western Allies extended the currency reform in the Western zones of Germany to the three western sectors of Berlin, the [[Soviet Union]] imposed a [[Berlin Blockade|blockade]] on the access routes to and from West Berlin, which lay entirely inside Soviet-controlled territory. The [[Berlin airlift]], conducted by the three western Allies, overcame this blockade by supplying food and other supplies to the city from June 1948 to May 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.western-allies-berlin.com/historic-events/detail/airlift-blockade|title=Berlin Airlift / Blockade|publisher=Western Allies Berlin|accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref> In 1949 the Federal Republic of Germany was founded in [[West Germany]] and eventually included all of the American, British and French zones, excluding those three countries' zones in Berlin, while the [[Marxist-Leninist]] [[East Germany|German Democratic Republic]] was proclaimed in East Germany. West Berlin officially remained an occupied city, but it politically was aligned with the Federal Republic of Germany despite West Berlin's geographic isolation. Airline service to West Berlin was granted only to American, British and French airlines. [[File:Thefalloftheberlinwall1989.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Berlin Wall#The Fall|fall of the Berlin Wall]] on 9 November 1989. On [[German Unity Day|3 October 1990]], the [[German reunification]] process was formally finished.]] The founding of the two German states increased [[Cold War]] tensions. West Berlin was surrounded by East German territory, and East Germany proclaimed the Eastern part as its capital, a move that was not recognised by the western powers. East Berlin included most of the historic centre of the city. The West German government established itself in [[Bonn]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlin.de/berlin-im-ueberblick/geschichte/1945.en.html|title=Berlin official website; History after 1945|publisher=City of Berlin|accessdate=8 April 2009}}</ref> In 1961 East Germany began the building of the [[Berlin Wall]] between East and West Berlin, and events escalated to a tank standoff at [[Checkpoint Charlie]]. West Berlin was now de facto a part of West Germany with a unique legal status, while East Berlin was de facto a part of East Germany. [[John F. Kennedy]] gave his "''[[Ich bin ein Berliner]]''"{{snd}} speech in 1963 underlining the US support for the Western part of the city. Berlin was completely divided. Although it was possible for Westerners to pass from one to the other side through strictly controlled checkpoints, for most Easterners travel to West Berlin or West Germany was prohibited by the government of East Germany. In 1971, a [[Four Power Agreement on Berlin|Four-Power agreement]] guaranteed access to and from West Berlin by car or train through East Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/ga5-710903.htm|title=Ostpolitik: The Quadripartite Agreement of September 3, 1971|publisher=US Berlin Embassy|accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref> In 1989, with the end of the Cold War and pressure from the East German population, the Berlin Wall fell on 9 November and was subsequently mostly demolished. Today, the [[East Side Gallery]] preserves a large portion of the wall. On 3 October 1990, the two parts of Germany were [[German reunification|reunified]] as the Federal Republic of Germany and Berlin again became the official German capital. In 1991, the German Parliament, the [[Bundestag]], [[Decision on the Capital of Germany|voted to move the seat]] of the German capital from Bonn to Berlin, which was completed in 1999. On 18 June 1994 soldiers from the United States, France and Britain marched in a parade which was part of the ceremonies to mark the final withdrawal of foreign troops allowing a [[German reunification#Reunified Berlin|reunified Berlin]].<ref name=ReUnificationParade>{{cite news | last = Kinzer | first = Stephan | title = Allied Soldiers March to Say Farewell to Berlin | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/19/world/allied-soldiers-march-to-say-farewell-to-berlin.html | newspaper = [[New York Times]] | location = New York City | date = 19 June 1994 | accessdate = 20 November 2015}}</ref> [[Berlin's 2001 administrative reform]] merged several districts. The number of boroughs was reduced from 23 to 12. In 2006, the [[2006 FIFA World Cup Final|FIFA World Cup Final]] was held in Berlin. ==Geography== {{Main article|Geography of Berlin}} {{multiple image |align=center |image2=Über den Dächern von Berlin.jpg |width2=310 |caption2=[[Mitte (locality)|Mitte]], the historical center: [[Unter den Linden]] boulevard in the foreground, high-rise buildings of [[Potsdamer Platz]] up to the right |image1=Cityscape Berlin.jpg |width1=347 |caption1= [[Mitte (locality)|Berlin Mitte]] landmarks from left to right (seen from [[Berlin Victory Column|Victory Column]]): [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag building]], [[Fernsehturm Berlin|Fernsehturm]], [[Berlin Cathedral|Cathedral]], [[Rotes Rathaus|City Hall]], [[Brandenburg Gate]], [[Gendarmenmarkt]]}} ===Topography=== [[File:Berlin - Aerial view - 2016.jpg|thumb|Aerial view towards northeast over central Berlin]] Berlin is situated in northeastern [[Germany]], in an area of low-lying marshy woodlands with a mainly flat [[topography]], part of the vast [[Northern European Plain]] which stretches all the way from northern [[France]] to western [[Russia]]. The ''Berliner Urstromtal'' (an ice age [[glacial valley]]), between the low [[Barnim Plateau]] to the north and the [[Teltow plateau|Teltow Plateau]] to the south, was formed by meltwater flowing from ice sheets at the end of the last [[Weichselian glaciation]]. The [[Spree]] follows this valley now. In Spandau, a borough in the west of Berlin, the Spree empties into the river [[Havel]], which flows from north to south through western Berlin. The course of the Havel is more like a chain of lakes, the largest being the Tegeler See and the [[Großer Wannsee]]. A series of lakes also feeds into the upper Spree, which flows through the [[Müggelsee|Großer Müggelsee]] in eastern Berlin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=52.5333,13.38000&spn=0.060339,0.085316&t=k&hl=en|title=Satellite Image Berlin|publisher=[[Google Maps]]|accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref> Substantial parts of present-day Berlin extend onto the low plateaus on both sides of the Spree Valley. Large parts of the boroughs [[Reinickendorf]] and [[Pankow]] lie on the Barnim Plateau, while most of the boroughs of [[Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf]], [[Steglitz-Zehlendorf]], [[Tempelhof-Schöneberg]], and [[Neukölln]] lie on the Teltow Plateau. The borough of Spandau lies partly within the Berlin Glacial Valley and partly on the Nauen Plain, which stretches to the west of Berlin. Since 2015, the highest elevation in Berlin is found on the Arkenberge hills in Pankow, at {{convert|122|m|ft|abbr=off}}. Through the dumping of construction debris, they surpassed [[Teufelsberg]] ({{convert|120.1|m|ft|disp=or|abbr=on}}), a [[Schuttberg|hill made of rubble]] from the ruins of the Second World War.<ref>[http://www.qiez.de/pankow/wohnen-und-leben/gruenes-berlin/der-hoechste-berg-von-berlin-liegt-nun-in-pankow-arkenberge/169588800 Berlin hat eine neue Spitze], Qiez, 27 January 2015.</ref> The highest natural elevation is found on the [[Müggelberge]] at {{convert|114.7|m|ft|abbr=off}}, and the lowest at the Spektesee in Spandau, at {{convert|28.1|m|ft|abbr=off}}.<ref>Stefan Jacobs: [http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/bezirke/pankow/das-ist-die-hoehe-arkenberge-der-hoechste-berg-von-berlin-ist-neuerdings-in-pankow/11406254.html Der höchste Berg von Berlin ist neuerdings in Pankow], 22 February 2015.</ref> ===Climate=== [[File:Luftbild bln-schmoeckwitz.jpg|thumb|The outskirts of Berlin are covered with woodlands and numerous lakes.]] Berlin has a [[Oceanic climate|Maritime temperate climate]] (''Cfb'') according to the [[Köppen climate classification]] system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=58301&cityname=Berlin%2C+Berlin%2C+Germany&units=|title=Berlin, Germany Climate Summary|publisher=Weatherbase|accessdate=15 March 2015}}</ref> There are significant influences of mild continental climate due to its inland position, with frosts being common in winter and there being larger temperature differences between seasons than typical for many oceanic climates. Furthermore, Berlin is classified as a [[Temperate climate|temperate]] [[humid continental climate|continental climate]] (''Dc'') under the [[Trewartha climate classification|Trewartha climate scheme]].<ref>Gerstengarbe FW, Werner PC (2009) A short update on Koeppen climate shifts in Europe between 1901 and 2003. Clim Change 92: 99–107</ref> Summers are warm and sometimes humid with average high temperatures of {{convert|22|–|25|C|F}} and lows of {{convert|12|–|14|C|F}}. Winters are cool with average high temperatures of {{convert|3|C|F}} and lows of {{convert|−2|to|0|C|F}}. Spring and autumn are generally chilly to mild. Berlin's built-up area creates a microclimate, with [[urban heat island|heat stored by the city's buildings and pavement]]. Temperatures can be {{convert|4|C-change|sigfig=1}} higher in the city than in the surrounding areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/ |title=weather.com |publisher=weather.com |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> Annual precipitation is {{convert|570|mm|in|sp=us}} with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Snowfall mainly occurs from December through March.<ref name=worldweather>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldweather.org/016/c00059.htm|title=Climate figures|work=World Weather Information Service|accessdate=18 August 2008}}</ref> {{Clear}} {{Weather box |location=Berlin- Tempelhof (1971–2000), extremes (1876– 2015) (Source: DWD) |metric first=yes |single line=yes |Jan record high C = 15.5 |Feb record high C = 18.7 |Mar record high C = 24.8 |Apr record high C = 31.3 |May record high C = 35.5 |Jun record high C = 35.9 |Jul record high C = 38.1 |Aug record high C = 38.0 |Sep record high C = 34.2 |Oct record high C = 28.1 |Nov record high C = 20.5 |Dec record high C = 16.0 |year record high C = 38.1 |Jan high C=3.3 |Feb high C=5.0 |Mar high C=9.0 |Apr high C=15.0 |May high C=19.6 |Jun high C=22.3 |Jul high C=25.0 |Aug high C=24.5 |Sep high C=19.3 |Oct high C=13.9 |Nov high C=7.7 |Dec high C=3.7 |year high C= |Jan mean C=0.6 |Feb mean C=1.4 |Mar mean C=4.8 |Apr mean C=8.9 |May mean C=14.3 |Jun mean C=17.1 |Jul mean C=19.2 |Aug mean C=18.9 |Sep mean C=14.5 |Oct mean C=9.7 |Nov mean C=4.7 |Dec mean C=2.0 |Jan low C=−1.9 |Feb low C=−1.5 |Mar low C=1.3 |Apr low C=4.2 |May low C=9.0 |Jun low C=12.3 |Jul low C= 14.3 |Aug low C=14.1 |Sep low C=10.6 |Oct low C=6.4 |Nov low C=2.2 |Dec low C=-0.4 |year low C= |Jan record low C = -23.1 |Feb record low C = -26.0 |Mar record low C = -16.5 |Apr record low C = -8.1 |May record low C = -4.0 |Jun record low C = 1.5 |Jul record low C = 5.4 |Aug record low C = 3.5 |Sep record low C = -1.5 |Oct record low C = -9.6 |Nov record low C = -16.0 |Dec record low C = -20.5 |year record low C = -26.0 |rain colour = green |Jan rain mm=42.3 |Feb rain mm=33.3 |Mar rain mm=40.5 |Apr rain mm=37.1 |May rain mm=53.8 |Jun rain mm=68.7 |Jul rain mm=55.5 |Aug rain mm=58.2 |Sep rain mm=45.1 |Oct rain mm=37.3 |Nov rain mm=43.6 |Dec rain mm=55.3 |Jan rain days=10.0 |Feb rain days=8.0 |Mar rain days=9.1 |Apr rain days=7.8 |May rain days=8.9 |Jun rain days=7.0 |Jul rain days=7.0 |Aug rain days=7.0 |Sep rain days=7.8 |Oct rain days=7.6 |Nov rain days=9.6 |Dec rain days=11.4 |unit rain days= 1.0 mm |Jan sun=46.5 |Feb sun=73.5 |Mar sun=120.9 |Apr sun=159.0 |May sun=220.1 |Jun sun=222.0 |Jul sun=217.0 |Aug sun=210.8 |Sep sun=156.0 |Oct sun=111.6 |Nov sun=51.0 |Dec sun=37.2 |year sun=1625.6 |source 1=[[World Meteorological Organization]] (UN),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://worldweather.wmo.int/016/c00059.htm |title=World Weather Information Service&nbsp;– Berlin |publisher=Worldweather.wmo.int |date=5 October 2006 |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> HKO<ref name=HKO>{{cite web|url=http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/ger_pl/berlin_e.htm|title=Climatological Normals of Berlin|accessdate=20 May 2010|publisher=[[Hong Kong Observatory]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berliner-extremwerte.com/Berliner-Extremwerte.htm|title=Berliner Extremwerte}}</ref> |date=April 2013}} ===Cityscape=== [[File:View from Park inn Berlin November 2013.jpg|thumb|Typically dense cityscape of core Berlin: [[Mitte]] area]] Berlin's history has left the city with a [[polycentrism|polycentric organization]] and a highly eclectic array of architecture and buildings. The city's appearance today is predominantly shaped by the key role it played in Germany's history in the 20th century. Each of the national governments based in Berlin{{snd}} the Kingdom of Prussia, the 1871 German Empire, the Weimar Republic, Nazi Germany, East Germany, and now the reunified Germany{{snd}} initiated ambitious reconstruction programs, with each adding its own distinctive style to the city's architecture. Berlin was devastated by [[Bombing of Berlin in World War II|bombing raids]], fires and street battles during World War II, and many of the buildings that had remained after the war were demolished in the post-war period in both West and East Berlin. Much of this demolition was initiated by municipal architecture programs to build new residential or business quarters and main roads. Many [[Ornament (art)|ornaments]] of pre-war buildings were destroyed following [[Ornament and Crime|modernist dogmas]]. While in both systems and in reunified Berlin, various important heritage monuments were also (partly) [[Reconstruction (architecture)|reconstructed]], including the ''Forum Fridericianum'' with e.g., the [[Berlin State Opera|State Opera]] (1955), [[Charlottenburg Palace]] (1957), the main monuments of the [[Gendarmenmarkt]] (1980s), [[Alte Kommandantur|Kommandantur]] (2003) and the project to reconstruct the baroque façades of the [[City Palace, Berlin|City Palace]]. A number of new buildings are inspired by historical predecessors or the general classical style of Berlin, such as [[Hotel Adlon]]. Clusters of [[List of tallest buildings in Berlin|high-rise buildings]] emerge at disperse locations, e.g. [[Potsdamer Platz]], [[City West]], and [[Alexanderplatz]], the latter two representing the previous centers of West and East Berlin, respectively, and the former representing the new Berlin of the 21st century built upon the previous no-man's land of the Berlin Wall. Berlin has three of the top 40 [[List of tallest buildings in Germany|tallest buildings]] in Germany. ===Architecture=== {{Main article|Architecture in Berlin}} {{See also|List of sights in Berlin|List of tallest buildings in Berlin}} [[File:Berlin, Kreuzberg, Chamissoplatz 4, Mietshaus.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Mixed-use development|mixed-use]] building in [[Kreuzberg]]. The 'blockrand' structure of the 1862 [[Hobrecht-Plan]] is typical for Berlin.]] The [[Fernsehturm Berlin|Fernsehturm]] (TV tower) at [[Alexanderplatz]] in [[Mitte]] is among the tallest structures in the European Union at {{convert|368|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Built in 1969, it is visible throughout most of the central districts of Berlin. The city can be viewed from its {{convert|204|m|ft|abbr=on}} high observation floor. Starting here the [[Karl-Marx-Allee]] heads east, an avenue lined by monumental residential buildings, designed in the [[Socialist Classicism]] style. Adjacent to this area is the [[Rotes Rathaus]] (City Hall), with its distinctive red-brick architecture. In front of it is the [[Neptunbrunnen]], a fountain featuring a mythological group of [[Triton (mythology)|Tritons]], [[Anthropomorphism|personifications]] of the four main Prussian rivers and [[Neptune (mythology)|Neptune]] on top of it. [[File:Brandenburger Tor abends.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Brandenburg Gate]], icon of Berlin and Germany]] The [[Brandenburg Gate]] is an iconic landmark of Berlin and Germany; it stands as a symbol of eventful European history and of unity and peace. The [[Reichstag building]] is the traditional seat of the German Parliament. It was remodelled by British architect [[Norman Foster (architect)|Norman Foster]] in the 1990s and features a glass dome over the session area, which allows free public access to the parliamentary proceedings and magnificent views of the city. The [[East Side Gallery]] is an open-air exhibition of art painted directly on the last existing portions of the Berlin Wall. It is the largest remaining evidence of the city's historical division. The [[Gendarmenmarkt]] is a [[neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] square in Berlin, the name of which derives from the headquarters of the famous Gens d'armes regiment located here in the 18th century. It is bordered by two similarly designed cathedrals, the [[Französischer Dom]] with its observation platform and the [[Deutscher Dom]]. The Konzerthaus (Concert Hall), home of the Berlin Symphony Orchestra, stands between the two cathedrals. [[File:Haus der Weltkulturen.jpg|thumb|[[Haus der Kulturen der Welt]] ]] [[File:Berlin.Memorial_to_the_Murdered_Jews_of_Europe_003.JPG|thumb|[[Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe|Holocaust Memorial]] ]] The [[Museum Island]] in the [[River Spree]] houses [[Berlin#Museums|five museums]] built from 1830 to 1930 and is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Restoration and the construction of a main entrance to all museums, as well as the reconstruction of the [[Stadtschloss, Berlin|Stadtschloss]] is continuing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/newsticker/neumann--stadtschloss-wird-teurer,10917074,10924086.html |title=Neumann: Stadtschloss wird teurer|work= Berliner Zeitung |language=de |date=24 June 2011 |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/archiv/die-nullerjahre--nation-building---der-wiedervereinigte-staat-baut-sich-eine-neue-hauptstadt-das-pathos-der-berliner-republik,10810590,10717494.html |title=Das Pathos der Berliner Republik|work= Berliner Zeitung |language=de |date=19 May 2010 |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> Also located on the island and adjacent to the [[Lustgarten]] and palace is [[Berlin Cathedral]], emperor William II's ambitious attempt to create a Protestant counterpart to [[St. Peter's Basilica]] in Rome. A large crypt houses the remains of some of the earlier Prussian royal family. [[St. Hedwig's Cathedral]] is Berlin's Roman Catholic cathedral. [[File:17 20 pm (570903628).jpg|thumb|left|Potsdamer Platz, Kollhoff Tower at the center.]] [[Unter den Linden]] is a tree-lined east–west avenue from the Brandenburg Gate to the site of the former Berliner Stadtschloss, and was once Berlin's premier promenade. Many Classical buildings line the street and part of [[Humboldt University]] is located there. [[Friedrichstraße]] was Berlin's legendary street during the [[Golden Twenties]]. It combines 20th-century traditions with the modern architecture of today's Berlin. [[File:Unter den Linden Berlin2007.jpg|thumb|left|[[Unter den Linden]] boulevard with [[Zeughaus]], [[Berlin Cathedral]] and [[Fernsehturm Berlin]] at night.]] [[Potsdamer Platz]] is an entire quarter built from scratch after 1995 after the [[Berlin Wall|Wall]] came down.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/bauen/baubilanz/en/potsdamer_platz.html |title=Construction and redevelopment since 1990 |publisher=Senate Department of Urban Development |accessdate=18 August 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610103008/http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/bauen/baubilanz/en/potsdamer_platz.html |archivedate=10 June 2008 }}</ref> To the west of Potsdamer Platz is the Kulturforum, which houses the [[Gemäldegalerie, Berlin|Gemäldegalerie]], and is flanked by the [[Neue Nationalgalerie]] and the [[Berliner Philharmonie]]. The [[Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe]], a [[Holocaust]] memorial, is situated to the north.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://travel2.nytimes.com/2005/05/09/arts/design/09holo.html?ex=1162962000&en=272335914d8b80d6&ei=5070 |title=A Forest of Pillars, Recalling the Unimaginable |work=The New York Times |accessdate=18 August 2008 |first=Nicolai |last=Ouroussoff |date=9 May 2005 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205123448/http://travel2.nytimes.com/2005/05/09/arts/design/09holo.html?ex=1162962000&en=272335914d8b80d6&ei=5070 |archivedate=5 December 2013 }}</ref> The area around [[Hackescher Markt]] is home to fashionable culture, with countless clothing outlets, clubs, bars, and galleries. This includes the [[Hackesche Höfe]], a conglomeration of buildings around several courtyards, reconstructed around 1996. The nearby [[New Synagogue, Berlin|New Synagogue]] is the center of Jewish culture. [[File:Le château de Charlottenburg (Berlin) (6340508573).jpg|thumb|[[Charlottenburg Palace]] is the largest existing palace in Berlin.]] The [[Straße des 17. Juni]], connecting the Brandenburg Gate and Ernst-Reuter-Platz, serves as the central east-west axis. Its name commemorates the [[Uprising of 1953 in East Germany|uprisings in East Berlin of 17 June 1953]]. Approximately halfway from the Brandenburg Gate is the Großer Stern, a circular traffic island on which the [[Siegessäule]] (Victory Column) is situated. This monument, built to commemorate Prussia's victories, was relocated in 1938–39 from its previous position in front of the Reichstag. The [[Kurfürstendamm]] is home to some of Berlin's luxurious stores with the [[Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church]] at its eastern end on [[Breitscheidplatz]]. The church was destroyed in the Second World War and left in ruins. Nearby on Tauentzienstraße is [[KaDeWe]], claimed to be continental Europe's largest department store. The [[Rathaus Schöneberg]], where [[John F. Kennedy]] made his famous "[[Ich bin ein Berliner]]!" speech, is situated in [[Tempelhof-Schöneberg]]. West of the center, [[Bellevue Palace (Germany)|Bellevue Palace]] is the residence of the German President. [[Charlottenburg Palace]], which was burnt out in the Second World War, is the largest historical palace in Berlin. The [[Funkturm Berlin]] is a {{convert|150|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall lattice radio tower in the fairground area, built between 1924 and 1926. It is the only observation tower which stands on insulators and has a restaurant {{convert|55|m|ft|abbr=on}} and an observation deck {{convert|126|m|ft|abbr=on}} above ground, which is reachable by a windowed elevator. The [[Oberbaumbrücke]] is Berlin's most iconic bridge, crossing the [[Spree|River Spree]]. It was a former East-West border crossing and connects the boroughs of [[Friedrichshain]] and [[Kreuzberg]]. It was completed in a [[brick gothic]] style in 1896. The center portion has been reconstructed with a steel frame after having been destroyed in 1945. The bridge has an upper deck for the [[Berlin U-Bahn]] line {{BVG lines|U1}}. ==Demographics== {{Main article|Demographics of Berlin}} [[File:BearpitKaraoke.jpg|thumb|People in [[Mauerpark]]]] On 31 December 2015 the city-state of Berlin had a population of 3,520,031 registered inhabitants<ref name="Population">{{cite web|url=https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/BasisZeitreiheGrafik/Bas-Einwohnerregister.asp?Ptyp=300&Sageb=12041&creg=BBB&anzwer=11|title=Einwohner am Ort der Hauptwohnung am 31. Dezember 2015|work=[[Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg]]|accessdate=13 June 2016|language=German}}</ref> in an area of {{convert|891.85|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="statoffice">{{cite web|url=http://www.statistik-berlin.de/|title=Berlin statistical figures|work=[[Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg]]|accessdate=19 August 2008|language=German}}</ref> The city's population density was 4,048 inhabitants per km². Berlin is the second [[Largest cities of the European Union by population within city limits|most populous city proper]] in the EU. The [[urban area]] of Berlin comprised about 4.1 million people in 2014 in an area of {{convert|1347|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, making it the seventh [[Largest urban areas of the European Union|most populous urban area]] in the [[European Union]].<ref name="Insee - -"/><ref name=Demographia>[http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf Demographia: World Urban Areas]. Retrieved 6 September 2015.</ref> The [[urban agglomeration]] of the metropolis was home to about 4.5&nbsp;million in an area of {{convert|5370|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. {{As of|2014}} the [[Larger Urban Zones|functional urban area]] was home to about 5&nbsp;million people in an area of approximately {{convert|15000|km²|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en Population on 1 January by age groups and sex – functional urban areas, Eurostat]. Retrieved 29 September 2016.</ref> The entire [[Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region|Berlin-Brandenburg capital region]] has a population of more than 6 million in an area of {{convert|30370|km²|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{de icon}} [http://www.deutsche-metropolregionen.org/mitglieder/berlin-brandenburg/ Hauptstadtregion Berlin-Brandenburg]</ref> In 2014, the city state Berlin had 37.368 live births (+6,6%), a record number since 1991. The number of deaths was 32.314. Almost 2.0 million households were counted in the city. 54 percent of them were single-person households. More than 337.000 families with children under the age of 18 lived in Berlin. In 2014 the German capital registered a migration surplus of approximately 40.000 people.<ref>[https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/produkte/kleinestatistik/AP_kleinestatistik_en_2015_be.pdf statistics Berlin Brandenburg]. www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de Retrieved 10 October 2016.</ref> [[File:Berlin population2.svg|thumb|left|Berlin's population 1880–2012]] National and international migration into the city has a long history. In 1685, following the revocation of the [[Edict of Nantes]] in France, the city responded with the [[Edict of Potsdam]], which guaranteed religious freedom and tax-free status to French Huguenot refugees for ten years. The [[Greater Berlin Act]] in 1920 incorporated many suburbs and surrounding cities of Berlin. It formed most of the territory that comprises modern Berlin and increased the population from 1.9&nbsp;million to 4&nbsp;million. Active immigration and asylum politics in West Berlin triggered waves of immigration in the 1960s and 1970s. Currently, Berlin is home to about 200,000 [[Turks in Germany|Turks]],<ref name="250k Turks">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/berlin-shish-and-sauerkraut-to-go-448678.html |title=Berlin: Shish And Sauerkraut To Go |first=Andrew |last=Spooner |work=The Independent |location=UK |date=13 May 2007 |accessdate=24 May 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514033307/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/berlin-shish-and-sauerkraut-to-go-448678.html |archivedate=14 May 2011 }}</ref> making it the largest Turkish community outside of Turkey. In the 1990s the ''Aussiedlergesetze'' enabled immigration to Germany of some residents from the former [[Soviet Union]]. Today ethnic [[History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union|Germans]] from countries of the former Soviet Union make up the largest portion of the Russian-speaking community.<ref>{{cite web|author=Dmitry Bulgakov |url=http://www.russiajournal.com/node/4653 |title=Berlin is speaking Russians' language|publisher=Russiajournal.com |date=11 March 2001 |accessdate=10 February 2013}}</ref> The last decade experienced an influx from various Western countries and some African regions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.welt.de/print-wams/article616463/Berlin_wird_farbiger_Die_Afrikaner_kommen.html |title=Berlin wird farbiger. Die Afrikaner kommen – Nachrichten WELT am SONNTAG – WELT ONLINE |language=de |work=Die Welt |date=28 October 2001 |accessdate=2 June 2011}}</ref> A portion of the African immigrants have settled in the [[Afrikanisches Viertel]].<ref>{{cite press release |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=6 February 2009 |title=Zweites Afrika-Magazin "Afrikanisches Viertel" erschienen Bezirksbürgermeister Dr. Christian Hanke ist Schirmherr |url=http://www.berlin.de/ba-mitte/aktuell/presse/archiv/20090206.1305.119894.html |location=Berlin |publisher=berlin.de |access-date=27 September 2016}}</ref> Young Germans, EU-Europeans and Israelis have also settled in the city.<ref> {{cite journal|title=Hummus In The Prenzlauer Berg|work=The Jewish Week|location=NYC, United States|date=12 December 2014|url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/special-sections/jewish-journeys/hummus-prenzlauer-berg|accessdate=29 December 2014}}</ref> ===Immigration=== {{Expand section|date=June 2017}} {|class="infobox" style="float:right;" | style="text-align:center;" colspan="2" | '''Registered residents (2014)'''<ref name="pop-detail">{{cite web|url=https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/produkte/jahrbuch/jb2015/JB_2015_BE.pdf|format=PDF|title=Statistisches Jahrbuch 2015|trans-title=Statistical Yearbook 2015|website=[[Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg]]|accessdate=4 August 2016|language=German}}</ref><ref name="registered residents 2014">{{cite web|url=https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/publikationen/stat_berichte/2015/SB_A01-05-00_2014h02_BE.pdf|format=PDF|title= Einwohnerinnen und Einwohner im Land Berlin am 31. Dezember 2014|trans-title=Residents of Berlin as of 31 December 2016|website=[[Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg]]|accessdate=19 August 2016|language=German}}</ref> |- ! Largest Migrant Communities|| Population |- | {{flag|Turkey}} ||176,730 |- | {{flag|Poland}} ||107,807 |- | {{flag|Russia}} ||53,753 |- | {{flag|Italy}} ||34,605 |- | {{flag|Syria}} ||33,007 |- | {{flag|Bulgaria}} ||30,406 |- | {{flag|Lebanon}} ||27,621 |- | {{flag|Serbia}} ||27,060 |- | {{flag|United States}} ||26,283 |- | {{flag|Vietnam}} ||25,637 |- | {{flag|France}} ||25,556 |- | {{flag|Romania}} ||23,117 |- | {{flag|Kazakhstan}} ||20,886 |- | {{flag|Ukraine}} ||20,023 |- | {{flag|United Kingdom}} ||19,726 |- | {{flag|Greece}} ||17,860 |- | {{flag|Spain}} ||17,602 |- | {{flag|Croatia}} ||15,921 |- | {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} ||15,408 |} In December 2015, there were 621,075 registered residents of foreign nationality, and another 457,016 German citizens with a "migration background",<ref name="Population"/> meaning they or one of their parents immigrated after 1955.<ref name="registered residents 2014"/> Foreign residents of Berlin originate from approximately 190 different countries.<ref name="Foreign residents of Berlin">{{cite web|url=http://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/pms/2011/11-02-04.pdf |format=PDF |title=Über 457 000 Ausländer aus 190 Staaten in Berlin gemeldet |trans-title=Over 457,000 foreigners from 190 countries registered in Berlin |website=[[Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg]] |accessdate=5 February 2011 |language=German |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719085632/http://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/pms/2011/11-02-04.pdf |archivedate=19 July 2011 }}</ref> In 2008, about 25–30% of the population had foreign born parents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/;art270,2563533 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703200909/http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/;art270,2563533 |archivedate=3 July 2008 |dead-url=yes |title=Jeder vierte Berliner ist ausländischer Herkunft|work=[[Der Tagesspiegel]]|accessdate=19 August 2008|language=German}}</ref> 45 percent of the residents under the age of 18 have foreign roots.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/the-meteoric-political-rise-ofmpalestinian-immigrant-raed-saleh-a-963384.html|work=Spiegel Online|title=From Burger Flipper to Bürgermeister? Immigrant Could Become Next Berlin Mayor}}</ref> Berlin in 2009 was estimated to have 100,000 to 250,000 non-registered inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web|author=Von Andrea Dernbach |url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/deutschland/berlin-will-illegalen-einwanderern-helfen/1452916.html |title=Migration: Berlin will illegalen Einwanderern helfen – Deutschland – Politik – Tagesspiegel |publisher=Tagesspiegel.de |date=23 February 2009 |accessdate=15 September 2011}}</ref> Boroughs of Berlin with a significant number of migrants or foreign born population are [[Mitte (locality)|Mitte]], [[Neukölln]] and [[Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg]].<ref>[https://jungefreiheit.de/politik/deutschland/2016/zahl-der-auslaender-in-berlin-steigt-auf-rekordhoch/ "Zahl der Ausländer in Berlin steigt auf Rekordhoch"], retrieved 13 June 2017.</ref> There are more than 20 non-indigenous communities with a population of at least 10,000 people, including [[Turks in Berlin|Turkish]], Polish, Russian, Lebanese, Palestinian, Serbian, Italian, Bosnian, [[Vietnamese community of Berlin|Vietnamese]], American, Romanian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Chinese, Austrian, Ukrainian, French, British, Spanish, Israeli, Thai, Iranian, [[Arabs in Berlin|Egyptian and Syrian communities]]. ===Languages=== {{Main article|German language|Berlinerisch dialect}} [[German language|German]] is the official and predominant spoken language in Berlin. It is a [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic language]] that derives most of its vocabulary from the Germanic branch of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] language family. German is one of 24 languages of the European Union,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/languages/policy/linguistic-diversity/official-languages-eu_en.htm |title=Official Languages |author=European Commission |accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref> and one of the three [[working language]]s of the [[European Commission]]. Berlinerisch or Berlinisch is not a dialect linguistically, but has features of [[Lausitzisch-neumärkisch dialects]]. It is spoken in Berlin and the [[Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region|surrounding metropolitan area]]. It originates from a [[Mark Brandenburgish dialects|Mark Brandenburgish]] variant. The dialect is now seen more as a [[sociolect]], largely through increased immigration and trends among the educated population to speak [[standard German]] in everyday life. The most-commonly-spoken foreign languages in Berlin are Turkish, English, Russian, Arabic, Polish, Kurdish, Serbo-Croatian, Italian, Vietnamese, and French. Turkish, Arabic, Kurdish, Serbo-Croatian are heard more often in the western part, due to the large Middle Eastern and former-Yugoslavian communities. English, Vietnamese, Russian, and Polish have more native speakers in East Berlin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.morgenpost.de/printarchiv/wirtschaft/article1309952/Zwei-Millionen-Berliner-sprechen-mindestens-zwei-Sprachen.html |title=Studie – Zwei Millionen Berliner sprechen mindestens zwei Sprachen – Wirtschaft – Berliner Morgenpost – Berlin |publisher=Morgenpost.de |date=18 May 2010 |accessdate=2 June 2011}}</ref> ===Religion=== {{Main article|Religion in Berlin}} {{bar box |title=Religion in Berlin – 2010 |float=left |bars= {{bar percent|[[Irreligion|Irreligious]]|SlateGray|60.0}} {{bar percent|[[Evangelical Church in Germany|EKD Protestants]]|DodgerBlue|18.7}} {{bar percent|[[Catholic Church|Roman Catholics]]|DarkOrchid|9.1}} {{bar percent|[[Muslim]]s|LimeGreen|8.1}} {{bar percent|Other [[Christianity|Christian]]|Magenta|2.7}} {{bar percent|Other religion|Black|1.0}} }} [[File:141227 Berliner Dom.jpg|thumb|The Protestant [[Berlin Cathedral]], held by the [[Evangelical Church in Germany|EKD]] ]] More than 60% of Berlin residents have no registered religious affiliation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/26/berlin-germany-religious-education-ethics|title=Atheist Berlin to decide on religion's place in its schools|author=Connolly, Kate|work=The Guardian |location=UK |date=26 April 2009|accessdate=10 May 2010}}</ref> The largest denomination in 2010 was the [[Protestant]] [[Landeskirche|regional church body]] – the [[Evangelical Church of Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Upper Lusatia|Evangelical Church of Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Upper Lusatia (EKBO)]] – a [[United church]]. EKBO is a member of the [[Evangelical Church in Germany|Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD)]] and [[Union Evangelischer Kirchen|Union Evangelischer Kirchen (UEK)]], and accounts for 18.7% of the local population.<ref name="kirchenmitglieder2010">Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland: ''Kirchenmitgliederzahlen am 31. Dezember 2010''. EKD, 2011, ([http://www.ekd.de/download/Ber_Kirchenmitglieder_2010.pdf PDF; 0,45&nbsp;MB]) Retrieved, 10 March 2012.</ref> The [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]] has 9.1% of residents registered as its members.<ref name="kirchenmitglieder2010"/> About 2.7% of the population identify with other Christian denominations (mostly [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]], but also various Protestants).<ref name="klStatistik2010">Amt für Statistik Berlin Brandenburg: ''Die kleine Berlin-Statistik 2010.'' ([http://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/Produkte/kleinestatistik/kBEst_2010.pdf PDF-Datei]). Retrieved, 4 January 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904233957/http://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/Produkte/kleinestatistik/kBEst_2010.pdf |date=4 September 2012 }}</ref> [[File:Berlin Sehitlik-Moschee 3.JPG|thumb|The Sunni ''Şehitlik mosque'' in Berlin&nbsp;[[Bezirk Neukölln|Neukölln]]]] In 2009 estimated 249.000 [[Muslim]]s resided in Berlin, making up 7,2% of the population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/produkte/jahrbuch/jb2010/JB_201004_BE.pdf |title=Statistisches Jahrbuch für Berlin 2010. January 10 Märch 2012. |format=PDF |accessdate=10 February 2013}}</ref> About a year later calculations based on census data for migrants from 21 countries of origin brought a similar number for Muslim migrants in Berlin (about 257,700 in May 2011). According to that 7,8% of Berlin´s 3,292,365 inhabitants were Muslim migrants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kartenseite.files.wordpress.com/2017/04/brd_muslime_in_den_landkreisen_beim_zensus2011_sortiert_nach_regionalschluessel1.pdf |title=Kartenseite: Muslime in den Landkreisen beim Zensus 2011 |format=PDF |accessdate=30 April 2017}}</ref> In 2016 the number of Muslims was estimated at about 350.000 people which portrays 9,5% of the city population.<ref>[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/muslime-im-fastenmonat-ramadan-in-fluechtlingsheimen-und-schulen-in-berlin/13696160.html "Ramadan in Flüchtlingsheimen und Schulen in Berlin"], retrieved 13 June 2017.</ref> Due to rising numbers of Muslim migration to the city as well as higher birthrates by Muslim parents and simultaneously sinking numbers of Protestants and Roman Catholics, Islam could become the largest denomination in Berlin by 2035.<ref>{{cite news |last=Schupelius |first=Gunnar |date=28 May 2015 |title=Wird der Islam künftig die stärkste Religion in Berlin sein? |url=http://www.bz-berlin.de/berlin/kolumne/wird-der-islam-kuenftig-die-staerkste-religion-in-berlin-sein |work=B.Z. |location=Berlin |access-date=13 June 2017}}</ref> About 0.9% of Berliners belong to other religions. Of the estimated population of 30,000–45,000 Jewish residents,<ref name="The Boston Globe 2014-11-01">{{cite web| url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2014/11/01/germany-jewish-community-now-thrives/fcPnmnfpbLQ0hM1A6zDyNN/story.html| title=In Germany, a Jewish community now thrives| author=Mike Ross| date=1 November 2014| website=The Boston Globe| publisher=| accessdate=19 August 2016 }}</ref> approximately 12,000 are registered members of religious organizations.<ref name="klStatistik2010"/> Berlin is the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Berlin|Roman Catholic archbishop of Berlin]] and [[Evangelical Church of Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Upper Lusatia|EKBO]]'s elected chairperson is titled the bishop of EKBO. Furthermore, Berlin is the seat of many Orthodox cathedrals, such as the Cathedral of St. Boris the Baptist, one of the two seats of the [[Bulgarian Orthodox Church|Bulgarian Orthodox]] Diocese of Western and Central Europe, and the Resurrection of Christ Cathedral of the Diocese of Berlin (Patriarchate of Moscow). The faithful of the different religions and denominations maintain many [[List of places of worship in Berlin|places of worship in Berlin]]. The [[Independent Evangelical Lutheran Church]] has eight parishes of different sizes in Berlin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.selk-berlin.de/|title=Lutheran Diocese Berlin-Brandenburg|work=Selbständige Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche|accessdate=19 August 2008}}</ref> There are 36 [[Baptist]] congregations (within [[Union of Evangelical Free Church Congregations in Germany]]), 29 [[New Apostolic Church]]es, 15 [[United Methodist]] churches, eight Free Evangelical Congregations, four [[Church of Christ, Scientist|Churches of Christ, Scientist]] (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 11th), six congregations of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], an [[Old Catholic]] church, and an [[Anglican]] church in Berlin. Berlin has more than 80 mosques,<ref name="Deutsche Welle 2014-04-16">{{cite web| url=http://www.dw.com/en/berlins-mosques/g-17572423| title=Berlin′s mosques| author=| date=16 April 2014| website=Deutsche Welle| publisher=| accessdate=19 August 2016 }}</ref> 11 synagogues, and two [[Buddhist]] temples, in addition to a number of [[humanism|humanist]] and [[atheist]] groups. ==Government== {{Main article|Politics of Berlin|Berlin Police}} ===City state=== [[File:Berlin- The Rotes Rathaus with the Neptunbrunnen in front - 2752.jpg|thumb|left|[[Rotes Rathaus]], seat of the Senate and Governing Mayor of Berlin]] Since [[German reunification|the reunification]] on 3 October 1990, Berlin has been one of the three [[States of Germany#Subdivisions|city states in Germany]] among the present 16 states of Germany. The [[Abgeordnetenhaus von Berlin|House of Representatives]] (''Abgeordnetenhaus'') functions as the city and state parliament, which currently has 141 seats. Berlin's executive body is the [[Senate of Berlin]] (''Senat von Berlin''). The Senate consists of the [[List of mayors of Berlin|Governing Mayor]] (''Regierender Bürgermeister'') and up to eight senators holding ministerial positions, one of them holding the title of "Mayor" (''Bürgermeister'') as deputy to the Governing Mayor. The total annual state budget of Berlin in 2015 exceeded €24.5 ($30.0) billion including a budget surplus of €205 ($240) million.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/berlin/berliner-haushalt-finanzsenator-bleibt-trotz-sprudelnder-steuereinnahmen-vorsichtig-24702234|title=Berliner Haushalt Finanzsenator bleibt trotz sprudelnder Steuereinnahmen vorsichtig |work=Berliner Zeitung |accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref> The [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] (SPD) and [[The Left (Germany)|The Left]] (Die Linke) took control of the city government after the [[Berlin state election, 2001|2001 state election]] and won another term in the [[Berlin state election, 2006|2006 state election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistik-berlin.de/produkte/Faltblatt_Brochure/berlin_in_Zahlen_engl.pdf |title=Berlin state election, 2006 |work=Der Landeswahlleiter für Berlin |accessdate=17 August 2008 |language=German |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323161037/https://www.statistik-berlin.de/produkte/Faltblatt_Brochure/berlin_in_Zahlen_engl.pdf |archivedate=23 March 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> Since the [[Berlin state election, 2016|2016 state election]], there has been a coalition between the Social Democratic Party, the Greens and the Left Party. The Governing Mayor is simultaneously Lord Mayor of the City of Berlin (''Oberbürgermeister der Stadt'') and Minister President of the Federal State of Berlin (''Ministerpräsident des Bundeslandes''). The office of the Governing Mayor is located in the [[Rotes Rathaus|Rotes Rathaus (Red City Hall)]]. Since 2014 this office has been held by [[Michael Müller (politician)|Michael Müller]] of the Social Democrats.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2051103,00.html|title=The Glamor Guy|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time Europe]]|date=8 May 2005|accessdate=17 August 2008}} See also: {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/23/world/europe/23wowereit.html?ex=1161489600&en=2129daf9965bf613&ei=5070|title=Berlin Mayor, Symbol of Openness, Has National Appeal|work=The New York Times|accessdate=17 August 2008|first=Mark|last=Landler|date=23 September 2006}}</ref> ===Boroughs=== {{Main article|Boroughs and neighborhoods of Berlin}} [[File:Berlin Subdivisions.svg|thumb|280px|[[Boroughs and neighborhoods of Berlin|Berlin's twelve boroughs and their 96 neighborhoods]] ]] Berlin is subdivided into 12 boroughs or districts (''Bezirke''). Each borough is made up by a number of subdistricts or neighborhoods (''Ortsteile''), which have historic roots in much older municipalities that predate the formation of Greater Berlin on 1 October 1920. These subdistricts became urbanized and incorporated into the city later on. Many residents strongly identify with their neighbourhoods, colloquially called ''[[Kiez]]'' . At present, Berlin consists of 96 subdistricts, which are commonly made up of several smaller residential areas or quarters. Each borough is governed by a borough council (''Bezirksamt'') consisting of five councilors (''Bezirksstadträte'') including the borough's mayor (''Bezirksbürgermeister''). The council is elected by the borough assembly (''Bezirksverordnetenversammlung''). However, the individual boroughs are not independent municipalities, but subordinate to the Senate of Berlin. <!-- ([[urban district]], ''Stadtkreis'') --> The borough's mayors make up the council of mayors (''Rat der Bürgermeister''), which is led by the city's Governing Mayor and advises the Senate. The neighborhoods have no local government bodies. ===Twin towns – sister cities=== {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany}} Berlin maintains official partnerships with 17 cities.<ref name=Berlinsistercities>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/en/international-relations/city-partnerships/ |title=City Partnerships |type=official web site |publisher=Governing Mayor of Berlin, Senate Chancellery, Directorate for Protocol and International Relations |website=Berlin.de |accessdate=16 November 2014}}</ref> [[Twin towns and sister cities|Town twinning]] between Berlin and other cities began with its sister city Los Angeles in 1967. East Berlin's partnerships were canceled at the time of German reunification but later partially reestablished. West Berlin's partnerships had previously been restricted to the borough level. During the Cold War era, the partnerships had reflected the different power blocs, with West Berlin partnering with capitals in the Western World, and East Berlin mostly partnering with cities from the [[Warsaw Pact]] and its allies. There are several joint projects with many other cities, such as [[Beirut]], [[Belgrade]], [[São Paulo]], [[Copenhagen]], [[Helsinki]], [[Johannesburg]], [[Mumbai]], [[Oslo]], [[Shanghai]], [[Seoul]], [[Sofia]], [[Sydney]], [[New York City]] and [[Vienna]]. Berlin participates in international city associations such as the Union of the Capitals of the European Union, Eurocities, Network of European Cities of Culture, Metropolis, Summit Conference of the World's Major Cities, and Conference of the World's Capital Cities. Berlin's official sister cities are:<ref name=Berlinsistercities/> {{Colbegin|3}} * 1967 {{flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles]], United States * 1987 {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paris]], France * 1988 {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Madrid]], Spain * 1989 {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey * 1991 {{flagicon|POL}} [[Warsaw]], Poland<ref name="Warsaw">{{cite web|url=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/node/2920?page=0,0|title=Miasta partnerskie Warszawy| publisher=Biuro Promocji Miasta|date=4 May 2005|accessdate=29 August 2008}}</ref> * 1991 {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], Russia * 1992 {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Brussels]], Belgium * 1992 {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Budapest]], Hungary<ref name="Budapest twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://budapest.hu/Lapok/Fovaros/Testvervarosok.aspx|title=Budapest – Testvérvárosok|accessdate=14 August 2013|work=Budapest Főváros Önkormányzatának hivatalos oldala [Official site of the Municipality of Budapest]|language=Hungarian|trans_title=Budapest – Twin Cities|archiveurl=http://budapest.hu/Lapok/Fovaros/Testvervarosok.aspx|archivedate=9 August 2013}}</ref> * 1993 {{flagicon|UZB}} [[Tashkent]], Uzbekistan * 1993 {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mexico City]], Mexico * 1993 {{flagicon|IDN}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesia * 1994 {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Beijing]], China * 1994 {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tokyo]], Japan * 1994 {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina * 1995 {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Prague]], Czech Republic<ref name="Prague twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu/jnp/cz/partnerska_mesta/index.html#|title=Partnerská města HMP|accessdate=5 August 2013|date=18 July 2013|work = Portál „Zahraniční vztahy“ [Portal "Foreign Affairs"]|language=Czech|trans_title=Prague – Twin Cities HMP|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625205859/http://zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu/jnp/cz/partnerska_mesta/index.html|archivedate =25 June 2013}}</ref> * 2000 {{flagicon|NAM}} [[Windhoek]], Namibia * 2000 {{flagicon|UK}} [[London]], United Kingdom {{Colend}} ===Capital city=== Berlin is the capital of the Federal Republic of Germany. The [[President of Germany]], whose functions are mainly ceremonial under the [[Grundgesetz|German constitution]], has their official residence in [[Bellevue Palace (Germany)|Bellevue Palace]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bundespraesident.de/DE/Home/home_node.html |title=Bundespräsident Horst Köhler |language=de |publisher=Bundespraesident.de |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> Berlin is the seat of the [[Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic of Germany)|German executive]], housed in the [[German Chancellery|Chancellery]], the ''Bundeskanzleramt''. Facing the Chancellery is the [[Bundestag]], the German Parliament, housed in the renovated [[Reichstag building]] since the government's relocation to Berlin in 1998. The [[Bundesrat of Germany|Bundesrat]] ("federal council", performing the function of an upper house) is the representation of the Federal States (''Bundesländer'') of Germany and has its seat at the former [[Prussian House of Lords]]. The total annual federal budget managed by the German government exceeded €310 ($375) billion in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buzer.de/gesetz/11213/a188132.htm|title=Gesetz über die Feststellung des Bundeshaushaltsplans für das Haushaltsjahr 2014 |work=buzer.de|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref> <gallery mode=packed> File:Berlin Reichstag 01.jpg|[[Reichstag building|Reichstag]], seat of the [[Bundestag]] File:Kanzler21a.jpg|[[German Chancellery]] File:Be ItalianEmbassy 01.JPG|The Italian embassy File:Berlin, Mitte, Wilhelmstraße, Detlev-Rohwedder-Haus.jpg|The Federal Ministry of Finance </gallery> The relocation of the federal [[Cabinet of Germany|government]] and Bundestag to Berlin was mostly completed in 1999, however some ministries as well as some minor departments stayed in the [[federal city]] [[Bonn]], the former capital of West Germany. [[Berlin-Bonn Act|Discussions about moving]] the remaining ministries and departments to Berlin continue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/archiv/der-regierungsumzug-ist-ueberfaellig,10810590,10751012.html |title=Der Regierungsumzug ist überfällig|work= Berliner Zeitung|language=de|date=26 October 2010 |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> The ministries and departments of [[Federal Ministry of Defence (Germany)|Defence]], [[Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection|Justice and Consumer Protection]], [[Federal Ministry of Finance (Germany)|Finance]], [[Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)|Interior]], [[Foreign Office (Germany)|Foreign]], [[Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (Germany)|Economic Affairs and Energy]], [[Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs|Labour and Social Affairs]] , [[Federal Ministry of Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth|Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth]], [[Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety|Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety]], [[Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture|Food and Agriculture]], [[Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development|Economic Cooperation and Development]], [[Federal Ministry of Health (Germany)|Health]], [[Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure|Transport and Digital Infrastructure]] and [[Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany)|Education and Research]] are based in the capital. Berlin hosts in total 158 foreign embassies<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.embassypages.com/germany|title=Germany – Embassies and Consulates|work=embassypages.com|accessdate=23 August 2014}}</ref> as well as the headquarters of many think tanks, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups, and professional associations. Due to the influence and international partnerships of the Federal Republic of Germany, the capital city has become a significant centre of German and European affairs. Frequent official visits, and diplomatic consultations among governmental representatives and national leaders are common in contemporary Berlin. ==Economy== {{Main article|Economy of Berlin}} [[File:Berlin Panorama 2010.jpg|thumb|Berlin is a UNESCO "City of Design" and recognized for its [[creative industries]] and [[startup ecosystem]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.credit-suisse.com/us/en/news-and-expertise/entrepreneurs/articles/news-and-expertise/2015/08/en/berlin-europes-new-start-up-capital.html|title=Berlin – Europe's New Start-Up Capital|website=Credit Suisse|access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref>]] In 2015 the nominal GDP of the citystate Berlin totaled €124.16 (~$142) billion compared to €117.75 in 2014,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.statistik-portal.de/Statistik-Portal/de_jb27_jahrtab65.asp|title=Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnungen – Bruttoinlandsprodukt|agency=statistik-portal |accessdate=21 May 2016|language=German}}</ref> an increase of about 5.4%. Berlin's economy is dominated by the service sector, with around 84% of all companies doing business in services. In 2015, the total labour force in Berlin was 1.85 million. The unemployment rate reached a 24-year low in November 2015 and stood at 10.0% .<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/wirtschaft/arbeitsmarkt-in-berlin-berlin-hat-so-wenig-arbeitslose-wie-seit-24-jahren-nicht,10808230,32678128.html|title=Berlin hat so wenig Arbeitslose wie seit 24 Jahren nicht|publisher=Berliner Zeitung |accessdate=1 November 2015|language=German}}</ref> From 2012–2015 Berlin, as a German state, had the highest annual employment growth rate. Around 130,000 jobs were added in this period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/berlin/rekord-in-der-hauptstadt-in-berlin-gibt-es-so-viele-beschaeftigte-wie-nie-zuvor,10809148,33634676.html|title=In Berlin gibt es so viele Beschäftigte wie nie zuvor|publisher=Berliner Zeitung |date=28 January 2015|accessdate=16 February 2016|language=German}}</ref> Important economic sectors in Berlin include life sciences, transportation, information and communication technologies, media and music, advertising and design, biotechnology, environmental services, construction, e-commerce, retail, hotel business, and medical engineering.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=7953479|title=Poor but sexy|work=The Economist|accessdate=19 August 2008|date=21 September 2006}}</ref> Research and development have economic significance for the city.<ref name="factsheet">{{cite web|url=https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/produkte/kleinestatistik/AP_kleinestatistik_de_2013_be.pdf |format=PDF |title=Die kleine Berlin Statistik |work=berlin.de |accessdate=26 August 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714163544/https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/produkte/kleinestatistik/AP_kleinestatistik_de_2013_be.pdf |archivedate=14 July 2014 }}</ref> Several major corporations like Volkswagen, Pfizer, and SAP operate innovation laboratories in the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.morgenpost.de/wirtschaft/article208628997/Immer-mehr-Konzerne-suchen-den-Spirit-Berlins.html|title=Immer mehr Konzerne suchen den Spirit Berlins|publisher=Berliner Morgenpost|accessdate=13 January 2017}}</ref> The Science and Business Park in Adlershof is the largest technology park in Germany measured by revenue.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Science and Technology Park Berlin-Adlershof|url=http://www.adlershof.de/en/facts-figures/adlershof-in-numbers/|website=Berlin Adlershof: Facts and Figures|publisher=Adlershof|accessdate=13 January 2017}}</ref> Within the [[Eurozone]], Berlin has become a center for business relocation and international [[investment]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.kpmg.com/FR/fr/IssuesAndInsights/News/Documents/GPIA-KPMG-CIM-2012.pdf|title=Global Cities Investment Monitor 2012|publisher=KPMG |accessdate=28 August 2014}}</ref> ===Companies=== [[File:2015-03-22 D-ABKT at Berlin-Tegel TXL by sebaso.jpg|thumb|[[Air Berlin]] is headquartered in Berlin.]] Many German and international companies have business or service centers in the city. For several years Berlin has been recognized as a major center of [[Entrepreneurship|business founders]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/jan/03/berlin-poor-sexy-silicon-valley-microsoft-google |title=Berlin's 'poor but sexy' appeal turning city into European Silicon Valley |publisher=The Guardian |date=3 January 2014 |accessdate=6 September 2014}}</ref> In 2015 Berlin generated the most venture capital for young [[Startup company|startup companies]] in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Frost|first1=Simon|title=Berlin outranks London in start-up investment|url=http://www.euractiv.com/sections/innovation-industry/berlin-outranks-london-start-investment-317140|website=euractiv.com|accessdate=28 October 2015}}</ref> Among the 10 largest employers in Berlin are the City-State of Berlin, [[Deutsche Bahn]], the hospital provider [[Charité]] and Vivantes, the Federal Government of Germany, the local public transport provider [[Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe|BVG]], [[Siemens]] and [[Deutsche Telekom]]. The two largest banks headquartered in the capital are ''Investitionsbank Berlin'' and [[Landesbank Berlin]]. [[Daimler AG|Daimler]] manufactures cars, and [[BMW Motorrad|BMW builds motorcycles]] in Berlin. [[Bayer Schering Pharma|Bayer Health Care]] and ''Berlin Chemie'' are major pharmaceutical companies in the city. The second largest German airline [[Air Berlin]] is based there as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airberlin.com/site/kontakt_db_a.php?LANG=eng |title=Contact |publisher=Air Berlin |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> [[Siemens]], a [[Fortune Global 500|Global 500]] and [[DAX]]-listed company is partly headquartered in Berlin. The national railway operator [[Deutsche Bahn]], the [[MDAX]]-listed firms [[Axel Springer AG|Axel Springer SE]] and [[Zalando]], and the [[SDAX]] listed company [[Rocket Internet]] have their main headquarters in the central districts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deutschebahn.com/site/bahn/en/group/group__affairs/schenker__frankfurt__20100714.html |title=DB Schenker to concentrate control functions in Frankfurt am Main |accessdate=6 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922063223/http://www.deutschebahn.com/site/bahn/en/group/group__affairs/schenker__frankfurt__20100714.html |archivedate=22 September 2010 }}</ref> Among the largest international corporations who operate a German or European headquarter in Berlin are [[Bombardier Transportation]], [[Gazprom Germania]], [[Coca-Cola]], [[Pfizer]] and [[Total S.A.]]. ===Tourism and conventions=== {{Main article|Sights in Berlin|}} {{multiple image |align=left |image1=Berlin Fashion Week 2013.jpg |width1=206 |caption1= The [[Berlin Fashion Week]]. |image2=IFA 2012 IMG 7677.JPG |width2=206 |caption2=[[Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin|IFA]] is the world's leading trade show for consumer electronics. }} Berlin had 788 hotels with 134,399 beds in 2014.<ref name=visitberlin>{{cite web|url=http://press.visitberlin.de/en/news-release/berlin-welcomes-record-numbers-of-tourists-and-convention-participants-in-2014-287-mill|title=Berlin Welcomes Record Numbers of Tourists and Convention Participants in 2014|work=visitBerlin|accessdate=5 March 2015}}</ref> The city recorded 28.7&nbsp;million overnight hotel stays and 11.9&nbsp;million hotel guests in 2014.<ref name=visitberlin/> Tourism figures have more than doubled within the last ten years and Berlin has become the third most-visited city destination in Europe. The largest visitor groups are from Germany, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain and the United States. According to figures from the [[International Congress and Convention Association]] in 2015 Berlin became the leading organizer of conferences in the world hosting 195 international meetings.<ref>[http://www.c-mw.net/berlin-no-1-city-germany-no-2-country-new-icca-rankings/ Berlin No.1 city and Germany No.2 country in new ICCA rankings], CMW, retrieved 12 January 2017</ref> Some of these congress events take place on venues such as CityCube Berlin or the Berlin Congress Center (bcc). The [[Messe Berlin]] (also known as Berlin ExpoCenter City) is the main convention organizing company in the city. Its main exhibition area covers more than {{convert|160,000|m2|0|abbr=off}}. Several large-scale trade fairs like the consumer electronics trade fair [[IFA Berlin|IFA]], the [[ILA Berlin Air Show]], the [[Berlin Fashion Week]] (including the ''Premium Berlin'' and the ''Panorama Berlin''),<ref>{{cite web|title=Following the Followers of Fashion|url=https://global.handelsblatt.com/companies-markets/following-the-followers-of-fashion-683735|publisher=Handelsblatt Global|accessdate=21 January 2017}}</ref> the [[Berlin International Green Week|Green Week]], the ''Fruit Logistica'', the transport fair [[InnoTrans]], the tourism fair [[ITB Berlin|ITB]] and the adult entertainment and erotic fair [[Venus Award|Venus]] are held annually in the city, attracting a significant number of business visitors. {{Clear}} ===Creative industries=== {{Main article|List of films set in Berlin}} [[File:European Film Academy - European Film Awards logo.svg|thumb|frame|The [[European Film Academy]] (logo pictured) was founded in Berlin.]] The [[Creative industries|creative arts and entertainment]] business is an important and sizable sector of the economy of Berlin. The sector comprises music, film, advertising, architecture, art, design, [[German fashion|fashion]], [[performing arts]], publishing, [[research and development|R&D]], [[software]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-04-12/berlin-cracks-the-startup-code |title=Berlin Cracks the Startup Code |publisher=Businessweek |date=12 April 2012 |accessdate=10 February 2013}}</ref> TV, radio, and [[Video gaming in Germany|video games]]. In 2014 around 30,500 creative companies were operating in the Berlin-Brandenburg metropolitan region, predominantly [[Small and medium-sized enterprises|SMEs]]. Generating a revenue of 15.6 billion Euro and 6% of all private economic sales, the culture industry grew from 2009 to 2014 at an average rate of 5.5% per year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.creative-city-berlin.de/en/good-to-know/facts-figures/ |title=Culture and Creative Industries Index Berlin-Brandenburg 2015 |publisher=Creative City Berlin |date=7 June 2015 |accessdate=3 January 2016}}</ref> Berlin is an important centre in the European and [[Cinema of Germany|German film industry]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/arts/walltowall-culture/2007/11/09/1194329483873.html|title=Wall-to-wall culture|work=The Age |location=Australia|date=10 November 2007|accessdate=30 November 2007}}</ref> It is home to more than 1,000 film and television production companies, 270 movie theaters, and around 300 national and international co-productions are filmed in the region every year.<ref name="factsheet"/> The historic [[Babelsberg Studios]] and the production company [[Universum Film AG|UFA]] are located adjacent to Berlin in [[Potsdam]]. The city is also home of the [[Deutsche Filmakademie|German Film Academy]] (Deutsche Filmakademie), founded in 2003, and the [[European Film Academy]], founded in 1988. ===Media=== {{Main article|Media in Berlin}} [[File:Berlin, Kreuzberg, Axel-Springer-Strasse 56, Axel-Springer-Hochhaus 01.jpg|thumb|upright|Headquarter of the [[Axel Springer AG|Axel Springer SE]] ]] Berlin is home to numerous magazine, newspaper, book and scientific/academic publishers, as well as their associated service industries. In addition around 20 news agencies, more than 90 regional daily newspapers and their websites, as well as the Berlin offices of more than 22 national publications such as [[Der Spiegel]], and [[Die Zeit]] re-enforce the capital's position as Germany's epicenter for influential debate. Therefore, many international journalists, bloggers and writers live and work in the city. Berlin is the central location to several international and regional television and radio stations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medienboard.de/WebObjects/Medienboard.woa/wa/CMSshow/2809830 |title=Media Companies in Berlin and Potsdam |work=medienboard |accessdate=19 August 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602163244/http://www.medienboard.de/WebObjects/Medienboard.woa/wa/CMSshow/2809830 |archivedate=2 June 2013 }}</ref> The public broadcaster [[Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg|RBB]] has its headquarters in Berlin as well as the commercial broadcasters [[MTV Europe]], [[Viva (TV station)|VIVA]], and [[N24 (Germany)|N24]]. German international public broadcaster [[Deutsche Welle]] has its TV production unit in Berlin, and most national German broadcasters have a studio in the city including [[ZDF]] and [[RTL Television|RTL]]. Berlin has Germany's largest number of daily newspapers, with numerous local [[broadsheet]]s (''[[Berliner Morgenpost]]'', ''[[Berliner Zeitung]]'', ''[[Der Tagesspiegel]]''), and three major [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|tabloids]], as well as national dailies of varying sizes, each with a different political affiliation, such as ''[[Die Welt]]'', ''[[Neues Deutschland]]'', and ''[[Die Tageszeitung]]''. The ''[[Exberliner]]'', a monthly magazine, is Berlin's English-language periodical and [[La Gazette de Berlin]] a French-language newspaper. Berlin is also the headquarter of major German-language [[publishing house]]s like [[Walter de Gruyter]], [[Axel Springer AG|Springer]], the Ullstein Verlagsgruppe (publishing group), [[Suhrkamp]] and Cornelsen are all based in Berlin. Each of which publish books, periodicals, and multimedia products. ==Infrastructure== ===Transport=== {{Main article|Transport in Berlin}} ;Road [[File:Berlin hauptbahnhof no 2.jpg|thumb|[[Berlin Hauptbahnhof]] is the largest grade-separated railway station in Europe.]] Berlin's transport infrastructure is highly complex, providing a diverse range of urban mobility.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesslocationcenter.de/en/business-location/business-location/infrastructure/transport-infrastructure/passenger-and-freight-service|title=Mobile capital|work=BLC|date=2011|accessdate=14 February 2016}}</ref> A total of 979 bridges cross {{convert|197|km|0|abbr=on}} of inner-city waterways. {{convert|5422|km|0|abbr=on}} of roads run through Berlin, of which {{convert|77|km|0|abbr=on}} are motorways ("[[Autobahn]]").<ref name="statistics"/> In 2013, 1.344&nbsp;million motor vehicles were registered in the city.<ref name="statistics">{{cite web|url=https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/BasisZeitreiheGrafik/Bas-Strassenverkehr.asp?Ptyp=300&Sageb=46002&creg=BBB&anzwer=6|title=Straßenverkehr 2013|work=Amt für Statistik Belrin Brandenburg|accessdate=28 March 2015|language=German}}</ref> With 377 cars per 1000 residents in 2013 (570/1000 in Germany), Berlin as a [[Western World|West]]ern global city has one of the lowest numbers of cars per capita. In 2012 around 7600 mostly beige colored [[taxicab]]s were in service. Since 2011 a number of app based [[Electric vehicle|e-car]] and [[Electric motorcycles and scooters|e-scooter]] sharing services have evolved. ;Rail Long-distance rail lines connect Berlin with all of the major cities of Germany and with many cities in neighboring European countries. Regional rail lines of the [[Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg]] provide access to the surrounding regions of Brandenburg and to the [[Baltic Sea]]. The [[Berlin Hauptbahnhof]] is the largest [[Grade separation|grade-separated]] [[railway station]] in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://berliner-hbf.de/bahnhof_berlin_hbf_daten_und_fakten.html|title=Bahnhof Berlin Hbf Daten und Fakten|work=Berliner HBF|accessdate=14 February 2016|language=German}}</ref> [[Deutsche Bahn]] runs high speed [[Intercity-Express|ICE trains]] to domestic destinations like [[Hamburg]], [[Munich]], [[Cologne]], [[Stuttgart]], [[Frankfurt am Main]] and others. It also runs an SXF airport express rail service, as well as trains to several international destinations like [[Vienna]], [[Prague]], [[Zürich]], [[Warsaw]], [[Budapest]] and [[Amsterdam]]. ;Public transport The {{lang|de|[[Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe]]}} and the Deutsche Bahn manage several extensive urban public transport systems.<ref>[https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/produkte/kleinestatistik/AP_kleinestatistik_de_2015_be.pdf Die kleine Berlin-Statistik 2015]. (German). Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg. Accessed 14 February 2016.</ref> {|class="wikitable" |- ! style="background:gold; color:navy;"|System ! style="background:gold; color:navy;"|Stations / Lines / Net length ! style="background:gold; color:navy;"|Annual Ridership ! style="background:gold; color:navy;"|Operator / Notes |- |[[Berlin S-Bahn|S-Bahn]] |166 / 15 / {{convert|327|km|abbr=on}} |417,000,000 <small>(2015)</small> |[[Deutsche Bahn|DB]] / Mainly overground [[rapid transit]] rail system with suburban stops |- |[[Berlin U-Bahn|U-Bahn]] |173 / 10 / {{convert|146|km|abbr=on}} |507,000,000 <small>(2012)</small> |[[Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe|BVG]] / Mainly underground rail system / 24h-service on weekends |- |[[Tram transport in Berlin|Tram]] |404 / 22 / {{convert|189|km|abbr=on}} |181,000,000 <small>(2014)</small> |BVG / Operates predominantly in eastern boroughs |- |[[Bus transport in Berlin|Bus]] |3227 / 151 / {{convert|1626|km|abbr=on}} |405,000,000 <small>(2014)</small> |BVG / Extensive services in all boroughs / 62 Night Lines |- |[[Ferry transport in Berlin|Ferry]] |5 lines | |BVG / All modes of transport can be accessed with a single ticket |} ;Airports [[File:BER-Destinations.png|thumb|Flights departing from Berlin serve 163 destinations around the globe.]] Berlin has two commercial international airports. [[Tegel Airport]] (TXL) is situated within the city limits. [[Schönefeld Airport]] (SXF) is located just outside Berlin's south-eastern border in the state of Brandenburg. Both airports together handled 29.5 million passengers in 2015. In 2014, 67 airlines served 163 destinations in 50 countries from Berlin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlin-airport.de/en/press/press-releases/2014/2014-03-28-summer-flight-schedule/index.php|title=2014 summer flight schedule|work=FBB|accessdate=10 September 2014}}</ref> Tegel Airport is an important transfer hub for [[Air Berlin]] as well as a focus city for [[Lufthansa]] and [[Eurowings]]. Schönefeld serves as an important destination for airlines like [[Germania (airline)|Germania]], [[easyJet]] and [[Ryanair]]. The new [[Berlin Brandenburg Airport]] (BER), currently under construction, will replace Tegel as single commercial airport of Berlin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlin-airport.de/en/ber/index.php||title=The latest from Berlin Brandenburg Airport|work=FBB|date=2016|accessdate=14 February 2016}}</ref> The airport is going to integrate Schönefeld (SXF) facilities and is scheduled to open not before autumn 2017. The BER will have an initial capacity of around 35 million passengers per year. {{As of|2016}}, plans for further expansion bringing the terminal capacity to approximately 50 million per year are in development. ;Cycling {{Main article|Cycling in Berlin}} Berlin is well known for its highly developed bicycle lane system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/07/bike_city_berli.php|title=Bike City Berlin|work=Treehugger|accessdate=19 August 2008}}</ref> It is estimated that Berlin has 710 bicycles per 1000 residents. Around 500,000 daily bike riders accounted for 13% of total traffic in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.neues-deutschland.de/artikel/193840.platz-da-8211-fuer-die-radfahrer.html|title=Platz da! – für die Radfahrer|work=ND|accessdate=22 March 2011}}</ref> Cyclists have access to {{convert|620|km|0|abbr=on}} of bicycle paths including approximately {{convert|150|km|0|abbr=on}} of mandatory bicycle paths, {{convert|190|km|0|abbr=on}} of off-road bicycle routes, {{convert|60|km|0|abbr=on}} of bicycle lanes on roads, {{convert|70|km|0|abbr=on}} of shared bus lanes which are also open to cyclists, {{convert|100|km|0|abbr=on}} of combined pedestrian/bike paths and {{convert|50|km|0|abbr=on}} of marked bicycle lanes on roadside pavements (or sidewalks).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/verkehr/politik_planung/zahlen_fakten/download/Mobility_en_komplett.pdf|title=Berlin Traffic in Figures|work=Senate Department of urban development|date=2013|accessdate=14 February 2016}}</ref> Riders are allowed to carry their bicycles on [[Regionalbahn]], S-Bahn and U-Bahn trains, on trams, and on night buses if a bike ticket is purchased.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/verkehr/mobil/fahrrad/bus_bahn/ | title = Mit dem Fahrrad – In Bussen und Bahnen | trans_title = By Bicycle – In Buses and Trains | publisher = Senate Department of Urban Development | language = German | accessdate = 15 June 2010}}</ref> ===Energy=== [[File:Berlin-mitte heizkraftwerk-mitte 20060605 629.jpg|thumb|Power plant Heizkraftwerk Mitte]] Berlin's two largest energy provider for private households are the Swedish firm [[Vattenfall]] and the Berlin-based company [[GASAG]]. Both offer electric power and natural gas supply. Some of the city´s electric energy is imported from nearby power plants in southern [[Brandenburg]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/greencityindex_international/all/en/pdf/berlin.pdf|title=European Green City Index Berlin Germany|work=Siemens|date=2009|accessdate=19 December 2016}}</ref> {{As of|2015}} the five [[List of power stations in Germany|largest power plants measured by capacity]] are the Heizkraftwerk Reuter West, the Heizkraftwerk Lichterfelde, the Heizkraftwerk Mitte, the Heizkraftwerk Wilmersdorf, and the Heizkraftwerk Charlottenburg. All of these [[power station]]s generate [[electricity generation|electricity]] and [[Heat|useful heat]] at the same time to facilitate buffering during load peaks. In 1993 the power grid connections in the Berlin-Brandenburg capital region were renewed. In most of the inner districts of Berlin power lines are underground cables; only a 380&nbsp;kV and a 110&nbsp;kV line, which run from Reuter substation to the urban [[Autobahn]], use overhead lines. The [[Berlin 380-kV electric line]] is the backbone of the city's energy grid. ===Health=== [[File:2016 Charite Hospital.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Charité]] university hospital]] Berlin has a long history of discoveries in medicine and innovations in medical technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/magazin/wissen/Elitewettbewerb-Universitaeten;art304,2400973|title=Berlin leuchtet|first1=Anja|last1=Kühne|first2=Tilmann|last2=Warnecke|work=[[Der Tagesspiegel]]|date=17 October 2007|accessdate=18 December 2016|language=German}}</ref> The modern history of medicine has been significantly influenced by scientists from Berlin. [[Rudolf Virchow]] was the founder of cellular pathology, while [[Robert Koch]] developed vaccines for anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.charite.de/en/the_charite/about_us/history/|title=History of the Charité of Berlin|work=[[Charité]]|date= 2015|accessdate=14 February 2016}}</ref> The [[Charité]] complex (Universitätsklinik Charité) is the largest [[university hospital]] in Europe, tracing back its origins to the year 1710. The Charité is spread over four sites and comprises 3,300 beds, around 14,000 staff, 7,000 students, and more than 60 operating theaters, and it has a turnover of over one billion euros annually. The [[Charité]] is a joint institution of the [[Free University of Berlin|Freie Universität Berlin]] and the [[Humboldt University of Berlin]], including a wide range of institutes and specialized medical centers. Among them are the German Heart Center, one of the most renowned transplantation centers, the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine and the Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics. The scientific research at these institutions is complemented by many research departments of companies such as Siemens and Bayer. The [[World Health Summit]] and several international health related conventions are held annually in Berlin. ===Telecommunication=== [[File:St oberholz.jpg|thumb|Students at the St. Oberholz café in Berlin Mitte using [[Wi-Fi]] devices]] The [[digital television]] standard in Berlin and Germany is [[DVB-T]]. This system transmits [[video compression|compressed]] [[digital audio]], [[digital video]] and other data in an [[MPEG transport stream]]. The transmission standard is scheduled to be replaced by [[DVB-T2]] in 2017. Berlin has installed several hundred free public [[Wireless LAN]] sites across the capital since 2016. The wireless networks are concentrated mostly in central districts; 650 hotspots (325 indoor and 325 outdoor access points) are installed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telecompaper.com/news/berlin-to-get-free-public-wi-fi-in-early-2016--1115805|title=Berlin to get free public Wi-Fi in early 2016|work=telecompaper|date=26 November 2015|accessdate=14 February 2016}}</ref> Deutsche Bahn is planning to introduce Wi-Fi services in long distance and regional trains in 2017. The [[UMTS]] (3G) and [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] (4G) networks of the three major cellular operators [[Vodafone]], [[T-Mobile]] and [[Telefónica Germany|O2]] enable the use of mobile broadband applications citywide. The [[Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications|Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute]] develops mobile and stationary [[broadband]] communication networks and multimedia systems. Focal points are [[Photonics|photonic components and systems]], [[Optical fiber|fiber optic]] sensor systems, and [[Digital image processing|image signal processing]] and [[Signal processing|transmission]]. Future applications for broadband networks are developed as well. ==Education== {{Main article|Education in Berlin}} [[File:Humboldt monument.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Humboldt University of Berlin]]. 40 Nobel Prize winners are affiliated with the Berlin-based colleges.]] Berlin has 878 schools that teach 340,658 children in 13,727 classes and 56,787 trainees in businesses and elsewhere.<ref name="factsheet"/> The city has a 6-year primary education program. After completing primary school, students continue to the Sekundarschule (a comprehensive school) or Gymnasium (college preparatory school). Berlin has a special bilingual school program embedded in the "Europaschule" in which children are taught the curriculum in German and a foreign language, starting in primary school and continuing in high school. Nine major European languages can be chosen as foreign languages in 29 schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/;art270,2185300|title=Jahrgangsstufe Null|work=[[Der Tagesspiegel]]|accessdate=19 August 2008|language=German}} {{Failed verification|date=May 2010}}</ref> The [[Französisches Gymnasium Berlin]], which was founded in 1689 to teach the children of Huguenot refugees, offers (German/French) instruction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fg-berlin.de/WebObjects/FranzGym.woa/wa/CMSshow/1064384 |title=Geschichte des Französischen Gymnasiums |work=Französisches Gymnasium Lycée Français Berlin |accessdate=17 August 2008 |language=German |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615205603/http://www.fg-berlin.de/WebObjects/FranzGym.woa/wa/CMSshow/1064384 |archivedate=15 June 2008 }}</ref> The [[John F. Kennedy School, Berlin|John F. Kennedy School]], a bilingual German–American public school located in [[Zehlendorf (Berlin)|Zehlendorf]], is particularly popular with children of diplomats and the English-speaking expatriate community. Four schools teach [[Latin]] and [[Classical Greek]]. Two of them are state schools (Steglitzer Gymnasium in [[Steglitz]] and Goethe-Gymnasium in [[Wilmersdorf]]), one is Protestant ([[Evangelisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster]] in Wilmersdorf), and one is Jesuit ([[Canisius-Kolleg]] in the "Embassy Quarter" in [[Tiergarten (Berlin)|Tiergarten]]). ===Higher education=== {{Main article|Universities and research institutions in Berlin}} [[File:Freie Universitaet Berlin - Gebaeudekomplex Rost- und Silberlaube.jpg|thumb|260px|left|The [[Free University of Berlin|Free University]] is one of Germany's eleven "Universities of Excellence".]] The Berlin-Brandenburg capital region is one of the most prolific centres of higher education and research in Germany and Europe. Historically, 40 Nobel Prize winners are affiliated with the Berlin-based universities. The city has four public research universities and more than 30 private, professional, and technical colleges ''(Hochschulen)'', offering a wide range of disciplines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlin-partner.de/622/?L=1|title=Metropolis of Sciences|work=Berlin Partner GmbH|accessdate=19 August 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424003113/http://www.berlin-partner.de/622/?L=1 |archivedate=24 April 2008}}</ref> A record number of 175,651 students were enrolled in the winter term of 2015/16.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.focus.de/regional/brandenburg/hochschulen-berlin-mit-neuem-studentenrekord_id_5111299.html|title=HochschulenBerlin mit neuem Studentenrekord|work=Focus|date=25 November 2015|accessdate=1 December 2015|language=German}}</ref> Among them around 18% have an international background. The three largest universities combined have approximately 100,000 enrolled students. There are the [[Humboldt University of Berlin|Humboldt Universität zu Berlin]] ''(HU Berlin)'' with 33,000 students, the [[Free University of Berlin|Freie Universität Berlin]] ''(Free University of Berlin, FU Berlin)'' with about 33,000 students, and the [[Technical University of Berlin|Technische Universität Berlin]] ''(TU Berlin)'' with 33,000 students. The FU and the HU are part of the [[German Universities Excellence Initiative]]. The [[Berlin University of the Arts|Universität der Künste]] ''(UdK)'' has about 4,000 students. The [[Berlin School of Economics and Law]] has an enrollment of about 10,000 students and the [[HTW Berlin|Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft]] (University of Applied Sciences for Engineering and Economics) of about 13.000 students. ===Research=== [[File:Berlin Adlershof Photonics Center 2016.jpg|thumb|The [[WISTA|Science and Technology Park]] in [[Berlin-Adlershof|Adlershof]] is home to several new businesses and research institutes.]] The city has a high density of internationally renowned research institutions, such as the [[Fraunhofer Society]], the [[Leibniz Association]], the [[Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres|Helmholtz Association]], and the [[Max Planck Society]], which are independent of, or only loosely connected to its universities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ten institutions that dominated science in 2015|url=http://www.natureindex.com/news-blog/ten-institutions-that-dominated-science-in-twentyfifteen|website=Nature Index|accessdate=20 April 2016}}</ref> In 2012, around 65,000 professional scientists were working in [[research and development]] in the city.<ref name="factsheet"/> Berlin is one of the knowledge and innovation communities (KIC) of the [[European Institute of Innovation and Technology]] (EIT).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eit.europa.eu/home.html |title=European Institute of Innovation and Technology: Home |work=Europa (web portal) |accessdate=8 June 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529152704/http://eit.europa.eu/home.html |archivedate=29 May 2010 }}</ref> The KIC is based at the Centre for Entrepreneurship at TU Berlin and has a focus in the development of IT industries. It partners with major multinational companies such as Siemens, Deutsche Telekom, and SAP.<ref>{{cite web|title=EIT ICT Labs – Turn Europe into a global leader in ICT Innovation|url=http://www.entrepreneurship.tu-berlin.de/menue/masterprogramme_qualifizierung/eit_ict_labs/|website=Technische Universität Berlin Centre for Entrepreneurship|accessdate=25 October 2016}}</ref> One of Europe's successful research, business and technology [[List of technology centers|clusters]] is based at [[WISTA]] in [[Berlin-Adlershof]], with more than 1,000 affiliated firms, university departments and scientific institutions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Adlershof in Brief|url=http://www.adlershof.de/en/facts-figures/adlershof-in-numbers/|website=Adlershof.de|accessdate=27 October 2016}}</ref> In addition to the libraries that are affiliated with the various universities, the [[Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin]] is a major research library. Its two main locations are on Potsdamer Straße and on [[Unter den Linden]]. There are also 86 public libraries in the city.<ref name="factsheet"/> [[ResearchGate]], a global social networking site for scientists, is based in Berlin. ==Culture== {{Main article|Culture in Berlin}} {{multiple image |align=right |image1=Alte Nationalgalerie abends (Zuschnitt).jpg |width1=195 |caption1= The [[Alte Nationalgalerie]] is part of the [[Museum Island]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] |image2=20150208 - Berlinale Palast and Red Carpet.JPG |width2=200 |caption2= The [[Berlinale]] is the largest international spectator film festival. }} Berlin is known for its numerous cultural institutions, many of which enjoy international reputation.<ref name=UNESCO/><ref name=UNESCO2>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/532|title=World Heritage Site Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin|work=[[UNESCO]]|accessdate=19 August 2008}}</ref> The diversity and vivacity of the metropolis led to a trendsetting atmosphere.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hubculture.com/groups/hubnews/news/162/|title=Hub Culture's 2009 Zeitgeist Ranking|work=Hub Culture|accessdate=30 April 2009}}</ref> An innovative music, dance and art scene has developed in the 21st century. Young people, international artists and entrepreneurs continued to settle in the city and made Berlin a popular entertainment center in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.observer.com/node/39370|title=A New Williamsburg! Berlin's Expats Go Bezirk|first=Nicholas|last=Boston|work=[[The New York Observer]]|date=10 September 2006|accessdate=17 August 2008}} See also: {{cite web|url=http://www.magazine-deutschland.de/magazin/J-Kunstszene_2-05.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211095052/http://www.magazine-deutschland.de/magazin/J-Kunstszene_2-05.php|archivedate=11 December 2007|title=Die Kunstszene|work=Deutschland Online|accessdate=19 August 2008|language=German}} and {{cite web|url=http://www.metropolis2005.org/en/berlin/kultur.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928020742/http://www.metropolis2005.org/en/berlin/kultur.html|archivedate=28 September 2007|title=Culture of Berlin|work=Metropolis|accessdate=19 August 2008}}</ref> The expanding cultural performance of the city was underscored by the relocation of the [[Universal Music Group]] who decided to move their headquarters to the banks of the River Spree.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/bauen/bueroflaechen/en/friedrichshain.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911125347/http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/bauen/bueroflaechen/en/friedrichshain.shtml|archivedate=11 September 2007|title=Berlin's music business booms|work=Expatica|accessdate=19 August 2008}}</ref> In 2005, Berlin was named "City of Design" by [[UNESCO]].<ref name=Cityofdesign/> ===Galleries and museums=== {{See also|List of museums and galleries in Berlin}} [[File:Jewishmuseumberlin2007.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The [[Jewish Museum Berlin|Jewish Museum]] presents two millennia of [[German Jews|German–Jewish history]] ]] {{As of|2011}} Berlin is home to 138 museums and more than 400 art galleries.<ref name="factsheet"/> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://service.zitty.de/kultur-kunst/14539/ |title=Sprung in die Wolken |work=Zitty |date=2 July 2008 |accessdate=19 August 2008 |language=German |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402162248/http://service.zitty.de/kultur-kunst/14539/ |archivedate=2 April 2012 }}</ref> The ensemble on the [[Museum Island]] is a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]] and is situated in the northern part of the Spree Island between the Spree and the Kupfergraben.<ref name=UNESCO/> As early as 1841 it was designated a "district dedicated to art and antiquities" by a royal decree. Subsequently, the [[Altes Museum]] was built in the Lustgarten. The [[Neues Museum]], which displays the [[Nefertiti Bust|bust of Queen Nefertiti]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expatica.com/de/life_in/leisure/a-3000-year-old-smile-the-strange-history-of-queen-nefertiti-22752.html |title=A 3,000-year-old smile |publisher=Expatica.com |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> [[Alte Nationalgalerie]], [[Pergamon Museum]], and [[Bode Museum]] were built there. Apart from the Museum Island, there are many additional museums in the city. The [[Gemäldegalerie, Berlin|Gemäldegalerie]] (Painting Gallery) focuses on the paintings of the "old masters" from the 13th to the 18th centuries, while the [[Neue Nationalgalerie]] (New National Gallery, built by [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]]) specializes in 20th-century European painting. The [[Hamburger Bahnhof]], located in [[Moabit]], exhibits a major collection of modern and contemporary art. The expanded [[Deutsches Historisches Museum]] re-opened in the Zeughaus with an overview of German history spanning more than a millennium. The [[Bauhaus Archive]] is a museum of 20th century design from the famous [[Bauhaus]] school. [[File:Ishtar Gate at Berlin Museum.jpg|thumb|The reconstructed [[Ishtar Gate]] of Babylon at the [[Pergamon Museum]] ]] The [[Jewish Museum Berlin|Jewish Museum]] has a standing exhibition on two millennia of German-Jewish history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.juedisches-museum-berlin.de/site/EN/01-Exhibitions/exhibitions.php|title=Exhibitions|work=[[Jewish Museum Berlin]]|accessdate=10 August 2008 |archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/wayback/20090714235317/http%3A//www%2Ejuedisches%2Dmuseum%2Dberlin%2Ede/site/EN/01%2DExhibitions/exhibitions%2Ephp |archivedate= 14 July 2009 }}</ref> The [[German Museum of Technology (Berlin)|German Museum of Technology]] in [[Kreuzberg]] has a large collection of historical technical artifacts. The [[Museum für Naturkunde]] exhibits natural history near [[Berlin Hauptbahnhof]]. It has the largest mounted dinosaur in the world (a [[Giraffatitan]]). Well-preserved specimens of [[Tyrannosaurus Rex]] and the early bird [[Archaeopteryx]] are at display as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naturkundemuseum-berlin.de/en/ausstellungen/the-world-of-dinosaurs.html?Fsize=0&Lightversion=0%3Ftypo%3D2%3Ftypo%3D1%3Ftypo%3D0 |title=The World of Dinosaurs |publisher=Naturkundemuseum-berlin.de |date=20 October 2011 |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> In [[Dahlem (Berlin)|Dahlem]], there are several museums of world art and culture, such as the [[Museum of Asian Art]], the [[Ethnological Museum of Berlin|Ethnological Museum]], the [[Museum Europäischer Kulturen|Museum of European Cultures]], as well as the [[Allied Museum]]. The [[Brücke Museum]] features one of the largest collection of works by artist of the early 20th-century expressionist movement. In [[Lichtenberg]], on the grounds of the former [[Stasi|East German Ministry for State Security]], is the [[Stasi Museum]]. The site of [[Checkpoint Charlie]], one of the most renowned crossing points of the Berlin Wall, is still preserved. A private [[Checkpoint Charlie Museum|museum venture]] exhibits a comprehensive documentation of detailed plans and strategies devised by people who tried to flee from the East. The [[Beate Uhse Erotic Museum]] claims to be the world's largest erotic museum.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/travel/index/stories/beck04181999.htm |title=In Berlin, the Art of Sex |publisher=Washingtonpost.com |date=18 April 1999 |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> The cityscape of Berlin displays large quantities of urban [[street art]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitberlin.de/en/see/museums-art/street-art|title=Berlin – Urban Art – visitBerlin.de EN|publisher=}}</ref> It has become a significant part of the city's cultural heritage and has its roots in the graffiti scene of [[Kreuzberg]] of the 1980s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/02/travel/02headsup.html|title=One Wall Down, Thousands to Paint|date=2 March 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> The [[Berlin Wall graffiti art|Berlin Wall]] itself has become one of the largest open-air canvasses in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2014/apr/03/thierry-noir-graffiti-berlin-wall|title=Graffiti in the death strip: the Berlin wall's first street artist tells his story|work=the Guardian|accessdate=11 February 2016}}</ref> The leftover stretch along the Spree river in [[Friedrichshain]] remains as the [[East Side Gallery]]. Berlin today is consistently rated as an important world city for street art culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/17/best-street-art-cities_n_5155653.html|title=The 26 Best Cities In The World To See Street Art|date=17 April 2014|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> ===Nightlife and festivals=== [[File:Franzoesischer Dom - Festival of Lights 2011.jpg|thumb|upright|[[French Cathedral, Berlin|French Cathedral]] during the annual [[Festival of Lights (Berlin)|Festival of Lights]] ]] Berlin's nightlife has been celebrated as one of the most diverse and vibrant of its kind.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metrotimes.com/editorial/story.asp?id=6949|title=Losing your mind in Berlin|first=Walter|last=Wasacz|work=[[Metro Times]]|date=11 October 2004|accessdate=18 November 2006}}</ref> In the 1970s and 80s the [[SO36]] in [[Kreuzberg]] was a centre for [[punk music]] and culture. The ''SOUND'' and the ''Dschungel'' gained notoriety. Throughout the 1990s, people in their 20s from all over the world, particularly those in [[Western Europe|Western]] and [[Central Europe]], made Berlin's club scene a premier nightlife venue. After the [[fall of the Berlin Wall]] in 1989, many historic buildings in Mitte, the former city centre of East Berlin, were illegally occupied and re-built by young squatters and became a fertile ground for underground and [[counterculture]] gatherings. The central boroughs are home to many nightclubs, including the Watergate, [[Tresor]], [[E-Werk]] and [[Berghain]]. The [[KitKatClub]] and several other locations are known for their sexually uninhibited parties. Clubs are not required to close at a fixed time during the weekends, and many parties last well into the morning, or even all weekend. The ''Berghain'' features the well-known ''Panorama Bar'', a bar that opens its shades at daybreak, allowing party-goers a panorama view of Berlin after dancing through the night. The ''Weekend Club'' near [[Alexanderplatz]] features a roof terrace that allows partying at night. Several venues have become a popular stage for the [[Neo-Burlesque]] scene. [[File:In Berghain.jpg|thumb|left|[[Berghain]] nightclub]] Berlin has a long history of gay culture, and is an important [[Scientific-Humanitarian Committee|birthplace of the LGBT rights movement]]. Same-sex bars and dance halls operated freely as early as the 1880s, and the first gay magazine, ''Der Eigene'', started in 1896. By the 1920s, gays and lesbians had an unprecedented visibility.<ref name=Krauss>{{cite book|last=Krauss|first=Kenneth|title=The drama of fallen France: reading la comédie sans tickets|year=2004|publisher=State University of New York|location=Albany|isbn=0-7914-5953-5|page=11}}</ref><ref name="The New Yorker">{{cite magazine| url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/01/26/berlin-story| title=Berlin Story – The New Yorker| author=Alex Ross| date=26 January 2015| magazine=[[The New Yorker]]| publisher=[[Condé Nast]]| accessdate=6 June 2016 }}</ref> Today, in addition to a positive atmosphere in the wider club scene, the city again has a huge number of queer clubs and festivals. The most famous and largest are [[Berlin Pride]], the [[Christopher Street Day]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlin-tourist-information.de/english/zielgruppen/e_zg_gay_bezirke.php |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007101504/http://www.berlin-tourist-information.de/english/zielgruppen/e_zg_gay_bezirke.php |archivedate=7 October 2006 |title=Berlin for Gays and Lesbians |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=7 October 2006 |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> the [[Lesbian and Gay City Festival]] in Berlin-Schöneberg, the [[Kreuzberg Pride]] and [[Hustlaball]]. The annual [[Berlin International Film Festival]] (Berlinale) with around 500,000 admissions is considered to be the largest publicly attended film festival in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europeanfilmacademy.org/ |title=European Film Academy |publisher=European Film Academy |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlinale.de/ |title=Berlin Film Festival |publisher=Berlinale.de |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> The Karneval der Kulturen (''Carnival of Cultures''), a multi-ethnic street parade, is celebrated every [[Pentecost]] weekend.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.karneval-berlin.de/de/english.175.html |title=English Summary |publisher=Karneval-berlin.de |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> Berlin is also well known for the cultural festival, [[Berliner Festspiele]], which includes the jazz festival [[JazzFest Berlin]]. Several technology and media art festivals and conferences are held in the city, including [[Transmediale]] and [[Chaos Communication Congress]]. The annual [[Berlin Festival]] focuses on indie rock, electronic music and synthpop and is part of the International Berlin Music Week.<ref>[http://www.berlinfestival.de/en.html Berlin Festival] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314234453/http://www.berlinfestival.de/en.html |date=14 March 2015 }} website</ref><ref>[http://www.berlin-music-week.de/en/ Berlin Music Week] website</ref> Every year Berlin hosts one of the largest New Year's Eve celebrations in the world, attended by well over a million people. The focal point is the Brandenburg Gate, where midnight fireworks are centred, but various private fireworks displays take place throughout the entire city. Partygoers in Germany often toast the New Year with a glass of [[Sekt|sparkling wine]]. ===Performing arts=== {{Main article|Music in Berlin}} [[File:Rattle BPH-Rittershaus1-Wikipedia.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sir]] [[Simon Rattle]] conducting the renowned [[Berlin Philharmonic]] ]] Berlin is home to 44 theaters and stages.<ref name="factsheet"/> The [[Deutsches Theater (Berlin)|Deutsches Theater]] in Mitte was built in 1849–50 and has operated almost continuously since then. The [[Volksbühne]] at [[Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz]] was built in 1913–14, though the company had been founded in 1890. The [[Berliner Ensemble]], famous for performing the works of [[Bertolt Brecht]], was established in 1949. The [[Schaubühne]] was founded in 1962 and moved to the building of the former Universum Cinema on Kurfürstendamm in 1981. With a seating capacity of 1,895 and a stage floor of {{convert|2,854|m2|0|abbr=off}}, the [[Friedrichstadt-Palast]] in Berlin Mitte is the largest show palace in Europe. [[File:2010-03-13-friedrichstadtpalast-by-RalfR-1.jpg|thumb|Dance show at [[Friedrichstadt-Palast]] ]] Berlin has three major [[opera house]]s: the [[Deutsche Oper]], the [[Berlin State Opera]], and the [[Komische Oper]]. The Berlin State Opera on [[Unter den Linden]] opened in 1742 and is the oldest of the three. Its current musical director is [[Daniel Barenboim]]. The Komische Oper has traditionally specialized in [[operetta]]s and is located at Unter den Linden as well. The Deutsche Oper opened in 1912 in Charlottenburg. The city's main venue for musical theater performances are the Theater am Potsdamer Platz and [[Theater des Westens]] (built in 1895). Contemporary dance can be seen at the ''Radialsystem V''. The [[Tempodrom]] is host to concerts and circus inspired entertainment. It also houses a multi-sensory spa experience. The [[Admiralspalast]] in Mitte has a vibrant program of [[variety show|variety]] and music events. There are seven symphony orchestras in Berlin. The [[Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra]] is one of the preeminent orchestras in the world;<ref>{{cite news|author=Charlotte Higgins and Ben Aris in Berlin |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/apr/29/germany.arts |title=Is Rattle's Berlin honeymoon over? |publisher=Guardian |date= 29 April 2004|accessdate=7 April 2012 |location=London}}</ref> it is housed in the [[Berliner Philharmonie]] near Potsdamer Platz on a street named for the orchestra's longest-serving conductor, [[Herbert von Karajan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://travel2.nytimes.com/2005/09/25/travel/25berlin.html?ex=1162962000&en=36217d7f20459f88&ei=5070 |title=Music: Berlin |first=Daniel J. |last=Wakin |work=The New York Times |date=25 September 2005 |accessdate=7 November 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205123518/http://travel2.nytimes.com/2005/09/25/travel/25berlin.html?ex=1162962000&en=36217d7f20459f88&ei=5070 |archivedate=5 December 2013 }}</ref> The current principal conductor is [[Simon Rattle]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.culturekiosque.com/klassik/news/rherattle.htm |title=Berlin Philharmonic elects Sir Simon Rattle |publisher=Culturekiosque.com |date=24 June 1999 |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> The [[Konzerthausorchester Berlin]] was founded in 1952 as the orchestra for East Berlin. Its current principal conductor is [[Ivan Fischer]]. The [[Haus der Kulturen der Welt]] presents various exhibitions dealing with intercultural issues and stages world music and conferences.<ref>{{cite web|author=D |url=http://www.hkw.de/en/bottom/impressum/impressum.php |title=Haus der Kulturen der Welt |publisher=Hkw.de |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> The ''Kookaburra'' and the ''Quatsch Comedy Club'' are known for satire and [[stand up comedy]] shows. ===Cuisine=== {{See also|German cuisine}} [[File:Berlin-Mitte Deutsches Currywurst Museum.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Deutsches Currywurst Museum|Currywurst Museum]].]] The [[German cuisine|cuisine]] and culinary offerings of Berlin vary greatly. Twelve restaurants in Berlin have been included in the [[Michelin guide]] of 2015, which ranks the city at the top for the number of restaurants having this distinction in Germany.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/09/fashion/09iht-luxmag18.html Berlin Minimalist Glamor]. New York Times. Retrieved 25 February 2016.</ref> Berlin is well known for its offerings of [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saveur.com/vegetarian-restaurants-berlin-germany |title=Good Taste Award Winner 2015: Berlin, The New Vegetarian Capital|publisher=SAVEUR |accessdate=1 March 2016}}</ref> and [[Veganism|vegan]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/berlin-vegan-capital-of-the-world/a-35951064 |title=Berlin: Vegan capital of the world?|publisher=DW |accessdate=4 April 2017}}</ref> cuisine and is home to an innovative entrepreneurial food scene promoting cosmopolitan flavors, local and sustainable ingredients, pop-up street food markets, supper clubs, as well as food festivals, such as Berlin Food Week.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/berlins-booming-food-scene/a-17983026 |title=Berlin's booming food scene|publisher=DW |accessdate=4 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://foodtank.com/news/2016/09/conscious-food-consumption-at-berlins-restlos-gluecklich/ |title=Conscious Food Consumption at Berlin’s Restlos Glücklich|publisher=Food Tank |accessdate=4 April 2017}}</ref> Many local foods originated from north German culinary traditions and include rustic and hearty dishes with pork, goose, fish, peas, beans, cucumbers, or potatoes. Typical Berliner fare include popular [[street food]] like the ''[[Currywurst]]'' (which gained popularity with post-war construction workers rebuilding the city), ''[[Frikadeller|Buletten]]'' and the ''[[Berliner (doughnut)|Berliner]]'' doughnut, known in Berlin as {{lang|de|''Pfannkuchen''}}.<ref>[http://www.germanfoods.org/consumer/facts/berlin.cfm Berlin] German Foods</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/news/spicy-sausage-that-is-worthy-of-a-shrine-in-berlin-1772530.html|title=Spicy sausage that is worthy of a shrine in Berlin|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|first=Tony|last=Paterson|date=15 August 2009}}</ref> German bakeries offering a variety of breads and pastries are widespread. One of Europe's largest [[delicatessen]] markets is found at the [[KaDeWe]], and among the world’s largest chocolate stores is ''Fassbender & Rausch''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://luxeadventuretraveler.com/fassbender-rausch/|title=Chocolate Heaven at Fassbender & Rausch |publisher=Luxe Adventure Traveler|date=2013|accessdate=1 March 2016}}</ref> Berlin is also home to a diverse gastronomy scene reflecting the immigrant history of the city. Turkish and Arab immigrants brought their culinary traditions to the city, such as the [[lahmajoun]] and [[falafel]], which have become common fast food staples. The modern fast food version of the [[doner kebab]] sandwich [[Kadir Nurman|evolved in Berlin]] in the 1970s, and became a favorite in Germany and elsewhere in the world.<ref name="WSJ">{{cite news| url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304432704577350194262835880| title=There's Nothing More German Than a Big, Fat Juicy Döner Kebab| author=James Angelos| date=18 April 2012| newspaper=The Wall Street Journal| publisher=| accessdate=6 June 2016 }}</ref> Asian cuisine like Chinese, Vietnamese, Thai, Indian, Korean, and Japanese restaurants, as well as Spanish tapas bars, Italian, and Greek cuisine, can be found in many parts of the city. ===Recreation=== [[File:Zoo041.jpg|thumb|Elephant Gate at [[Berlin Zoological Garden|Berlin Zoo]] ]] [[File:Berlin_Siegessaeule_Festival_Lights.JPG|thumb|[[Berlin Victory Column]] in [[Tiergarten (park)|Tiergarten]] ]] [[Berlin Zoological Garden|Zoologischer Garten Berlin]], the older of two zoos in the city, was founded in 1844. It is the most visited zoo in Europe and presents the most diverse range of species in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rbb-online.de/_/nachrichten/vermischtes/beitrag_jsp/key=news4382800.html|archive-url=http://archive.is/20061007155448/http://www.rbb-online.de/_/nachrichten/vermischtes/beitrag_jsp/key=news4382800.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=7 October 2006|title=Hauptstadt-Zoo beliebtester Tierpark|work=[[Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg]]|accessdate=17 August 2008}}</ref> It was the home of the captive-born celebrity polar bear [[Knut (polar bear)|Knut]].<ref name="knutbbc1">{{Cite news|first=Tristana|last=Moore|title=Baby bear becomes media star|date=23 March 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6486993.stm|work=BBC News |accessdate=17 August 2008}}</ref> The city's other zoo, [[Tierpark Berlin|Tierpark Friedrichsfelde]], was founded in 1955. [[Berlin-Dahlem Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum|Berlin's Botanischer Garten]] includes the Botanic Museum Berlin. With an area of {{convert|43|ha|acre}} and around 22,000 different plant species, it is one of the largest and most diverse collections of botanical life in the world. Other gardens in the city include the [[Britzer Garten]], and the [[Erholungspark Marzahn|Gärten der Welt]] (Gardens of the World) in Marzahn.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gruen-berlin.de/gesellschaft/ |title=Grün Berlin |language=German |trans_title=Green Berlin |publisher=Die Grün Berlin GmbH |accessdate=27 May 2011}}</ref> [[File:NeuesPalais.jpg|thumb|left|[[Neues Palais]] in the former royal gardens of [[Sanssouci Park|Sanssouci]] ]] The [[Tiergarten, Berlin|Tiergarten]], located in Mitte, is Berlin's largest park and was designed by [[Peter Joseph Lenné]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/aktuell/wettbewerbe/lenne/en/biographie.shtml |title=Peter Joseph Lenné, Senate Department of Urban Development |publisher=Stadtentwicklung.berlin.de |date=30 September 2011 |accessdate=10 February 2013}}</ref> In Kreuzberg, the [[Viktoriapark]] provides a viewing point over the southern part of inner-city Berlin. [[Treptower Park]], beside the Spree in [[Treptow]], features a large [[Soviet War Memorial (Treptower Park)|Soviet War Memorial]]. The Volkspark in [[Friedrichshain]], which opened in 1848, is the oldest park in the city, with monuments, a summer outdoor cinema and several sports areas.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Paul Sullivan|title=Volkspark Friedrichshain|url=http://www.slowtravelberlin.com/volkspark-friedrichshain/|website=Slow Travel Berlin|publisher=Slow Travel Berlin|accessdate=30 August 2014|date=30 July 2010}}</ref> [[Potsdam]] is situated on the southwestern periphery of Berlin. The city was a residence of the [[Prussia]]n kings and the [[German Emperor|German Kaiser]], until 1918. The area around Potsdam in particular [[Sanssouci]] is known for a series of interconnected lakes and cultural landmarks. The [[Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin]] are the largest [[World Heritage Site]] in Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/532 |title=Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=3 January 2016}}</ref> Berlin is also well known for its numerous cafés, street musicians, beach bars along the Spree River, flea markets, boutique shops and [[pop up store]]s, which are a source for recreation and leisure.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lee |first=Denny |url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/12/10/travel/10hours.html |title=36 Hours in Berlin |location=Berlin (Germany) |publisher=Travel.nytimes.com |date=10 December 2006 |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> {{Clear}} ===Sports=== {{Main article|Sport in Berlin|Football in Berlin}} [[File:Berliner Olympiastadion night 2.jpg|thumb|The [[Olympic Stadium (Berlin)|Olympiastadion]] hosted the [[1936 Summer Olympics]] and the [[2006 FIFA World Cup Final]] ]] [[File:Berlin marathon.jpg|thumb|The [[Berlin Marathon]] is the current world record course.]] Berlin has established a high-profile as a host city of major international sporting events.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/04/01/2204562.htm?section=sport|title=Melbourne retains ultimate sports city title|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|date=1 April 2008|accessdate=1 July 2008}}</ref> The city hosted the [[1936 Summer Olympics]] and was the host city for the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]] final.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/overview.html |title=Italy conquer the world as Germany wins friends |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821050509/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/overview.html |archivedate=21 August 2008 }}</ref> The [[IAAF World Championships in Athletics]] was held in the [[Olympiastadion]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlin2009.org/ |title=12. IAAF Leichtathletik WM berlin 2009 |publisher=Berlin2009.org |accessdate=10 February 2013}}</ref> The city hosted the Basketball [[Euroleague Final Four]] in [[2009 Euroleague Final Four|2009]] and [[2016 Euroleague Final Four|2016]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euroleague.net/news/i/5y55csanso845gfb|title=Euroleague Final Four returns to Berlin in 2016|publisher =Euroleague|date=11 May 2015}}</ref> and was one of the hosts of the FIBA [[EuroBasket 2015]]. In 2015 Berlin became the venue for the [[2015 UEFA Champions League Final|UEFA Champions League Final]]. The annual [[Berlin Marathon]]{{snd}} a course that holds the most top-10 world record runs{{snd}} and the [[Internationales Stadionfest|ISTAF]] are well-established athletic events in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scc-events.com/en/events/halbmarathon/ |title=Berlin Marathon |publisher=Scc-events.com |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> The [[Mellowpark]] in Köpenick is one of the biggest skate and BMX parks in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbancatalyst-studio.de/en/projects/project-site/mellowpark-berlin.html |title=MELLOWPARK CAMPUS |publisher=urbancatalyst-studio.de |accessdate=29 August 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904031925/http://www.urbancatalyst-studio.de/en/projects/project-site/mellowpark-berlin.html |archivedate=4 September 2014 }}</ref> A Fan Fest at Brandenburg Gate, which attracts several hundred-thousand spectators, has become popular during international football competitions, like the [[UEFA European Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.bettor.com/The-best-sports-stadiums-in-the-world-a21645 |title=500,000 spectators to watch the game together |publisher=Blogs.bettor.com |accessdate=7 April 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322085540/http://blogs.bettor.com/The-best-sports-stadiums-in-the-world-a21645 |archivedate=22 March 2012 }}</ref> In 2013 around 600,000 Berliners were registered in one of the more than 2,300 sport and fitness clubs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lsb-berlin.net/wir-ueber-uns/der-lsb-berlin/ |title=Der Landessportbund Berlin – Mitglieder |publisher=LSB |accessdate=3 September 2014}}</ref> The city of Berlin operates more than 60 public indoor and outdoor swimming pools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newinthecity.de/en/sports-leisure-berlin/2976-berlin-swimming-pools-and-bathing-spots.html |title=Berlin’s swimming pools and bathing spots |publisher=New in the City |accessdate=12 February 2016}}</ref> Berlin is the largest Olympic training centre in Germany. About 500 top athletes (15% of all German top athletes) are based there. Forty-seven elite athletes participated in the 2012 Summer Olympics. Berliners would achieve seven gold, twelve silver and three bronze medals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berlin-sportmetropole.de/english/olympiastuetzpunkt/index.html |title=Sports Metropolis |publisher=Be Berlin |accessdate=12 February 2016}}</ref> Several professional clubs representing the most important spectator team sports in Germany have their base in Berlin: {|class="wikitable" |- ! style="background:gold; color:navy;"|Club ! style="background:gold; color:navy;"|Sport ! style="background:gold; color:navy;"|Founded ! style="background:gold; color:navy;"|League ! style="background:gold; color:navy;"|Venue |- |[[Hertha BSC]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.herthabsc.de/ |title=Hertha BSC |publisher=Herthabsc.de |date=27 December 2011 |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> |[[Association football|Football]] |1892 |[[Bundesliga]] |[[Olympic Stadium (Berlin)|Olympiastadion]] |- |[[1. FC Union Berlin]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fc-union-berlin.de/ |title=Union Berlin |publisher=Fc-union-berlin.de |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> |[[Association football|Football]] |1966 |[[2. Fußball-Bundesliga|2. Bundesliga]] |[[Stadion An der Alten Försterei]] |- |[[ALBA Berlin]]<ref>{{cite web|author=SPORTWERK 2012 |url=http://www.albaberlin.de/ |title=ALBA Berlin |publisher=Albaberlin.de |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> |[[Basketball]] |1991 |[[Basketball Bundesliga|BBL]] |[[Mercedes-Benz Arena (Berlin)|Mercedes-Benz Arena]] |- |[[Eisbären Berlin]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eisbaeren.de |title=Eisbären Berlin |publisher=Eisbaeren.de |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> |[[Ice hockey]] |1954 |[[Deutsche Eishockey Liga|DEL]] |[[Mercedes-Benz Arena (Berlin)|Mercedes-Benz Arena]] |- |[[Füchse Berlin Reinickendorf HBC|Füchse Berlin]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fuechse-berlin.de/ |title=Füchse Berlin |publisher=Fuechse-berlin.de |accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> |[[Team handball|Handball]] |1891 |[[Bundesliga (handball)|HBL]] |[[Max-Schmeling-Halle]] |} ==See also== {{Portal|Berlin|Germany|European Union}} {| | style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;"| * List of quotes featuring Berlin * [[List of fiction set in Berlin]] * [[List of songs about Berlin]] * [[List of people from Berlin]] * [[List of honorary citizens of Berlin]] * [[:Category:Video games set in Berlin|List of video games set in Berlin]] * [[List of films set in Berlin]] | style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;"| |} ==Notes== {{reflist|30em}} ==References== * {{cite book|last=Chandler|first=Tertius|title=Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census|publisher=Edwin Mellen Pr|year=1987|isbn=0-88946-207-0}} * {{cite book|last=Gill|first=Anton|title=A Dance Between Flames: Berlin Between the Wars|publisher=John Murray|year=1993|isbn=0-7195-4986-8}} * {{cite book|last=Gross|first=Leonard|title=The Last Jews in Berlin|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|year=1999|isbn=0-7867-0687-2}} * {{cite book|last=Large|first=David Clay|title=Berlin|publisher=Basic Books|year=2001|isbn=0-465-02632-X}} * {{cite book|last=Read|first=Anthony|author2=David Fisher|title=Berlin Rising: Biography of a City|publisher=W.W. Norton|year=1994|isbn=0-393-03606-5}} * {{cite book|last=Ribbe|first=Wolfgang|title=Geschichte Berlins|publisher=Bwv – Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag|year=2002|isbn=3-8305-0166-8}} * {{cite book|last=Roth|first=Joseph|title=What I Saw: Reports from Berlin 1920–33|publisher=Granta Books|year=2004|isbn=1-86207-636-7}} * {{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Frederick|title=The Berlin Wall: 13 August 1961 – 9 November 1989|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |year=2007|isbn=0-06-078614-0}} * {{cite book|last=Maclean|first=Rory|title=Berlin: Imagine a City|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2014|isbn=978-0-297-84803-5}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|voy=Berlin|Berlin}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Berlin}} * [http://www.berlin.de/en/ Berlin.de] – Official website * {{Osmrelation-inline|62422}} <!--TEMPLATES--> {{Navboxes |list= {{Berlin}} {{Boroughs of Berlin}} {{Cities in Germany}} {{States of the Federal Republic of Germany}} {{Capitals of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany}} {{Capital cities of the European Union}} {{List of European capitals by region}} {{European Capital of Culture}} {{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities|nocat=yes}} {{IAAF World Championships in Athletics Host cities}} {{Hanseatic League}} }} <!--FA/GA LINKS--> {{Authority control}} <!--CATEGORIES--> [[Category:Berlin| ]]<!--Leave the empty space as standard for catmain--> [[Category:German state capitals]] [[Category:Capitals in Europe]] [[Category:City-states]] [[Category:Members of the Hanseatic League]] [[Category:Populated places established in the 13th century]] [[Category:1237 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire]] [[Category:University towns in Germany]] eeku9zy5p4xkoibic7turwk02l67i6k 0 4 9 2017-06-15T12:26:28Z 10.0.2.2 Created page with "." wikitext text/x-wiki . 6t9fg2gmch401ldtk8m7pyzz632ixbb 18 9 2017-06-23T06:55:59Z Joker123192 0 Dividing parts of lede covering second term and post-presidency. wikitext text/x-wiki {{other uses|Barack (disambiguation)|Obama (disambiguation)}} <!--See [[WP:EDN]]--> {{Pp-move-indef}} {{Pp-semi|small=yes}} {{Active editnotice}} {{Use American English|date=December 2014}} {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2017}} {{Infobox president |name = Barack Obama |image = President Barack Obama.jpg |alt = Obama standing with his arms folded and smiling |office = 44th [[President of the United States]] |vicepresident = [[Joe Biden]] |term_start = January 20, 2009 |term_end = January 20, 2017 |predecessor = [[George W. Bush]] |successor = [[Donald Trump]] |jr/sr1 = United States Senator |state1 = [[Illinois]] |term_start1 = January 3, 2005 |term_end1 = November 16, 2008 |predecessor1 = [[Peter Fitzgerald (politician)|Peter Fitzgerald]] |successor1 = [[Roland Burris]] |state_senate2 = Illinois |district2 = 13th |predecessor2 = [[Alice Palmer (politician)|Alice Palmer]] |term_start2 = January 8, 1997 |term_end2 = November 4, 2004 |successor2 = [[Kwame Raoul]] |birth_name = Barack Hussein Obama II |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|8|4}} |birth_place = [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], U.S. |death_date = |death_place = |party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] |spouse = {{Marriage|[[Michelle Obama|Michelle Robinson]]|October 3, 1992}} |children = {{hlist|Malia|Natasha (Sasha)}} |parents = {{ubl|[[Barack Obama Sr.]]|[[Ann Dunham]]}} |relatives = ''See [[Family of Barack Obama]]'' |education = {{ubl|[[Occidental College]] {{small|(transferred)}}|[[Columbia University]] {{small|(BA)}}|[[Harvard University]] {{small|(JD)}}}} <!-- RELIGION REMOVED PER PROJECT-WIDE CONSENSUS AT THE VILLAGE PUMP. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(policy)/Archive_126#RfC:_Religion_in_biographical_infoboxes --> |website = {{ubl|{{url|barackobama.com|The Office of Barack and Michelle Obama}}|{{url|obama.org|Obama Foundation}}|{{url|ofa.us|Organizing For Action}}|{{url|https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov|The White House}} {{small|(Archived)}}}} |awards = [[Nobel Peace Prize]] ([[2009 Nobel Peace Prize|2009]])<br>[[Profile in Courage Award]] (2017) |signature = Barack Obama signature.svg }} {{Barack Obama sidebar}} {{New Democrats |expanded=People}} <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE OBAMA'S NAME. -->'''Barack Hussein Obama II''' ({{IPAc-en|US|audio=En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg|b|ə|ˈ|r|ɑː|k|_|h|uː|ˈ|s|eɪ|n|_|oʊ|ˈ|b|ɑː|m|ə}} {{respell|bə|RAHK|'}} {{respell|hoo|SAYN|'}} {{respell|oh|BAH|mə}};<ref name="Merriam-Webster Dictionary"> *{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|Barak}} *{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|Hussein}} *{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|Obama}}</ref><ref name="Dictionary.com"> *{{Dictionary.com|Barak}} *{{Dictionary.com|Hussein}} *{{Dictionary.com|Obama}}</ref> born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the [[List of Presidents of the United States|44th President of the United States]] from 2009 to 2017. He is the first [[African American]] to have served as president. He previously served in the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] representing [[Illinois]] from 2005 to 2008, and in the [[Illinois State Senate]] from 1997 to 2004.<!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE FROM "AFRICAN AMERICAN", per consensus. See discussions and FAQ (Q2) on the talk page. --> Obama was born in [[Honolulu|Honolulu, Hawaii]], two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state. Raised largely in [[Hawaii]], Obama also spent one year of his childhood in [[Washington (state)|Washington State]] and four years in [[Indonesia]]. After graduating from [[Columbia University]] in 1983, he worked as a [[Community organizing|community organizer]] in [[Chicago]]. In 1988 Obama enrolled in [[Harvard Law School]], where he was the first black president of the ''[[Harvard Law Review]]''. After graduation, he became a [[Civil and political rights|civil rights]] attorney and professor, teaching [[constitutional law]] at the [[University of Chicago Law School]] from 1992 to 2004. Obama [[Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama|represented the 13th District for three terms]] in the [[Illinois Senate]] from 1997 to 2004, when he [[United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004|ran for the U.S. Senate]]. Obama received national attention in 2004, with [[United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004#Results|his unexpected March primary win]], his well-received July [[2004 Democratic National Convention|Democratic National Convention]] [[2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address|keynote address]], and his landslide November election to the Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after [[Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2008|his campaign began]], and after [[Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2008|a close primary campaign]] against [[Hillary Clinton]]. He was [[United States presidential election, 2008|elected]] over [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[John McCain]], and was [[First inauguration of Barack Obama|inaugurated]] on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the [[2009 Nobel Peace Prize]] laureate.<!--See [[WP:EGG]] before attempting to hide this link!--> During his first two years in office, Obama signed many landmark bills. Main reforms were the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] (often referred to as "Obamacare"), the [[Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act]], and the [[Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010]]. The [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]] and [[Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010]] served as [[Stimulus (economics)|economic stimulus]] amidst the [[Great Recession]], but the [[United States House of Representatives elections, 2010|GOP regained control of the House of Representatives]] in 2011. After a lengthy debate over the national [[United States debt ceiling|debt limit]], Obama signed the [[Budget Control Act of 2011|Budget Control]] and the [[American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012|American Taxpayer Relief Acts]]. In foreign policy, Obama increased U.S. troop levels in [[War in Afghanistan (2001–14)|Afghanistan]], reduced nuclear weapons with the U.S.-[[Russia]]n [[New START]] treaty, and [[Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq|ended military involvement]] in the [[Iraq War]]. He ordered [[2011 military intervention in Libya|military involvement in Libya]] in opposition to [[Muammar Gaddafi]], and the military operation that resulted in the [[death of Osama bin Laden]]. After winning [[United States presidential election, 2012|re-election]] by defeating Republican nominee [[Mitt Romney]], Obama was [[Second inauguration of Barack Obama|sworn in for a second term]] in 2013. During his second term, Obama promoted greater inclusiveness for [[LGBT American]]s, with his administration filing briefs that urged the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] to strike down [[Same-sex marriage in the United States|same-sex marriage]] bans as unconstitutional (''[[United States v. Windsor]]'' and ''[[Obergefell v. Hodges]]''). Obama also advocated [[Gun politics in the United States|gun control]] in response to the [[Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting]], and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning [[climate change]] and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered [[American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)|military intervention in Iraq]] in response to [[Iraqi insurgency (2011–13)|gains made]] by [[ISIL]] after the [[Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq|2011 withdrawal from Iraq]], continued the process of [[Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan|ending U.S. combat operations in Afghanistan]], promoted discussions that led to the 2015 [[Paris Agreement]] on global climate change, initiated the [[International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis|sanctions against Russia]] following the [[Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)|invasion in Ukraine]], brokered a [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|nuclear deal with Iran]], and [[United States–Cuban Thaw|normalized U.S. relations with Cuba]]. Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2017/01/18/Obama-leaving-office-at-60-approval-rating/4481484744398/|title=Obama leaving office at 60% approval rating|work=UPI|access-date=2017-02-26|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/18/politics/obama-approval-rating-cnn-orc-poll/index.html|title=Obama approval hits 60% as end of term approaches|last=Director|first=Jennifer Agiesta, CNN Polling|website=CNN|access-date=2017-02-26}}</ref> He currently resides in [[Washington, D.C.]] His [[Barack Obama Presidential Center|presidential library]] will be built in Chicago. {{TOC limit|3}} ==Early life and career== {{Main article|Early life and career of Barack Obama}} Obama was born on August 4, 1961,<ref name="biography">{{cite web |year = 2008 |title = President Barack Obama |publisher = The White House |url = http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama |accessdate = December 12, 2008 |deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026043047/http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama |archivedate=26 October 2009 }}</ref> at [[Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children|Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital]] in [[Honolulu|Honolulu, Hawaii]].<ref name="birth-certificate" /><ref name="maraniss">{{cite news |author = Maraniss, David |date = August 24, 2008 |title = Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible |newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] |page = A22 |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620.html |accessdate = October 28, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author = Nakaso, Dan |date = December 22, 2008 |title = Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years |newspaper = [[The Honolulu Advertiser]] |page = B1 |url = http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/22/ln/hawaii812220320.html |accessdate = January 22, 2011 }}</ref> He is the first President to have been born in Hawaii,<ref>{{cite web |author = Rudin, Ken |date = December 23, 2009 |title = Today's Junkie segment on TOTN: a political review Of 2009 |work = Talk of the Nation (Political Junkie blog) |publisher = NPR |url = http://www.npr.org/blogs/politicaljunkie/2009/12/todays_junkie_segment_on_totn_5.html |accessdate = April 18, 2010 |quote = We began with the historic inauguration on January 20 – yes, the first president ever born in Hawaii }}</ref> making him the first President born outside of the [[contiguous United States|contiguous "lower 48" states]].<ref name="BarretoO’Bryant2013">{{cite book|last1=Barreto|first1=Amílcar Antonio|last2=O’Bryant|first2=Richard L.|title=American Identity in the Age of Obama|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5VQVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT18|accessdate=8 May 2017|date=2013-11-12|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781317937159|pages=18–19|chapter=Introduction}}</ref> He was born to a [[White people|white]] mother and a [[Black people|black]] father. His mother, [[Ann Dunham]] (1942–1995), was born in [[Wichita, Kansas]], of mostly [[English people|English]] descent,<ref>Obama (1995, 2004), p. 12.</ref> with some [[Germans|German]], [[Irish people|Irish]], [[Scottish people|Scottish]], [[Swiss people|Swiss]], and [[Welsh people|Welsh]] ancestry.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Smolenyak, Megan Smolenyak |date=November–December 2008 |title=The quest for Obama's Irish roots |journal=Ancestry |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=46–47, 49 |issn=1075-475X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ITgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA46 |accessdate=December 20, 2011 }} * {{cite news|author=Smolenyak, Megan |date=May 9, 2011 |title=Tracing Barack Obama's Roots to Moneygall |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/megan-smolenyak-smolenyak/tracing-barack-obamas-roo_b_859151.html |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |accessdate=May 19, 2011 }} * {{cite news|author=Rising, David |author2=Noelting, Christoph |agency=Associated Press |date=June 4, 2009 |title=Researchers: Obama has German roots |publisher=USAToday.com |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2009-06-04-obama-roots_N.htm |accessdate=May 13, 2010 }} * {{cite news|last=Hutton |first=Brian |agency=Press Association of Ireland |last2=Nickerson |first2=Matthew |date=May 3, 2007 |title=For sure, Obama's South Side Irish; One of his roots traces back to small village |newspaper=Chicago Sun-Times |page=3 |format=paid archive |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(For%20sure)%20(%20Obama's%20South%20Side%20Irish)%20AND%20date(all)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(For%20sure)%20(%20Obama's%20South%20Side%20Irish)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no |accessdate=November 24, 2008 }} * {{cite news|author=Jordon, Mary |date=May 13, 2007 |title=Tiny Irish village is latest place to claim Obama as its own |newspaper=The Washington Post |page=A14 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201551.html |accessdate=May 13, 2007 }} * {{cite news|author=David Williamson |date=July 5, 2008 |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/welsh-politics/welsh-politics-news/2008/07/05/genealogists-discover-a-red-dragon-breathing-fire-in-us-presidential-candidate-s-past-91466-21266440/ |title=Wales link in US presidential candidate's past |newspaper=www.walesonline.co.uk |accessdate=April 30, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521140204/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/welsh-politics/welsh-politics-news/2008/07/05/genealogists-discover-a-red-dragon-breathing-fire-in-us-presidential-candidate-s-past-91466-21266440/ |archivedate=May 21, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> His father, [[Barack Obama Sr.]] (1936–1982), was a married [[Luo people of Kenya and Tanzania|Luo Kenyan]] man from [[Nyang'oma Kogelo]]. Obama's parents met in 1960 in a [[Russian language]] class at the [[University of Hawaii at Manoa]], where his father was a [[foreign student]] on scholarship.<ref name="Jones 2007">{{cite news |author = Jones, Tim |date = March 27, 2007 |title = Barack Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator |newspaper = [[Chicago Tribune]] |page = 1 (Tempo) |url = http://gbppr.dyndns.org/~gbpprorg/obama/barack.mother.txt}}</ref><ref name="Obama 1995, 2004, pp. 9–10">Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9–10. * Scott (2011), pp. 80–86. * Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118. * Maraniss (2012), pp. 154–160.</ref> The couple married in [[Wailuku, Hawaii]] on February 2, 1961, six months before Obama was born.<ref name="Ripley 2008">{{cite news |author = Ripley, Amanda |date = April 9, 2008 |title = The story of Barack Obama's mother |work = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url = http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1729685,00.html |accessdate = April 9, 2007 }}</ref><ref>Scott (2011), p. 86. * Jacobs (2011), pp. 125–127. * Maraniss (2012), pp. 160–163.</ref> In late August 1961, Obama's mother moved with him to the [[University of Washington]] in [[Seattle]] for a year. During that time, Obama Sr. completed his undergraduate degree in economics in Hawaii in June 1962, then left to attend graduate school on a scholarship at [[Harvard University]], where he earned an M.A. in economics. Obama's parents divorced in March 1964.<ref>Scott (2011), pp. 87–93. * Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118, 125–127, 133–161. * Maraniss (2012), pp. 170–183, 188–189.</ref> Obama Sr. returned to Kenya in 1964, where he married for a third time. He visited his son in Hawaii only once, in 1971,<ref>Scott (2011), pp. 142–144. * Jacobs (2011), pp. 161–177, 227–230. * Maraniss (2012), pp. 190–194, 201–209, 227–230.</ref> before he was killed in an automobile accident in 1982, when Obama was 21 years old.<ref>{{cite news |author = Ochieng, Philip |date = November 1, 2004 |title = From home squared to the US Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found |newspaper = [[The EastAfrican]] |location = Nairobi |url = http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html |archivedate = September 27, 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223905/http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html }} * {{cite news |author = Merida, Kevin |date = December 14, 2007 |title = The ghost of a father |newspaper = The Washington Post |page = A12 |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2007/12/13/ST2007121301893.html |accessdate = June 25, 2008 }} * Jacobs (2011), pp. 251–255. * Maraniss (2012), pp. 411–417.</ref> Of his early childhood, Obama recalled, "That my father looked nothing like the people around me – that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk – barely registered in my mind."<ref name="Obama 1995, 2004, pp. 9–10" /> He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.<ref>{{cite news |author = Serrano, Richard A. |date = March 11, 2007 |title = Obama's peers didn't see his angst |newspaper = Los Angeles Times |page = A20 |url = http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-obamahawaii11-2007mar11,0,199085,full.story |accessdate = March 13, 2007 }} * Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 4 and 5.</ref> In 1963, Dunham met [[Lolo Soetoro]], an [[Native Indonesian|Indonesian]] [[East–West Center]] [[graduate student]] in geography at the [[University of Hawaii]], and the couple were married on [[Molokai]] on March 15, 1965.<ref>Scott (2011), pp. 97–103. * Maraniss (2012), pp. 195–201, 225–230.</ref> After two one-year extensions of his [[J-1 visa]], Lolo returned to [[Indonesia]] in 1966, followed sixteen months later by his wife and stepson in 1967, with the family initially living in a Menteng Dalam neighborhood in the [[Tebet, South Jakarta|Tebet]] subdistrict of [[south Jakarta]], then from 1970 in a wealthier neighborhood in the [[Menteng]] subdistrict of [[central Jakarta]].<ref>Maraniss (2012), pp. 195–201, 209–223, 230–244.</ref> ===Education=== From ages six to ten, Obama attended local [[Indonesian Language|Indonesian-language]] schools: ''Santo Fransiskus Asisi'' (St. Francis of Assisi) [[Catholic School]] for two years and [[Besuki Public School]] for one and a half years, supplemented by English-language [[Calvert School]] homeschooling by his mother.<ref>Maraniss (2012), pp. 216, 221, 230, 234–244.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.calverteducation.com/calvert/barack-obama-calvert-homeschooler |title = Barack Obama: Calvert Homeschooler? – Calvert Education Blog |publisher = calverteducation.com |accessdate = November 25, 2015 }}</ref> During his time in Indonesia, Obama's step-father taught him to be resilient and gave him "a pretty hardheaded assessment of how the world works".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/what-barack-obama-learned-his-father-88011 |title=What Barack Obama Learned from His Father |last=Meacham |first=Jon |date=August 22, 2008 |work= |newspaper=Newsweek |archive-url=http://www.webcitation.org/6nNaxJYJG?url=http://www.newsweek.com/what-barack-obama-learned-his-father-88011?rx=us |archive-date=January 9, 2017 |dead-url=no |access-date=January 9, 2017 |via= |df= }}</ref> Obama returned to Honolulu in 1971 to live with his maternal grandparents, [[Madelyn Dunham|Madelyn]] and [[Stanley Armour Dunham|Stanley Dunham]]. He attended [[Punahou School]]— a private [[University-preparatory school|college preparatory school]]— with the aid of a scholarship from fifth grade until his graduation from high school in 1979.<ref>{{cite news |author = Serafin, Peter |date = March 21, 2004 |title = Punahou grad stirs up Illinois politics |newspaper = [[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]] |url = http://archives.starbulletin.com/2004/03/21/news/story4.html |accessdate = March 20, 2008 }} * {{cite news |author = Scott, Janny |date = March 14, 2008 |title = A free-spirited wanderer who set Obama's path |work = The New York Times |page = A1 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/14/us/politics/14obama.html?pagewanted=all |accessdate = November 18, 2011 }} * Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 3 and 4. * Scott (2012), pp. 131–134. * Maraniss (2012), pp. 264–269.</ref> In his youth, Obama went by the nickname "Barry".<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.newsweek.com/when-barry-became-barack-84255 |title = When Barry Became Barack |last = Wolffe |first = Richard |date = March 22, 2008 |accessdate = March 21, 2016 |work = [[Newsweek]] }}</ref> Obama lived with his mother and sister in Hawaii for three years from 1972 to 1975 while his mother was a graduate student in [[anthropology]] at the University of Hawaii.<ref>Scott (2011), pp. 139–157. * Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–281.</ref> Obama chose to stay in Hawaii with his grandparents for high school at Punahou when his mother and sister returned to Indonesia in 1975 so his mother could begin anthropology field work.<ref>Scott (2011), pp. 157–194. * Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–281, 324–326.</ref> His mother spent most of the next two decades in Indonesia, divorcing Lolo in 1980 and earning a PhD degree in 1992, before dying in 1995 in Hawaii following unsuccessful treatment for [[ovarian cancer]] and [[uterine cancer]].<ref>Scott (2011), pp. 214, 294, 317–346.</ref> Reflecting later on his years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered – to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect – became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear."<ref>{{cite news |author = Reyes, B.J. |date = February 8, 2007 |title = Punahou left lasting impression on Obama |newspaper = Honolulu Star-Bulletin |url = http://archives.starbulletin.com/2007/02/08/news/story02.html |accessdate = February 10, 2007 |quote = As a teenager, Obama went to parties and sometimes sought out gatherings on military bases or at the University of Hawaii that were mostly attended by blacks. }}</ref> Obama has also written and talked about using alcohol, [[marijuana]], and [[cocaine]] during his teenage years to "push questions of who I was out of my mind".<ref>{{cite news|author=Elliott, Philip |agency=Associated Press |date=November 21, 2007 |title=Obama gets blunt with N.H. students |newspaper=The Boston Globe |page=8A |url=http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail |accessdate=May 18, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407214401/http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail |archivedate=April 7, 2012 |df= }}</ref> Obama was also a member of the "choom gang", a self-named group of friends that spent time together and occasionally smoked marijuana.<ref>{{cite news |author = Karl, Jonathan |publisher = ABC News |date = May 25, 2012 |title = Obama and his pot-smoking "choom gang" |url = http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/05/obama-and-his-pot-smoking-choom-gang/ |accessdate = May 25, 2012 }} * {{cite book |first = Barack |last = Obama |year = 2004 |orig-year = 1995 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HRCHJp-V0QUC&pg=PA93 |title = Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance |pages = 93–94 |accessdate = June 3, 2016 }} * {{cite book |first = David |last = Maraniss |year = 2012 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&&q=choom |title = Barack Obama: The Story |at = pages with "choom gang" |accessdate = June 3, 2016 }} * for analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled"), see: * {{cite news |author = Seelye, Katharine Q. |date = October 24, 2006 |title = Obama offers more variations from the norm |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A21 |url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E2DB173FF937A15753C1A9609C8B63 |accessdate = October 29, 2006 }} * {{cite news |author = Romano, Lois |date = January 3, 2007 |title = Effect of Obama's candor remains to be seen |newspaper = The Washington Post |page = A1 |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/02/AR2007010201359.html |accessdate = January 14, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://video.pbs.org/video/2288869682/ |title = FRONTLINE The Choice 2012 |publisher = PBS |date = October 9, 2012 |accessdate = October 29, 2012 }}</ref> After graduating from high school in 1979, Obama moved to Los Angeles to attend [[Occidental College]]. In February 1981, Obama made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to participate in the [[disinvestment from South Africa]] in response to that nation's policy of [[apartheid]].<ref name="Occidental" /> In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and half-sister Maya, and visited the families of college friends in Pakistan and India for three weeks.<ref name="Occidental" /> Later in 1981, he transferred as a junior to [[Columbia College, Columbia University|Columbia University]] in New York City, where he majored in [[political science]] with a specialty in [[international relations]]<ref>{{cite news |author = Boss-Bicak, Shira |date = January 2005 |title = Barack Obama '83 |magazine = Columbia College Today |issn = 0572-7820 |url = http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/jan05/cover.php |accessdate = October 1, 2006 }}</ref> and in English literature<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/06/26/remarks-president-town-hall|title=Remarks by the President in Town Hall|date=June 26, 2014|newspaper=whitehouse.gov|access-date=October 15, 2016}}</ref> and lived off-campus on West 109th Street.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://nymag.com/arts/all/approvalmatrix/approval-matrix-2012-8-27/ |title = The Approval Matrix |date = August 27, 2012 |work = New York }}</ref> He graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] degree in 1983 and worked for a year at the [[Business International Corporation]],{{clarify|date=May 2017}}<ref>{{cite web |author = Obama, Barack |year = 1998 |title = Curriculum vitae |publisher = The University of Chicago Law School |url = http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/obama/cv.html |archivedate = May 9, 2001 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20010509024017/http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/obama/cv.html |accessdate = October 1, 2006 }} * {{cite news |author = Issenberg, Sasha |date = August 6, 2008 |title = Obama shows hints of his year in global finance; Tied markets to social aid |newspaper = The Boston Globe |page = 1A |url = http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/08/06/obama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance/?page=1 |accessdate = August 6, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080809070043/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/08/06/obama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance/?page=1 |archivedate = August 9, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref> then at the [[New York Public Interest Research Group]].<ref>{{cite news |author = Scott, Janny |date = July 30, 2007 |title = Obama's account of New York often differs from what others say |newspaper = The New York Times |page = B1 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/us/politics/30obama.html?pagewanted=all |accessdate = July 31, 2007 }} * Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 133–140. * Mendell (2007), pp. 62–63.</ref><ref name="Who's Who 2008">{{cite book |editor = Chassie, Karen |year = 2007 |title = Who's Who in America, 2008 |page = 3468 |place = New Providence, NJ |publisher = Marquis Who's Who |isbn = 978-0-8379-7011-0 }}</ref> In 1985, Obama was among the leaders of May Day efforts to bring attention to the [[New York City Subway]] system, which was in a bad condition at the time. Obama traveled to several subway stations to get people to sign letters addressed to local officials and the [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]], and was photographed at the [[137th Street&nbsp;– City College (IRT Broadway&nbsp;– Seventh Avenue Line)|City College subway station]] holding a sign protesting against the system's condition.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.newsday.com/news/new-york/obama-stood-out-even-during-brief-1985-nypirg-job-1.885513 |title = Obama stood out, even during brief 1985 NYPIRG job |date = November 9, 2008 |newspaper = Newsday |first = Jason |last = Fink }}</ref> ===Family and personal life=== {{Main article|Family of Barack Obama}} <!--Per [[Wikipedia:Image#Location]] "Do not place images on the left at the start of any section or subsection"-->[[File:Obama family portrait in the Green Room.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Obama posing in the [[Green Room (White House)|Green Room]] of the White House with wife Michelle and daughters Sasha and Malia in 2009]] In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity of [[family of Barack Obama|his extended family]]: "It's like a little mini-United Nations", he said. "I've got relatives who look like [[Bernie Mac]], and I've got relatives who look like [[Margaret Thatcher]]."<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.oprah.com/slideshow/oprahshow/oprahshow1_ss_20061018/10 |title = Keeping Hope Alive: Barack Obama Puts Family First |date = October 18, 2006|work = The Oprah Winfrey Show |accessdate = June 24, 2008}}</ref> Obama has a half-sister with whom he was raised ([[Maya Soetoro-Ng]], the daughter of his mother and her Indonesian second husband) and seven half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family—six of them living.<ref>{{cite news|first=Scott |last=Fornek |title=Half Siblings: 'A Complicated Family' |date=September 9, 2007 |url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545462,BSX-News-wotrees09.stng |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5msGZ6sKn?url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545462%2CBSX-News-wotrees09.stng |archivedate=January 18, 2010 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |accessdate=June 24, 2008 |deadurl=no |df=mdy }} See also:{{cite news|url=http://www.suntimes.com/images/cds/special/family_tree.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703042659/http://www.suntimes.com/images/cds/special/family_tree.html |archivedate=July 3, 2008 |title=Interactive Family Tree |date=September 9, 2007 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |accessdate=June 24, 2008 }}</ref> Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham,<ref>{{cite news|first=Scott |last=Fornek |title=Madelyn Payne Dunham: 'A Trailblazer' |date=September 9, 2007 |url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545449,BSX-News-wotreeee09.stng |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5gm7oJqn9?url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545449%2CBSX-News-wotreeee09.article |archivedate=May 14, 2009 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |accessdate=June 24, 2008 |deadurl=no |df=mdy }}</ref> until her death on November 2, 2008,<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/03/obama.grandma/index.html |title = Obama's grandmother dies after battle with cancer |publisher = CNN |accessdate = November 4, 2008 |date = November 3, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081103235343/http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/03/obama.grandma/index.html |archivedate = November 3, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref> two days before his election to the Presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins in [[Moneygall]] in May 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/megan-smolenyak-smolenyak/tracing-barack-obamas-roo_b_859151.html |title = Tracing Barack Obama's Roots to Moneygall |date = May 9, 2011 |work = The Huffington Post |first = Megan |last = Smolenyak }}</ref> In ''Dreams from My Father'', Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives of [[Jefferson Davis]], [[President of the Confederate States of America]] during the [[American Civil War]].<ref>Obama (1995, 2004), p. 13. For reports on Obama's maternal genealogy, including slave owners, Irish connections, and common ancestors with George W. Bush, [[Dick Cheney]], and [[Harry S. Truman]], see: {{cite news|first=David |last=Nitkin |author2=Harry Merritt |title=A New Twist to an Intriguing Family History |date=March 2, 2007 |url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/politics/bal-te.obama02mar02,0,3453027.story |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033339/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/politics/bal-te.obama02mar02%2C0%2C3453027.story |archivedate=September 30, 2007 |work=The Baltimore Sun |accessdate=June 24, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite news|first=Mary |last=Jordan |title=Tiny Irish Village Is Latest Place to Claim Obama as Its Own |date=May 13, 2007 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201551.html |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=June 24, 2008 }}{{cite news|title=Obama's Family Tree Has a Few Surprises |date=September 8, 2007 |publisher=CBS 2 (Chicago) |url=http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/Barack.Obama.family.2.339709.html |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=June 24, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602215833/http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/Barack.Obama.family.2.339709.html |archivedate=June 2, 2008 }}</ref> [[File:BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg|thumb|Obama with [[Jonathan Toews]] and the [[Stanley Cup]] champion [[Chicago Blackhawks]] in 2010]] Besides his native English, Obama speaks some basic [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], having learned the language during his four childhood years in [[Jakarta]].<ref name="in Jakarta" /><ref name="in Jakarta2">{{cite web |title = Obama's Indonesian pleasantries: the video |url = http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1052 |author = Zimmer, Benjamin |date = January 23, 2009 |accessdate = October 7, 2012 |work = Language Log |publisher = [[University of Pennsylvania]] }}</ref> He plays basketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team;<ref>{{cite news |first = Jodi |last = Kantor |title = One Place Where Obama Goes Elbow to Elbow |date = June 1, 2007 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/01/us/politics/01hoops.html |work = The New York Times |accessdate = April 28, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090401222632/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/01/us/politics/01hoops.html|archivedate=April 1, 2009 |deadurl = no }} See also: {{cite news |title = The Love of the Game |format = video |date = April 15, 2008 |work = Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel |publisher = HBO |url = http://www.hbo.com/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes#/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes/0/133-april-15-2008/index.html |accessdate = October 12, 2011 }}</ref> he is left-handed.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/us/politics/22obama.html |title = On First Day, Obama Quickly Sets a New Tone |last = Stolberg |first = Sheryl Gay |author2 = Kirkpatrick, David D. |author3 = Shane, Scott |date = January 22, 2009 |work = The New York Times |page = 1 |accessdate = September 7, 2012 }}</ref> [[File:Barack Obama playing basketball with members of Congress and Cabinet secretaries 2.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=Obama about to take a shot while three other players look at him. One of those players attempts to block Obama.|Obama taking a left-handed [[Jump shot (basketball)|jump shot]] during a pick-up game on the White House basketball court, 2009]] Obama is a supporter of the [[Chicago White Sox]], and he threw out the first pitch at the [[2005 American League Championship Series|2005 ALCS]] when he was still a senator.<ref>{{cite news |title = Barack Obama: White Sox 'serious' ball |date = August 25, 2008 |first = Mark |last = Silva |work = Chicago Tribune |url = http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2008/08/barack_obama_white_sox_serious.html |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080829134235/http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2008/08/barack_obama_white_sox_serious.html |archivedate = August 29, 2008 }}</ref> In 2009, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the [[2009 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star Game]] while wearing a White Sox jacket.<ref>{{cite web |title = Barack Obama Explains White Sox Jacket, Talks Nats in All-Star Booth Visit |date = July 14, 2009 |publisher = MLB Fanhouse |url = http://www.yardbarker.com/all_sports/articles/barack_obama_explains_white_sox_jacket_talks_nats_in_all_star_booth_visit/803700 |accessdate = December 6, 2009 }}</ref> He is also primarily a [[Chicago Bears]] football fan in the [[National Football League|NFL]], but in his childhood and adolescence was a [[Steeler Nation|fan of the Pittsburgh Steelers]], and rooted for them ahead of their victory in [[Super Bowl XLIII]] 12 days after he took office as President.<ref name="Steelers">{{cite news |last = Branigin |first = William |title = Steelers Win Obama's Approval |newspaper = The Washington Post |date = January 30, 2009 |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/29/AR2009012903196.html |quote = But other than the Bears, the Steelers are probably the team that's closest to my heart. }}</ref> In 2011, Obama invited the [[1985 Chicago Bears season|1985 Chicago Bears]] to the White House; the team had not visited the White House after their [[Super Bowl XX|Super Bowl win]] in 1986 due to the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster]].<ref>{{cite web |last = Mayer |first = Larry |url = http://www.chicagobears.com/news/article-1/85-Bears-honored-by-President-Obama-at-White-House/A3C494F7-6681-44BB-850A-61EEE18315E4 |title = 1985 Bears honored by President Obama |publisher = [[Chicago Bears]] |date = October 7, 2011 |accessdate = November 4, 2012 }}</ref> Obama lived with anthropologist [[Sheila Miyoshi Jager]] while he was a community organizer in Chicago in the 1980s.<ref name="theindependentbeforemichelle">{{cite news|last1=Hosie|first1=Rachel|title=BEFORE MICHELLE: THE STORY OF BARACK OBAMA'S PROPOSAL TO SHEILA MIYOSHI JAGER|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/before-michelle-barack-obama-sheila-miyoshi-jager-engagement-chicago-us-president-david-j-garrow-a7714771.html|accessdate=11 May 2017|work=The Independent|date=3 May 2017}}</ref> He proposed to her twice, but both Jager and her parents turned him down.<ref name="theindependentbeforemichelle"/><ref name="tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor">{{cite news|last1=Tobias|first1=Andrew J.|title=Oberlin College professor received unsuccessful marriage proposal from Barack Obama in 1980s, new biography reveals|url=http://www.cleveland.com/politics/index.ssf/2017/05/oberlin_college_professor_rece.html|accessdate=11 May 2017|work=The Plain Dealer|date=May 3, 2017}}</ref> The relationship was only made public in May 2017, several months after Obama's two-term presidency had ended.<ref name="tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor"/> [[File:DIG13623-230.jpg|thumb|Obama and his wife Michelle at the Civil Rights Summit at the [[LBJ Presidential Library]] in 2014]] In June 1989, Obama met [[Michelle Obama|Michelle Robinson]] when he was employed as a summer associate at the Chicago law firm of [[Sidley Austin]].<ref>Obama (2006), pp. 327–332. See also:{{cite news |first = Sarah |last = Brown |title = Obama '85 masters balancing act |work = The Daily Princetonian |url = http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2005/12/07/14049 |date = December 7, 2005 |accessdate = February 9, 2009 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090220165725/http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2005/12/07/14049/ |archivedate = February 20, 2009 }}</ref> Assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, Robinson joined him at several group social functions, but declined his initial requests to date.<ref>Obama (2006), p. 329.</ref> They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.<ref>{{cite news|author=Fornek, Scott |title=Michelle Obama: 'He Swept Me Off My Feet' |date=October 3, 2007 |url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/585261,CST-NWS-wedding03.stng |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5msGZDbMO?url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/585261%2CCST-NWS-wedding03.stng |archivedate=January 18, 2010 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |accessdate=April 28, 2008 |deadurl=no |df=mdy }}</ref> The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born on July 4, 1998,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0708/Born_on_the_4th_of_July.html |title = Born on the 4th of July |date = July 4, 2008 |accessdate = July 10, 2008 |work = Politico |author = Martin, Jonathan |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080710073536/http://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0708/Born_on_the_4th_of_July.html |archivedate = July 10, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref> followed by a second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), on June 10, 2001.<ref>Obama (1995, 2004), p. 440, and Obama (2006), pp. 339–340. See also:{{cite web |title = Election 2008 Information Center: Barack Obama |url = http://www.gannettnewsservice.com/?cat=153 |publisher = Gannett News Service |accessdate = April 28, 2008 }}</ref> The Obama daughters attended the [[University of Chicago Laboratory Schools]]. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at the [[Sidwell Friends School]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://iht.com/articles/ap/2008/11/22/america/Obama-School.php |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090129194323/http://iht.com/articles/ap/2008/11/22/america/Obama-School.php |title = Obamas choose private Sidwell Friends School |work = International Herald Tribune |date = November 22, 2008 |accessdate = July 2, 2015 |archivedate = January 29, 2009 }}</ref> The Obamas have two [[Portuguese Water Dog]]s; the first, a male named [[Bo (dog)|Bo]], was a gift from Senator [[Ted Kennedy]].<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/13/us/politics/13obama.html |title = One Obama Search Ends With a Puppy Named Bo |work = The New York Times |date = April 13, 2009 |accessdate = December 22, 2010 |first = Helene |last = Cooper }}</ref> In August 2013, Bo was joined by [[Sunny (dog)|Sunny]], a female.<ref name=Feldmann>{{cite web |last = Feldmann |first = Linda |title = New little girl arrives at White House. Meet Sunny Obama. (+video) |url = http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/Decoder-Wire/2013/0820/New-little-girl-arrives-at-White-House.-Meet-Sunny-Obama.-video |work = [[The Christian Science Monitor]] |accessdate = August 20, 2013 |date = August 20, 2013 }}</ref> Applying the proceeds of a book deal, the family moved in 2005 from a [[Hyde Park, Chicago]] condominium to a $1.6&nbsp;million house in neighboring [[Kenwood, Chicago]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Jeff |last=Zeleny |title=The first time around: Sen. Obama's freshman year |date=December 24, 2005 |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-051224obama,0,1779783,full.story |work=Chicago Tribune |accessdate=April 28, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513214525/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-051224obama%2C0%2C1779783%2Cfull.story |archivedate=May 13, 2011 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friend [[Tony Rezko]]—attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama.<ref name="corruption charges" /> In December 2007, ''[[Money (magazine)|Money]]'' estimated the Obama family's net worth at $1.3&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama's Money |date = December 7, 2007 |url = http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/moneymag/0712/gallery.candidates.moneymag/5.html |publisher = CNNMoney.com |accessdate = April 28, 2008 |first = Marlys |last = Harris |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080424113420/http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/moneymag/0712/gallery.candidates.moneymag/5.html |archivedate = April 24, 2008 |deadurl = no }}<br />See also:{{cite news |first = Zachary A |last = Goldfarb |title = Measuring Wealth of the '08 Candidates |date = March 24, 2007 |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/24/AR2007032400305.html |work = The Washington Post |accessdate = April 28, 2008 }}</ref> Their 2009 tax return showed a household income of $5.5&nbsp;million—up from about $4.2&nbsp;million in 2007 and $1.6&nbsp;million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.<ref>{{cite news |first = Jeff |last = Zeleny |title = Book Sales Lifted Obamas' Income in 2007 to a Total of $4.2&nbsp;Million |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/us/politics/17obama.html |date = April 17, 2008 |work = The New York Times |accessdate = April 28, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090416015848/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/us/politics/17obama.html|archivedate=April 16, 2009 |deadurl = no }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/15/AR2010041504485.html |title = Obamas report $5.5&nbsp;million in income on 2009 tax return |work = The Washington Post |date = April 16, 2010 |accessdate = December 22, 2010 |first1 = Michael D. |last1 = Shear |first2 = David S. |last2 = Hilzenrath }}</ref> On his 2010 income of $1.7&nbsp;million, he gave 14% to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 to [[Fisher House Foundation]], a charity assisting wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.pbs.org/newshour/businessdesk/2011/04/how-much-did-president-obama-m.html |date = April 18, 2011 |title = How Much Did President Obama Make in 2010? |work = [[PBS NewsHour]] |first = Paul |last = Solman |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110502113725/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/businessdesk/2011/04/how-much-did-president-obama-m.html |archive-date = May 2, 2011 |accessdate = January 27, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2011/04/the-obamas-gave-131000-to-the-fisher-house-foundation-last-year-what-is-it.html |date = April 27, 2011 |title = The Obamas Gave $131,000 to Fisher House Foundation in 2010; What Is It? |work = [[PBS NewsHour]] |first = Paul |last = Solman |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140129072652/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2011/04/the-obamas-gave-131000-to-the-fisher-house-foundation-last-year-what-is-it.html |archive-date = January 29, 2014 |accessdate = January 27, 2012 }}</ref> As per his 2012 financial disclosure, Obama may be worth as much as $10&nbsp;million.<ref name="networth12">{{cite news |url = http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2012/05/obama-worth-as-much-as-10-million/1 |title = Obama worth as much as $10&nbsp;million |last = Wolf |first = Richard |date = May 16, 2012 |work = [[USA Today]] |accessdate = June 16, 2012 }}</ref> In reference to Obama's smoking habit, Michelle said in early 2010 that he had quit smoking.<ref name="reuters-smoking">Elsner, Alan (December 7, 2008). [http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/12/07/us-usa-obama-smoking-idUSTRE4B61GF20081207 Obama says he won't be smoking in White House"]. Reuters. Retrieved February 28, 2010.</ref><ref>Zengerle, Patricia (February 8, 2011). [http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/08/us-obama-smoking-idUSTRE7176EL20110208 "Yes, he did: first lady says Obama quit smoking"]. Reuters. Retrieved May 9, 2011.</ref> On his 55th birthday, August 4, 2016, Obama penned an essay in [[Glamour (magazine)|''Glamour'']] describing how his daughters and being president have made him a [[feminist]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.glamour.com/story/glamour-exclusive-president-barack-obama-says-this-is-what-a-feminist-looks-like |title=Glamour Exclusive: President Barack Obama Says, "This Is What a Feminist Looks Like" |work=Glamour |date=August 4, 2016 |first=Barack |last=Obama |accessdate=August 5, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/05/us/obama-writes-feminist-essay-in-glamour.html |title=Obama Writes Feminist Essay in Glamour |work=The New York Times |date=August 4, 2016 |first=Daniel |last=Victor |accessdate=August 5, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2016/08/04/president-obama-glamour-s-important-sasha-and-malias-dad-feminist/88061556/ |title=President Obama in 'Glamour': It's important Sasha and Malia's dad is a feminist |work=USA Today |date=August 4, 2016 |first=Cara |last=Kelly |accessdate=August 5, 2016}}</ref> ====Religious views==== [[File:Obamas at church on Inauguration Day 2013.jpg|thumb|The Obamas worship at [[African Methodist Episcopal Church]] in Washington, D.C., January 2013]] Obama is a [[Protestant]] [[Christian]] whose religious views developed in his adult life.<ref name="Christian" /> He wrote in ''The Audacity of Hope'' that he "was not raised in a religious household". He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as being detached from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I have ever known." He described his father as a "confirmed atheist" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful." Obama explained how, through working with [[black church]]es as a [[Community organizing|community organizer]] while in his twenties, he came to understand "the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change."<ref name="social change" /> In January 2008, Obama told ''[[Christianity Today]]'': "I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in the redemptive death and [[Resurrection of Jesus|resurrection of Jesus Christ]]. I believe that faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life."<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Pulliam |first1 = Sarah |last2 = Olsen |first2 = Ted |url = http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2008/januaryweb-only/104-32.0.html?start=2 |title = Q&A: Barack Obama |work = Christianity Today |date = January 23, 2008 |accessdate = January 4, 2013 }}</ref> On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views saying "I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't – frankly, they weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts of Jesus Christ spoke to me in terms of the kind of life that I would want to lead – being my brothers' and sisters' keeper, [[Golden Rule|treating others as they would treat me]]."<ref name="APbychoice">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/28/obama-christian-by-choice_n_742124.html?view=print |title=Obama 'Christian By Choice': President Responds To Questioner |author=Charles Babington |author2=Darlene Superville |agency=Associated Press |date=September 28, 2010 |work=The Huffington Post |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511232554/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/28/obama-christian-by-choice_n_742124.html?view=print |archivedate=May 11, 2011 }}</ref><ref name="ABCVideobychoice">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2010/09/president-obama-i-am-a-christian-by-choicethe-precepts-of-jesus-spoke-to-me.html|title=President Obama: 'I am a Christian By Choice...The Precepts of Jesus Spoke to Me'|publisher=[[ABC News]]|date=September 29, 2010|accessdate=December 27, 2016}}</ref> Obama met [[Trinity United Church of Christ]] pastor Rev. [[Jeremiah Wright]] in October 1987, and became a member of Trinity in 1992.<ref name="Trinity" /> He resigned from Trinity in May 2008 during his first presidential campaign after [[Jeremiah Wright controversy|some of Wright's statements were criticized]].<ref>{{cite news |agency = Associated Press |date = November 17, 2008 |title = Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized |publisher = MSNBC |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27775757/ |accessdate = January 20, 2009 }}</ref> The Obama family has attended several Protestant churches since moving to Washington, D.C., in 2009, including [[Shiloh Baptist Church (Washington, D.C.)|Shiloh Baptist Church]] and [[St. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square|St. John's Episcopal Church]], as well as Evergreen Chapel at [[Camp David]], but are not habitual church-goers.<ref>Parker, Ashley. "[https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/29/us/as-the-obamas-celebrate-christmas-rituals-of-faith-stay-on-the-sidelines.html As the Obamas Celebrate Christmas, Rituals of Faith Become Less Visible]," ''The New York Times'', December 28, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2017.</ref><ref>Gilgoff, Dan. "[http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/god-and-country/2009/06/30/time-report-white-house-reaction-raise-more-questions-about-obamas-church-hunt TIME Report, White House Reaction Raise More Questions About Obama's Church Hunt]," ''U.S. News & World Report'', June 30, 2009. Retrieved January 15, 2017.</ref><ref>"[http://washington.cbslocal.com/2014/04/22/first-lady-we-use-sundays-for-naps-if-were-not-going-to-church/ First Lady: We Use Sundays For Naps If We're Not Going To Church]," ''CBS DC'', April 22, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2017.</ref> ===Law career=== ====Community organizer and Harvard Law School==== Two years after graduating from Columbia, Obama was hired in Chicago as director of the [[Developing Communities Project]], a church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in [[Roseland, Chicago|Roseland]], [[West Pullman, Chicago|West Pullman]], and [[Riverdale, Chicago|Riverdale]] on Chicago's [[South Side, Chicago|South Side]]. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.<ref name="Who's Who 2008" /><ref>{{cite magazine|author=Lizza, Ryan |date=March 19, 2007 |title=The agitator: Barack Obama's unlikely political education |magazine=The New Republic |volume=236 |issue=12 |pages=22–26, 28–29 |issn=0028-6583 |url=http://www.tnr.com/article/the-agitator-barack-obamas-unlikely-political-education |accessdate=August 21, 2007 }} * {{cite news|author=Bob Secter |author2=John McCormick |date=March 30, 2007 |title=Portrait of a pragmatist |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |page=1 |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive,0,2491692,full.story |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214172131/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive%2C0%2C2491692%2Cfull.story |accessdate=May 18, 2012 |archivedate=December 14, 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} * Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 140–295. * Mendell (2007), pp. 63–83.</ref> He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in [[Altgeld Gardens Homes (Chicago, Illinois)|Altgeld Gardens]].<ref name="Harvard Law 1990a">{{cite news |author = Matchan, Linda |date = February 15, 1990 |title = A Law Review breakthrough |newspaper = The Boston Globe |page = 29 |url = http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/1990/02/15/a_law_review_breakthrough |accessdate = June 15, 2008 }} * {{cite news |author = Corr, John |date = February 27, 1990 |title = From mean streets to hallowed halls |newspaper = The Philadelphia Inquirer |page = C01 |format = paid archive |url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_multi=PI%7CDN%7C&p_product=PHNP&p_theme=phnp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_trackval=PHNP&s_dispstring=Author%28John%20Corr%29%20AND%20date%2802/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990%29%20AND%20date%28all%29&p_field_advanced-0=Author&p_text_advanced-0=%28John%20Corr%29&p_bool_advanced-1=AND&p_params_advanced-1=date:B,E&p_field_advanced-1=YMD_date&p_text_advanced-1=%2802/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990%29Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |accessdate = June 6, 2008 }}</ref> Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the [[Gamaliel Foundation]], a community organizing institute.<ref>{{cite magazine |author = Obama, Barack |date = August–September 1988 |title = Why organize? Problems and promise in the inner city |magazine = Illinois Issues |volume = 14 |issue = 8–9 |pages = 40–42 |issn = 0738-9663 }} reprinted in:<br />{{cite book |editor = Knoepfle, Peg |year = 1990 |title = After Alinsky: community organizing in Illinois |place = Springfield, IL |publisher = Sangamon State University |pages = 35–40 |isbn = 0-9620873-3-5 |quote = He has also been a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, an organizing institute working throughout the Midwest. }}</ref> In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time in Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his [[Family of Barack Obama#Paternal relations|paternal relatives]] for the first time.<ref name="Obama 2012">{{cite book |last = Obama |first = Auma |year = 2012 |title = And then life happens: a memoir |location = New York |publisher = St. Martin's Press |isbn = 978-1-250-01005-6 |pages = 189–208, 212–216 }}</ref><ref>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 299–437. * Maraniss (2012), pp. 564–570.</ref> {{external media | float = right | video1 = [http://bostonlocaltv.org/catalog/V_UDAMVZGA4JEY06N Derrick Bell threatens to leave Harvard], April 24, 1990, 11:34, [[WGBH Educational Foundation|Boston TV Digital Archive]]<ref name="wgbh">[http://bostonlocaltv.org/catalog/V_UDAMVZGA4JEY06N "Ten O'Clock News; Derrick Bell threatens to leave Harvard"], April 24, 1990, 11:34, [[WGBH Educational Foundation|WGBH]], [[American Archive of Public Broadcasting]] (WGBH and the [[Library of Congress]]), Boston and Washington, D.C., accessed September 23, 2016.</ref> Student Barack Obama introduces Professor Derrick Bell starting at 6:25 }} Obama entered [[Harvard Law School]] in the fall of 1988, living in nearby [[Somerville, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{cite news| newspaper=Somerville Scout| issue=January/February 2014| page=26 |title=Something in the Water|author1=Joey Del Ponte |author2=Somerville Scout Staff}} "Barack Obama lived in the big, ivy-covered brick building at 365 Broadway&nbsp;... From 1988 to 1991, the future president resided in a basement apartment while attending Harvard Law School."</ref> He was selected as an editor of the ''[[Harvard Law Review]]'' at the end of his first year,<ref name="Harvard Law 2007">{{cite news |author = Michael Levenson |author2 = Jonathan Saltzman |date = January 28, 2007 |title = At Harvard Law, a unifying voice |newspaper = The Boston Globe |page = 1A |url = http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/01/28/at_harvard_law_a_unifying_voice/?page=full |accessdate = June 15, 2008 }} * {{cite news |author = Kantor, Jodi |date = January 28, 2007 |title = In law school, Obama found political voice |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A1 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/us/politics/28obama.html?pagewanted=all |accessdate = June 15, 2008 }} * {{cite news |author = Mundy, Liza |date = August 12, 2007 |title = A series of fortunate events |newspaper = The Washington Post |page = W10 |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/08/AR2007080802038_pf.html |accessdate = June 15, 2008 }} * Mendell (2007), pp. 80–92.</ref> president of the journal in his second year,<ref name="Harvard Law 1990a" /><ref name="Harvard Law 1990b">{{cite news |author = Butterfield, Fox |date = February 6, 1990 |title = First black elected to head Harvard's Law Review |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A20 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/06/us/first-black-elected-to-head-harvard-s-law-review.html |accessdate = June 15, 2008 }} * {{cite news |author = Ybarra, Michael J |date = February 7, 1990 |title = Activist in Chicago now heads Harvard Law Review |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 3 |url = http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990-02-07/news/9001110408_1_ann-dunham-chicago-housing-authority-barack-obama |accessdate = October 29, 2011 }} * {{cite news |author = Drummond, Tammerlin |date = March 12, 1990 |title = Barack Obama's law; Harvard Law Review's first black president plans a life of public service |newspaper = Los Angeles Times |page = E1 |format = paid archive |url = http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60017156.html?dids=60017156:60017156&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |accessdate = June 15, 2008 }} * {{cite magazine |author = Evans, Gaynelle |date = March 15, 1990 |title = Opening another door: The saga of Harvard's Barack H. Obama |magazine = Black Issues in Higher Education |volume = 7 |issue = 1 |page = 5 |issn = 0742-0277 |url = http://diverseeducation.com/article/11791/ |accessdate = May 18, 2012 }} * {{cite news |author = Pugh, Allison J. |agency = Associated Press |date = April 18, 1990 |title = Law Review's first black president aims to help poor |newspaper = The Miami Herald |page = C01 |url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_multi=MH%7C&p_product=MH&p_theme=realcities2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_site=miami&s_trackval=MH&s_search_type=keyword&s_dispstring=Law%20Review%27s%20first%20black%20president%20aims%20to%20help%20poor%20AND%20date%28all%29&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=%28Law%20Review%27s%20first%20black%20president%20aims%20to%20help%20poor%29Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |accessdate = June 15, 2008 }}</ref> and research assistant to the constitutional scholar [[Laurence Tribe]] while at Harvard for two years.<ref>{{YouTube|wzmmBZ7i4BQ}}</ref> During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as an [[Associate attorney|associate]] at the law firms of [[Sidley Austin]] in 1989 and [[Hopkins & Sutter]] in 1990.<ref>{{cite news |author = Aguilar, Louis |date = July 11, 1990 |title = Survey: Law firms slow to add minority partners |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 1 (Business) |url = http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/28774085.html?dids=28774085:28774085&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |accessdate = June 15, 2008 }}</ref> After graduating with a [[Juris Doctor|JD]] degree ''[[magna cum laude]]''<ref name="Juris Doctor" /> from Harvard in 1991, he returned to Chicago.<ref name="Harvard Law 2007" /> Obama's election as the [[List of African-American firsts|first black president of the ''Harvard Law Review'']] gained national media attention<ref name="Harvard Law 1990a" /><ref name="Harvard Law 1990b" /> and led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,<ref name="Scott 2008a">{{cite news |author = Scott, Janny |date = May 18, 2008 |title = The story of Obama, written by Obama |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A1 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/us/politics/18memoirs.html?pagewanted=all |accessdate = June 15, 2008 }} * Obama (1995, 2004), pp. xiii–xvii.</ref> which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 as ''[[Dreams from My Father]]''.<ref name="Scott 2008a" /> ====Chicago Law School and civil rights attorney==== In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at the [[University of Chicago Law School]] to work on his first book.<ref name="Scott 2008a" /><ref name="Fellow" /> He then taught [[constitutional law]] at the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years, first as a Lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and then as a Senior Lecturer from 1996 to 2004.<ref>{{cite web |date = March 27, 2008 |title = Statement regarding Barack Obama |publisher = University of Chicago Law School |url = http://www.law.uchicago.edu/media/index.html |accessdate = June 5, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080608225931/http://www.law.uchicago.edu/media/index.html |archivedate = June 8, 2008 |deadurl = no }} * {{cite web |author = Miller, Joe |date = March 28, 2008 |title = Was Barack Obama really a constitutional law professor? |publisher = FactCheck.org |url = http://factcheck.org/2008/03/obama-a-constitutional-law-professor/ |accessdate = May 18, 2012 }} * {{cite web |author = Holan, Angie Drobnic |date = March 7, 2008 |title = Obama's 20 years of experience |publisher = PolitiFact.com |url = http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2008/mar/07/obamas-20-years-experience |accessdate = June 10, 2008 }}</ref> From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's [[Project Vote]], a [[voter registration campaign]] with ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, leading ''[[Crain's Chicago Business]]'' to name Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.<ref name="Forty" /> He joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an associate for three years from 1993 to 1996, then [[of counsel]] from 1996 to 2004. In 1994, he was listed as one of the lawyers in ''Buycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank'', 94 C 4094 (N.D. Ill.).<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.clearinghouse.net/chDocs/public/FH-IL-0011-9000.pdf |title = CIVIL DOCKET FOR CASE #: 1:94-cv-04094 |author = United States District Court: Northern District of Illinois&nbsp;– CM/ECF LIVE, Ver 3.0 (Chicago) |date = July 6, 1994 |work = clearinghouse.net |accessdate = June 3, 2016 }}</ref> This class action lawsuit was filed in 1994 with Selma Buycks-Roberson as lead plaintiff and alleged that Citibank Federal Savings Bank had engaged in practices forbidden under the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.clearinghouse.net/detail.php?id=10112 |title = Buycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank – Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse |publisher = clearinghouse.net |accessdate = November 25, 2015 }}</ref> The case was settled out of court.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.clearinghouse.net/chDocs/public/FH-IL-0011-0008.pdf |title = Settlement Agreement |author = UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT~·':lj FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS EASTERN DIVISION |date = January 16, 1988 |work = clearinghouse.net |accessdate = June 3, 2016 }}</ref> Final Judgment was issued on May 13, 1998, with Citibank Federal Savings Bank agreeing to pay attorney fees.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.clearinghouse.net/chDocs/public/FH-IL-0011-0010.pdf |title = Final Judgment and Order of Dismissal |author = United States District Cuurt For the Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division |date = May 13, 1998 |work = clearinghouse.net |accessdate = June 3, 2016 }}</ref> His law license became inactive in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.factcheck.org/2012/06/the-obamas-law-licenses/ |title = The Obamas' Law Licenses |publisher = FactCheck.org |date = June 14, 2012 |accessdate = July 16, 2012 |author = Gore, D'Angelo }}</ref><ref name="DavisMiner" /> From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of the [[Woods Fund of Chicago]], which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project, and of the [[Joyce Foundation]].<ref name="Who's Who 2008" /> He served on the board of directors of the [[Chicago Annenberg Challenge]] from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.<ref name="Who's Who 2008" /> ===Legislative career=== ====Illinois State Senator (1997–2004)==== {{Main article|Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama}} [[File:Obamamiltondavis1.jpg|thumb|right|State Senator Obama and others celebrate the naming of a street in Chicago after [[ShoreBank]] co-founder Milton Davis in 1998]] Obama was elected to the [[Illinois Senate]] in 1996, succeeding Democratic State Senator [[Alice Palmer (politician)|Alice Palmer]] from Illinois's 13th District, which, at that time, spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from [[Hyde Park, Chicago|Hyde Park]]–[[Kenwood, Chicago|Kenwood]] south to [[South Shore, Chicago|South Shore]] and west to [[Chicago Lawn, Chicago|Chicago Lawn]].<ref>{{cite news|first=David |last=Jackson |author2=Ray Long |title=Obama Knows His Way Around a Ballot |date=April 3, 2007 |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-070403obama-ballot-archive,0,5693903.story |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011054057/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-070403obama-ballot-archive%2C0%2C5693903.story |work=Chicago Tribune |accessdate=May 18, 2012 |archivedate=October 11, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }} * {{cite book |author = [[Jesse White (politician)|White, Jesse]] |year = 2001 |chapter = Legislative Districts of Cook County, 1991 Reapportionment |chapterurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080226221919/http://www.sos.state.il.us/publications/02bluebook/legislative_branch/legdistrictmaps.pdf |title = Illinois Blue Book 2001–2002 |place = Springfield |publisher = [[Illinois Secretary of State]] |page = 65 |accessdate = July 16, 2011 }} State Sen. District 13 = State Rep. Districts 25 & 26.</ref> Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws.<ref>{{cite news|first=Peter |last=Slevin |title=Obama Forged Political Mettle in Illinois Capitol |date=February 9, 2007 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/08/AR2007020802262.html |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=April 20, 2008 }}{{cite news|first=Scott |last=Helman |title=In Illinois, Obama dealt with Lobbyists |date=September 23, 2007 |url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/09/23/in_illinois_obama_dealt_with_lobbyists/ |work=The Boston Globe |accessdate=April 20, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416235513/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/09/23/in_illinois_obama_dealt_with_lobbyists/ |archivedate=April 16, 2008 |deadurl=no |df= }} See also:{{cite news|title=Obama Record May Be Gold Mine for Critics |date=January 17, 2007 |publisher=CBS News |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/17/politics/main2369157.shtml |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=April 20, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412223055/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/17/politics/main2369157.shtml |archivedate=April 12, 2008 |deadurl=no }}</ref> He sponsored a law that increased [[tax credit]]s for low-income workers, negotiated welfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.<ref name="Scott20070730">{{cite news |first = Janny |last = Scott |title = In Illinois, Obama Proved Pragmatic and Shrewd |date = July 30, 2007 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/30/us/politics/30obama.html |work = The New York Times |accessdate = April 20, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081210135903/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/30/us/politics/30obama.html|archivedate=December 10, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref> In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican Governor Ryan's [[payday loan]] regulations and [[Predatory lending|predatory mortgage lending]] regulations aimed at averting home foreclosures.<ref>{{cite news|author=Allison, Melissa |date=December 15, 2000 |title=State takes on predatory lending; Rules would halt single-premium life insurance financing |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/65214450.html?dids=65214450:65214450&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |format=paid archive |work=Chicago Tribune |page=1 (Business) |accessdate=June 1, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617151154/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/65214450.html?dids=65214450%3A65214450&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT |archivedate=June 17, 2008 |deadurl=no |df= }}{{cite news|author=Ray Long |author2=Melissa Allison |date=April 18, 2001 |title=Illinois OKs predatory loan curbs; State aims to avert home foreclosures |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/71459393.html?dids=71459393:71459393&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |format=paid archive |work=Chicago Tribune |page=1 |accessdate=June 1, 2008 }}</ref> He was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was reelected again in 2002.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html |title = 13th District: Barack Obama |accessdate = April 20, 2008 |date = August 24, 2000 |publisher = Illinois State Senate Democrats |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20000824102110/http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html |archivedate = April 12, 2000 }}{{cite web |url = http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html |title = 13th District: Barack Obama |accessdate = April 20, 2008 |date = October 9, 2004 |publisher = Illinois State Senate Democrats |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20040802233730/http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html |archivedate = August 2, 2004 }}</ref> In 2000, he lost a [[Illinois's 1st congressional district election, 2000|Democratic primary race]] for [[Illinois's 1st congressional district]] in the [[United States House of Representatives]] to four-term incumbent [[Bobby Rush]] by a margin of two to one.<ref name="Democratic primary" /> In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.<ref>{{cite news|first=Jackie |last=Calmes |title=Statehouse Yields Clues to Obama |date=February 23, 2007 |url=https://www.wsj.com/public/article/SB117219748197216894-Sn6oV_4KLQHp_xz7CjYLuyjv3Jg_20070324.html |work=The Wall Street Journal |accessdate=April 20, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918032039/http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB117219748197216894-Sn6oV_4KLQHp_xz7CjYLuyjv3Jg_20070324.html |archivedate=September 18, 2008 }}</ref> He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitor [[racial profiling]] by requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.<ref name="Scott20070730" /><ref>{{cite news|author=Tavella, Anne Marie |date=April 14, 2003 |title=Profiling, taping plans pass Senate |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ADHB&p_theme=adhb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_text_search-0=Profiling,%20AND%20taping%20AND%20plans%20AND%20pass%20AND%20Senate&s_dispstring=Profiling,%20taping%20plans%20pass%20Senate%20AND%20date(April_4,_2003%20to%204/4/2003)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=4_April_2003%20to%204/4/2003Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |format=paid archive |work=Daily Herald |page=17 |accessdate=June 1, 2008 }}{{cite news|author=Haynes, V. Dion |date=June 29, 2003 |title=Fight racial profiling at local level, lawmaker says; U.S. guidelines get mixed review |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/352884461.html?dids=352884461:352884461&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |format=paid archive |work=Chicago Tribune |page=8 |accessdate=June 1, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617150449/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/352884461.html?dids=352884461%3A352884461&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT |archivedate=June 17, 2008 |deadurl=no |df= }}{{cite news|author=Pearson, Rick |date=July 17, 2003 |title=Taped confessions to be law; State will be 1st to pass legislation |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/370136121.html?dids=370136121:370136121&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |format=paid archive |work=Chicago Tribune |page=1 (Metro) |accessdate=June 1, 2008 }}</ref> During his 2004 general election campaign for the U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enacting [[Capital punishment in the United States|death penalty]] reforms.<ref>{{cite news |first = Sam |last = Youngman |author2 = Aaron Blake |title = Obama's Crime Votes Are Fodder for Rivals |date = March 14, 2007 |url = http://thehill.com/homenews/news/11316-obamas-crime-votes-are-fodder-for-rivals |work = The Hill |accessdate = May 18, 2012 }} See also:{{cite news |title = US Presidential Candidate Obama Cites Work on State Death Penalty Reforms |date = November 12, 2007 |work = International Herald Tribune |url = http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/11/12/america/NA-POL-US-Obama-Death-Penalty.php |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080607111231/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/11/12/america/NA-POL-US-Obama-Death-Penalty.php |agency = Associated Press |accessdate = May 18, 2012 |archivedate = June 7, 2008 }}</ref> Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate.<ref>{{cite news|first=Melanie |last=Coffee |title=Attorney Chosen to Fill Obama's State Senate Seat |date=November 6, 2004 |publisher=HPKCC |url=http://www.hydepark.org/hpkccnews/raoul.htm#ap |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=April 20, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516174431/http://www.hydepark.org/hpkccnews/raoul.htm |archivedate=May 16, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> ====2004 U.S. Senate campaign==== {{Main article|United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004}} [[File:2004 Illinois Senate results.svg|upright=.5|thumb|County results of the 2004 U.S. Senate race in Illinois. Obama won the counties in blue.]] In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race. He created a campaign committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultant [[David Axelrod]] by August 2002. Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003.<ref>{{cite news |author = Helman, Scott |date = October 12, 2007 |title = Early defeat launched a rapid political climb |newspaper = [[The Boston Globe]] |page = 1A |url = http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/10/12/early_defeat_launched_a_rapid_political_climb |accessdate = April 13, 2008 }}</ref> Obama was an early opponent of the [[George W. Bush]] administration's [[2003 invasion of Iraq]].<ref>{{cite news |author = Strausberg, Chinta |date = September 26, 2002 |title = Opposition to war mounts |newspaper = Chicago Defender |page = 1 |url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-220062931.html |format = paid archive |accessdate = February 3, 2008 }}</ref> On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on the [[Iraq Resolution|joint resolution]] authorizing the Iraq War,<ref name="Rose Garden" /> Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicago [[Protests against the Iraq War|anti-Iraq War rally]],<ref name="Federal Plaza" /> and spoke out against the war.<ref name="spoke out" /> He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd that "it's not too late" to stop the war.<ref name="stop the war" /> Decisions by Republican incumbent [[Peter Fitzgerald (politician)|Peter Fitzgerald]] and his Democratic predecessor [[Carol Moseley Braun]] to not participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving fifteen candidates.<ref>{{cite news |author = Davey, Monica |date = March 7, 2004 |title = Closely watched Illinois Senate race attracts 7 candidates in millionaire range |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/07/politics/campaign/07ILLI.html |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090416015834/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/07/politics/campaign/07ILLI.html|archivedate=April 16, 2009 |newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |page = 19 |accessdate = April 13, 2008 }}</ref> In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within the [[Democratic Party (United States)#Current structure and composition|national Democratic Party]], started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir, ''Dreams from My Father''.<ref name="future" /> In July 2004, Obama delivered the keynote address at the [[2004 Democratic National Convention]],<ref>{{cite news |author = Bernstein, David |date = June 2007 |title = The Speech |magazine = Chicago Magazine |url = http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2007/The-Speech |accessdate = April 13, 2008 }}</ref> seen by 9.1&nbsp;million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party.<ref name="status" /> Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner [[Jack Ryan (politician)|Jack Ryan]], withdrew from the race in June 2004.<ref>{{cite news |date = June 25, 2004 |title = Ryan drops out of Senate race in Illinois |publisher = CNN |url = http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/06/25/il.ryan/ |accessdate = May 18, 2012 }} * Mendell (2007), pp. 260–271.</ref> Six weeks later, [[Alan Keyes]] accepted the Republican nomination to replace Ryan.<ref>{{cite news |author = Lannan, Maura Kelly |agency = Associated Press |date = August 9, 2004 |title = Alan Keyes enters U.S. Senate race in Illinois against rising Democratic star |newspaper = Union-Tribune |url = http://legacy.signonsandiego.com/news/politics/20040809-0849-illinoissenate.html |accessdate = April 13, 2008 }}</ref> In the [[United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004|November 2004 general election]], Obama won with 70% of the vote.<ref name="margin" /> ====U.S. Senator from Illinois (2005–08)==== {{Main article|United States Senate career of Barack Obama}} [[File:BarackObamaportrait.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The official portrait of Obama as a member of the United States Senate]] Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,<ref>{{CongBio|o000167|inline=1|date=October 12, 2011}}</ref> becoming the only Senate member of the [[Congressional Black Caucus]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Member Info |url = http://www.house.gov/kilpatrick/cbc/member_info.html |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080709114659/http://www.house.gov/kilpatrick/cbc/member_info.html |archivedate = July 9, 2008 |publisher = Congressional Black Caucus |accessdate = June 25, 2008 }}</ref> ''[[Congressional Quarterly|CQ Weekly]]'' characterized him as a "loyal Democrat" based on analysis of all Senate votes from 2005 to 2007. Obama announced on November 13, 2008, that he would [[resignation from the United States Senate|resign his Senate seat]] on November 16, 2008, before the start of the [[lame duck (politics)|lame-duck]] session, to focus on his transition period for the presidency.<ref name="transition period" /> =====Legislation===== {{See also|List of bills sponsored by Barack Obama in the United States Senate}} Obama [[Sponsor (legislative)|cosponsored]] the [[Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act]].<ref>{{cite web |first = 109th Congress, 1st Session |last = U.S. Senate |title = S. 1033, Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act |date = May 12, 2005 |url = https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/senate-bill/1033/cosponsors |publisher = Library of Congress |accessdate = February 25, 2017}}</ref> He introduced two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded the [[Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction]] concept to conventional weapons;<ref>{{cite web |url = http://obama.senate.gov/press/070111-lugar-obama_non/ |title = Lugar–Obama Nonproliferation Legislation Signed into Law by the President |date = January 11, 2007 |publisher = Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office |accessdate = April 27, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154746/http://obama.senate.gov/press/070111-lugar-obama_non/ |archivedate = December 18, 2008 }} See also:{{cite news |first = Richard G. |last = Lugar |author2 = Barack Obama |title = Junkyard Dogs of War |date = December 3, 2005 |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/02/AR2005120201509.html |work = The Washington Post |accessdate = April 27, 2008 }}</ref> and the [[Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006]], which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.<ref>{{cite news |first = John |last = McCormack |title = Google Government Gone Viral |date = December 21, 2007 |url = http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/014/502njiqx.asp |work = Weekly Standard |accessdate = April 27, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080423235240/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/014/502njiqx.asp |archivedate = April 23, 2008 |deadurl = no }} See also:{{cite web |title = President Bush Signs Coburn–Obama Transparency Act |date = September 26, 2006 |url = http://coburn.senate.gov/ffm/index.cfm?FuseAction=LegislativeFloorAction.Home&ContentRecord_id=eb582f19-802a-23ad-41db-7a7cb464cfdb |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080501233103/http://coburn.senate.gov/ffm/index.cfm?FuseAction=LegislativeFloorAction.Home&ContentRecord_id=eb582f19-802a-23ad-41db-7a7cb464cfdb |archivedate = May 1, 2008 |publisher = Tom Coburn U.S. Senate Office |accessdate = April 27, 2008 }}</ref> On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with Senators [[Tom Carper]], [[Tom Coburn]], and [[John McCain]]—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/110/s3077 |title = S. 3077: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008: 2007–2008 (110th Congress) |publisher = Govtrack.us |date = June 3, 2008 |accessdate = May 18, 2012 }}</ref> Obama sponsored legislation that would have required nuclear plant owners to notify state and local authorities of radioactive leaks, but the bill failed to pass in the full Senate after being heavily modified in committee.<ref>{{cite news |last = McIntire |first = Mike |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/us/politics/03exelon.html |title = Nuclear Leaks and Response Tested Obama in Senate |date = February 3, 2008 |work = The New York Times |accessdate = April 27, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081209065950/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/us/politics/03exelon.html|archivedate=December 9, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref> Regarding [[tort reform]], Obama voted for the [[Class Action Fairness Act of 2005]] and the [[Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008|FISA Amendments Act of 2008]], which grants immunity from civil liability to telecommunications companies complicit with [[NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–07)|NSA warrantless wiretapping]] operations.<ref name="Fisher">{{cite news |url = http://www.forbes.com/2008/08/08/obama-mccain-torts-biz-beltway-cz_df_0811torts.html |title = November Election A Lawyer's Delight |author = Fisher, Daniel |work = Forbes |date = August 11, 2008 |accessdate = January 11, 2009 }}</ref> [[File:Lugar-Obama.jpg|thumb|alt=Gray-haired man and Obama stand, wearing casual polo shirts. Obama wears sunglasses and holds something slung over his right shoulder.|left|Obama and U.S. Sen. [[Richard Lugar]] (R-IN) visit a Russian facility for dismantling mobile missiles (August 2005)<ref>{{cite web |title = Nunn–Lugar Report |date = August 2005 |publisher = Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office |url = http://lugar.senate.gov/nunnlugar/pdf/trip_report_2005.pdf |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080501002134/http://lugar.senate.gov/nunnlugar/pdf/trip_report_2005.pdf |archivedate = May 1, 2008 |accessdate = April 30, 2008 |format = PDF }}</ref>]] In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.<ref>{{cite web |title = Democratic Republic of the Congo |date = April 2006 |url = http://www.usccb.org/sdwp/international/drc0406.shtml |publisher = United States Conference of Catholic Bishops |accessdate = January 26, 2012 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110108193726/http://www.usccb.org/sdwp/international/drc0406.shtml |archivedate = January 8, 2011 }}{{cite web |title = The IRC Welcomes New U.S. Law on Congo |date = January 5, 2007 |url = http://www.theirc.org/news/the-irc-welcomes-new-us-law.html |publisher = International Rescue Committee |accessdate = April 27, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110807061958/http://www.rescue.org/news/the-irc-welcomes-new-us-law.html |archivedate = August 7, 2011 }}</ref> In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to the [[Honest Leadership and Open Government Act]], which was signed into law in September 2007.<ref>{{cite news |first = Nathaniel |last = Weixel |title = Feingold, Obama Go After Corporate Jet Travel |date = November 15, 2007 |url = http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/feingold-obama-go-after-corporate-jet-travel-2007-11-15.html |work = The Hill |accessdate = April 27, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080515201902/http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/feingold-obama-go-after-corporate-jet-travel-2007-11-15.html |archivedate = May 15, 2008 |deadurl = no }}{{cite news |first = Nathaniel |last = Weixel |title = Lawmakers Press FEC on Bundling Regulation |date = December 5, 2007 |url = http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/lawmakers-press-fec-on-bundling-regulation-2007-12-05.html |work = The Hill |accessdate = April 27, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080416162108/http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/lawmakers-press-fec-on-bundling-regulation-2007-12-05.html |archivedate = April 16, 2008 |deadurl = no }} See also:{{cite news |title = Federal Election Commission Announces Plans to Issue New Regulations to Implement the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007 |date = September 24, 2007 |publisher = Federal Election Commission |url = http://www.fec.gov/press/press2007/20070924travel.shtml |accessdate = April 27, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080411220016/http://www.fec.gov/press/press2007/20070924travel.shtml |archivedate = April 11, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref> Obama also introduced two unsuccessful bills: the [[Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act]] to criminalize deceptive practices in federal elections,<ref>{{cite news |first = Seth |last = Stern |title = Obama–Schumer Bill Proposal Would Criminalize Voter Intimidation |date = January 31, 2007 |publisher = CQPolitics.com |url = https://www.nytimes.com/cq/2007/01/31/cq_2213.html |accessdate = April 27, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080516104256/http://www.nytimes.com/cq/2007/01/31/cq_2213.html |archivedate = May 16, 2008 |deadurl = no }}{{cite web |first = 110th Congress, 1st Session |last = U.S. Senate |title = S. 453, Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act of 2007 |date = January 31, 2007 |url = https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/senate-bill/453 |publisher = Library of Congress |accessdate = February 25, 2017}} See also:{{cite news |title = Honesty in Elections |date = January 31, 2007 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/31/opinion/31wed1.html |work = The New York Times |format = editorial |accessdate = April 27, 2008 }}</ref> and the [[Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007]].<ref>{{cite news |first = E. Kasak |last = Krystin |title = Obama Introduces Measure to Bring Troops Home |date = February 7, 2007 |publisher = Medill News Service |url = http://www.nwitimes.com/news/local/article_c7147a5d-31bc-5497-abdd-a99c0cd6c189.html |accessdate = April 27, 2008 }}</ref> Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges.<ref>{{cite web |title = Obama, Bond Hail New Safeguards on Military Personality Disorder Discharges, Urge Further Action |date = October 1, 2007 |url = http://bond.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressRoom.NewsReleases&ContentRecord_id=5C1EBFEB-1321-0E36-BA7D-04630AEFAD31 |publisher = Kit Bond U.S. Senate Office |accessdate = April 27, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101205075008/http://bond.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressRoom.NewsReleases&ContentRecord_id=5C1EBFEB-1321-0E36-BA7D-04630AEFAD31 |archivedate = December 5, 2010 }}</ref> This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title = Obama, Bond Applaud Senate Passage of Amendment to Expedite the Review of Personality Disorder Discharge Cases |url = http://obama.senate.gov/press/080314-obama_bond_appl/ |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154824/http://obama.senate.gov/press/080314-obama_bond_appl/ |archivedate = December 18, 2008 |date = March 14, 2008 }}</ref> He sponsored the [[Disinvestment from Iran|Iran Sanctions Enabling Act]] supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which has not passed committee; and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.<ref name="nuclear terrorism" /> Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to the [[State Children's Health Insurance Program]], providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries.<ref>{{cite web |title = Senate Passes Obama, McCaskill Legislation to Provide Safety Net for Families of Wounded Service Members |date = August 2, 2007 |url = http://obama.senate.gov/press/070802-senate_passes_o_1/ |publisher = Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office |accessdate = April 27, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154819/http://obama.senate.gov/press/070802-senate_passes_o_1/ |archivedate = December 18, 2008 }}</ref> =====Committees===== [[File:Barack Obama Iraq 2006.jpg|thumb|200px|Obama speaking with a soldier stationed in Iraq, 2006]] Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|Foreign Relations]], [[United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works|Environment and Public Works]] and [[United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs|Veterans' Affairs]] through December 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://obama.senate.gov/committees/ |date = December 9, 2006 |title = Committee Assignments |accessdate = April 27, 2008 |publisher = Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061209190827/http://obama.senate.gov/committees/ |archivedate = December 9, 2006 }}</ref> In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments with [[United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions|Health, Education, Labor and Pensions]] and [[United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs|Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs]].<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama Gets New Committee Assignments |date = November 15, 2006 |publisher = Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office |url = http://obama.senate.gov/news/061115-obama_gets_new/ |agency = Associated Press |accessdate = April 27, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154741/http://obama.senate.gov/news/061115-obama_gets_new/ |archivedate = December 18, 2008 }}</ref> He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee on [[United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Europe and Regional Security Cooperation|European Affairs]].<ref>{{cite news |first = Tom |last = Baldwin |title = Stay-At-Home Barack Obama Comes Under Fire for a Lack of Foreign Experience |date = December 21, 2007 |url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article3080794.ece |work = Sunday Times (UK) |accessdate = April 27, 2008 }}</ref> As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa. He met with [[Mahmoud Abbas]] before Abbas became [[President of the Palestinian National Authority]], and gave a speech at the [[University of Nairobi]] in which he condemned corruption within the Kenyan government.<ref name="Kenyan" /> ==Presidential campaigns== ===2008 presidential campaign=== {{Main article|United States presidential election, 2008|Barack Obama presidential primary campaign, 2008|Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2008}} [[File:Flickr Obama Springfield 01.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph|Obama standing on stage with his wife and daughters just before announcing his presidential candidacy in [[Springfield, Illinois]], February 10, 2007]] On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of the [[Old State Capitol State Historic Site (Illinois)|Old State Capitol]] building in [[Springfield, Illinois]].<ref name="ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210">{{cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-070210obama-pearson1-story,0,3768114.story |title=Obama: I'm running for president |work=Chicago Tribune |author=Pearson, Rick |author2=Long, Ray |date=February 10, 2007 |accessdate=September 20, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813115846/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-070210obama-pearson1-story%2C0%2C3768114.story |archivedate=August 13, 2007 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref><ref name="BBC20070210">{{cite news |title = Obama Launches Presidential Bid |date = February 10, 2007 |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6349081.stm |publisher = BBC News |accessdate = January 14, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080202060802/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6349081.stm |archivedate = February 2, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref> The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic because it was also where [[Abraham Lincoln]] delivered his historic [[Lincoln's House Divided Speech|"House Divided"]] speech in 1858.<ref name="ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210" /><ref name="ChicagoTribune_Parsons20070210">{{cite news |url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-159132539.html |title = Obama's launch site: Symbolic Springfield: Announcement venue evokes Lincoln legacy |last = Parsons |first = Christi |date = February 10, 2007 |work = Chicago Tribune |accessdate = June 12, 2009 }}</ref> Obama emphasized issues of rapidly ending the [[Iraq War]], increasing [[Energy policy of the United States|energy independence]], and [[Health care reform in the United States|reforming the health care system]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Barack Obama on the Issues: What Would Be Your Top Three Overall Priorities If Elected? |url=http://projects.washingtonpost.com/2008-presidential-candidates/issues/candidates/barack-obama/#top-priorities |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=April 14, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509140350/http://projects.washingtonpost.com/2008-presidential-candidates/issues/candidates/barack-obama/ |archivedate=May 9, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }} See also: * {{cite book |author = [[Evan Thomas|Thomas, Evan]] |title = A Long Time Coming |publisher = [[PublicAffairs]] |year = 2009 |location = New York |page = 74 |isbn = 978-1-58648-607-5 }} * {{cite news|first=Michael |last=Falcone |title=Obama's 'One Thing' |date=December 21, 2007 |url=http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/12/21/obamas-one-thing/ |work=The New York Times |accessdate=April 14, 2008 }}</ref> in a campaign that projected themes of hope and change.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-the-obama-promise-of-hope-and-change-981761.html |title = The Obama promise of hope and change |work = The Independent |location = London |date = November 1, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110515091856/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-the-obama-promise-of-hope-and-change-981761.html |archivedate = May 15, 2011 }}</ref> Numerous candidates entered the [[Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2008|Democratic Party presidential primaries]]. The field narrowed to a duel between Obama and Senator [[Hillary Clinton]] after early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process but with Obama gaining a steady lead in pledged [[delegate]]s due to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing in [[caucus]] states, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.<ref name="allocation" /> On June 7, 2008, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.<ref>{{cite news |last = Nagourney |first = Adam |first2 = Jeff |last2 = Zeleny |title = Clinton to End Bid and Endorse Obama |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/05/us/politics/04cnd-campaign.html |work = The New York Times |date = June 5, 2008 |accessdate = November 20, 2010 }}</ref> [[File:President George W. Bush and Barack Obama meet in Oval Office.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photograph|President [[George W. Bush]] meets with President-elect Obama in the [[Oval Office]] on November 10, 2008]] On August 23, Obama announced his selection of [[Delaware]] Senator [[Joe Biden]] as his vice presidential running mate.<ref>{{cite news |accessdate = September 20, 2008 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/24/us/politics/24biden.html |last = Nagourney |first = Adam |first2 = Jeff |last2 = Zeleny |work = The New York Times |date = August 23, 2008 |title = Obama Chooses Biden as Running Mate |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090401222653/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/24/us/politics/24biden.html|archivedate=April 1, 2009 |deadurl = no }}</ref> Obama selected Biden from a field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and Senator [[Evan Bayh]] and Virginia Governor [[Tim Kaine]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2008-08-21/politics/obama.vice.president_1_obama-selection-process-joe-biden?_s=PM:POLITICS |publisher=CNN |title=Sources: High court selection process down to finalists |date=May 13, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511144848/http://articles.cnn.com/2008-08-21/politics/obama.vice.president_1_obama-selection-process-joe-biden?_s=PM%3APOLITICS |archivedate=May 11, 2011 |df= }}</ref> At the [[2008 Democratic National Convention|Democratic National Convention]] in Denver, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she and [[Bill Clinton]] gave convention speeches in his support.<ref name="delegates" /> Obama delivered his acceptance speech, not at the center where the Democratic National Convention was held, but at [[Invesco Field at Mile High]] to a crowd of approximately 84,000 people; the speech was viewed by over 38&nbsp;million people worldwide.<ref name="npr1409">{{cite news |url = http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=92301409 |title = Obama To Accept Nomination at Mile High Stadium |publisher = NPR |date = July 7, 2008 |accessdate = December 22, 2010 |author = Mara Liasson |author2 = Michele Norris }}</ref><ref name="acceptance" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-na-tvcritic29-2008aug29,0,3593116.story|title=Barack Obama, Al Gore Raise the Roof at Invesco Field|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|first=Robert|last=Lloyd|date=August 29, 2008|accessdate=August 29, 2008}}</ref> During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.<ref name="small donations" /> On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn down [[Campaign finance in the United States#Public financing of campaigns|public financing]] in the general election since the system was created in 1976.<ref name="Bloomberg_Salant_20080619">{{cite news |author = Salant, Jonathan D. |title = Obama Won't Accept Public Money in Election Campaign |url = https://article.wn.com/view/2008/06/19/Obama_Wont_Accept_Public_Money_in_Election_Campaign/ |publisher = [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |date = June 19, 2008 |accessdate = June 19, 2008}}</ref> [[File:ElectoralCollege2008.svg|right|thumb|275px|2008 electoral vote results]] John McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate, and he selected [[Sarah Palin]] as his running mate. The two candidates engaged in three [[United States presidential election debates|presidential debates]] in September and October 2008.<ref name="presidential debates" /> On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365 [[Electoral College (United States)|electoral votes]] to 173 received by McCain.<ref name="electoral votes" /> Obama won 52.9% of the [[Election|popular vote]] to McCain's 45.7%.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2008/president/us/general_election_mccain_vs_obama-225.html |title = General Election: McCain vs. Obama |accessdate = February 20, 2009 |publisher = Real Clear Politics |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090217083055/http://www.realclearpolitics.com//epolls//2008//president//us//general_election_mccain_vs_obama-225.html |archivedate = February 17, 2009 |deadurl = no }}</ref> He became the first African American to be elected president.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/us_elections_2008/7709978.stm |title = Obama wins historic US election |publisher = BBC News |date = November 5, 2008 |accessdate = November 5, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218083153/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/us_elections_2008/7709978.stm |archivedate = December 18, 2008 |deadurl = no }} * {{cite news |accessdate = November 5, 2008 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/05/us/politics/05elect.html?pagewanted=all |title = Obama Elected President as Racial Barrier Falls |first = Adam |last = Nagourney |date = November 4, 2008 |work = The New York Times |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081209071842/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/05/us/politics/05elect.html?pagewanted=all |archivedate = December 9, 2008 |deadurl = no }} * {{cite news |accessdate = November 5, 2008 |url = http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/04/election.president/index.html |title = Obama: 'This is your victory' |publisher = CNN |date = November 5, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081104231227/http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/04/election.president/index.html |archivedate = November 4, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref> Obama delivered [[Barack Obama election victory speech, 2008|his victory speech]] before hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago's [[Grant Park (Chicago)|Grant Park]].<ref name="independent1">{{cite news |accessdate = November 5, 2008 |url = http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/change-has-come-says-presidentelect-obama-992930.html |title = Change has come, says President-elect Obama |work = The Independent |location = London |date = November 5, 2008 |last = Johnson |first = Wesley |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081209055411/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/change-has-come-says-presidentelect-obama-992930.html |archivedate = December 9, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref> ===2012 presidential campaign=== {{Main article|United States presidential election, 2012|Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2012}} [[File:P112912PS-0444 - President Barack Obama and Mitt Romney in the Oval Office - crop.jpg|thumb|left|Obama greets former Governor [[Mitt Romney]] in the [[Oval Office]] on November 29, 2012, in their first meeting since Obama's re-election victory over Romney]] [[File:ElectoralCollege2012.svg|right|thumb|275px|2012 electoral vote results]] On April 4, 2011, Obama announced his reelection campaign for 2012 in a video titled "It Begins with Us" that he posted on his website and filed election papers with the [[Federal Election Commission]].<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama Begins Re-Election Facing New Political Challenges |url = http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/04/obama-launches-re-election-facing-new-political-challenges/ |date = April 4, 2011 |first = Michael D. |last = Shear |work = The New York Times (blog) |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110405205656/http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/04/obama-launches-re-election-facing-new-political-challenges/ |archivedate = April 5, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Obama announces re-election bid |url = http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2011/04/04/Obama-announces-re-election-bid/UPI-95081301905800/?dailybrief |date = April 4, 2011 |agency = [[United Press International]] |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110510011832/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2011/04/04/Obama-announces-re-election-bid/UPI-95081301905800/?dailybrief |archivedate = May 10, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Obama Opens 2012 Campaign, With Eye on Money and Independent Voters |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/05/us/politics/05obama.html?scp=1&sq=obama%202012&st=cse |date = April 4, 2011 |first = Jeff |last = Zeleny |work = The New York Times |first2 = Jackie |last2 = Calmes |lastauthoramp = yes |accessdate = April 5, 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121115021431/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/05/us/politics/05obama.html?scp=1&sq=obama%202012&st=cse|archivedate=November 15, 2012 }}</ref> As the incumbent president he ran virtually unopposed in the [[Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2012|Democratic Party presidential primaries]],<ref name="CNN-clinch1">{{cite news |url = http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/03/leading-presidential-candidate-to-clinch-nomination-tuesday/ |title = Leading presidential candidate to clinch nomination Tuesday |publisher = CNN (blog) |author = Yoon, Robert |date = April 3, 2012 |accessdate = May 2, 2012 }}</ref> and on April 3, 2012, Obama had secured the 2778 [[2012 Democratic National Convention|convention]] delegates needed to win the Democratic nomination.<ref name="CNN-clinch2">{{cite news |url = http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/03/breaking-obama-clinches-democratic-nomination/ |title = Obama clinches Democratic nomination |publisher = CNN (blog) |date = April 3, 2012 |accessdate = April 3, 2012 }}</ref> At the [[2012 Democratic National Convention|Democratic National Convention]] in [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], Obama and [[Joe Biden]] were formally nominated by former President [[Bill Clinton]], as the Democratic Party candidates for president and vice president in the general election. Their main opponents were Republicans [[Mitt Romney]], the former governor of Massachusetts, and Representative [[Paul Ryan]] of Wisconsin.<ref>{{cite news |last = Cohen |first = Tom |title = Clinton says Obama offers a better path forward for America |url = http://edition.cnn.com/2012/09/05/politics/democratic-convention-wrap/index.html |publisher = CNN |date = September 6, 2012 |accessdate = July 5, 2015 }}</ref> On November 6, 2012, Obama won 332 [[Electoral College (United States)|electoral votes]], exceeding the 270 required for him to be reelected as president.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lauter |first=David |title=Romney campaign gives up in Florida |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/la-pn-romney-concedes-florida-election-20121108,0,415187.story |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109020204/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/la-pn-romney-concedes-florida-election-20121108%2C0%2C415187.story |archivedate=November 9, 2012 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=November 8, 2012 |accessdate=July 5, 2015 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last = Barnes |first = Robert |title = Obama wins a second term as U.S. president |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/decision2012/after-grueling-campaign-polls-open-for-election-day-2012/2012/11/06/d1c24c98-2802-11e2-b4e0-346287b7e56c_story.html |newspaper = The Washington Post |date = November 6, 2012 |accessdate = July 5, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last = Welch |first = William M. |last2 = Strauss |first2 = Gary |title = With win in critical battleground states, Obama wins second term |url = http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2012/11/06/election-day-obama-romney/1680933/ |newspaper = USA Today |date = November 7, 2012 |accessdate = July 5, 2015 }}</ref> With 51.1% of the popular vote,<ref name="FEC">{{cite web |url = http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2012/federalelections2012.pdf |title = Election Results for the U.S. President, the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives |publisher = [[Federal Elections Commission]] |author = FEC |date = July 2013 |accessdate = August 20, 2013 |page = 5 }}</ref> Obama became the first Democratic president since [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] to win the [[List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin|majority of the popular vote]] twice.<ref>{{cite news |last = Brownstein |first = Ronald |title = The U.S. has reached a demographic milestone&nbsp;– and it's not turning back |url = http://www.nationaljournal.com/thenextamerica/demographics/the-u-s-has-reached-a-demographic-milestone-and-it-s-not-turning-back-20121109 |newspaper = National Journal |date = November 9, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121111231854/http://www.nationaljournal.com/thenextamerica/demographics/the-u-s-has-reached-a-demographic-milestone-and-it-s-not-turning-back-20121109 |archive-date = November 11, 2012 |accessdate = July 5, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.thenation.com/blog/171178/obama-has-great-big-mandate-and-he-must-use-it# |title = Obama's 3 Million Vote, Electoral College Landslide, Majority of States Mandate |last = Nichols |first = John |date = November 9, 2012 |work = The Nation |accessdate = November 18, 2012 }}</ref> President Obama addressed supporters and volunteers at Chicago's [[McCormick Place]] after his reelection and said: "Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual. You elected us to focus on your jobs, not ours. And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both parties."<ref>{{cite news|last=Lee|first=Kristen A.|title=Election 2012: President Obama gives victory speech in front of thousands in Chicago, 'I have never been more hopeful about America{{'-}}|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/president-obama-victory-speech-hopeful-america-article-1.1197895|accessdate=November 8, 2012|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=November 7, 2012}}</ref><ref name="NYT20130121">{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/22/us/politics/obama-inauguration-draws-hundreds-of-thousands.html|title=Obama Offers Liberal Vision: 'We Must Act{{'-}}|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|first=Michael|last=Shear|date=January 21, 2013|accessdate=July 10, 2013}}</ref> ==Presidency (2009–17)== {{Main article|Presidency of Barack Obama}} {{See also|Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet|List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama}} ===First 100 days=== {{main|First 100 days of Barack Obama's presidency}} [[File:US President Barack Obama taking his Oath of Office - 2009Jan20.jpg|thumb|Barack Obama takes [[Oath of office of the President of the United States|the oath of office]] administered by [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] [[John Roberts|John G. Roberts Jr.]] at [[United States Capitol|the Capitol]], January 20, 2009|alt=Photograph]] The [[First inauguration of Barack Obama|inauguration of Barack Obama]] as the 44th President took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issued executive orders and presidential memoranda directing the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq.<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama asks Pentagon for responsible Iraq drawdown |date = January 23, 2009 |url = http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2009-01/23/content_7423535.htm |work = China Daily |accessdate = September 4, 2009 }}</ref> He ordered the closing of the [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]],<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/washington/22gitmo.html |title = Obama Orders Halt to Prosecutions at Guantánamo |last = Glaberson |first = William |date = January 21, 2009 |work = The New York Times |accessdate = February 3, 2009 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090416015909/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/washington/22gitmo.html|archivedate=April 16, 2009 }}</ref> but Congress prevented the closure by refusing to appropriate the required funds<ref>{{cite news |title = Senate blocks transfer of Gitmo detainees |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/30826649/ns/politics-capitol_hill/ |date = May 20, 2009 |publisher = [[MSNBC]] |agency = Associated Press |mode = cs2 |accessdate = March 22, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Presidential Memorandum&nbsp;– Closure of Detention Facilities at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base |url = http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/presidential-memorandum-closure-dentention-facilities-guantanamo-bay-naval-base |date = December 15, 2009 |first = Barack |last = Obama |publisher = [[White House]] |mode = cs2 |accessdate = March 22, 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110315000624/http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/presidential-memorandum-closure-dentention-facilities-guantanamo-bay-naval-base |archivedate = March 15, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Obama signs Defense authorization bill |url = http://federalnewsradio.com/congress/2011/01/obama-signs-defense-authorization-bill/ |date = January 7, 2011 |first = Jared |last = Serbu |publisher = [[Federal News Radio]] |mode = cs2 |accessdate = March 22, 2011 }}</ref> and preventing moving any Guantanamo detainee into the U.S. or to other countries.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.npr.org/2013/01/23/169922171/obamas-promise-to-close-guantanamo-prison-falls-short |title = Obama's Promise To Close Guantanamo Prison Falls Short |author = Northam, Jackie |date = January 23, 2013 |accessdate = April 22, 2013 |publisher = [[NPR]] }}</ref> Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential records.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/ExecutiveOrderPresidentialRecords/ |title=Executive Order&nbsp;– Presidential Records |accessdate=January 22, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122234307/http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/ExecutiveOrderPresidentialRecords/ |archivedate=January 22, 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> He also revoked President [[George W. Bush]]'s restoration of President [[Ronald Reagan]]'s [[Mexico City Policy]] prohibiting federal aid to international family planning organizations that perform or provide counseling about abortion.<ref>{{cite web |last = Obama |first = Barack |date = January 23, 2009 |title = Mexico City Policy and assistance for voluntary population planning (Presidential memorandum) |publisher = The White House |url = https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title3-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title3-vol1-other-id197.pdf |accessdate = September 21, 2012}} * {{cite news |last = Meckler |first = Laura |date = January 24, 2009 |title = Obama lifts 'gag rule' on family-planning groups |newspaper = The Wall Street Journal |page = A3 |url = https://www.wsj.com/article/SB123272364299610287.html |accessdate = September 21, 2012 }} * {{cite news |last1 = Stein |first1 = Rob |last2 = Shear |first2 = Michael |date = January 24, 2009 |title = Funding restored to groups that perform abortions, other care |newspaper = The Washington Post |page = A3 |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/23/AR2009012302814.html |accessdate = September 21, 2012 |quote = Lifting the Mexico City Policy would not permit U.S. tax dollars to be used for abortions, but it would allow funding to resume to groups that provide other services, including counseling about abortions. }}</ref> ===Domestic policy=== {{Main article|Social policy of the Barack Obama administration}} The first bill signed into law by Obama was the [[Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009]], relaxing the [[statute of limitations]] for equal-pay lawsuits.<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama Signs Equal-Pay Legislation |work = The New York Times |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/30/us/politics/30ledbetter-web.html |accessdate = June 15, 2009 |date = January 30, 2009 }}</ref> Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) to cover an additional 4&nbsp;million uninsured children.<ref>{{cite news|title=Obama signs into law expansion of SCHIP health care program for children |work=Chicago Tribune |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-kids-health-care_thufeb05,0,30310.story |accessdate=June 15, 2009 |first=Noam N. |last=Levey |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430194400/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-kids-health-care_thufeb05%2C0%2C30310.story |archivedate=April 30, 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy that had limited funding of [[embryonic stem cell]] research and pledged to develop "strict guidelines" on the research.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/03/09/obama.stem.cells/index.html |title = Obama overturns Bush policy on stem cells |publisher = CNN |date = March 9, 2009 |accessdate = April 18, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100330183125/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/03/09/obama.stem.cells/index.html |archivedate = March 30, 2010 }}</ref> [[File:Barack Obama addresses joint session of Congress 2009-02-24.jpg|thumb|left|Obama delivering a [[Barack Obama speech to joint session of Congress, February 2009|speech at joint session of Congress]] with Vice President [[Joe Biden]] and [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|House Speaker]] [[Nancy Pelosi]] on February 24, 2009]] Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his Presidency. He nominated [[Sonia Sotomayor]] on May 26, 2009 to replace retiring [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justice]] [[David Souter]]; she was confirmed on August 6, 2009,<ref>{{cite news |title = Senate confirms Sotomayor for Supreme Court |url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/08/06/sonia.sotomayor/ |date = August 6, 2009 |publisher = CNN |accessdate = August 6, 2009 }}</ref> becoming the first Supreme Court Justice of [[Hispanic]] descent.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/05/26/supreme.court/index.html |title = Obama nominates Sotomayor to Supreme Court |accessdate = September 13, 2014 }}</ref> Obama nominated [[Elena Kagan]] on May 10, 2010 to replace retiring Associate Justice [[John Paul Stevens]]. She was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three justices for the first time in American history.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.theledger.com/article/20101004/news/10045042 |title = New Era Begins on High Court: Kagan Takes Place as Third Woman |last = Sherman |first = Mark |date = October 4, 2010 |agency = Associated Press |accessdate = November 13, 2010 }}</ref> On March 30, 2010, Obama signed the [[Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010|Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act]], a [[Reconciliation (United States Congress)|reconciliation bill]] that ended the process of the federal government giving subsidies to private banks to give out federally insured loans, increased the [[Pell Grant]] scholarship award, and made changes to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.<ref>{{cite news |last = Parsons |first = Christi |url = http://articles.latimes.com/2010/mar/30/nation/la-na-obama-college31-2010mar31 |title = Obama signs student loan reforms into law |work = Los Angeles Times |date = March 30, 2010 |accessdate = April 18, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100419024047/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/mar/30/nation/la-na-obama-college31-2010mar31 |archivedate = April 19, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2010/03/obama-signs-higher-education-m.html |work = The Washington Post |accessdate = April 12, 2010 |title = Obama signs higher-education measure into law |last = Branigin |first = William }}</ref> In a [[Space policy of the Barack Obama administration|major space policy speech]] in April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction at [[NASA]], the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return of [[human spaceflight]] to the moon and development of the [[Ares I]] rocket, [[Ares V]] rocket and [[Constellation program]], in favor of funding Earth science projects, a new rocket type, and research and development for an eventual manned mission to Mars, and ongoing missions to the [[International Space Station]].<ref>{{cite news |author = Robert Block, Robert |author2 = Mark K. Matthews |url = http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jan/27/nation/la-na-nasa-budget27-2010jan27 |title = White House won't fund NASA moon program |quote = President Obama's budget proposal includes no money for the Ares I and Ares V rocket or Constellation program. Instead, NASA would be asked to monitor climate change and develop a new rocket |date = January 27, 2010 |work = Los Angeles Times |accessdate = January 30, 2011 }}</ref> [[File:Obama cabinet meeting 2009-11.jpg|thumb|left|Obama meets with [[Cabinet of the United States|the Cabinet]], November 23, 2009]] President Obama's [[2011 State of the Union Address]] focused on themes of education and innovation, stressing the importance of [[innovation economics]] to make the United States more competitive globally. He spoke of a five-year freeze in domestic spending, eliminating tax breaks for oil companies and reversing tax cuts for the wealthiest Americans, banning congressional [[Earmark (politics)|earmarks]], and reducing healthcare costs. He promised that the United States would have one million electric vehicles on the road by 2015 and would be 80% reliant on "[[Sustainable energy|clean]]" electricity.<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama Pushes Innovation in Tech-Heavy State of the Union |work = PC Magazine |date = January 25, 2011 |first = Chloe |last = Albanesius |url = http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2376242,00.asp |accessdate = May 17, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first = Anne E. |last = Kornblut |author2 = Wilson, Scott |title = State of the Union 2011: 'Win the future,' Obama says |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/25/AR2011012504068.html |date = January 26, 2011 |work = The Washington Post |accessdate = May 18, 2011 }}</ref> ====LGBT rights==== On October 8, 2009, Obama signed the [[Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act]], a measure that expanded the [[Hate crime laws in the United States#Federal prosecution of hate crimes|1969 United States federal hate-crime law]] to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2009-10-28/politics/hate.crimes_1_crimes-gay-rights-human-rights-campaign?_s=PM:POLITICS |title=Obama signs hate crimes bill into law |publisher=CNN |date=October 28, 2009 |accessdate=October 12, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914124058/http://articles.cnn.com/2009-10-28/politics/hate.crimes_1_crimes-gay-rights-human-rights-campaign?_s=PM%3APOLITICS |archivedate=September 14, 2011 |df= }}</ref> On October 30, 2009, Obama lifted the ban on travel to the United States by those infected with HIV, which was celebrated by [[Immigration Equality]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/31/us/politics/31travel.html "Obama Lifts a Ban on Entry Into U.S. by H.I.V.-Positive People"], Julia Preston. New York Times. October 30, 2009. Retrieved 8 feb 2017</ref> On December 22, 2010, Obama signed the [[Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010]], which fulfilled a key promise made in the 2008 presidential campaign<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/22/obama-repeals-dont-ask-dont-tell |title = 'Don't ask, don't tell' repealed as Obama signs landmark law |work = The Guardian |location = London |date = December 22, 2010 |accessdate = December 22, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101223060037/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/dec/22/obama-repeals-dont-ask-dont-tell |archivedate = December 23, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/nov/21/obama-to-delay-repeal-of-dont-ask-dont-tell/ |title = Obama to delay 'don't ask, don't tell' repeal |work = The Washington Times |date = November 21, 2008 |accessdate = December 22, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110125182154/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/nov/21/obama-to-delay-repeal-of-dont-ask-dont-tell/ |archivedate = January 25, 2011 }}</ref> to end the [[Don't ask, don't tell]] policy of 1993 that had prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in the [[United States Armed Forces]].<ref>{{cite web |author = Lee, Jesse |url = http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2010/12/22/president-signs-repeal-dont-ask-dont-tell-out-many-we-are-one |title = The President Signs Repeal of "Don't Ask Don't Tell": "Out of Many, We Are One" |publisher = The White House |accessdate = December 22, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101225051110/http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2010/12/22/president-signs-repeal-dont-ask-dont-tell-out-many-we-are-one |archivedate = December 25, 2010 }}</ref> In 2016, the [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] ended the policy that also barred [[transgender]] people from serving openly in the military.<ref name=TransBan1>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jun/30/us-military-ends-ban-transgender-service-members|title=US military ends ban on transgender service members|publisher=The Guardian|date=June 30, 2016}}</ref> [[File:White House rainbow colors to celebrate June 2015 SCOTUS same-sex marriage ruling.jpeg|thumb|300px|The [[White House]] was illuminated in rainbow colors on the evening of the Supreme Court same-sex marriage ruling.]] As a candidate for the Illinois state senate in 1996, Obama had said that he favored legalizing [[Same-sex marriage in the United States|same-sex marriage]].<ref name="WCT0114">{{cite news |last = Baim |first = Tracy |title = Windy City Times exclusive: Obama's Marriage Views Changed. WCT Examines His Step Back |url = http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/Windy-City-Times-exclusive-Obamas-Marriage-Views-Changed-WCT-Examines-His-Step-Back/20524.html |accessdate = May 10, 2012 |newspaper = Windy City Times |date = January 14, 2009 }}</ref> By the time of his Senate run in 2004, he said that he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners, but he opposed same-sex marriages for strategic reasons.<ref name="WCT0204">{{cite news |last = Baim |first = Tracy |title = Obama Seeks U.S. Senate seat |url = http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/gay/lesbian/news/ARTICLE.php?AID=3931 |accessdate = May 10, 2012 |newspaper = Windy City Times |date = February 4, 2004 }}</ref> On May 9, 2012, shortly after the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to do so.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-57431122-503544/obama-backs-same-sex-marriage/ |title = Obama backs same-sex marriage |publisher = [[CBS News]] |date = May 9, 2012 |accessdate = May 9, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="The Huffington Post">{{cite news |url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/09/obama-gay-marriage_n_1503245.html |title = Obama Backs Gay Marriage |author = Stein, Sam |date = May 9, 2012 |work = The Huffington Post |publisher = AOL Inc |accessdate = July 5, 2015 }}</ref> During his second [[inaugural address]] on January 21, 2013,<ref name="NYT20130121" /> Obama became the first president to call for full equality for gay Americans: "Our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law – for if we are truly created equal, then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well." This was the first time that a president mentioned [[LGBT rights in the United States|gay rights]] or the word "gay" in an inaugural address.<ref>{{cite news |last = Robillard |first = Kevin |title = First inaugural use of the word 'gay' |url = http://www.politico.com/story/2013/01/first-inaugural-use-of-the-word-gay-86499.html |accessdate = January 21, 2013 |publisher = Politico |date = January 21, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Obama Inauguration Speech Makes History With Mention of Gay Rights Struggle, Stonewall Uprising |url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/21/obama-inauguration-speech-stonewall-gays_n_2520962.html#slide=892590 |work = The Huffington Post |accessdate = January 21, 2013 |first = Noah |last = Michelson |date = January 21, 2013 }}</ref> In 2013, the Obama administration filed briefs that urged the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] to rule in favor of same-sex couples in the cases of ''[[Hollingsworth v. Perry]]'' (regarding [[same-sex marriage]])<ref name="huffpo-amicus">{{cite news |url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/28/obama-gay-marriage_n_2783912.html |title = Obama Administration: Gay Marriage Ban Unconstitutional In Prop. 8 Supreme Court Case |last = Reilly |first = Ryan J. |date = February 28, 2013 |work = [[The Huffington Post]] |accessdate = April 21, 2013 }}</ref> and ''[[United States v. Windsor]]'' (regarding the [[Defense of Marriage Act]]).<ref name="cnn-amicus">{{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/22/politics/supreme-court-marriage |title = Obama administration weighs in on defense of marriage law |last = Mears |first = Bill |date = February 27, 2013 |publisher = CNN |accessdate = April 21, 2013 }}</ref> Then, following the Supreme Court's 2015 decision in ''[[Obergefell v. Hodges]]'' (ruling same-sex marriage to be a fundamental right), Obama asserted that, "This decision affirms what millions of Americans already believe in their hearts: When all Americans are treated as equal we are all more free."<ref name="remarksDecision">{{cite web |url = https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/06/26/remarks-president-supreme-court-decision-marriage-equality |title = Remarks by the President on the Supreme Court Decision on Marriage Equality |publisher = The White House |accessdate = October 25, 2015 }}</ref> On July 30, 2015 the White House Office of National AIDS Policy revised its strategy for addressing the ailment, which included widespread testing and linkage to healthcare, which was celebrated by the [[Human Rights Campaign]].<ref>[http://www.hrc.org/press/obama-administration-releases-revised-national-hiv-and-aids-strategy "Obama Administration Releases Revised National HIV and AIDS Strategy"], Human Rights Campaign. July 30, 2015. Retrieved 8 feb 2017</ref> ====White House advisory and oversight groups==== On March 11, 2009, Obama created the [[White House Council on Women and Girls]], which forms part of the Office of Intergovernmental Affairs, having been established by {{Executive Order|13506}} with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to the welfare of American women and girls.<ref name="Executive">''Executive Order 13506'', Washington, DC: President Barack Obama, The White House, March 11, 2009, Obama, B.. Retrieved January 27, 2014.</ref> The Council is currently chaired by [[Senior Advisor to the President]] [[Valerie Jarrett]].<ref name="Sexualassault">{{cite web |url = http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2014/01/22/renewed-call-action-end-rape-and-sexual-assault |title = A renewed call to action to end rape and sexual assault |accessdate = September 13, 2014 }}</ref> Obama also established the [[White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault]] through an official United States government memorandum on January 22, 2014, with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to sexual assault on college and university campuses throughout the United States.<ref name="Sexualassault" /><ref name="Memo">{{cite web |url = http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/01/22/memorandum-establishing-white-house-task-force-protect-students-sexual-a |title = Memorandum: Establishing White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault |accessdate = September 13, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Freedom">{{cite web |url = http://www.msnbc.com/morning-joe/obama-we-have-power-end-sexual-assaults |title = Obama admin: Freedom from sexual assault a basic human right |publisher = MSNBC |accessdate = September 13, 2014 }}</ref> The current co-chairs of the Task Force are Vice President [[Joe Biden]] and Jarrett.<ref name="Memo" /> The Task Force has been a development out of the White House Council on Women and Girls and [[Office of the Vice President of the United States]], and prior to that, the 1994 [[Violence Against Women Act]] that was first-drafted by Biden.<ref name="Report">[http://www.sapr.mil/public/docs/research/201401_WhiteHouse_CouncilonWomenandGirls_RapeandSexualAssault.pdf "Rape and sexual assault: A renewed call to action"], ''White House Council on Women and Girls'', Washington, D.C.: White House Council on Women and Girls & Office of the Vice President, January 2014. Retrieved June 10, 2014.</ref> ====Economic policy==== {{Main article|Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration}} [[File:20090124 WeeklyAddress.ogv|right|thumbtime=1:3|thumb|Obama presents his first [[commons:Obama Administration weekly video addresses|weekly address]] as President of the United States on January 24, 2009, discussing the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]]|alt=Photograph]] On February 17, 2009, Obama signed the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]], a $787&nbsp;billion [[stimulus (economics)|economic stimulus]] package aimed at helping the economy recover from the [[Great Recession|deepening worldwide recession]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/13/stimulus/index.html |title = Stimulus package en route to Obama's desk |accessdate = March 29, 2009 |publisher = CNN |date = February 14, 2009 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090330094958/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/13/stimulus/index.html |archivedate = March 30, 2009 |deadurl = no }}</ref> The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks and [[tax incentive|incentives]], and direct assistance to individuals.<ref name="direct assistance" /> In March, Obama's Treasury Secretary, [[Timothy Geithner]], took further steps to manage the [[financial crisis of 2007–08|financial crisis]], including introducing the [[Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets]], which contains provisions for buying up to two&nbsp;trillion dollars in depreciated real estate assets.<ref name="markets opened" /> Obama intervened in the [[automotive industry crisis of 2008–10|troubled automotive industry]]<ref>{{cite news|title=White House questions viability of GM, Chrysler |date=March 30, 2009 |work=The Huffington Post |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/03/30/obama-denies-bailout-fund_n_180563.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407010806/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/03/30/obama-denies-bailout-fund_n_180563.html |archivedate=April 7, 2009 }}</ref> in March 2009, renewing loans for [[General Motors]] and [[Chrysler]] to continue operations while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including the [[Chrysler Chapter 11 reorganization|sale of Chrysler]] to Italian automaker [[Fiat]]<ref>{{cite news |title = Chrysler and Union Agree to Deal Before Federal Deadline |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/27/business/27chrysler.html |work = The New York Times |first1 = Nick |last1 = Bunkley |first2 = Bill |last2 = Vlasic |date = April 27, 2009 |accessdate = April 12, 2010 }}</ref> and a [[General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization|reorganization of GM]] giving the U.S. government a temporary 60% equity stake in the company, with the Canadian government taking a 12% stake.<ref>{{cite web|title=GM Begins Bankruptcy Process With Filing for Affiliate |first1=John |last1=Hughes |first2=Caroline |last2=Salas |first3=Jeff |last3=Green |first4=Bob |last4=Van Voris |url=http://bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aw4F_L7E4xYg |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=June 1, 2009 |accessdate=July 5, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613163056/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087 |archivedate=June 13, 2010 }}</ref> In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.<ref name="Christopher Conkey and Louise Radnofsky">{{cite news |title = Obama Presses Cabinet to Speed Stimulus Spending |date = June 9, 2009 |work = The Wall Street Journal |publisher = News Corp |url = https://www.wsj.com/article/SB124445867883193821.html |first1 = Christopher |last1 = Conkey |first2 = Louise |last2 = Radnofsky |accessdate = July 5, 2015 }}</ref> He signed into law the [[Car Allowance Rebate System]], known colloquially as "Cash for Clunkers", that temporarily boosted the economy.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/20/AR2009082002699.html |title = U.S. Says 'Cash for Clunkers' Program Will End on Monday |author = Dana Hedgpeth |work = The Washington Post |date = August 21, 2009 |accessdate = March 26, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1918692,00.html |title = Was Cash for Clunkers a Success? |author = Joseph R. Szczesny |work = Time |date = August 26, 2009 |accessdate = March 26, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Mian |first1 = Atif R. |first2 = Amir |last2 = Sufi |title = The Effects of Fiscal Stimulus: Evidence from the 2009 'Cash for Clunkers' Program |date = September 1, 2010 |ssrn = 1670759 |doi = 10.2139/ssrn.1670759 |publisher=Social Science Research Network}}</ref> [[File:U.S. Total Deficits vs. National Debt Increases 2001-2010.png|thumb|right|[[United States federal budget|Deficit]] and [[National debt of the United States|debt]] increases, 2001–16]] Spending and loan guarantees from the Federal Reserve and the Treasury Department authorized by the Bush and Obama administrations totaled about $11.5&nbsp;trillion, but only $3&nbsp;trillion was spent by the end of November 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title = CNNMoney.com's bailout tracker |publisher=CNNMoney |page = 20 |volume = 06 |url = http://money.cnn.com/news/storysupplement/economy/bailouttracker/ |accessdate = March 26, 2010 |author = Goldman, David |date = April 6, 2009 }}</ref> Obama and the [[Congressional Budget Office]] predicted the 2010 [[2010 United States federal budget|budget deficit]] would be $1.5&nbsp;trillion or 10.6% of the nation's gross domestic product (GDP) compared to the 2009 deficit of $1.4&nbsp;trillion or 9.9% of GDP.<ref>{{cite news |last = Montgomery |first = Lori |title = Federal budget deficit to exceed $1.4&nbsp;trillion in 2010 and 2011 |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/23/AR2010072304101.html |work = The Washington Post |accessdate = July 29, 2010 |date = July 24, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first2 = Jeff |last2 = Mason |first = Alister |last = Bull |title = Obama's 2010 budget: deficit soars amid job spending |url = http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60U00220100201 |agency = Reuters |accessdate = July 29, 2010 |date = February 1, 2010 }}</ref> For 2011, the administration predicted the deficit will shrink to $1.34&nbsp;trillion, and the 10-year deficit will increase to $8.53&nbsp;trillion or 90% of GDP.<ref>{{cite news |last = Dickson |first = David M. |title = CBO report: Debt will rise to 90% of GDP |url = http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/mar/26/cbos-2020-vision-debt-will-rise-to-90-of-gdp/?page=1 |work = The Washington Times |agency = Associated Press |accessdate = July 29, 2010 |date = March 26, 2010 }}</ref> The most recent increase in the U.S. [[debt ceiling]] to $17.2&nbsp;trillion took effect in February 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last = Sahadi |first = Jeanne |title = Where's the debt ceiling now? |url = http://money.cnn.com/2014/02/11/news/economy/debt-ceiling-reset/ |accessdate = March 21, 2014 |publisher = CNN |date = February 12, 2014 }}</ref> On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisan [[Budget Control Act of 2011]]. The legislation enforces limits on discretionary spending until 2021, establishes a procedure to increase the debt limit, creates a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5&nbsp;trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and establishes automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2&nbsp;trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee does not achieve such savings.<ref>{{cite web |author = NBC's Sylvie Stein |url = http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/08/02/7231805-a-breakdown-of-the-debt-limit-legislation |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120114001916/http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/08/02/7231805-a-breakdown-of-the-debt-limit-legislation |archivedate = January 14, 2012 |title = First Read&nbsp;– A breakdown of the debt-limit legislation |publisher = MSNBC |accessdate = August 3, 2011 }}</ref> By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent a [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. government]] [[Default (finance)|default]] on its obligations.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43967924/ns/politics-capitol_hill/ |title = House passes debt ceiling bill |publisher = MSNBC |date = March 8, 2011 |accessdate = August 3, 2011 }}</ref> [[File:US Employment Statistics.svg|thumb|left|300px|US employment statistics ([[unemployment rate]] and monthly changes in net employment) during Obama's tenure as U.S. President<ref>{{cite web |url = http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000 |title = Unemployment Rate |publisher = [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] |accessdate = 2017-01-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/CES0000000001?output_view=net_1mth |title = 1-month net change in employment |publisher = [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] |accessdate = 2017-01-17 }}</ref>]] As it did throughout 2008, the unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.0% and averaging 10.0% in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7% in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6% in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.<ref name="Theodossiou">{{cite journal |last1 = Theodossiou |first1 = Eleni |last2 = Hipple |first2 = Steven F. |year = 2011 |title = Unemployment Remains High in 2010 |journal = Monthly Labor Review |volume = 134 |issue = 3 |pages = 3–22 |publisher = Bureau of Labor Statistics |url = http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/03/art1full.pdf |accessdate = April 7, 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110508050328/http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/03/art1full.pdf |archivedate = May 8, 2011 }}</ref> Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8%, which was less than the average of 1.9% experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries.<ref name="Eddlemon">{{cite journal |last1 = Eddlemon |first1 = John P. |year = 2011 |title = Payroll Employment Turns the Corner in 2010 |journal = Monthly Labor Review |volume = 134 |issue = 3 |pages = 23–32 |publisher = Bureau of Labor Statistics |url = http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/03/art2full.pdf |accessdate = April 7, 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110506195757/http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/03/art2full.pdf |archivedate = May 6, 2011 }}</ref> By November 2012, the unemployment rate fell to 7.7%,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://data.bls.gov/pdq/SurveyOutputServlet |title = Unemployment Rate |publisher = [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] |accessdate = December 11, 2012 }}</ref> decreasing to 6.7% in the last month of 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000 |title = Unemployment Rate |publisher = [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] |accessdate = January 10, 2014 }}</ref> During 2014, the unemployment rate continued to decline, falling to 6.3% in the first quarter.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000 |title = Unemployment Rate |publisher = [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] |accessdate = June 6, 2014 }}</ref> GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6%, followed by a 5.0% increase in the fourth quarter.<ref name="BEA1">{{cite web |url = http://bea.gov/national/nipaweb/TableView.asp?SelectedTable=1&ViewSeries=NO&Java=no&Request3Place=N&3Place=N&FromView=YES&Freq=Qtr&FirstYear=2009&LastYear=2010&3Place=N&Update=Update&JavaBox=no#Mid |title = Percent Change in Real Gross Domestic Product (Quarterly) |work = National Income and Product Accounts Table |publisher = Bureau of Economic Analysis |accessdate = April 7, 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110512014536/http://bea.gov/national/nipaweb/TableView.asp?SelectedTable=1&ViewSeries=NO&Java=no&Request3Place=N&3Place=N&FromView=YES&Freq=Qtr&FirstYear=2009&LastYear=2010&3Place=N&Update=Update&JavaBox=no |archivedate = May 12, 2011 |deadurl = no }}</ref> Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7% in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.<ref name="BEA1" /> In July 2010, the [[Federal Reserve System|Federal Reserve]] noted that economic activity continued to increase, but its pace had slowed, and chairman [[Ben Bernanke]] said the economic outlook was "unusually uncertain".<ref>{{cite web |last = Harding |first = Robin |title = Beige Book survey reports signs of slowdown |url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/dac3245a-9a7b-11df-87fd-00144feab49a.html |work = Financial Times |accessdate = July 29, 2010 |date = July 28, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100729184009/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/dac3245a-9a7b-11df-87fd-00144feab49a.html|archivedate=July 29, 2010 }}</ref> Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9% in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://bea.gov/national/nipaweb/TableView.asp?SelectedTable=1&ViewSeries=NO&Java=no&Request3Place=N&3Place=N&FromView=YES&Freq=Year&FirstYear=2009&LastYear=2010&3Place=N&Update=Update&JavaBox=no#Mid |title = Percent Change in Real Gross Domestic Product (Annual) |work = National Income and Product Accounts Table |publisher = Bureau of Economic Analysis |accessdate = April 7, 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110512014513/http://bea.gov/national/nipaweb/TableView.asp?SelectedTable=1&ViewSeries=NO&Java=no&Request3Place=N&3Place=N&FromView=YES&Freq=Year&FirstYear=2009&LastYear=2010&3Place=N&Update=Update&JavaBox=no |archivedate = May 12, 2011 |deadurl = no }}</ref> The Congressional Budget Office and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.<ref name="estimated" /><ref name="newc" /> The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1&nbsp;million,<ref name="newc">{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/21/business/economy/21stimulus.html |title = New Consensus Sees Stimulus Package as Worthy Step |work = The New York Times |date = November 20, 2009 |accessdate = December 21, 2010 |first1 = Jackie |last1 = Calmes |first2 = Michael |last2 = Cooper |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110511230904/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/21/business/economy/21stimulus.html|archivedate=May 11, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/83253-cbo-stimulus-created-as-many-as-21-million-jobs |title = CBO: Stimulus created as many as 2.1&nbsp;million jobs |date = February 23, 2010 |accessdate = April 25, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/02/opinion/02krugman.html |title = Too Little of a Good Thing |work = The New York Times |date = November 2, 2009 |accessdate = December 22, 2010 |first = Paul |last = Krugman }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last = Isidore |first = Chris |url = http://money.cnn.com/2010/01/29/news/economy/gdp/index.htm |title = Best economic growth in six years |publisher = CNN |date = January 29, 2010 |accessdate = April 18, 2010 }}</ref> while conceding that "It is impossible to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package."<ref name="estimated">{{cite web |url = http://www.cbo.gov/publication/42715 |title = Estimated Impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act on Employment and Economic Output |publisher = Congressional Budget Office |accessdate = February 21, 2012 }}</ref> Although an April 2010 survey of members of the [[National Association for Business Economics]] showed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73% of 68 respondents believed that the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nabe.com/publib/indsum.html |title=New NABE Survey Shows Business Recovery Gaining Momentum, with More Jobs Ahead |accessdate=April 26, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502053859/http://www.nabe.com/publib/indsum.html |archivedate=May 2, 2010 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> The economy of the United States has grown faster than the other original [[NATO]] members by a wider margin under President Obama than it has anytime since the end of [[World War II]].<ref>Politics that Work, [http://politicsthatwork.com/graphs/gdp-growth-vs-nato-president "U.S. GDP Growth Relative to Original NATO Members"], ''Politics that Work'', March 9, 2015</ref> The [[OECD]] credits the much faster growth in the United States to the stimulus in the United States and the austerity measures in the European Union.<ref>Irene Chapple, [http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/29/business/oecd-u-s-europe-economic-recovery/ "OECD: U.S. will recover faster, Europe faces unemployment crisis"], CNN, May 29, 2013</ref> Within a month of the [[United States elections, 2010|2010 midterm elections]], Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the [[Bush tax cuts|2001 and 2003 income tax rates]], a one-year [[Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax|payroll tax]] reduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount for [[Estate tax in the United States|estate taxes]].<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/08/us/politics/08cong.html |title = Democrats Skeptical of Obama on New Tax Plan |author = Herszenhorn, David M. |author2 = Stolberg, Sheryl Gay |newspaper = The New York Times |date = December 7, 2010 }}</ref> The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858&nbsp;billion [[Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010]] passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/12/17/tax.deal/index.html |title = Obama signs tax deal into law |publisher = CNN |date = December 17, 2010 |accessdate = December 17, 2010 }}</ref> In December 2013, Obama declared that growing [[Income inequality in the United States|income inequality]] is a "defining challenge of our time" and called on Congress to bolster the safety net and raise wages. This came on the heels of the [[Fast food worker strikes|nationwide strikes of fast-food workers]] and [[Pope Francis]]' criticism of inequality and [[trickle-down economics]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://bigstory.ap.org/article/obama-speech-focus-income-disparities |title = Obama: Income Inequality a Defining Challenge |first = Jim |last = Kuhnhenn |work = Associated Press |date = December 5, 2013 |accessdate = January 9, 2014 }}</ref> Obama has urged Congress to ratify a 12-nation free trade pact called the [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/president-obama-makes-trade-deal-a-top-priority-in-remaining-months/ |title=President Obama uses his final months to bring congressional approval of a 12-nation free trade pact called the Trans-Pacific Partnership |date=September 5, 2016 |website=CBSNews |access-date=September 5, 2016}}</ref> ====Environmental policy==== {{See also|Climate change policy of the United States}} [[File:Obama-venice-la.jpg|thumb|left|Obama at a 2010 briefing on the [[BP oil spill]] at the [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] Station Venice in [[Venice, Louisiana]] ]] On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories, and oil refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb [[global warming]].<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/01/science/earth/01epa.html |work = The New York Times |first = John M. |last = Broder |title = E.P.A. Moves to Curtail Greenhouse Gas Emissions |date = October 1, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ip53lrBGDBrm5QYg-npRkHn4ggRA |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120523114528/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ip53lrBGDBrm5QYg-npRkHn4ggRA |archivedate = May 23, 2012 |title = US moves to limit industrial greenhouse gas emissions |publisher = Google News |agency = Agence France-Presse |date = October 1, 2009 |accessdate = April 18, 2010 }}</ref> On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore [[drilling rig]] at the [[Macondo Prospect]] in the [[Gulf of Mexico]], causing a [[Deepwater Horizon oil spill|major sustained oil leak]]. Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review by [[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] [[Ken Salazar]] and concurrent Congressional hearings. He then announced a six-month moratorium on new [[deepwater drilling]] permits and leases, pending regulatory review.<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama Halts Drilling Projects, Defends Actions |publisher = NPR |date = May 27, 2010 |url = http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=127205462&ps=rs }}</ref> As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.<ref>{{cite news |first = Patrik |last = Jonsson |url = http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0529/Gulf-oil-spill-Obama-s-big-political-test |title = Gulf oil spill: Obama's big political test |work = [[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date = May 29, 2010 |accessdate = June 6, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100601094118/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0529/Gulf-oil-spill-Obama-s-big-political-test |archivedate = June 1, 2010 |deadurl = no }}</ref> In July 2013, Obama expressed reservations and stated he "would reject the [[Keystone XL pipeline]] if it increased carbon pollution" or "greenhouse emissions".<ref>Goldenberg, Suzanne (July 28, 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jul/28/obama-reservations-keystone-pipeline-project "Barack Obama expresses reservations about Keystone XL pipeline project"]. ''The Guardian'' (London).</ref><ref>Stein, Sam (June 25, 2013). [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/25/obama-keystone_n_3497292.html Obama: Keystone XL Should Not Be Approved If It Will Increase Greenhouse Gas Emissions]. ''The Huffington Post'' (US).</ref> Obama's advisers called for a halt to [[petroleum exploration in the Arctic]] in January 2013.<ref>Goldenberg, Suzanne (January 18, 2013).[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jan/18/shell-oil-drilling-arctic-environment "Shell's plans in Arctic at risk as Obama advisers call for halt to oil exploration"]. ''The Guardian'' (London).</ref> On February 24, 2015, Obama vetoed a bill that would authorize the pipeline.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2015/02/24/388738159/obama-to-veto-keystone-xl-pipeline-today-without-drama-or-fanfare-or-delay |title = Obama Vetoes Keystone XL Pipeline Bill |date = February 24, 2015 |accessdate = February 24, 2015 |publisher = NPR }}</ref> It was the third veto of Obama's presidency and his first major veto.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/234615-senate-fails-to-override-obama-keystone-veto |title = Keystone veto override fails |date = March 4, 2015 |first = Laura |last = Barron-Lopez |work = [[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |publisher = Capitol Hill Publishing |accessdate = July 2, 2015 }}</ref> Obama has emphasized the [[Conservation movement|conservation]] of [[federal lands]] during his term in office. He used his power under the [[Antiquities Act]] to create 25 new [[National Monument (United States)|national monuments]] during his presidency and expand four others, protecting a total of {{convert|553,000,000|acre|ha}} of federal lands and waters, more than any other U.S. president.<ref name="Monuments">Juliet Eilperin & Brady Dennis, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/with-new-monuments-in-nevada-utah-obama-adds-to-his-environmental-legacy/2016/12/28/e9833f62-c471-11e6-8422-eac61c0ef74d_story.html With new monuments in Nevada, Utah, Obama adds to his environmental legacy], ''The Washington Post'' (December 28, 2016). * [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/31/opinion/sunday/monuments-man.html Monuments Man], ''The New York Times'' (December 31, 2016). * [http://www.npr.org/2016/12/29/507436648/obama-s-newly-designated-national-monuments-upset-some-lawmakers-and-constituent Obama's Newly Designated National Monuments Upset Some Lawmakers], NPR, ''[[All Things Considered]]'' (December 29, 2016) * Amy R. Connolly, [http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2016/02/13/Obama-expands-public-lands-more-than-any-US-president/1161455298784/ Obama expands public lands more than any U.S. president], [[United Press International]] (February 13, 2016).</ref> ====Health care reform==== {{Main article|Health care reform in the United States}} [[File:Obama signs health care-20100323.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph|Obama signs the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act at the White House, March 23, 2010]] Obama called for [[United States Congress|Congress]] to pass legislation reforming [[health care in the United States]], a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.<ref name="health reform" /> He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, to cap premium increases, and to allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900&nbsp;billion over 10 years and include a government insurance plan, also known as the [[public health insurance option|public option]], to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage for [[pre-existing condition]]s, and require every American to carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/10/us/politics/10obama.html |title = Obama, Armed With Details, Says Health Plan Is Necessary |author = Stolberg, Sheryl Gay |author2 = Zeleny, Jeff |date = September 9, 2009 |newspaper = The New York Times |accessdate = July 5, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first = Mike |last = Allen |url = http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0909/26907.html |title = Barack Obama will hedge on public option |work = [[Politico]] |accessdate = July 5, 2015 |date = September 9, 2009 }}</ref> [[File:PPACA Premium Chart.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Maximum Out-of-Pocket Premium as Percentage of Family Income and [[federal poverty level]], under [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]], starting in 2014 (Source: [[Congressional Research Service|CRS]])<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41137.pdf |title = Health Insurance Premium Credits in the PPACA |publisher = Congressional Research Service |accessdate = May 17, 2015 }}</ref>]] On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.<ref name="health reform">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.suntimes.com/sweet/2009/07/obama_july_22_2009_press_confe.html |title=Obama July 22, 2009 press conference. Transcript |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |date=July 22, 2009 |accessdate=July 5, 2015 |first=Lynn |last=Sweet |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416063154/http://blogs.suntimes.com/sweet/2009/07/obama_july_22_2009_press_confe.html |archivedate=April 16, 2015 }}</ref> After much public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivered [[Barack Obama speech to joint session of Congress, September 2009|a speech to a joint session of Congress]] on September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/09/09/obama.speech/index.html |title = Obama calls for Congress to face health care challenge |date = September 9, 2009 |accessdate = September 9, 2009 |publisher = CNN |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090910083332/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/09/09/obama.speech/index.html |archivedate = September 10, 2009 |deadurl = no }}</ref> In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on using federal funds for stem cell research.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/10/obama-stem-cell-research |title = Stem cell |author = Daniel Nasaw |work = The Guardian |accessdate = September 13, 2014 }}</ref> On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.<ref name="nyt1">{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/08/health/policy/08health.html |title = Sweeping Health Care Plan Passes House |last = Hulse |first = Carl |author2 = Robert Pear |date = November 7, 2009 |work = The New York Times |accessdate = November 8, 2009 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110331033230/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/08/health/policy/08health.html|archivedate=March 31, 2011 |deadurl = no }}</ref><ref name="nyt">{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/08/health/policy/08scene.html |title = Abortion Was at Heart of Wrangling |last = Herszenhorn |first = David M. |author2 = Jackie Calmes |date = December 7, 2009 |work = The New York Times |accessdate = December 6, 2009 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110331073732/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/08/health/policy/08scene.html|archivedate=March 31, 2011 |deadurl = no }}</ref> On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own bill—without a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=121854289 |title = Senate Says Yes To Landmark Health Bill |author = Hensley, Scott |date = December 24, 2009 |accessdate = December 24, 2009 |publisher = [[NPR]] |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100121191700/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=121854289 |archivedate = January 21, 2010 |deadurl = no }}</ref> On March 21, 2010, the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] (ACA) passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/22/opinion/22mon5.html |title = Health Care Reform, at Last |newspaper = The New York Times |date = March 21, 2010 |accessdate = March 22, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100326095847/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/22/opinion/22mon5.html |archivedate = March 26, 2010 }}</ref> Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/24/health/policy/24health.html |title = Obama Signs Landmark Health Care Bill |date = March 23, 2010 |accessdate = March 23, 2010 |newspaper = The New York Times |author = Gay Stolberg, Sheryl |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100325033529/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/24/health/policy/24health.html |archivedate = March 25, 2010 }}</ref> The ACA includes [[Provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act|health-related provisions]], most of which took effect in 2014, including expanding [[Medicaid]] eligibility for people making up to 133%&nbsp;of the [[federal poverty level]] (FPL) starting in 2014,<ref name="cnn_ref1">{{cite news |last = Rice |first = Sabriya |url = http://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/03/25/health.care.law.basics/index.html |title = 5 key things to remember about health care reform |publisher = CNN |date = March 25, 2010 |accessdate = January 6, 2013 }}</ref> subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400%&nbsp;of the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum "out-of-pocket" payment for annual premiums will be from 2% to 9.5% of income,<ref name="whitehouse" /><ref>{{cite news |last = Grier |first = Peter |url = http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0320/Health-care-reform-bill-101-Who-gets-subsidized-insurance |date = March 20, 2010 |title = Health Care Reform Bill 101 |newspaper = [[The Christian Science Monitor]] |accessdate = July 5, 2015 }}</ref> providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishing [[health insurance exchange]]s, prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and Congressional Budget Office figures, the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level.<ref name="whitehouse">{{cite web |url = https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/health-care-meeting/proposal/whatsnew/affordability |title = Policies to Improve Affordability and Accountability |publisher = The White House |accessdate = January 6, 2013}}</ref><ref name="cbo_est">{{cite web |last = Elmendorf |first = Douglas W. |url = http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/ftpdocs/107xx/doc10781/11-30-premiums.pdf |title = An Analysis of Health Insurance Premiums Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act |publisher = Congressional Budget Office |date = November 30, 2009 |accessdate = April 9, 2012 }}</ref> [[File:Percentage of Individuals in the United States Without Health Insurance, 1963-2015.png|thumb|Percentage of Individuals in the United States without Health Insurance, 1963–2015 (Source: [[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]])<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Obama|first1=Barack|title=United States Health Care Reform|journal=JAMA|date=August 2, 2016|volume=316|issue=5|page=525|doi=10.1001/jama.2016.9797|url=http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2533698|accessdate=August 17, 2016|issn=0098-7484}}</ref>]] The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-income [[tax bracket|brackets]], taxes on [[indoor tanning]], cuts to the [[Medicare Advantage]] program in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;<ref>{{cite web |last = Grier |first = Peter |date = March 21, 2010 |url = http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0321/Health-care-reform-bill-101-Who-will-pay-for-reform |title = Health care reform bill 101: Who will pay for reform? |work = The Christian Science Monitor |accessdate = July 5, 2015 }}</ref> there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0319/Health-care-reform-bill-101-Who-must-buy-insurance |title = Health care reform bill 101: Who must buy insurance? |last = Grier |first = Peter |date = March 19, 2010 |work = [[The Christian Science Monitor]] |accessdate = April 7, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100405075157/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0319/Health-care-reform-bill-101-Who-must-buy-insurance |archivedate = April 5, 2010 }}</ref> In March 2010, the Congressional Budget Office estimated that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143&nbsp;billion over the first decade.<ref>{{cite web |last = Elmendorf |first = Douglas W. |title = H.R. 4872, Reconciliation Act of 2010 (Final Health Care Legislation) |url = http://www.cbo.gov/publication/21351 |publisher = Congressional Budget Office |accessdate = January 6, 2013 }}</ref> The law faced several legal challenges, primarily based on the argument that an individual mandate requiring Americans to buy health insurance was unconstitutional. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote in ''[[National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius]]'' that the mandate was constitutional under the U.S. Congress's taxing authority.<ref name="WP-uphold">{{cite news |first = Robert |last = Barnes |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/supreme-court-to-rule-thursday-on-health-care-law/2012/06/28/gJQAarRm8V_story.html |title = Supreme Court upholds Obama health care overhaul by 5–4 vote, approving insurance requirement |date = June 28, 2012 |work = The Washington Post |agency = Associated Press |accessdate = June 29, 2012 }}</ref> In ''[[Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.|Burwell v. Hobby Lobby]]'' the Court ruled that "closely-held" for-profit corporations could be exempt on religious grounds under the [[Religious Freedom Restoration Act]] from regulations adopted under the ACA that would have required them to pay for insurance that covered certain contraceptives. In June 2015, the Court ruled 6–3 in ''[[King v. Burwell]]'' that subsidies to help individuals and families purchase health insurance were authorized for those doing so on both the federal exchange and state exchanges, not only those purchasing plans "established by the State", as the statute reads.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/06/25/supreme-court-upholds-obamacare-subsidies-in-king-v-burwell |title=Supreme Court Upholds Obamacare Subsidies |author=Kimberly Leonard |work=US News & World Report |accessdate=November 25, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116072123/http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/06/25/supreme-court-upholds-obamacare-subsidies-in-king-v-burwell |archivedate=January 16, 2016 |df= }}</ref> ====Energy policy==== {{Main article|Energy policy of the Obama administration}} Prior to June 2014, Obama offered substantial support for a broadly-based "All of the above" approach to domestic energy policy, which Obama has maintained since his first term and which he last confirmed at his State of the Union speech in January 2014 to a mixed reception by both parties. In June 2014, Obama made indications that his administration would consider a shift towards an energy policy more closely tuned to the manufacturing industry and its impact on the domestic economy.<ref>{{cite news |author=James P. O'Toole |author2=Tracie Mauriello |author3=Deborah Todd |newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |date=June 17, 2014 |title=Obama speaks in Pittsburgh about tech, jobs |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/local/city/2014/06/17/obama-arrives-in-pittsburgh/201406170170}}</ref> Obama's approach of selectively combining regulation and incentive to various issues in the domestic energy policy such as coal mining and oil fracking has received mixed commentary for not being as responsive to the needs of the domestic manufacturing sector as needed, following claims that the domestic manufacturing sector utilizes as much as a third of the nation's available energy resources.<ref>Obama domestic energy policy. Bloomberg News. June 17, 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.bloomberg.com/video/manufacturing-balks-at-obama-s-u-s-energy-policy-rdCH8kbCQAyS_Wjr6AjELA.html |title = Manufacturing Balks at Obama's U.S. Energy Policy: Video |work = [[Bloomberg News]] |date = June 17, 2014 |accessdate = July 17, 2014 }}</ref> ====Gun control==== {{Main|Social policy of the Barack Obama administration#Gun policy}} [[File:Barack Obama visiting victims of 2012 Aurora shooting.jpg|thumb|Obama visiting [[2012 Aurora shooting]] victims at [[University of Colorado Hospital]]]] On January 16, 2013, one month after the [[Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting]], Obama signed 23 executive orders and outlined a series of sweeping proposals regarding gun control.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-21049942 |publisher = BBC News |title = US gun debate: Obama unveils gun control proposals |first = Mark |last = Mardell |date = January 16, 2013 |accessdate = January 16, 2013 }}</ref> He urged Congress to reintroduce an [[Federal Assault Weapons Ban|expired ban]] on military-style assault weapons, such as those used in several recent mass shootings, impose limits on ammunition magazines to 10 rounds, introduce background checks on all gun sales, pass a ban on possession and sale of armor-piercing bullets, introduce harsher penalties for gun-traffickers, especially unlicensed dealers who buy arms for criminals and approving the appointment of the head of the federal [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives]] for the first time since 2006.<ref>{{cite news |title = What's in Obama's Gun Control Proposal |url = https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/01/16/us/obama-gun-control-proposal.html |work = The New York Times |date = January 16, 2013 |accessdate = February 12, 2013 }}</ref> On January 5, 2016, Obama announced new [[Executive order|executive actions]] extending background check requirements to more gun sellers.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/05/politics/obama-gun-control-executive-action/?iid=ob_lockedrail_bottomlist&iref=obinsite "Obama announces gun control executive action (full transcript)"] CNN. January 5, 2016. January 7, 2016.</ref> In a 2016 editorial in the ''New York Times'', Obama compared the struggle for what he termed "common-sense gun reform" to [[women's suffrage]] and other civil rights movements in American history.<ref>Obama, Barack. [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/08/opinion/president-barack-obama-guns-are-our-shared-responsibility.html "Barack Obama: Guns Are Our Shared Responsibility"] ''The New York Times''. January 7, 2016. January 7, 2016.</ref> ====2010 midterm elections==== {{Main article|United States House of Representatives elections, 2010|United States Senate elections, 2010}} Obama called the [[United States House of Representatives elections, 2010|November 2, 2010 election]], where the Democratic Party lost 63 seats in, and control of, the House of Representatives,<ref>{{cite news |author1=Paul Harris |author2=Ewen MacAskill |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/03/us-midterm-election-results-tea-party |title = US midterm election results herald new political era as Republicans take House |work = The Guardian |place = London |date = November 3, 2010 |accessdate = December 22, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101214214006/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/nov/03/us-midterm-election-results-tea-party |archivedate = December 14, 2010 }}</ref> "humbling" and a "shellacking".<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Elections/Vox-News/2010/1104/Obama-calls-midterm-elections-a-shellacking-for-Democrats |title = Obama calls midterm elections a 'shellacking' for Democrats |work = The Christian Science Monitor |date = November 4, 2010 |accessdate = December 22, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101124220406/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Elections/Vox-News/2010/1104/Obama-calls-midterm-elections-a-shellacking-for-Democrats |archivedate = November 24, 2010 }}</ref> He said that the results came because not enough Americans had felt the effects of the economic recovery.<ref>{{cite web |work = All Things Considered |url = http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=131048554 |title = See Obama's first paragraph of his transcript |publisher = NPR |date = November 3, 2010 |accessdate = December 22, 2010 }}</ref> ====Cybersecurity and Internet policy==== On November 10, 2014, President Obama recommended the [[Federal Communications Commission]] reclassify [[Internet access|broadband Internet service]] as a telecommunications service in order to preserve [[net neutrality]].<ref name="NYT-20141110-EW">{{cite news |last = Wyatt |first = Edward |title = Obama Asks F.C.C. to Adopt Tough Net Neutrality Rules |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/11/technology/obama-net-neutrality-fcc.html |date = November 10, 2014 |work = [[The New York Times]] |accessdate = November 15, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20141114">{{cite news |author = NYT Editorial Board |title = Why the F.C.C. Should Heed President Obama on Internet Regulation |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/15/opinion/why-the-fcc-should-heed-president-obama-on-internet-regulations.html |date = November 14, 2014 |work = [[The New York Times]] |accessdate = November 15, 2014 }}</ref> On February 12, 2013, President Obama signed Executive Order 13636, "Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity".<ref>{{cite press release |title = Cybersecurity&nbsp;– Executive Order 13636 |url = https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/issues/foreign-policy/cybersecurity/eo-13636 |accessdate = April 30, 2015}}</ref> ===Foreign policy=== {{Main article|Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration}} [[File:Barack Obama at Cairo University cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|Obama speaking on "[[A New Beginning]]" at [[Cairo University]] on June 4, 2009|alt=President Obama stands at a podium delivering a speech on "A New Beginning" at Cairo University on June 4, 2009]] [[File:Barack Obama foreign trips.svg|thumb|300px|[[List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama|International trips]] made by President Barack Obama during his terms in office]] In February and March 2009, Vice President Joe Biden and [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] Hillary Rodham Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a "new era" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms "break" and "[[Russian reset|reset]]" to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration.<ref name="preceding administration" /> Obama attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab cable TV network, [[Al Arabiya]].<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama reaches out to Muslim world on TV |publisher = MSNBC |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28869185/ |accessdate = June 15, 2009 |date = January 27, 2009 }}</ref> On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/20/barack-obama-usa |title = Barack Obama's address to Iran: Full text of Barack Obama's videotaped message to the people and leaders of Iran as they celebrate their New Year's holiday, Nowruz |date = March 20, 2013 |accessdate = July 14, 2013 |work = [[The Guardian]] |location = London }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first = Karen |last = DeYoung |title = Nation U.S. to Join Talks on Iran's Nuclear Program |date = April 9, 2009 |work = The Washington Post |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/08/AR2009040802254.html |accessdate = June 15, 2009 }}</ref> In April, Obama gave a speech in [[Ankara]], Turkey, which was well received by many Arab governments.<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama speech draws praise in Mideast |work = The Guardian |location = London |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/8443248 |accessdate = June 15, 2009 |date = January 23, 2008 }}</ref> On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech at [[Cairo University]] in Egypt calling for "[[A New Beginning]]" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.<ref name="middleeast" /> On June 26, 2009, Obama responded to the Iranian government's actions towards protesters following [[Iranian presidential election, 2009|Iran's 2009 presidential election]] by saying: "The violence perpetrated against them is outrageous. We see it and we condemn it."<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jun/26/obama-dismisses-ahmadinejad-apology-request/ |title = Obama dismisses Ahmadinejad apology request |work = The Washington Times |date = June 26, 2009 |accessdate = July 2, 2015 |first1 = Joseph |last1 = Weber |first2 = Stephen |last2 = Dinan }}</ref> While in Moscow on July 7, he responded Vice President Biden's comment on a possible Israeli military strike on Iran by saying: "We have said directly to the Israelis that it is important to try and resolve this in an international setting in a way that does not create major conflict in the Middle East."<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/07/07/obama.israel.iran/ |title = Obama: No green light for Israel to attack Iran |publisher = CNN |date = July 7, 2009 |accessdate = January 4, 2013 }}</ref> On September 24, 2009, Obama became the first sitting U.S. president to [[President of the United Nations Security Council|preside]] over a meeting of the [[United Nations Security Council]].<ref>{{cite web |last = Rajghatta |first = Chidanand |date = September 24, 2009 |url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/Barack-No-Bomb-Obama-pushes-for-world-without-nukes/articleshow/5052325.cms |title = Barack 'No Bomb' Obama pushes for world without nukes |work = [[The Times of India]] |accessdate = July 2, 2015}}</ref> In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] to continue building Jewish housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods of [[East Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/Netanyahus-Office-No-Change-on-East-Jerusalem-Plans-89258402.html |title = Israel Refuses to Halt Construction in East Jerusalem |publisher = [[Voice of America]] |date = March 25, 2010 |accessdate = July 2, 2015 |first = Robert |last = Berger }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/25/world/middleeast/25jerusalem.html |title = Israel Confirms New Building in East Jerusalem |work = The New York Times |date = March 24, 2010 |first = Isabel |last = Kershner |accessdate = April 26, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100329231159/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/25/world/middleeast/25jerusalem.html |archivedate = March 29, 2010 |deadurl = no }}</ref> During the same month, an agreement was reached with the administration of Russian President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] to replace the [[START I|1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty]] with a new pact reducing the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about one-third.<ref>Baker, Peter (March 26, 2010).[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/27/world/europe/27start.html "Obama Seals Arms Control Deal With Russia"]. ''The New York Times''.</ref> Obama and Medvedev signed the [[New START]] treaty in April 2010, and the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] ratified it in December 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/23/world/europe/23treaty.html |work = The New York Times |first = Peter |last = Baker |title = Senate Passes Arms Control Treaty With Russia, 71–26 |date = December 22, 2010 }}</ref> In December 2011, Obama instructed agencies to consider [[LGBT rights by country or territory|LGBT rights]] when issuing financial aid to foreign countries.<ref>{{cite news |last = McVeigh |first = Karen |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/07/gay-rights-us-aid-criteria |title = Gay rights must be criterion for US aid allocations, instructs Obama |newspaper = The Guardian |location = London |date = December 6, 2011 |accessdate = January 4, 2013 }}</ref> He criticized Russia's law discriminating against gays in August 2013,<ref name="LAT80713">{{cite news |url = http://articles.latimes.com/2013/aug/07/nation/la-na-pn-obama-leno-russia-snowden-20130807 |title = Obama criticizes Russia's new anti-gay law in Leno interview |last = Parsons |first = Christi |date = August 7, 2013 |work = [[Los Angeles Times]] |accessdate = August 27, 2014 }}</ref> stopping short of advocating a boycott of the [[2014 Winter Olympics]] held in [[Sochi]], Russia.<ref name="Huffpo80913">{{cite news |url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/09/obama-olympic-boycott_n_3733275.html |title = Obama Opposes Olympic Boycott, Criticizes Russian Anti-Gay Law |last = Johnson |first = Luke |date = August 9, 2013 |work = [[The Huffington Post]] |accessdate = August 27, 2014 }}</ref> [[File:Barack Obama and Matteo Renzi October 2016, 1.jpg|thumb|right|Obama meeting with Italian Prime Minister [[Matteo Renzi]] at the [[White House]], October 2016]] In December 2014, Obama announced that he intended to [[United States–Cuban Thaw|normalize relationships]] between [[Cuba–United States relations|Cuba and the United States]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/in-miami-a-mixed-and-muted-response-to-historic-change-in-cuba-policy/2014/12/18/a27325c0-86b0-11e4-b9b7-b8632ae73d25_story.html |title = In Miami, a mixed and muted response to historic change in Cuba policy |work = The Washington Post |date = December 18, 2014 |accessdate = December 18, 2014 |author = Achenbach, Joel }}</ref> The countries' respective "interests sections" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20, 2015. In March 2015, Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in their [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen|military intervention in Yemen]], establishing a "Joint Planning Cell" with Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/report-yemens-embattled-president-flees-stronghold-as-rebels-advance/2015/03/25/e0913ae2-d2d5-11e4-a62f-ee745911a4ff_story.html|title= Saudi Arabia launces air attacks in Yemen| work=The Washington Post|date=March 25, 2015}}</ref> Before leaving office, Obama said German Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]] had been his "closest international partner" throughout his tenure as President.<ref name="thelocal2016">{{cite web|url=http://www.thelocal.de/20161115/obama-merkel-was-my-closest-ally|title=Obama: Merkel was my closest ally|date=15 November 2016|work=The Local}}</ref> ====War in Iraq==== {{Main article|Iraq War|American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)}} On February 27, 2009, Obama announced that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months. His remarks were made to a group of [[United States Marine Corps|Marines]] preparing for deployment to Afghanistan. Obama said, "Let me say this as plainly as I can: by<!-- although the specific citation uses a capital B in "By" (as do some others sources), other sources such as [www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=53270] (and others) use the usual punctuation style of "b" after the colon. Thus, changing to "b" to conform to "usual style." --> August 31, 2010, our combat mission in Iraq will end."<ref>{{cite news |agency = [[Associated Press]] |first = Ben |last = Feller |url = http://gazette.com/obama-sets-firm-withdrawal-timetable-for-iraq/article/49026 |title = Obama sets firm withdrawal timetable for Iraq |work = [[The Gazette (Colorado Springs)]] |date = February 27, 2009 |accessdate = March 3, 2009}}</ref> The Obama administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troop's levels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of about 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010, the last U.S. combat brigade exited Iraq. Remaining troops transitioned from combat operations to [[counter-terrorism]] and the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces.<ref>{{cite web |last = Jones |first = Athena |date = February 27, 2009 |url = http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2009/02/27/4428005-obama-announces-iraq-plan?lite |title = Obama announces Iraq plan |publisher = MSNBC |accessdate = July 2, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author = Sykes, Hugh |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11020270 |title = Last US combat brigade exits Iraq |publisher = BBC News |date = August 19, 2010 |accessdate = December 25, 2012 }}</ref> On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/01/obama-formally-ends-iraq-war |place = London |work = The Guardian |title = Barack Obama ends the war in Iraq. 'Now it's time to turn the page' |first = Ewen |last = MacAskill |date = September 1, 2010 }}</ref> On October 21, 2011 President Obama announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be "home for the holidays".<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44990594/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/ |title = All U.S. troops out of Iraq by end of year |publisher = MSNBC |date = October 21, 2011 |accessdate = December 25, 2012 }}</ref> [[File:David Cameron and Barack Obama at the G20 Summit in Toronto.jpg|thumb|left|Meeting with UK Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] during the [[2010 G20 Toronto summit]]|alt=US President Barack Obama and British Prime Minister David Cameron trade bottles of beer to settle a bet they made on the U.S. vs. England World Cup Soccer game (which ended in a tie), during a bilateral meeting at the G20 Summit in Toronto, Canada, Saturday, June 26, 2010]] In June 2014, following the [[Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)#Fall of Mosul and push into Kirkuk|capture of Mosul]] by [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Daesh]], Obama sent 275 troops to provide support and security for U.S. personnel and the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad. Daesh continued to gain ground and to commit [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant#Human rights abuse and war crime findings|widespread massacres and ethnic cleansing]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.businessinsider.com/obama-is-sending-275-us-troops-to-iraq-2014-6 |title = Obama Is Sending 275 US Troops To Iraq |publisher = BusinessInsider.com |accessdate = June 19, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/08/us-un-rights-idUSKBN0H30KB20140908 |title = New U.N. rights boss warns of 'house of blood' in Iraq, Syria |accessdate = July 11, 2015 |author = Nebehay, Stephanie }}</ref> In August 2014, during the [[Sinjar massacre]], Obama ordered a [[American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)#United States airstrikes|campaign of U.S. airstrikes against Daesh]].<ref name="def31-10-14">{{cite web |url = http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=123542 |title = DoD Authorizes War on Terror Award for Inherent Resolve Ops |date = October 31, 2014 |publisher = Defense.gov |accessdate = November 22, 2014 }}</ref> By the end of 2014, 3,100 American ground troops were committed to the conflict<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30388718 |title = Islamic State: Coalition 'pledges more troops' for Iraq |publisher = BBC News |accessdate = August 23, 2015 }}</ref> and 16,000 sorties were flown over the battlefield, primarily by U.S. Air Force and Navy pilots.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/2015/01/19/a10-strikes-isis-11-percent/21875911/ |title = A-10 Performing 11 Percent of Anti-ISIS Sorties |author = Aaron Mehta |date = January 19, 2015 |work = Defense News |accessdate = August 23, 2015 }}</ref> In the spring of 2015, with the addition of the "Panther Brigade" of the [[82nd Airborne Division]] the number of U.S. ground troops in Iraq surged to 4,400,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.stripes.com/news/us/1-000-soldiers-from-the-82nd-airborne-headed-to-iraq-1.320194 |title = 1,000 soldiers from the 82nd Airborne headed to Iraq |work = Stars and Stripes |accessdate = August 23, 2015 }}</ref> and by July American-led coalition air forces counted 44,000 sorties over the battlefield.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2015/07/21/stealthy-jet-ensures-other-war-fighting-aircraft-survive |title=Stealthy Jet Ensures Other War-Fighting Aircraft Survive |work=US News & World Report |accessdate=August 23, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813053355/http://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2015/07/21/stealthy-jet-ensures-other-war-fighting-aircraft-survive |archivedate=August 13, 2015 |df= }}</ref> ====War in Afghanistan==== {{Main article|War in Afghanistan (2001–14)}} Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news |work = NewsHour with Jim Lehrer |url = http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics/july-dec08/obama_07-15.html |title = Obama Calls for U.S. Military to Renew Focus on Afghanistan |publisher = PBS |date = July 15, 2008 |accessdate = April 18, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100327094906/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics/july-dec08/obama_07-15.html |archivedate = March 27, 2010 }}</ref> He announced an increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to "stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan", an area he said had not received the "strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires".<ref>{{cite news |first = Amanda |last = Hodge |title = Obama launches Afghanistan Surge |date = February 19, 2009 |work = The Australian |location = Sydney |url = http://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/news/obama-launches-afghanistan-surge/story-e6frg6t6-1111118893671 }}</ref> He replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, General [[David D. McKiernan]], with former [[Special Forces (United States Army)|Special Forces]] commander Lt. Gen. [[Stanley A. McChrystal]] in May 2009, indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war.<ref name="counterinsurgency tactics" /> On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan and proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date;<ref>Associated Press. (December 1, 2009). [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/34218604/ "Obama details Afghan war plan, troop increases"] MSNBC.</ref> this took place in July 2011. [[David Petraeus]] replaced McChrystal in June 2010, after McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/06/24/mcchrystal.gates.support/ |title = Gates says he agrees with Obama decision on McChrystal |publisher = CNN |date = June 24, 2010 |accessdate = September 18, 2010 }}</ref> In February 2013, Obama said the U.S. military would reduce the troop level in Afghanistan from 68,000 to 34,000 U.S. troops by February 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last = Chandrasekaran |first = Rajiv |title = Obama wants to cut troop level in Afghanistan in half over next year |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/official-obama-to-cut-troop-level-in-afghanistan-in-half-by-next-year/2013/02/12/63a044c8-7536-11e2-8f84-3e4b513b1a13_story.html |accessdate = February 14, 2013 |newspaper = The Washington Post |date = February 12, 2013 }}</ref> In October 2015, the White House announced a plan to keep U.S. Forces in Afghanistan indefinitely in light of the deteriorating security situation.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-34536833 |title = US troops in Afghanistan: Taliban resurgence sees rethink |publisher = BBC News |date = October 15, 2015 |accessdate = October 15, 2015 |last = Marcus |first = Jonathan }}</ref> ====Israel==== [[File:Barack Obama welcomes Shimon Peres in the Oval Office.jpg|thumb|right|Obama meeting with Israeli President [[Shimon Peres]] in the [[Oval Office]], May 2009|alt=President Barack Obama, at left, shakes hands with Israeli President Shimon Peres, at right, in the Oval Office on Tuesday, May 5, 2009. Standing at right looking on is U.S. Vice President Joe Biden.]] In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemning [[Israeli settlement]]s, with the United States being the only nation to do so.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=37572&Cr=palestin&Cr1 |title = United States vetoes Security Council resolution on Israeli settlements |date = February 18, 2011 |work = UN News Service Section |accessdate = September 13, 2014 }}</ref> Obama supports the [[two-state solution]] to the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]] based on the 1967 borders with land swaps.<ref>Levy, Elior (May 22, 2011). [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4072210,00.html "PA challenges Netanyahu to accept 1967 lines."] ''Ynetnews''. Retrieved May 22, 2011.</ref> In June 2011, Obama said that the bond between the United States and Israel is "unbreakable".<ref>{{cite web |last = Johnston |first = Nicholas |url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-06-20/obama-says-u-s-connection-with-israel-is-unbreakable-.html |title = Obama Says U.S. Connection With Israel Is 'Unbreakable' |work = Bloomberg |date = June 20, 2011 |accessdate = October 26, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623203009/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-06-20/obama-says-u-s-connection-with-israel-is-unbreakable-.html|archivedate=June 23, 2013}}</ref> During the initial years of the Obama administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including increased military aid, re-establishment of the [[Joint Political Military Group|U.S.-Israeli Joint Political Military Group]] and the Defense Policy Advisory Group, and an increase in visits among high-level military officials of both countries.<ref>Levinson, Charles (August 14, 2010).[https://www.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703321004575427272550050504.html "U.S., Israel Build Military Cooperation"]. ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' (New York). Retrieved March 1, 2011.</ref> The Obama administration asked Congress to allocate money toward funding the [[Iron Dome]] program in response to the waves of [[Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Kampeas |first=Ron |date=October 26, 2012 |url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/nation/article/for_obama_campaign_trying_to_put_to_rest_persistent_questions_about_kishkes |title=For Obama campaign, trying to put to rest persistent questions about 'kishkes' |newspaper=Jewish Journal}}</ref> In 2013, [[Jeffrey Goldberg]] reported that, in Obama's view, "with each new settlement announcement, Netanyahu is moving his country down a path toward near-total isolation."<ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite news |last = Goldberg |first = Jeffrey |title = Obama: 'Israel Doesn't Know What Its Best Interests Are' |url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-14/what-obama-thinks-israelis-don-t-understand-.html |accessdate = January 23, 2013 |work = Bloomberg |date = January 14, 2013 }}</ref> In 2014, Obama likened the [[Zionism|Zionist movement]] to the [[Civil Rights Movement]] in the United States. He said that both movements seek to bring justice and equal rights to historically persecuted peoples. He explained, "To me, being pro-Israel and pro-Jewish is part and parcel with the values that I've been fighting for since I was politically conscious and started getting involved in politics."<ref>Goldberg, Jeffrey. [https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/09/obama-netanyahu-and-the-future-of-israel/405082/ "After the Iran Deal: Obama, Netanyahu, and the Future of the Jewish State."] ''The Atlantic''. September 13, 2015. September 13, 2015.</ref> Obama expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the [[2014 Israel–Gaza conflict]].<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama reaffirms Israel's right to defend itself |url = http://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Netanyahu-speaks-with-UN-chief-over-phone-363479 |date = July 19, 2014 | work= [[The Times of Israel]] }}</ref> On December 23, 2016 under the Obama Administration, the United States abstained from [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334]], effectively allowing it to pass.<ref>{{cite news | last1=Collinson | first1=Stephen | last2=Wright | first2=David | last3=Labott | first3=Elise | title=US Abstains as UN Demands End to Israeli Settlements | url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/23/politics/israel-official-rips-obama-un-settlements/ | date=December 24, 2016 | publisher=CNN | accessdate=January 7, 2017}}</ref> Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] strongly criticized the Administration's actions,<ref>{{cite web | last1=Barak | first1=Ravid | title=Netanyahu on UN Settlement Vote: Israel Will Not Turn the Other Cheek | url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.761470 | date=December 26, 2016 | publisher=''[[Haaretz]]'' | accessdate=January 7, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Israel-Palestinians: Netanyahu Condemns John Kerry Speech | url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38455753 | date=December 29, 2016 | publisher=BBC | accessdate=January 7, 2017}}</ref> and the Israeli government withdrew its annual dues from the organization, which totaled $6 million in [[United States dollar]]s, on January 6, 2017.<ref>{{cite web | title=Israel Halts $6 million to UN to Protest UN Settlements Vote | url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/01/06/israel-halts-6-million-to-un-to-protest-un-settlements-vote.html | date=January 6, 2017 | publisher=[[Fox News]] (from the [[Associated Press]]) | accessdate=January 7, 2017}}</ref> On January 5, 2017, the [[United States House of Representatives]] voted 342–80 to condemn the UN Resolution.<ref>{{cite web | title=House Overwhelmingly Votes to Condemn UN Resolution on Israel Settlements | url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/01/05/house-overwhelmingly-votes-to-condemn-un-resolution-on-israel-settlements.html | date=January 5, 2017 | publisher=[[Fox News]] | accessdate=January 7, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last1=Cortellessa | first1=Eric | title=US House Passes Motion Repudiating UN Resolution on Israel | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/us-house-passes-repudiation-of-un-security-council-resolution-on-israel/ | date=January 6, 2017 | publisher=[[The Times of Israel]] | accessdate=January 17, 2017}}</ref> ====Libya==== {{Main article|2011 military intervention in Libya}} [[File:Vladimir Putin and Barack Obama (2015-09-29) 04.jpg|thumb|left|President Obama meets with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] to discuss Syria and Daesh, September 29, 2015]] In February 2011, protests in Libya began against long-time dictator [[Muammar Gaddafi]] as part of the [[Arab Spring]]. They soon turned violent. In March, as forces loyal to Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including Europe, the [[Arab League]], and a resolution<ref>{{cite web |url = http://mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressOffice.FloorStatements&ContentRecord_id=b63b7b6f-a466-ba23-dea8-7bc024f54655 |title = Floor Statement by Senator McCain Introducing the Senate Resolution Calling for a No-Fly Zone in Libya |publisher = Senate.gov |date = March 14, 2011 |accessdate = March 28, 2011 }}</ref> passed unanimously by the U.S. Senate.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://nationaljournal.com/congress/senate-passes-resolution-calling-for-no-fly-zone-over-libya-20110301?page=1 |title = Senate Passes Resolution Calling for No-Fly Zone Over Libya |work = [[National Journal]] |date = March 1, 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121418/http://nationaljournal.com/congress/senate-passes-resolution-calling-for-no-fly-zone-over-libya-20110301?page=1 |archivedate = May 11, 2011 }}</ref> In response to the unanimous passage of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973]] on March 17, Gaddafi—who had previously vowed to "show no mercy" to the rebels of Benghazi<ref>{{cite news |last = Winnett |first = Robert |url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8389565/Libya-UN-approves-no-fly-zone-as-British-troops-prepare-for-action.html |title = Libya: UN approves no-fly zone as British troops prepare for action |work = The Daily Telegraph |place = London |date = March 17, 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110428102507/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8389565/Libya-UN-approves-no-fly-zone-as-British-troops-prepare-for-action.html |archivedate = April 28, 2011 }}</ref>—announced an immediate cessation of military activities,<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-staggers/2011/03/fly-zone-ceasefire-libya |author = Shackle, Samira |title = Libya declares ceasefire |work = New Statesman blog |location = London |date = March 18, 2011 |accessdate = July 16, 2011 }}</ref> yet reports came in that his forces continued shelling [[Misrata]]. The next day, on Obama's orders, the U.S. military took part in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities to protect civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.rttnews.com/Content/GeneralNews.aspx?Id=1580433&SM=1 |title = Obama: US to Transfer Lead Role in Libya |publisher = RTT Newswire |accessdate = March 22, 2011 }}</ref> including the use of [[Tomahawk (missile)|Tomahawk missiles]], [[Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit|B-2 Spirits]], and fighter jets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vcstar.com/news/2011/mar/23/ap-news-in-brief/ |title=Obama says US efforts in Libya have saved lives, control of operation can be turned over soon |work=Ventura County Star |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=March 22, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828104819/http://www.vcstar.com/news/2011/mar/23/ap-news-in-brief/ |archivedate=August 28, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author = Pannell, Ian |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12813757 |title = Gaddafi 'not targeted' by allied strikes |publisher = BBC News |date = March 21, 2011 |accessdate = July 3, 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110623012338/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12813757 |archivedate = June 23, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/22/f15-fighter-crash-libya |title = F-15 fighter jet crashes in Libya |work = The Guardian |location = London |date = March 22, 2011 |accessdate = March 23, 2011 |first = Sam |last = Jones |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110322190309/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/22/f15-fighter-crash-libya |archivedate = March 22, 2011 |deadurl = no }}</ref> Six days later, on March 25, by unanimous vote of all of its 28 members, [[NATO]] took over leadership of the effort, dubbed [[Operation Unified Protector]].<ref name="NATOPressRelease">{{cite web |url = http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_03/20110325_110325-unified-protector-no-fly-zone.pdf |title = NATO No-Fly Zone over Libya Operation UNIFIED PROTECTOR |publisher = NATO |date = March 25, 2011 }}</ref> Some Representatives<ref name="LibyaOffensive">{{cite news |url = http://www.cbsnews.com/news/is-obamas-libya-offensive-constitutional/ |title = Is Obama's Libya offensive constitutional? |publisher = CBS News |date = March 22, 2011 |accessdate = March 22, 2011 |first = Brian |last = Montopoli }}</ref> questioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its cost, structure and aftermath.<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama's Libya Policy Makes Strange Bedfellows of Congressional Critics |url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/20/obama-libya_n_838219.html |work = The Huffington Post |accessdate = March 26, 2011 |date = March 21, 2011 |first = Sam |last = Stein |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110323083100/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/20/obama-libya_n_838219.html |archivedate = March 23, 2011 |deadurl = no }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Obama juggles Libya promises, realities |url = http://www.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/03/25/obama.libya/index.html?hpt=T1 |publisher = CNN |accessdate = March 26, 2011 |date = March 25, 2011 }}</ref> ====Syrian Civil War==== {{see also|Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War#United States}} On August 18, 2011, several months after the start of the [[Syrian Civil War]], Obama issued a written statement that said: "The time has come for [[Bashar al-Assad|President Assad]] to step aside."<ref name=mustgo>{{cite news|title=Assad must go, Obama says|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/assad-must-go-obama-says/2011/08/18/gIQAelheOJ_story.html |accessdate=November 23, 2015|work=The Washington Post|date=August 18, 2011}}</ref><ref name=whstatem>[https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2011/08/18/president-obama-future-syria-must-be-determined-its-people-president-bashar-al-assad "President Obama: 'The future of Syria must be determined by its people, but President Bashar al-Assad is standing in their way.{{'"}}] White House website, August 18, 2011.</ref> This stance was reaffirmed in November 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/obama-says-syrian-leader-bashar-al-assad-must-go-1447925671|title=Obama Says Syrian Leader Bashar al-Assad Must Go|author=Nelson, Colleen}}</ref> In 2012, Obama authorized multiple programs run by the CIA and the Pentagon to train anti-Assad rebels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-syria-obama-order-idUSBRE8701OK20120802|author=Hosenball, Mark|title=Obama authorizes secret support for Syrian rebels|accessdate=February 19, 2016}}</ref> The Pentagon-run program was later found to have failed and was formally abandoned in October 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/10/world/middleeast/pentagon-program-islamic-state-syria.html?_r=0|title=Obama Administration Ends Effort to Train Syrians to Combat ISIS|author1=Michael D. Shear |author2=Helene Cooper |author3=Eric Schmitt |accessdate=February 20, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-usa-idUSKCN0S31BR20151009|title=U.S. pulls plug on Syria rebel training effort; will focus on weapons supply|author1=Phil Stewart |author2=Kate Holton|accessdate=February 20, 2016}}</ref> In the wake of a [[Ghouta chemical attack|chemical weapons attack]] in Syria, [[U.S. Government Assessment of the Syrian Government's Use of Chemical Weapons on August 21, 2013|formally blamed]] by the Obama administration on the Assad government, Obama chose not to enforce the "red line" he had pledged<ref name="redline">{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/may/17/obama-red-line-erased-as-assad-chemical-weapons-us/?page=all|title=Obama 'red line' erased as Bashar Assad's chemical weapons use goes unchecked by U.S. military|work=The Washington Times |date=May 17, 2015 |accessdate=November 23, 2015}}</ref> and, rather than authorise the promised military action against Assad, went along with the Russia-brokered deal that led to Assad [[Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons|giving up chemical weapons]]; however attacks with [[chlorine gas]] continued.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/world/middleeast/syria-talks.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|title=U.S. and Russia Reach Deal to Destroy Syria's Chemical Arms|author=Gordon, Michael|accessdate=February 19, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/syria-got-rid-of-its-chemical-weapons-but-reports-of-attacks-continue/|title=Syria Got Rid of Its Chemical Weapons – But Reports of Attacks Continue|author=Boghani, Priyanka|accessdate=February 19, 2016}}</ref> In 2014, Obama authorized an [[Military intervention against ISIL|air campaign aimed primarily at ISIL]], but repeatedly promised that the U.S. would not deploy ground troops in Syria.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/09/obama-strike-wherever-it-exists-2014910223935601193.html|title=Obama outlines plan to target IS fighters|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=September 11, 2014|accessdate=September 24, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2015/10/30/16-times-obama-said-there-would-no-boots-ground-syria/74869884/|title=16 times Obama said there would be no boots on the ground in Syria|author=Gregory Korte|date=October 31, 2015}}</ref> ====Death of Osama bin Laden==== {{Main article|Death of Osama bin Laden}} [[File:President Obama on Death of Osama bin Laden.ogv|thumb|President Obama's address (9:28)<br /> ''Also available:'' [[:File:050111 Osama Bin Laden Death Statement audioonly.ogg|Audio only]]; {{Cws |title=Full text |link=Remarks by the President on Osama bin Laden |nobullet=yes}}]] [[File:Obama and Biden await updates on bin Laden.jpg|left|thumb|Obama and members of the national security team receive an update on [[Operation Neptune's Spear]] in the [[White House Situation Room]], May 1, 2011. See also: [[Situation Room (photograph)|''Situation Room'']]|alt=President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden, along with members of the national security team, receive an update on Operation Neptune's Spear, a mission against Osama bin Laden, in one of the conference rooms of the Situation Room of the White House, on May 1, 2011. They are watching live feed from drones operating over the bin Laden complex.]] Starting with information received from Central Intelligence Agency operatives in July 2010, the CIA developed intelligence over the next several months that determined what they believed to be the hideout of [[Osama bin Laden]]. He was living in seclusion in [[Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad|a large compound]] in [[Abbottabad]], Pakistan, a suburban area {{convert|35|mi|km}} from [[Islamabad]].<ref name="NYT-clues">{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/03/world/asia/03intel.html?pagewanted=all |title = Clues Gradually Led to the Location of Osama bin Laden |last = Mazzetti |first = Mark |author2 = Helene Cooper |author3 = Peter Baker |date = May 3, 2011 |work = The New York Times |accessdate = May 4, 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110503190900/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/03/world/asia/03intel.html?pagewanted=all |archivedate = May 3, 2011 |deadurl = no }}</ref> CIA head [[Leon Panetta]] reported this intelligence to President Obama in March 2011.<ref name="NYT-clues" /> Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a "surgical raid" to be conducted by [[United States Navy SEALs]].<ref name="NYT-clues" /> The operation took place on May 1, 2011, and resulted in the shooting death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers, computer drives and disks from the compound.<ref name="WP-binLaden">{{cite web |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/osama-bin-laden-is-killed-by-us-forces-in-pakistan/2011/05/01/AFXMZyVF_story.html |title = Osama bin Laden is killed by U.S. forces in Pakistan |work = The Washington Post |accessdate = September 13, 2014 |date = May 2, 2011 |first1 = Philip |last1 = Rucker |first2 = Scott |last2 = Wilson |first3 = Anne E. |last3 = Kornblut }}</ref><ref name="ND-binLaden">{{cite web |url = http://www.newsday.com/news/breaking/official-offers-details-of-bin-laden-raid-1.2853079 |title = Official offers details of bin Laden raid |work = Newsday |accessdate = September 13, 2014 |date = May 2, 2011 }}</ref> DNA testing was one of five methods used to positively identify bin Laden's corpse,<ref name="ABC-binLaden">{{cite news |url = http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/osama-bin-laden-killed/story?id=13505703 |title = Osama bin Laden Killed by U.S. Forces in Pakistan |last = Schabner |first = Dean |author2 = Karen Travers |date = May 1, 2011 |publisher = ABC News |accessdate = May 3, 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110504021523/http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/osama-bin-laden-killed/story?id=13505703 |archivedate = May 4, 2011 }}</ref> which was buried at sea several hours later.<ref name="NYT-ObamaAnnounce">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/world/asia/osama-bin-laden-is-killed.html |title=Bin Laden Is Dead, Obama Says |last=Baker |first=Peter |author2=Helene Cooper |author3=Mark Mazzetti |date=May 2, 2011 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=May 3, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505195308/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/world/asia/osama-bin-laden-is-killed.html |archivedate=May 5, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City's [[World Trade Center site|Ground Zero]] and [[Times Square]].<ref name="WP-binLaden" /><ref name="Guard-ObamaAnnounce">{{cite news |last = Walsh |first = Declan |author2 = Richard Adams |author3 = Ewen MacAskill |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/02/osama-bin-laden-dead-obama |title = Osama bin Laden is dead, Obama announces |date = May 2, 2011 |work = The Guardian |place = London |accessdate = May 3, 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110503154000/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/02/osama-bin-laden-dead-obama |archivedate = May 3, 2011 |deadurl = no }}</ref> [[Reactions to the death of Osama bin Laden|Reaction to the announcement]] was positive across party lines, including from former presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush,<ref name="Bloom-binLaden">{{cite news |url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-02/death-of-bin-laden-may-strengthen-obama-s-hand-in-domestic-foreign-policy.html |title = Death of Bin Laden May Strengthen Obama's Hand in Domestic, Foreign Policy |last = Dorning |first = Mike |date = May 2, 2011 |work = [[Bloomberg News]] |accessdate = May 4, 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110503203539/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-02/death-of-bin-laden-may-strengthen-obama-s-hand-in-domestic-foreign-policy.html |archivedate = May 3, 2011 }}</ref> and from many countries around the world.<ref name="NPR-worldreaction">{{cite news |url = http://www.npr.org/2011/05/02/135919728/world-reaction-to-osama-bin-ladens-death |title = World Reaction To Osama Bin Laden's Death |date = May 2, 2011 |publisher = [[NPR]] |accessdate = May 4, 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110503215724/http://www.npr.org/2011/05/02/135919728/world-reaction-to-osama-bin-ladens-death |archivedate = May 3, 2011 }}</ref> {{clear}} ====Iran nuclear talks==== [[File:Barack Obama talks with Benjamin Netanyahu (8637772147).jpg|thumb|Obama talks with Benjamin Netanyahu, March 2013]] {{Main article|Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action}} In November 2013, Obama's administration opened [[Negotiations leading to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|negotiations]] with Iran to prevent it from acquiring [[nuclear weapon]]s, which included an [[Joint Plan of Action|interim agreement]]. Negotiations took two years with numerous delays, with a deal being announced July 14, 2015. The deal, titled the "[[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action]]", saw the removal of sanctions in exchange for measures that would prevent Iran from producing nuclear weapons. While Obama hailed the agreement as being a step towards a more hopeful world, the deal drew strong criticism from Republican and conservative quarters, and from Israeli prime minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Iran deal reached, Obama hails step toward 'more hopeful world' |url = http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/07/14/us-iran-nuclear-idUSKCN0PM0CE20150714 |date = July 14, 2015 |accessdate = July 14, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Iran, World Powers Prepare to Sign Nuclear Accord |url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/embargo-on-arms-clouds-iran-nuclear-deal-1436831280 |date = July 14, 2015 |accessdate = July 14, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Landmark deal reached on Iran nuclear program |url = http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/14/politics/iran-nuclear-deal/ |date = July 14, 2015 |accessdate = July 14, 2015 }}</ref> ====Relations with Cuba==== {{Main article|United States–Cuban Thaw}} [[File:Handshake between the President and Cuban President Raúl Castro.jpg|thumb|President Obama meeting with Cuban President [[Raúl Castro]] in Panama, April 2015]] Since the spring of 2013, secret meetings were conducted between the United States and Cuba in the neutral locations of Canada and [[Vatican City]].<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Warren |first1 = Strobel |title = Secret talks in Canada, Vatican City led to Cuba breakthrough |url = http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/12/17/us-cuba-usa-reconstruction-idUSKBN0JV2DM20141217 |agency = Reuters |accessdate = December 21, 2014 }}</ref> The Vatican first became involved in 2013 when [[Pope Francis]] advised the U.S. and Cuba to [[prisoner exchange|exchange prisoners]] as a gesture of goodwill.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Morello |first1 = Carol |last2 = DeYoung |first2 = Karen |title = Secret U.S.-Cuba diplomacy ended in landmark deal on prisoners, future ties |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/secret-diplomacy-with-cuba-ended-in-breakthrough-deal/2014/12/17/c51b3ed8-8614-11e4-a702-fa31ff4ae98e_story.html |work = The Washington Post |accessdate = December 21, 2014 }}</ref> On December 10, 2013, Cuban President [[Raúl Castro]], in a significant public moment, greeted and shook hands with Obama at the [[Death of Nelson Mandela|Nelson Mandela memorial service]] in [[Johannesburg]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Roberts | first=Dan | last2=Luscombe | first2=Richard | title=Obama shakes hands with Raúl Castro for first time at Mandela memorial | website=the Guardian | date=2013-12-10 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/10/obama-shakes-hands-raul-castro-mandela-memorial | accessdate=2017-02-15}}</ref> In December 2014, after the secret meetings, it was announced that Obama, with [[Pope Francis]] as an intermediary, had negotiated a restoration of relations with Cuba, after nearly sixty years of détente.<ref>{{cite news |first = Barbie Latza |last = Nadeau |url = http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/12/17/the-pope-s-diplomatic-miracle-ending-the-u-s-cuba-cold-war.html |title = The Pope's Diplomatic Miracle: Ending the U.S.–Cuba Cold War |work = The Daily Beast |date = December 17, 2014 |access-date = December 18, 2014 }}</ref> Popularly dubbed the [[Cuban Thaw]], ''[[The New Republic]]'' deemed the Cuban Thaw to be "Obama's finest foreign policy achievement."<ref>''[[The New Republic]]'', [https://newrepublic.com/article/121522/cuba-obamas-biggest-foreign-policy-success The Cuban Thaw Is Obama's Finest Foreign Policy Achievement to Date], by Joel Gillin, April 13, 2015.</ref> On July 1, 2015, President Barack Obama announced that formal diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States would resume, and embassies would be opened in Washington and [[Havana]].<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama announces re-establishment of U.S.-Cuba diplomatic ties |url = http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/01/politics/obama-note-to-castro-reestablish-ties/ |publisher = CNN |accessdate = July 1, 2015 }}</ref> The countries' respective "interests sections" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20 and August 13, 2015, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article27862504.html |title = United States and Cuba reestablish diplomatic relations |first = Mimi |last = Whitefield |work = The Miami Herald |date = July 20, 2015 |accessdate = July 19, 2015 }}</ref> Obama visited Havana, Cuba for two days in March 2016, becoming the first sitting U.S. President to arrive since [[Calvin Coolidge]] in 1928.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Julie Hirschfeld Davis |author2=Damien Cave |date = March 21, 2016 |title = Obama Arrives in Cuba, Heralding New Era After Decades of Hostility |work = The New York Times |page = A1 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/21/world/americas/obama-arrives-in-cuba.html }}</ref> ====Africa==== Obama spoke in front of the [[African Union]] in [[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia, on July 29, 2015, the first sitting U.S. president to do so. He gave a speech encouraging the world to increase economic ties via investments and trade with the continent, and lauded the progresses made in [[Education in Africa|education]], infrastructure, and [[Economy of Africa|economy]]. He also criticized the lack of democracy and leaders who refuse to step aside, discrimination against minorities ([[LGBT]] people, religious groups and ethnicities), and corruption. He suggested an intensified [[democratization]] and free trade, to significantly improve the quality of life for Africans.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Lee |first1 = Carol E. |title = Obama Becomes First U.S. President to Address African Union |url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/obama-becomes-first-u-s-president-to-address-african-union-1438090849 |work = The Wall Street Journal |accessdate = July 29, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Remarks by President Obama to the People of Africa |url = https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/07/28/remarks-president-obama-people-africa |publisher = The White House |accessdate = July 29, 2015 }}</ref> During his July 2015 trip, Obama also was the first U.S. president ever to [[United States presidential visits to Sub-Saharan Africa|visit]] Kenya, which is the homeland of his father.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Ferris |first1 = Sarah |title = Obama: Proud to be first U.S. president to visit Kenya |url = http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/249189-obama-proud-to-be-first-us-president-to-visit-kenya |work = [[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |accessdate = July 30, 2015 }}</ref> ====Hiroshima speech==== On May 27, 2016, 2½ months before the 71st anniversary of [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|the U.S. atomic bombing of Hiroshima]] that ended [[World War II]], Obama became the first sitting American president to visit [[Hiroshima]], Japan. Accompanied by Japanese Prime Minister [[Shinzō Abe|Shinzo Abe]], Obama paid tribute to the victims of the bombing at the [[Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-36395350|title=President Obama visits Hiroshima|website=BBC News|access-date=June 19, 2016}}</ref> ====Russia==== [[File:Obama meeting with Trump 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Obama meets with President-elect [[Donald Trump]] at the White House, November 10, 2016.]] {{see also|Russia–United States relations#Obama's tenure (2009–2017)}} After [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Russia's invasion of Crimea]] in 2014, [[Russian military intervention in Syria|military intervention]] in Syria in 2015, and the [[2016 United States election interference by Russia|interference in the 2016 presidential election]]<ref name="ftelect">{{cite news| url=https://www.ft.com/content/c596c0a8-a278-11e6-82c3-4351ce86813f | newspaper=The FT| title=US election: The Russia factor: Officials say Moscow's interference is unprecedented. Has the Kremlin achieved its goal? | date=November 4, 2016}}</ref> in the [[United States presidential election, 2016|2016 U.S. presidential election]], Obama's Russia policy was widely seen as a failure.<ref name="friedmnyt">{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/05/opinion/lets-get-putins-attention.html?_r=0 | newspaper=The New York Times| title=Let's Get Putin's Attention | date=October 5, 2016}}</ref> [[George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen|George Robertson]], a former UK defense secretary and NATO secretary-general, said that Obama had "allowed Putin to jump back on the world stage and test the resolve of the West", adding that the legacy of this disaster would last.<ref name="obexit">{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/07/world/europe/europeans-view-obamas-exit-with-a-mix-of-admiration-and-regret.html | newspaper=The New York Times| title=Europeans View Obama's Exit With a Mix of Admiration and Regret | date=November 6, 2016}}</ref> ===Cultural and political image=== {{Main article|Public image of Barack Obama}} {{See also|International reaction to the United States presidential election, 2008|International reactions to the United States presidential election, 2012}} [[File:Official portrait of Barack Obama.jpg|thumb|upright|Obama's first term presidential portrait (2009)|alt=First official presidential portrait of Barack Obama, wearing a black suit with a blue tie and American flag lapel pin, indoors with the American flag and the flag of the President draped in the background]]<!--Per [[Wikipedia:Image#Location]] "Do not place images on the left at the start of any section or subsection"--> Obama's family history, upbringing, and [[Ivy League]] education differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the [[civil rights movement]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Wallace-Wells |first=Benjamin |title=The Great Black Hope: What's Riding on Barack Obama? |date=November 2004 |work=Washington Monthly |url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0411.wallace-wells.html |accessdate=April 7, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513153556/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0411.wallace-wells.html |archivedate=May 13, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }} See also:{{cite news|first=Janny |last=Scott |title=A Member of a New Generation, Obama Walks a Fine Line |date=December 28, 2007 |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/28/america/obama.php |work=International Herald Tribune |accessdate=April 7, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117005009/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/28/america/obama.php |archivedate=January 17, 2008 }}</ref> Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is "black enough", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the [[National Association of Black Journalists]] that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong."<ref>{{cite news |first = Les |last = Payne |title = In One Country, a Dual Audience |format = paid archive |date = August 19, 2007 |url = http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/1322008241.html?dids=1322008241:1322008241&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |work = Newsday |place = New York |accessdate = April 7, 2008 }}</ref> Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: "I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation."<ref>{{cite news |first = Mike |last = Dorning |title = Obama Reaches Across Decades to JFK |format = paid archive |date = October 4, 2007 |url = http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1353513781.html?dids=1353513781:1353513781&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+4%2C+2007&author=Mike+Dorning |work = Chicago Tribune |accessdate = April 7, 2008 }} See also:{{cite news |first = Toby |last = Harnden |title = Barack Obama is JFK Heir, Says Kennedy Aide |date = October 15, 2007 |url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1565992/Barack-Obama-is-JFK-heir%2C-says-Kennedy-aide.html |work = The Daily Telegraph |place = London |accessdate = April 7, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080515071852/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1565992/Barack-Obama-is-JFK-heir%2C-says-Kennedy-aide.html |archivedate = May 15, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref> Obama is frequently referred to as an exceptional orator.<ref name="exceptional orator" /> During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama has delivered a series of weekly Internet video addresses.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.youtube.com/user/ChangeDotGov |title = YouTube&nbsp;– ChangeDotGov's Channel |publisher = YouTube |accessdate = April 18, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100220004338/http://www.youtube.com/user/ChangeDotGov|archivedate=February 20, 2010 }}</ref> Former presidential campaign surrogate and Georgetown professor, [[Michael Eric Dyson]], is both critical and sympathetic of President Obama's leadership in race relations, indicating that Obama's speeches and action on racial disparity and justice have been somewhat reactive and reluctant when, especially in the later part of his second term, racial violence demanded immediate presidential action and conversation.<ref>Dyson, Michael Eric. (2016). The Black Presidency: Barack Obama and the Politics of Race in America. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 275. {{ISBN|978-0-544-38766-9}}.</ref> [[File:Gallup Poll-Approval Rating-Barack Obama.svg|thumb|right|Presidential Approval Ratings]] According to the [[Gallup Organization]], Obama began his presidency with a 68% approval rating<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.gallup.com/poll/113962/obama-starts-job-approval.aspx |title = Obama Starts With 68% Job Approval |publisher = Gallup.com |date = January 24, 2009 |accessdate = June 19, 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110616021142/http://www.gallup.com/poll/113962/Obama-Starts-Job-Approval.aspx |archivedate = June 16, 2011 }}</ref> before gradually declining for the rest of the year, and eventually bottoming out at 41% in August 2010,<ref>{{cite news |url = http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2011/04/obama-hits-low-point-in-gallup-poll/1 |title = Obama hits low point in Gallup Poll&nbsp;– 41% |work = USA Today |date = April 15, 2011 |accessdate = June 19, 2011 }}</ref> a trend similar to [[Ronald Reagan]]'s and [[Bill Clinton]]'s first years in office.<ref>{{cite web |author = Jon Terbush |url = http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2010/12/approval-by-numbers-how-obama-compares-to-past-presidents.php |title = Approval By Numbers: How Obama Compares To Past Presidents |publisher = Tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com |date = December 9, 2010 |accessdate = June 19, 2011 }}</ref> He experienced a small poll bounce shortly after the [[death of Osama bin Laden]] on May 2, 2011. This bounce lasted until around June 2011, when his approval numbers dropped back to where they were previously.<ref>{{cite news |last = Oliphant |first = James |date = May 11, 2011 |url = http://articles.latimes.com/2011/may/11/news/la-pn-obama-bounce-20110511 |title = Bin Laden bounce? New poll shows jump in Obama approval |work = [[Los Angeles Times]] |accessdate = June 7, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1 = Balz |first1 = Dan |last2 = Cohen |first2 = John |date = June 6, 2011 |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-loses-bin-laden-bounce-romney-on-the-move-among-gop-contenders/2011/06/06/AGT5wiKH_story.html |title = Obama loses bin Laden bounce; Romney on the move among GOP contenders |work = The Washington Post |publisher = Nash Holdings LLC |accessdate = June 7, 2011 }}</ref> His approval ratings rebounded around the same time as his reelection in 2012, with polls showing an average job approval of 52% shortly after his second inauguration.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.gallup.com/poll/124922/Presidential-Job-Approval-Center.aspx |title = Presidential Job Approval Center |publisher = Gallup.com |accessdate = June 23, 2015 }}</ref> Despite approval ratings dropping to 39% in late-2013 due to the ACA roll-out, they climbed to 50% in January 2015 according to Gallup.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.gallup.com/poll/113980/Gallup-Daily-Obama-Job-Approval.aspx |title = Gallup Daily: Obama Job Approval |date = January 22, 2015 |accessdate = March 23, 2015 |website = Gallup Polling }}</ref> Polls showed strong support for Obama in other countries both before and during his presidency.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/09/09/2360240.htm |title = World wants Obama as president: poll |agency = Reuters |date = September 9, 2008 |publisher = ABC News }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Wike|first1=Richard|last2=Poushter|first2=Jacob|last3=Zainulbhai|first3=Hani|title=As Obama Years Draw to Close, President and U.S. Seen Favorably in Europe and Asia|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2016/06/29/as-obama-years-draw-to-close-president-and-u-s-seen-favorably-in-europe-and-asia/|website=Global Attitudes & Trends|publisher=Pew Research Center|accessdate=23 February 2017|date=29 June 2016}}</ref> In a February 2009 poll conducted in Western Europe and the U.S. by [[Harris Interactive]] for [[France 24]] and the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'', Obama was rated as the most respected world leader, as well as the most powerful.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/06/world/americas/06iht-poll.4.19983290.html |title = Poll shows Obama atop list of most respected |last = Freed |first = John C. |date = February 6, 2009 |work = The New York Times |accessdate = January 22, 2012 }}</ref> In a similar poll conducted by Harris in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/29/world/europe/29iht-poll.html |title = Obama Most Popular Leader, Poll Finds |date = May 29, 2009 |work = The New York Times |accessdate = January 22, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Obama remains a popular symbol of hope |url = http://www.france24.com/en/20090529-obama-remains-popular-symbol-hope-harris-interactive-poll-world-leaders |date = June 2, 2009 |publisher = [[France 24]] |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110513050036/http://www.france24.com/en/20090529-obama-remains-popular-symbol-hope-harris-interactive-poll-world-leaders |archivedate = May 13, 2011 |accessdate = January 22, 2012 }}</ref> [[File:G8 leaders watching football.jpg|thumb|G8 leaders watching the [[2012 UEFA Champions League Final]]|alt=Prime Minister David Cameron of the United Kingdom, President Barack Obama, Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany, José Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission, President François Hollande of France and others react emotionally while watching the overtime shootout of the Chelsea vs. Bayern Munich [[2012 UEFA Champions League Final|Champions League final]], in the Laurel Cabin conference room during the G8 Summit at Camp David, Maryland, May 19, 2012. Cameron raises his arms triumphantly as the Chelsea team wins their first Champions League title in the overtime shootout.]] Obama won [[Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album|Best Spoken Word Album]] [[Grammy Award]]s for abridged [[audiobook]] versions of ''[[Dreams from My Father]]'' in February 2006 and for ''[[The Audacity of Hope]]'' in February 2008.<ref>{{cite news |author = Goodman, Dean |date = February 10, 2008 |title = Obama or Clinton? Grammys go for Obama |agency = Reuters |url = http://www.reuters.com/article/musicNews/idUSN0852813420080210 |accessdate = November 24, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081219070404/http://www.reuters.com/article/musicNews/idUSN0852813420080210 |archivedate = December 19, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref> His [[Barack Obama presidential primary campaign, 2008#New Hampshire|concession speech]] after the New Hampshire primary was set to music by independent artists as the music video "[[Yes We Can (will.i.am song)|Yes We Can]]", which was viewed 10&nbsp;million times on YouTube in its first month<ref>{{cite news |url = http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article3491460.ece |title = Celebrities join YouTube revolution |last = Strange |first = Hannah |date = March 5, 2008 |work = The Times |place = London |accessdate = December 18, 2008 }} {{subscription required}}</ref> and received a [[Daytime Emmy Award]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/soundboard/2008/06/emmys-give-knuc.html |title = Emmys give knuckle bump to will.i.am; more videos on the way |last = Wappler |first = Margaret |date = June 20, 2008 |work = Los Angeles Times blogs |accessdate = January 26, 2012 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516090327/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/soundboard/2008/06/emmys-give-knuc.html |archivedate = May 16, 2011 }}</ref> In December 2008 and in 2012, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine named Obama as its [[Time Person of the Year|Person of the Year]].<ref>{{cite web |last = Scherer |first = Michael |url = http://poy.time.com/2012/12/19/person-of-the-year-barack-obama/ |title = 2012 Person of the Year: Barack Obama, the President |work = Time |date = December 19, 2012 |accessdate = December 19, 2012 }}</ref> The 2008 awarding was for his historic candidacy and election, which ''Time'' described as "the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments".<ref>{{cite news|last=Von Drehle |first=David |title=Why History Can't Wait |url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/2008/personoftheyear/article/0,31682,1861543_1865068,00.html |work=Time |date=December 16, 2008 |accessdate=December 17, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217223841/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2008/personoftheyear/article/0%2C31682%2C1861543_1865068%2C00.html |archivedate=December 17, 2008 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> On May 25, 2011, Obama became the first President of the United States to address both houses of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|UK Parliament]] in [[Westminster Hall]], London. This was only the fifth occurrence since the start of the 20th century, of a head of state being extended this invitation, following [[Charles de Gaulle]] in 1960, [[Nelson Mandela]] in 1996, [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] in 2002 and [[Pope Benedict XVI]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |author = Barack Obama |url = http://www.newstatesman.com/2011/05/nations-rights-world-united |title = Full transcript -- Speech to UK Parliament |work = New Statesman |date = May 25, 2011 |accessdate = June 14, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/palace/westminsterhall/key-dates-wesminster-hall/keydates20th-topresent/ |title = 20th century to the present day |publisher = Parliament of the United Kingdom |date = April 21, 2010 |accessdate = June 14, 2014 }}</ref> <!-- NOTE: Please read the talk page to note the ongoing discussion, and also please use citation templates or expanded footnoting when citing. Raw URLs are less desirable. Thanks --> On October 9, 2009, the [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]] announced that Obama had won the [[2009 Nobel Peace Prize]] "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples".<!--See [[WP:EGG]] before attempting to hide this link!--><ref name="nobel peace prize">{{cite web |url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2009/ |title = The Nobel Peace Prize 2009 |publisher = Nobel Foundation |accessdate = October 9, 2009 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091010170600/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2009/ |archivedate = October 10, 2009 |deadurl = no }}</ref> Obama accepted this award in [[Oslo]], Norway on December 10, 2009, with "deep gratitude and great humility."<ref name="CNN: Obama acceptance transcript">{{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/12/10/obama.transcript/index.html |title = Obama: 'Peace requires responsibility' |publisher = CNN |date = December 10, 2009 |accessdate = May 21, 2011 }}</ref> The award drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.<ref>{{cite news |last = Philp |first = Catherine |title = Barack Obama's peace prize starts a fight |place = London |work = The Times |date = October 10, 2009 |url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6868905.ece |accessdate = October 10, 2009 }}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author = Samuelsohn, Darren |agency = Greenwire |url = https://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2009/10/09/09greenwire-obama-wins-nobel-prize-in-part-for-confronting-55250.html |title = Obama Wins Nobel Prize in Part for Confronting 'Great Climatic Challenges' |work = The New York Times |date = October 9, 2009 |accessdate = April 18, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100415013852/http://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2009/10/09/09greenwire-obama-wins-nobel-prize-in-part-for-confronting-55250.html |archivedate = April 15, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author = Sharon Otterman |title = World Reaction to a Nobel Surprise |newspaper = The New York Times |date = October 9, 2009 |url = http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/09/world-reaction-to-a-nobel-surprise/?hp#bozoanchor |accessdate = October 9, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.reuters.com/article/GCA-BarackObama/idUKTRE5983AM20091009?virtualBrandChannel=11621&sp=true |title = Obama Peace Prize win has Americans asking why? |agency = Reuters |accessdate = October 9, 2009 |date = October 9, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/33237202/ |title = Obama: Nobel Peace Prize 'a call to action'&nbsp;– Politics&nbsp;– White House |publisher = MSNBC |accessdate = September 13, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSTRE5981JK20091009?sp=true |title = Obama is surprise winner of Nobel Peace Prize |accessdate = October 9, 2009 |date = October 9, 2009 |agency = Reuters }}</ref><ref name=whr1>{{cite web |url = https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-winning-nobel-peace-prize |title = Remarks by the President on Winning the Nobel Peace Prize |accessdate = September 13, 2014}}</ref> Obama's peace prize was called a "stunning surprise" by ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/10/world/10nobel.html |work = The New York Times |title = Surprise Nobel for Obama Stirs Praise and Doubts |author = Steven Erlanger |date = October 10, 2009 |accessdate = May 20, 2010 }}</ref> Obama is the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/10/09/us.nobel.presidents/ |title = Obama's win unique among presidents |publisher = CNN |date = October 9, 2009 }}</ref> Obama's Nobel Prize has been viewed skeptically in subsequent years, especially after the director of the Nobel Institute, [[Geir Lundestad]], said Obama's Peace Prize did not have the desired effect.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Taylor |first1 = Adam |title = Obama's Nobel peace prize didn't have the desired effect, former Nobel official reveals |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/09/17/obamas-nobel-peace-prize-didnt-have-the-desired-effect-former-nobel-official-reveals/ |work = The Washington Post |accessdate = February 4, 2016 }}</ref> ==Post-presidency== [[File:Barack Obama at Trump inauguration.jpg|thumb|Obama at Trump inauguration on January 20, 2017]] Barack Obama's presidency ended at noon on January 20, 2017, immediately following the [[Inauguration of Donald Trump|inauguration]] of his Republican successor, [[Donald Trump]]. After the inauguration, Obama lifted off on [[Executive One]], circled the White House, and flew to [[Joint Base Andrews]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Korte|first=Gregory|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/01/20/obamas-last-hours-leave-note-plan-future/96829330/|title=Inside Barack Obama's final hours in the White House|work=USA Today|date=January 20, 2017}}</ref> The family rented a house in [[Kalorama, Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/05/25/politics/obama-kalorama-washington-dc-leases-house/|title=Peek inside Obama's post-presidential pad|last=Kosinski|first=Michelle |author2=Daniella Diaz |date=27 May 2016|publisher=CNN|accessdate=22 January 2017}}</ref> During the [[Democratic National Committee chairmanship election, 2017|2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election]], the Obama administration pushed for Tom Perez to run against Keith Ellison and President Barack Obama personally called DNC members to vote for Perez.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Carter|first1=Zach|last2=Marans|first2=Daniel|title=Obama All But Endorses Tom Perez Against Keith Ellison For DNC Chair|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/obama-keith-ellison-dnc_us_585460a1e4b0b3ddfd8cd1b5|website=Huffington Post|date=16 December 2016}}</ref> On March 2, 2017, the [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]] awarded the annual [[Profile in Courage Award]] to Obama "for his enduring commitment to democratic ideals and elevating the standard of political courage."<ref>{{cite web|title=Former President Barack H. Obama Announced as Recipient of 2017 John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/About-Us/News-and-Press/Press-Releases/2017-Profile-in-Courage-Award.aspx|website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum|accessdate=8 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408015950/https://www.jfklibrary.org/About-Us/News-and-Press/Press-Releases/2017-Profile-in-Courage-Award.aspx|archivedate=8 April 2017|date=2 March 2017}}</ref> On April 24, 2017, in his first public appearance out of office, Obama appeared at a seminar at the [[University of Chicago]] aimed at the engagement with a new generation as well as an appeal for their participation in politics.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/24/us/politics/obama-chicago.html?_r=0|title=Obama Steps Back Into Public Life, Trying to Avoid One Word: Trump|date=April 24, 2017|publisher=The New York Times|first=Michael D.|last=Shear}}</ref> On May 4, 2017, three days ahead of the [[French presidential election, 2017|French presidential election]], Obama endorsed [[Emmanuel Macron]]: "He appeals to people’s hopes and not their fears, and I enjoyed speaking to Emmanuel recently to hear about his independent movement and his vision for the future of France."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2017/05/04/obama-endorses-emmanuel-macron-237974|title= Obama endorses Macron in French election|date=May 4, 2017|publisher=Politico}}</ref> Macron went on to win the election. On May 9, 2017, Obama delivered a speech urging for election participation and research during a food innovation summit in [[Milan, Italy]], saying in part, "if you don't vote and you don't pay attention, you'll get policies that don't reflect your interest."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2017/05/09/obama-you-get-the-politicians-you-deserve-238150|title=Obama: 'You get the politicians you deserve'|date=May 9, 2017|publisher=Politico}}</ref> While in [[Berlin]] on May 25, Obama made a joint public appearance with Chancellor Merkel where he stressed inclusion and for leaders to question themselves, Obama having been formally invited to Berlin while still in office as part of an effort to boost Merkel's re-election campaign.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2017/05/25/obama-in-berlin-angela-merkel-238806 |title=Obama in Berlin: 'We can’t hide behind a wall'|first=Edward-Isaac|last=Dovere|publisher=Politico|date=May 25, 2017}}</ref> Obama traveled to [[Kensington Palace]] in [[England]] and met with [[Prince Harry]] on May 27, 2017; Obama tweeted afterward that the two discussed their foundations and offering condolences in the wake of the [[2017 Manchester Arena bombing|Manchester Arena bombing]] that occurred five days prior.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/335406-obama-visits-prince-harry-at-kensington-palace|title=Obama visits Prince Harry at Kensington Palace|first=Brooke|last=Seipel|date=May 27, 2017|publisher=The Hill}}</ref> On June 1, after President Trump announced his withdrawal of the United States from the [[Paris Agreement]], Obama released a statement disagreeing with the choice: "But even in the absence of American leadership; even as this administration joins a small handful of nations that reject the future; I'm confident that our states, cities, and businesses will step up and do even more to lead the way, and help protect for future generations the one planet we've got."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/01/politics/obama-paris-climate/|title=Obama pans Trump withdrawal from climate deal|first=MJ|last=Lee|date=June 1, 2017|publisher=CNN}}</ref> Barack Obama gave a public speech in Montreal on June 6, 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/the-environment-inequality-trump-what-will-obama-talk-about-in-montreal|title=Obama delivers message of hope to Montreal audience|first=Allison|last=Hanes|date=June 7, 2017|publisher=Montreal Gazette|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref> After the [[2017 Congressional baseball shooting|Congressional baseball shooting]], Obama telephoned Senator [[Jeff Flake]] to express condolences for the victims and to request Flake inform House Majority Whip [[Steve Scalise]], injured during the shooting, of his sentiments for him.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.politico.com/story/2017/06/14/barack-obama-jeff-flake-congress-baseball-shooting-239559|title=Obama reaches out to Sen. Flake after shooting|date=June 14, 2017|first=Elana|last=Schor|publisher=Politico}}</ref> On June 22, after Senate Republicans revealed the Better Care Reconciliation Act of 2017, their discussion draft of a health care bill to replace the Affordable Care Act, Obama released a Facebook post calling the bill "a massive transfer of wealth from middle-class and poor families to the richest people in America."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/339035-obama-slams-fundamental-meanness-at-the-core-of-senate-healthcare-bill|title=Obama slams 'fundamental meanness' of Senate healthcare bill|date=June 22, 2017|first=Max|last=Greenwood|publisher=The Hill}}</ref> ===Presidential library=== {{Main article|Barack Obama Presidential Center}} The Obama Presidential Center is the planned [[presidential library]] of Barack Obama. The center will be hosted by the [[University of Chicago]], and will be located in [[Jackson Park (Chicago)|Jackson Park]] on the [[South Side, Chicago|South Side]] of Chicago, Illinois. Once completed, it will become the 14th site in the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]'s presidential library system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barackobamafoundation.org/pages/presidential-library-faqs|title=Obama Foundation FAQs|publisher=Barack Obama Foundation}}</ref> ==Legacy== Obama's most significant legacy is generally considered to be the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]], provisions of which went into effect from 2010 to 2020. Together with the [[Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act]] amendment, it represents the most significant regulatory overhaul of the [[Health care in the United States|U.S. healthcare system]] since the passage of [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] and [[Medicaid]] in 1965.<ref name = "legacy">{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/video/obama-legacy-recovery-recession-affordable-care-act-44927003|title=Obama Legacy Will Be Recovery from Recession, Affordable Care Act|date=January 20, 2017|work=ABC News|accessdate=15 March 2017}}</ref> [[File:Job Growth by U.S. President - v1.png|thumb|right|250px|Job growth during the presidency of Obama compared to predecessors, as measured as cumulative percentage change from month after inauguration to end of term.]] Many commentators credit Obama with averting a threatened depression and pulling the country out of the "[[Great Recession]]".<ref name="legacy"/> According to the [[U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics]], the [[Obama administration]] created 11.3 million jobs from the month after the [[first inauguration of Barack Obama]] to the end of his term.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Long|first1=Heather|title=Final tally: Obama created 11.3 million jobs|url=http://money.cnn.com/2017/01/06/news/economy/obama-over-11-million-jobs/|work=CNN Money|date=6 January 2017}}</ref> In 2009, President Obama signed into law the [[National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010]], which contained in it the [[Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act]], the first addition to existing federal hate crime in the United States since Democratic President [[Bill Clinton]] signed into law the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996. The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act expanded [[Hate crime laws in the United States|existing federal hate crime laws in the United States]] to apply to crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability, and dropped the prerequisite that the victim be engaging in a federally protected activity. In 2010, President Obama signed into effect the [[Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act]]. Passed as a response to the [[financial crisis of 2007–08]], it brought the most significant changes to [[financial regulation]] in the United States since the regulatory reform that followed the [[Great Depression]] under Democratic President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/barack-obama-legacy/12/|title=Barack Obama's Legacy: Dodd-Frank Wall Street reform|work=CBS News|accessdate=15 March 2017}}</ref> In 2011, the [[Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010]] went into effect, bringing an end to "[[don't ask, don't tell]]" policy in the US armed forces that banned open service from [[Lesbian, gay and bisexual|LGB]] people. Obama succeeded in allowing open military service for LGB people in the US armed forces where his Democratic predecessor, US President Bill Clinton, had failed to do so; the [[Clinton administration]] having instead enacted the compromise "don't ask, don't tell" policy. In 2016, the [[Obama administration]] brought an end to the ban on [[transgender]] people serving openly in the US armed forces.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://dailycaller.com/2017/01/06/obamas-military-a-legacy-of-unparalleled-social-change/|title=Obama's Military: A Legacy Of Unparalleled Social Change|last=Bennett|first=Jonah|date=January 6, 2017|work=Daily Caller|accessdate=15 March 2017}}</ref><ref name=TransBan1 /> President Obama continued the [[drone strikes]] that President [[George W. Bush]] started during his presidency in [[Afghanistan]], [[Iraq]], [[Pakistan]], [[Somalia]], and [[Yemen]]. Obama also ordered drone strikes in [[Libya]] in 2011, the [[Philippines]] in 2012, and [[Syria]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Reimann|first1=Jakob|title=False hope, broken promises: Obama's belligerent legacy|url=https://roarmag.org/essays/obama-legacy-war-conflict-peace/|website=[[ROAR Magazine]]|accessdate=11 March 2017|date=January 11, 2017}}{{Unreliable source?|date=March 2017}}</ref> Obama left about 9,800 US troops in [[Afghanistan]], 5,262 US troops in Iraq, 503 US troops in Syria, 133 US troops in Pakistan, 106 US troops in Somalia, 7 US troops in Yemen, and 2 US troops in Libya at the end of his presidency.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Parsons|first1=Christi|last2=Hennigan|first2=W. J.|title=President Obama, who hoped to sow peace, instead led the nation in war|url=http://www.latimes.com/projects/la-na-pol-obama-at-war/|work=Los Angeles Times|date=January 13, 2017}}</ref><ref>[https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/appj/dwp/dwp_reports.jsp DOD Personnel ]</ref> According to [[Pew Research Center]] and [[United States Bureau of Justice Statistics]], from December 31, 2009 to December 31, 2015, that inmates sentenced in US federal custody declined by 5% under US President Obama. This is the largest decline in sentenced inmates in US federal custody since Democrat US President [[Jimmy Carter]]. By contrast, the federal prison population increased significantly under US president Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gramlich|first1=John|title=Federal prison population fell during Obama's term, reversing recent trend|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/05/federal-prison-population-fell-during-obamas-term-reversing-recent-trend/|website=Pew Research Center|date=5 January 2017}}</ref> A 2017 [[C-SPAN]] Presidential Historians Survey ranked Obama as the 12th best US president.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2017/?page=overall|title= Total Scores/Overall Rankings|work=Presidential Historians Survey|year=2017|publisher=C-SPAN|accessdate=March 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Von Drehle|first1=David|title=Barack Obama Ranked 12th Best U.S. President Ever in Major Survey of Historians|url=http://time.com/4674300/cspan-presidents-rank-2017/|publisher=''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''|accessdate=February 18, 2017|date=February 17, 2017}}</ref> ==See also== {{Portal|Barack Obama|Government of the United States|2010s}} {{Wikipedia books|Barack Obama}} * [[United States Senate career of Barack Obama]] (2005 - 2008) * [[Presidency of Barack Obama]] ** [[First 100 days of Barack Obama's presidency]] ** [[Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2009)]] ** [[Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2010)]] ** [[Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2011)]] ** [[Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2012)]] ** [[Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2013)]] ** [[Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2014)]] ** [[Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2015)]] ** [[Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2016)]] ** [[Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2017)]] ===Books written=== * [[Dreams from My Father]], 1995 * [[The Audacity of Hope]], 2006 * [[Of Thee I Sing (book)|Of Thee I Sing]], 2010 ===Politics=== * [[Political positions of Barack Obama]] * [[Social policy of Barack Obama]] * [[DREAM Act]] * [[Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986]] * [[List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama]] * [[Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012]] * [[Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009]] * [[National Broadband Plan (United States)]] * [[Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy]] * [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] * [[SPEECH Act]] * [[Stay with It]] * [[Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010]] * [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]] * [[White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy]] ===Other=== * [[Speeches of Barack Obama]] * [[Barack Obama Presidential Center]] * [[Roberts Court]] ===Lists=== * [[Assassination threats against Barack Obama]] * [[List of people pardoned by Barack Obama]] * [[List of federal political scandals in the United States#2009–2017 Barack Obama Administration|Federal political scandals, 2009–17]] * [[List of Barack Obama presidential campaign endorsements, 2008]] * [[List of Barack Obama presidential campaign endorsements, 2012]] * [[List of African-American United States Senators]] * [[List of things named after Barack Obama]] ==Notes and references== ===Notes=== {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="birth-certificate">{{cite web |date = April 27, 2011 |title = Certificate of Live Birth: Barack Hussein Obama II, August 4, 1961, 7:24&nbsp;pm, Honolulu |work = Department of Health, State of Hawaii |publisher = The White House |url = https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf |accessdate = March 11, 2017 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170303062746/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf |archivedate = March 3, 2017 }}</ref> <ref name="Christian">* {{cite web|year=2009 |title=American President: Barack Obama |publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia |url=http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama |accessdate=January 23, 2009 |quote=Religion: Christian |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123091100/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama |archivedate=January 23, 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} * {{cite web|title=The Truth about Barack's Faith |publisher=Obama for America |url=http://www.fightthesmears.com/file_download/2/baracksfaith.pdf |accessdate=July 1, 2012 |archivedate=January 5, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105040018/http://www.fightthesmears.com/file_download/2/baracksfaith.pdf }} * {{cite news|author=Miller, Lisa |date=July 18, 2008 |title=Finding his faith |work=Newsweek |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/145971 |accessdate=February 4, 2010 |quote=He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206163704/http://www.newsweek.com/id/145971 |archivedate=February 6, 2010 |deadurl=no }} * {{cite news|author=Barakat, Matthew |agency=Associated Press |date=November 17, 2008 |title=Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized; D.C. churches have started extending invitations to Obama and his family |publisher=MSNBC |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27775757 |accessdate=January 20, 2009 |quote=The United Church of Christ, the denomination from which Obama resigned when he left Wright's church, issued a written invitation to join a UCC denomination in Washington and resume his connections to the church. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124004315/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/27775757 |archivedate=January 24, 2009 |deadurl=no }} * {{cite web|date=January 20, 2009 |title=Barack Obama, long time UCC member, inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President |publisher=United Church of Christ |url=http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html |accessdate=January 21, 2009 |quote=Barack Obama, who spent more than 20 years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125002304/http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html |archivedate=January 25, 2009 |deadurl=no }} * {{cite news|author=Sullivan, Amy |date=June 29, 2009 |title=The Obama's find a church home&nbsp;– away from home |work=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1907610,00.html |accessdate=February 5, 2010 |quote=instead of joining a congregation in Washington, D.C., he will follow in George W. Bush's footsteps and make his primary place of worship Evergreen Chapel, the nondenominational church at Camp David. }} * {{cite news|author=Kornblut, Anne E. |date=February 4, 2010 |title=Obama's spirituality is largely private, but it's influential, advisers say |newspaper=The Washington Post |page=A6 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/03/AR2010020303619.html |accessdate=February 5, 2010 |quote=Obama prays privately&nbsp;... And when he takes his family to Camp David on the weekends, a Navy chaplain ministers to them, with the daughters attending a form of Sunday school there. }}</ref> <ref name="Occidental">{{cite news|author=Gordon, Larry |date=January 29, 2007 |title=Occidental recalls 'Barry' Obama |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |page=B1 |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29 |accessdate=May 12, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524102944/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29 |archivedate=May 24, 2010 }} * {{cite news|author=Possley, Maurice |date=March 30, 2007 |title=Activism blossomed in college |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |page=20 |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive,0,1533921.story |accessdate=May 12, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009204342/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive%2C0%2C1533921.story |archivedate=October 9, 2010 |deadurl=no |df= }} * {{cite news|author=Kovaleski, Serge F. |date=February 9, 2008 |title=Old friends say drugs played bit part in Obama's young life |newspaper=The New York Times |page=A1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/us/politics/09obama.html?pagewanted=all |accessdate=May 12, 2010 }} * {{cite news|author=Rohter, Larry |date=April 10, 2008 |title=Obama says real-life experience trumps rivals' foreign policy credits |newspaper=The New York Times |page=A18 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/us/politics/10obama.html |accessdate=May 12, 2010 }} * {{cite news|author=Adam Goldman |author2=Robert Tanner |agency=Associated Press |date=May 15, 2008 |title=Old friends recall Obama's years in LA, NYC |work=USA Today |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2008-05-15-3144401415_x.htm |accessdate=May 12, 2010 }} * {{cite news|author=Helman, Scott |date=August 25, 2008 |title=Small college awakened future senator to service (subscription archive) |newspaper=The Boston Globe |page=1A |url=http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/2008/08/25/small_college_awakened_future_senator_to_service/?page=full |accessdate=May 12, 2010 }} * {{cite news|author=Jackson, Brooks |date=June 5, 2009 |title=More 'birther' nonsense: Obama's 1981 Pakistan trip |publisher=FactCheck.org |url=http://www.factcheck.org/2009/06/more-birther-nonsense-obamas-1981-pakistan-trip |accessdate=May 12, 2010 }} * {{cite book |author = Remnick, David |year = 2010 |title = [[The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama]] |place = New York |publisher = Alfred A. Knopf |pages = 98–112 |isbn = 978-1-4000-4360-6 }} * Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 92–112. * Mendell (2007), pp. 55–62.</ref> <ref name="Juris Doctor">{{cite news |author = Adams, Richard |date = May 9, 2007 |title = Barack Obama |newspaper = The Guardian |place = London |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/09/barackobama.uselections20081 |accessdate = October 26, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081013083027/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/may/09/barackobama.uselections20081 |archivedate = October 13, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref> <ref name="Fellow">{{cite magazine |author = Merriner, James L. |date = June 2008 |title = The friends of O |magazine = Chicago |volume = 57 |issue = 6 |pages = 74–79, 97–99 |issn = 0362-4595 |url = http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2008/Obamas-Chicago-Posse/The-Friends-of-O/index.php?cp=2&si=1 |accessdate = January 30, 2010 }} * {{cite news |author = Zengerle, Jason |date = July 30, 2008 |title = Con law; What the University of Chicago right thinks of Obama |work = The New Republic |volume = 239 |issue = 1 |pages = 7–8 |url = http://www.tnr.com/article/con-law?id=86dd0277-c6ee-4e3c-83e9-0bb468c5c40d&p=1 |accessdate = January 30, 2010 }} * {{cite news |author = Kantor, Jodi |date = July 30, 2008 |title = Teaching law, testing ideas, Obama stood slightly apart |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A1 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/30/us/politics/30law.html?pagewanted=all |accessdate = January 30, 2010 }} * {{cite news |author = Gray, Steven |date = September 10, 2008 |title = Taking professor Obama's class |work = Time |url = http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1835238-2,00.html |accessdate = January 30, 2010 }} * {{cite news |author = Starr, Alexandra |date = September 21, 2008 |title = Case study |magazine = The New York Times Magazine |page = 76 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/21/magazine/21obama-t.html?pagewanted=all |accessdate = January 30, 2010 }} * {{cite news |author = Hundley, Tom |date = March 22, 2009 |title = Ivory tower of power |magazine = Chicago Tribune Magazine |page = 6 |url = http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2009-03-22/features/0903200725_1_barack-obama-story-chicago-school-harvard-law |accessdate = January 30, 2010 }}</ref> <ref name="Forty">{{cite book |editor = White, Jesse |year = 2000 |title = Illinois Blue Book, 2000, Millennium ed. |page = 83 |place = Springfield, IL |publisher = Illinois Secretary of State |url = http://www.sos.state.il.us/bb/toc.html |archivedate = April 16, 2004 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20040416120057/http://www.sos.state.il.us/bb/sec4_71_132.pdf |oclc = 43923973 |accessdate = June 6, 2008 }} * {{cite news |author = Jarrett, Vernon |date = August 11, 1992 |title = 'Project Vote' brings power to the people |work = Chicago Sun-Times |page = 23 |format = paid archive |url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(Vernon%20Jarrett)%20AND%20date(8/11/1992%20to%208/11/1992)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=8/11/1992%20to%208/11/1992)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(Vernon%20Jarrett)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |accessdate = June 6, 2008 }} * {{cite news |author = Reynolds, Gretchen |date = January 1993 |title = Vote of confidence |work = Chicago Magazine |volume = 42 |issue = 1 |pages = 53–54 |issn = 0362-4595 |url = http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/January-1993/Vote-of-Confidence |accessdate = June 6, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080514183643/http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/January-1993/Vote-of-Confidence |archivedate = May 14, 2008 |deadurl = no }} * {{cite news |author = Anderson, Veronica |date = October 3, 1993 |title = 40 under Forty: Barack Obama, Director, Illinois Project Vote |newspaper = Crain's Chicago Business |volume = 16 |issue = 39 |page = 43 |issn = 0149-6956 }}</ref> <ref name="DavisMiner">{{cite news|author=Robinson, Mike |agency=Associated Press |date=February 20, 2007 |title=Obama got start in civil rights practice |newspaper=The Boston Globe |url=http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2007/02/20/obama_got_start_in_civil_rights_practice |accessdate=June 15, 2008 }} * {{cite news|author=Pallasch, Abdon M. |date=December 17, 2007 |title=As lawyer, Obama was strong, silent type; He was 'smart, innovative, relentless,' and he mostly let other lawyers do the talking |newspaper=Chicago Sun-Times |page=4 |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(Pallasch)_AND_date(12/17/2007_to_12/17/2007)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=December_17,_2007_to_12/17/2007)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(Pallasch)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |accessdate=June 15, 2008 }}{{subscription required}} * {{cite news|author=Morain, Dan |date=April 6, 2008 |title=Obama's law days effective but brief |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |page=A14 |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2008/apr/06/nation/na-obamalegal6 |accessdate=February 14, 2010 }} * {{cite news|date=June 27, 1993 |title=Document |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |page=9 (Business) |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24302659.html?dids=24302659:24302659&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |accessdate=June 15, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204190346/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/doc/283584889.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT&type=current&date=&author=&pub=&edition=&startpage=&desc= |archivedate=December 4, 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{subscription required}} * {{cite news|date=July 5, 1993 |title=Business appointments |newspaper=Chicago-Sun-Times |page=40 |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(Business%20appointments)%20AND%20date(7/5/1993%20to%207/5/1993)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=7/5/1993%20to%207/5/1993)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(Business%20appointments)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |accessdate=June 15, 2008 }}{{subscription required}} * {{cite news|author=Ripley, Amanda |date=November 3, 2004 |title=Obama's ascent |work=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,750742,00.html |accessdate=February 13, 2010 }} * {{cite web|year=2008 |title=About us |url=http://www.lawmbg.com/index.cfm/PageID/2711 |publisher=Miner, Barnhill & Galland&nbsp;– Chicago, Illinois |accessdate=June 15, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720182856/http://www.lawmbg.com/index.cfm/PageID/2711 |archivedate=July 20, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }} * {{cite news|author=Reardon, Patrick T. |date=June 25, 2008 |title=Obama's Chicago |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |page=1 (Tempo) |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/travel/chi-obama-chicago-htmlstory,0,506256.htmlstory |accessdate=February 13, 2010 }} * Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 438–439. * Mendell (2007), pp. 104–106.</ref> <ref name="Democratic primary">{{cite web|url=http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2000/ilh.htm |title=Federal Elections 2000: U.S. House Results&nbsp;– Illinois |publisher=[[Federal Election Commission]] |accessdate=April 24, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328011936/http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2000/ilh.htm |archivedate=March 28, 2008 |deadurl=no }} * {{cite news|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14502364 |title=Obama's Loss May Have Aided White House Bid |author=Gonyea, Dan |date=September 19, 2007 |publisher=NPR |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218211819/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14502364 |archivedate=February 18, 2011 }} * {{cite news|first=Janny |last=Scott |title=A Streetwise Veteran Schooled Young Obama |date=September 9, 2007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/09/us/politics/09obama.html |work=The New York Times |accessdate=April 20, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321122541/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/09/us/politics/09obama.html |archivedate=March 21, 2008 |deadurl=no }} * {{cite news|first=Edward |last=McClelland |title=How Obama Learned to Be a Natural |date=February 12, 2007 |url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/02/12/obama_natural/ |work=Salon |accessdate=April 20, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308133402/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/02/12/obama_natural/ |archivedate=March 8, 2008 |deadurl=no }} * {{cite news|first=Richard |last=Wolffe |author2=Daren Briscoe |title=Across the Divide |date=July 16, 2007 |work=Newsweek |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/33156 |accessdate=April 20, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418014600/http://www.newsweek.com/id/33156 |archivedate=April 18, 2008 |deadurl=no |df= }} * {{cite news|first=Scott |last=Helman |title=Early Defeat Launched a Rapid Political Climb |date=October 12, 2007 |url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/10/12/early_defeat_launched_a_rapid_political_climb/ |work=The Boston Globe |accessdate=April 20, 2008 }} * {{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2007-10-24-3157940059_x.htm |title=Obama learned from failed Congress run |work=USA Today |author=Wills, Christopher |date=October 24, 2007 |accessdate=November 15, 2010 }}</ref> <ref name="Rose Garden">{{cite web |author = Office of the Press Secretary |date = October 2, 2002 |title = President, House leadership agree on Iraq resolution |publisher = The White House |url = http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/10/20021002-7.html |accessdate = February 18, 2008 }} * {{cite news |author = Tackett, Michael |date = October 3, 2002 |title = Bush, House OK Iraq deal; Congress marches with Bush |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 1 |url = http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/203569641.html?dids=203569641:203569641&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |accessdate = February 3, 2008 }}{{subscription required}}</ref> <ref name="Federal Plaza">{{cite news |author = Glauber, Bill |date = October 3, 2003 |title = War protesters gentler, but passion still burns |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 1 |url = http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/203569621.html?dids=203569621:203569621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |accessdate = February 3, 2008 }}{{subscription required}} * {{cite news |author = Strausberg, Chinta |date = October 3, 2002 |title = War with Iraq undermines U.N |newspaper = Chicago Defender |page = 1 |url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-220379051.html |quote = Photo caption: Left Photo: Sen. Barack Obama along with Rev. Jesse Jackson spoke to nearly 3,000 anti-war protestors (below) during a rally at Federal Plaza Wednesday. |accessdate = October 28, 2008 }} * {{cite web |author = Katz, Marilyn |date = October 2, 2007 |title = Five years since our first action |publisher = Chicagoans Against War & Injustice |url = http://www.noiraqwar-chicago.org/?p=127 |accessdate = February 18, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721192331/http://www.noiraqwar-chicago.org/?p=127 |archivedate = July 21, 2011 }} * {{cite news |author = Greg Bryant |author2 = Jane B. Vaughn |date = October 3, 2002 |title = 300 attend rally against Iraq war |newspaper = Daily Herald |page = 8 |url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ADHB&p_theme=adhb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_text_search-0=300%20AND%20attend%20AND%20rally%20AND%20against%20AND%20Iraq%20AND%20war&s_dispstring=300%20attend%20rally%20against%20Iraq%20war%20AND%20date(10/3/2002%20to%2010/3/2002)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=10/3/2002%20to%2010/3/2002)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |accessdate = October 28, 2008 }}{{subscription required}} * Mendell (2007), pp. 172–177.</ref> <ref name="spoke out">{{cite web |author = Obama, Barack |date = October 2, 2002 |title = Remarks of Illinois State Sen. Barack Obama against going to war with Iraq |url = http://www.barackobama.com/2002/10/02/remarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080130204029/http://www.barackobama.com/2002/10/02/remarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php |archivedate = January 30, 2008 |publisher = Barack Obama |accessdate = February 3, 2008 }} * {{cite news |author = McCormick, John |date = October 3, 2007 |title = Obama marks '02 war speech; Contender highlights his early opposition in effort to distinguish him from his rivals |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 7 |url = http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1351610621.html?dids=1351610621:1351610621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |quote = The top strategist for Sen. Barack Obama has just 14 seconds of video of what is one of the most pivotal moments of the presidential candidate's political career. The video, obtained from a Chicago TV station, is of Obama's 2002 speech in opposition to the impending Iraq invasion. |accessdate = October 28, 2008 }}{{Subscription required}} * {{cite news |author = Pallasch, Abdon M. |date = October 3, 2007 |title = Obama touts anti-war cred; Kicks off tour 5 years after speech critical of going to Iraq |newspaper = Chicago Sun-Times |page = 26 |url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=headline(Obama%20touts%20anti-war%20cred)%20AND%20date(all)&p_field_advanced-0=title&p_text_advanced-0=(Obama%20touts%20anti-war%20cred)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |accessdate = October 28, 2008 }}{{subscription required}}</ref> <ref name="stop the war">{{cite news |author = Ritter, Jim |date = March 17, 2003 |newspaper = Chicago Sun-Times |page = 3 |title = Anti-war rally here draws thousands |url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=headline(Anti-war%20rally%20here%20draws%20thousands)%20AND%20date(all)&p_field_advanced-0=title&p_text_advanced-0=(Anti-war%20rally%20here%20draws%20thousands)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |accessdate = February 3, 2008 }} {{subscription required}} * {{cite press release |author = Office of the Press Secretary |date = March 16, 2003 |title = President Bush: Monday 'moment of truth' for world on Iraq |publisher = The White House |url = http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030316-3.html |accessdate = February 18, 2008 }}</ref> <ref name="future">{{cite news |author = Mendell, David |date = March 17, 2004 |title = Obama routs Democratic foes; Ryan tops crowded GOP field; Hynes, Hull fall far short across state |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 1 |url = http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-03-17/news/0403170332_1_blair-hull-gery-chico-blacks-and-liberal-whites |accessdate = March 1, 2009 }} * {{cite news |author = Davey, Monica |date = March 18, 2004 |title = As quickly as overnight, a Democratic star is born |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A20 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/18/us/as-quickly-as-overnight-a-democratic-star-is-born.html?pagewanted=all |accessdate = March 1, 2009 }} * {{cite news |author = Howlett, Debbie |date = March 19, 2004 |title = Dems see a rising star in Illinois Senate candidate |newspaper = USA Today |page = A04 |url = http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/2004-03-18-obama-usat_x.htm |accessdate = March 1, 2009 }} * {{cite news |author = Scheiber, Noam |date = May 31, 2004 |title = Race against history. Barack Obama's miraculous campaign |work = The New Republic |volume = 230 |issue = 20 |pages = 21–22, 24–26 (cover story) |url = http://www.tnr.com/article/race-against-history-0 |accessdate = March 24, 2009 }} * {{cite news |author = Finnegan, William |date = May 31, 2004 |title = The Candidate. How far can Barack Obama go? |work = The New Yorker |volume = 20 |issue = 14 |pages = 32–38 |url = http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/05/31/040531fa_fact1?currentPage=all |accessdate = March 24, 2009 }} * {{cite news |author = Dionne Jr., E.J. |date = June 25, 2004 |title = In Illinois, a star prepares |newspaper = The Washington Post |page = A29 |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A4062-2004Jun24.html |accessdate = March 24, 2009 }} * {{cite news |author = Scott, Janny |date = May 18, 2008 |title = The story of Obama, written by Obama |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A1 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/us/politics/18memoirs.html?pagewanted=all |accessdate = January 9, 2010 }} * Mendell (2007), pp. 235–259.</ref> <ref name="status">{{cite news |date=August 2, 2004 |title=Star Power. Showtime: Some are on the rise; others have long been fixtures in the firmament. A galaxy of bright Democratic lights |work=Newsweek |pages=48–51 |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/54728/output/print |accessdate=November 15, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218014146/http://www.newsweek.com/id/54728/output/print |archivedate=December 18, 2008 |deadurl=no }} * {{cite news |author=Samuel, Terence |date=August 2, 2004 |title=A shining star named Obama. How a most unlikely politician became a darling of the Democrats |work=U.S. News & World Report |page=25 |url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/040802/2obama.htm |accessdate=November 15, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206100640/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/040802/2obama.htm |archivedate=December 6, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }} * {{cite news |author=Lizza, Ryan |date=September 2004 |title=Why is Barack Obama generating more excitement among Democrats than John Kerry? |work=The Atlantic Monthly |pages=30, 33 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200409/lizza |accessdate=November 15, 2008 }} * {{cite news |author=Davey, Monica |date=July 26, 2004 |title=A surprise Senate contender reaches his biggest stage yet |newspaper=The New York Times |page=A1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/26/us/the-speaker-a-surprise-senate-contender-reaches-his-biggest-stage-yet.html |accessdate=November 25, 2010 }} * {{cite news |author=Leibovich, Mark |date=July 27, 2004 |title=The other man of the hour |work=The Washington Post |page=C1 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A16606-2004Jul26.html |accessdate=November 15, 2008 }} * {{cite news |author=Milligan, Susan |date=July 27, 2004 |title=In Obama, Democrats see their future |work=The Boston Globe |page=B8 |url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2004/07/27/in_obama_democrats_see_their_future/ |accessdate=November 15, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218181835/http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2004/07/27/in_obama_democrats_see_their_future/ |archivedate=December 18, 2008 |deadurl=no }} * {{cite news |author=Seelye, Katharine Q. |date=July 28, 2004 |title=Illinois Senate nominee speaks of encompassing unity |newspaper=The New York Times |page=A1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/28/politics/campaign/28blacks.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060624052131/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/28/politics/campaign/28blacks.html |archivedate=June 24, 2006}} * {{cite news |author=Broder, David S. |date=July 28, 2004 |title=Democrats focus on healing divisions; Addressing convention, newcomers set themes |work=The Washington Post |page=A1 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A17865-2004Jul27.html |accessdate=November 15, 2008}} * {{cite news |author=Jonathan Bing |author2=Pamela McClintock |date=July 29, 2004 |title=Auds resist charms of Dem stars |work=Variety |page=1 |url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117908388.html |accessdate=November 15, 2008}} * Mendell (2007), pp. 272–285.</ref> <ref name="margin">{{cite news |year = 2005 |title = America Votes 2004: U.S. Senate / Illinois |publisher = CNN |url = http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/IL/S/01/index.html |accessdate = April 13, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080416061340/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004//pages/results/states/IL/S/01/index.html |archivedate = April 16, 2008 |deadurl = no }} * {{cite news |author = Slevin, Peter |date = November 13, 2007 |title = For Obama, a handsome payoff in political gambles |newspaper = The Washington Post |page = A3 |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/12/AR2007111201945.html |accessdate = April 13, 2008 }} * {{cite news |author = John Chase |author2 = David Mendell |date = November 3, 2004 |title = Obama scores a record landslide |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 1 |url = http://www.noticiasdot.com/publicaciones/2004/1104/0311/noticias031104/presidenciales-usa/images/usa/chicago_tribune/chicago_tribune_031104.pdf |accessdate = April 3, 2009 }} * {{cite news |author = Fornek, Scott |date = November 3, 2004 |title = Obama takes Senate seat in a landslide |newspaper = Chicago Sun-Times |page = 6 |url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1553596.html |accessdate = April 3, 2009 }}</ref> * {{cite news |first = Tom |last = Curry |title = What Obama's Senate Votes Reveal |date = February 21, 2008 |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23276453/ |publisher = MSNBC |accessdate = June 25, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080513135618/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23276453/ |archivedate = May 13, 2008 |deadurl = no }} * {{cite news |url = http://nj.nationaljournal.com/voteratings/ |title = Obama: Most Liberal Senator In 2007 |work = National Journal |date = January 31, 2008 |accessdate = June 25, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080627040734/http://nj.nationaljournal.com/voteratings/? |archivedate = June 27, 2008 |deadurl = no }} <ref name="transition period">{{cite news |url = http://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSTRE4AF1MJ20081116 |title = Obama resigns Senate seat, thanks Illinois |accessdate = March 10, 2009 |date = November 16, 2008 |agency = Reuters |author = Mason, Jeff }}</ref> * {{cite news |url = http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1859020,00.html |title = Obama to Resign Senate Seat on Sunday |accessdate = November 22, 2008 |date = November 13, 2008 |work = Time |author = Sidoti, Liz |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081122143031/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1859020,00.html |archivedate = November 22, 2008 |deadurl = no }} <ref name="nuclear terrorism">{{cite press release |title = Obama, Schiff Provision to Create Nuclear Threat Reduction Plan Approved |date = December 20, 2007 |url = http://obama.senate.gov/press/071220-obama_schiff_pr/ |publisher = Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154751/http://obama.senate.gov/press/071220-obama_schiff_pr/ |archivedate = December 18, 2008 }}</ref> <ref name="Kenyan">{{cite news|first=Christina |last=Larson |title=Hoosier Daddy: What Rising Democratic Star Barack Obama Can Learn from an Old Lion of the GOP |date=September 2006 |url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.larson.html |work=Washington Monthly |accessdate=April 27, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430232404/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.larson.html |archivedate=April 30, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }} * {{cite news|first=Chuck |last=Goudie |title=Obama Meets with Arafat's Successor |date=January 12, 2006 |url=http://a.abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/local&id=3806933 |publisher=WLS-TV |location=Chicago |accessdate=April 27, 2008 }} * {{cite news|title=Obama Slates Kenya for Fraud |date=August 28, 2006 |url=http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_1989646,00.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605213213/http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0%2C%2C2-11-1447_1989646%2C00.html |archivedate=June 5, 2008 |publisher=News24 |location=Cape Town |accessdate=April 27, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }} * {{cite news|first=Chris |last=Wamalwa |title=Envoy Hits at Obama Over Graft Remark |date=September 2, 2006 |url=http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957666 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010050740/http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957666 |archivedate=October 10, 2007 |work=The Standard (Nairobi) |accessdate=April 27, 2008 }} * {{cite news|first=Vincent |last=Moracha |author2=Mangoa Mosota |title=Leaders Support Obama on Graft Claims |date=September 4, 2006 |url=http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957752 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007115436/http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957752 |archivedate=October 7, 2007 |work=The Standard |location=Nairobi }}</ref> <ref name="allocation">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1738331,00.html |title=The Five Mistakes Clinton Made |author=Tumulty, Karen |author-link=Karen Tumulty |work=Time |date=May 8, 2008 |accessdate=November 11, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211125310/http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0%2C8599%2C1738331%2C00.html |archivedate=December 11, 2008 |deadurl=no |df= }} * {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/us/politics/08recon.html |title=The Long Road to a Clinton Exit |author=Peter Baker |author2=Jim Rutenberg |work=The New York Times |date=June 8, 2008 |accessdate=November 29, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209030041/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/us/politics/08recon.html |archivedate=December 9, 2008 |deadurl=no }}</ref> <ref name="delegates">{{cite news |author = Baldwin, Tom |title = Hillary Clinton: 'Barack is my candidate' |url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/us_elections/article4616719.ece |work = The Times |location = London |date = August 27, 2008 |accessdate = August 27, 2008 }}{{subscription required}} * {{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/28/us/politics/28DEMSDAY.html?pagewanted=all |title = Obama Wins Nomination as Biden and Bill Clinton Rally the Party |work = The New York Times |author = Nagourney, Adam |date = August 27, 2008 |accessdate = August 27, 2008 }}</ref> <ref name="acceptance">{{cite news |title = Obama accepts Democrat nomination |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7586375.stm |publisher = BBC News |date = August 29, 2008 |accessdate = August 29, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080828234350/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7586375.stm |archivedate = August 28, 2008 |deadurl = no }} * {{cite news |url = http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2008/0829/soaring-speech-from-obama-plus-some-specifics |title = Soaring speech from Obama, plus some specifics |work = The Christian Science Monitor |author = Marks, Alexandra |date = August 29, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100314121702/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2008/0829/soaring-speech-from-obama-plus-some-specifics |archivedate = March 14, 2010 }}</ref> <ref name="small donations">{{cite news|first=Jim |last=Malone |title=Obama Fundraising Suggests Close Race for Party Nomination |date=July 2, 2007 |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2007-07/2007-07-02-voa52.cfm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914032004/http://voanews.com/english/archive/2007-07/2007-07-02-voa52.cfm |archivedate=September 14, 2007 |publisher=Voice of America }} * {{cite news|first=Jeanne |last=Cummings |title=Small Donors Rewrite Fundraising Handbook |date=September 26, 2007 |url=http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=3ECB3515-3048-5C12-004D622CB6F4E214 |work=Politico |accessdate=January 14, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201140941/http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=3ECB3515-3048-5C12-004D622CB6F4E214 |archivedate=February 1, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }} * {{cite news|first=Emily |last=Cadei |title=Obama Outshines Other Candidates in January Fundraising |date=February 21, 2008 |url=http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=news-000002674309 |publisher=CQ Politics |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613213513/http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=news-000002674309 |archivedate=June 13, 2008 }}</ref> <ref name="presidential debates">{{cite press release |url = http://www.debates.org/pages/news_111907.html |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080706070658/http://www.debates.org/pages/news_111907.html |archivedate = July 6, 2008 |title = Commission on Presidential Debates Announces Sites, Dates, Formats and Candidate Selection Criteria for 2008 General Election |publisher = [[Commission on Presidential Debates]] |date = November 19, 2007 }} * {{cite news |accessdate = July 6, 2008 |url = http://www.courant.com/topic/ |title = Gun Ruling Reverberates |work = [[Hartford Courant]] |date = June 27, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080705225819/http://www.courant.com/topic/ |archivedate = July 5, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref> <ref name="electoral votes">{{cite news |publisher = MSNBC |accessdate = February 20, 2009 |date = November 4, 2008 |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27531033/ |title = Barack Obama elected 44th president |author = Johnson, Alex |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090220052714/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27531033/ |archivedate = February 20, 2009 |deadurl = no }} * {{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/president/ |title = CNN Electoral Map Calculator&nbsp;– Election Center 2008 |publisher = CNN |year = 2008 |accessdate = December 14, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081212014309/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/president/ |archivedate = December 12, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref> <ref name="direct assistance">{{cite news |url = http://stimulus.org/ |title = Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget, Stimulus Watch |accessdate = April 9, 2011 }} * {{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/17/obama.stimulus.remarks/ |title = Obama's remarks on signing the stimulus plan |accessdate = February 17, 2009 |publisher = CNN |date = February 17, 2009 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090220074825/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/17/obama.stimulus.remarks/ |archivedate = February 20, 2009 |deadurl = no }}</ref> <ref name="markets opened">{{cite news |title = U.S. Expands Plan to Buy Banks' Troubled Assets |date = March 23, 2009 |work = The New York Times |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/24/business/economy/24bailout.html |first1 = Edmund L. |last1 = Andrews |first2 = Eric |last2 = Dash |accessdate = April 12, 2010 }} * {{cite news |title = Wall Street soars 7% on bank plan debut |date = March 23, 2009 |agency = Reuters |url = http://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSTRE52H2FA20090323?feedType=RSS&feedName=businessNews }}</ref> <ref name="preceding administration">{{cite news|title=Biden vows break with Bush era foreign policy |url=http://www.canada.com/news/unveils+changes+foreign+policy/1265065/story.html |accessdate=January 31, 2013 |first1=Ross |last1=Colvin |first2=Noah |last2=Barkin |publisher=Canada.com |location=Toronto |date=February 7, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106164443/http://www.canada.com/news/unveils%2Bchanges%2Bforeign%2Bpolicy/1265065/story.html |archivedate=November 6, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }} * {{cite news|first=Kim |last=Ghattas |title=Clinton's gaffes and gains on tour |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7931699.stm |accessdate=June 15, 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=March 8, 2009 }}</ref> <ref name="middleeast">{{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/06/04/egypt.obama.speech |title = Obama in Egypt reaches out to Muslim world |date = June 4, 2009 |publisher = CNN |accessdate = January 30, 2011 }}</ref> * {{cite news |first = Jeff |last = Zeleny |first2 = Alan |last2 = Cowell |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/05/world/middleeast/05prexy.html |title = Addressing Muslims, Obama Pushes Mideast Peace |work = The New York Times |date = June 4, 2009 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110331161401/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/05/world/middleeast/05prexy.html|archivedate=March 31, 2011 }} * {{cite web |url = http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/The-President-in-the-Middle-East/ |title = The President in the Middle East |date = June 3, 2009 |first = Jesse |last = Lee |publisher = The White House |accessdate = June 4, 2009 |archiveurl = http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090702022523/http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/The-President-in-the-Middle-East/ |archivedate = July 2, 2009 |deadurl = no }} <ref name="counterinsurgency tactics">{{cite news |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/11/AR2009051101864.html |title = Top U.S. Commander in Afghanistan Is Fired |date = May 12, 2009 |work = The Washington Post }} * {{cite news |url = http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/05/13/new-commander-brings-counterinsurgency-experience-afghanistan/ |title = New U.S. Commander Brings Counterinsurgency Experience to Afghanistan |date = May 13, 2009 |publisher = Fox News Channel }}</ref> <ref name="exceptional orator">{{cite news |url = http://www.theage.com.au/world/a-classic-orator-obama-learnt-from-the-masters-20081129-6nf1.html |title = Obama: Oratory and originality |last = Holmes |first = Stephanie |date = November 30, 2008 |accessdate = December 11, 2008 |work = The Age |location = Melbourne |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154747/http://www.theage.com.au/world/a-classic-orator-obama-learnt-from-the-masters-20081129-6nf1.html |archivedate = December 18, 2008 |deadurl = no }} * {{cite news |url = http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/mar2008/sb2008033_156351.htm |title = How to Inspire People Like Obama Does |last = Gallo |first = Carmine |date = March 3, 2008 |accessdate = February 21, 2009 |work = Bloomberg BusinessWeek |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226003326/http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/mar2008/sb2008033_156351.htm |archivedate = February 26, 2009 |deadurl = no }} * {{cite news |url = http://www.thestar.com/living/article/551538 |title = New emotion dubbed 'elevation' |date = December 11, 2008 |work = Toronto Star |accessdate = December 11, 2008 |first = Diana |last = Zlomislic |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081212193736/http://www.thestar.com/living/article/551538 |archivedate = December 12, 2008 |deadurl = no }} * {{cite news |title = Obama Is America's Third Greatest Presidential Orator in Modern Era |url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-greene/obama-is-americas-3rd-gre_b_813868.html |date = January 25, 2011 |first = Richard |last = Greene |work = [[The Huffington Post]] |accessdate = July 2, 2011 }}</ref> <ref name="in Jakarta">{{cite web |title = Obama's Indonesian Redux |url = http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1025 |author = Zimmer, Benjamin |year = 2009 |accessdate = March 12, 2009 |publisher = Language Log |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090303094040/http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1025 |archivedate = March 3, 2009 |deadurl = no }} * {{cite news |url = http://cetak.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/11/26/00223862/obama.saya.kangen.nasi.goreng.bakso.dan.rambutan |title = Obama: Saya Kangen Nasi Goreng, Bakso, dan Rambutan |work = [[Kompas]] |date = November 26, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081203010718/http://cetak.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/11/26/00223862/obama.saya.kangen.nasi.goreng.bakso.dan.rambutan |archivedate = December 3, 2008 |language = id }}</ref> <ref name="corruption charges">{{cite news |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/16/AR2006121600729.html |title = Obama says he regrets land deal with fundraiser |work = The Washington Post |date = December 17, 2006 |accessdate = June 10, 2008 |last = Slevin |first = Peter }} * {{cite news |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24973282/ |title = Rezko found guilty in corruption case |accessdate = June 24, 2008 |date = June 4, 2008 |agency = Associated Press |publisher = MSNBC |last = Robinson |first = Mike |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080607025656/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24973282/ |archivedate = June 7, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref> <ref name="social change">Obama (2006), pp. 202–208. Portions excerpted in: {{cite news|first=Barack |last=Obama |title=My Spiritual Journey |date=October 16, 2006 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1546579,00.html |work=Time |accessdate=April 28, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051154/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1546579%2C00.html |archivedate=April 30, 2008 |deadurl=no |df= }} * {{cite web|url=http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628-call_to_renewal/ |title='Call to Renewal' Keynote Address |accessdate=June 16, 2008 |last=Obama |first=Barack |date=June 28, 2006 |publisher=Barack Obama: U.S. Senator for Illinois |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104231501/http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628-call_to_renewal/ |archivedate=January 4, 2009 }}</ref> <ref name="Trinity">{{cite news |last1 = Garrett |first1 = Major |last2 = Obama |first2 = Barack |date = March 14, 2008 |title = Obama talks to Major Garrett on 'Hannity & Colmes' |publisher = RealClearPolitics |url = http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/03/obama_talks_to_major_garrett_o.html |accessdate = November 10, 2012 |quote = Major Garrett, Fox News correspondent: So the first question, how long have you been a member in good standing of that church? Sen. Barack Obama (D-IL), presidential candidate: You know, I've been a member since 1991 or '92. And&nbsp;– but I have known Trinity even before then when I was a community organizer on the South Side, helping steel workers find jobs&nbsp;... Garrett: As a member in good standing, were you a regular attendee of Sunday services? Obama: You know, I won't say that I was a perfect attendee. I was regular in spurts, because there was times when, for example, our child had just been born, our first child. And so we didn't go as regularly then. }} * {{cite news |agency = Associated Press |date = April 29, 2008 |title = Obama strongly denounces former pastor |publisher = MSNBC |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24371827/ |accessdate = November 10, 2012 |quote = I have been a member of Trinity United Church of Christ since 1992, and have known Reverend Wright for 20 years," Obama said. "The person I saw yesterday was not the person that I met 20 years ago. }} * {{cite news |last = Miller |first = Lisa |date = July 11, 2008 |title = Finding his faith |work = Newsweek |url = http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/07/11/finding-his-faith.html |accessdate = November 10, 2012 |quote = He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago. |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130720055213/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/07/11/finding-his-faith.html |archivedate = July 20, 2013 |deadurl = yes }} * {{cite book |last = Remnick |first = David |year = 2010 |title = [[The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama]] |location = New York |publisher = Alfred A. Knopf |page = <span class="plainlinks">[https://books.google.com/books?id=F6HAasv2v-4C&pg=PA177 177]</span> |isbn = 978-1-4000-4360-6 |quote = In late October 1987, his third year as an organizer, Obama went with Kellman to a conference on the black church and social justice at the Harvard Divinity School. }} * Maraniss (2012), <span class="plainlinks">[https://books.google.com/books?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&pg=PT887 p. 557]</span>: It would take time for Obama to join and become fully engaged in Wright's church, a place where he would be baptized and married; that would not happen until later, during his second time around in Chicago, but the process started then, in October 1987&nbsp;... Jerry Kellman: "He wasn't a member of the church during those first three years, but he was drawn to Jeremiah." * [[Peter Baker (author)|Peter Baker]]: ''Obama: The Call of History'', New York Times/Callaway, New York, 2017, {{ISBN|0-935112-90-1}}.</ref> }} ===References=== {{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{cite book |last = Jacobs |first = Sally H. |year = 2011 |title = [[The Other Barack: The Bold and Reckless Life of President Obama's Father]] |location = New York |publisher = [[PublicAffairs]] |isbn = 978-1-58648-793-5 |ref = harv }} * {{cite book |author = [[David Maraniss|Maraniss, David]] |year = 2012 |title = [[Barack Obama: The Story]] |location = New York |publisher = [[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn = 978-1-4391-6040-4 |ref = harv }} * {{cite book |author = [[David Mendell|Mendell, David]] |year = 2007 |title = [[Obama: From Promise to Power]] |location = New York |publisher = Amistad/[[HarperCollins]] |isbn = 978-0-06-085820-9 |ref = harv }} * {{cite book |last = Obama |first = Barack |origyear = 1st. Pub. 1995 |year = 2004 |title = [[Dreams from My Father]]: A Story of Race and Inheritance |location = New York |publisher = [[Three Rivers Press]] |isbn = 978-1-4000-8277-3 |ref = harv }} * {{cite book |last = Obama |first = Barack |year = 2006 |title = [[The Audacity of Hope]]: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream |location = New York |publisher = [[Crown Publishing Group]] |isbn = 978-0-307-23769-9 |ref = harv }} * {{cite book |last = Scott |first = Janny |year = 2011 |title = [[A Singular Woman: The Untold Story of Barack Obama's Mother]] |location = New York |publisher = [[Riverhead Books]] |isbn = 978-1-59448-797-2 }} {{Refend}} ===Further reading=== {{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{cite magazine|last=Graff |first=Garrett M. |date=November 1, 2006 |title=The Legend of Barack Obama |url=http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/1836.html |magazine=Washingtonian |access-date=January 14, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214141924/http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/1836.html |archivedate=February 14, 2008 }} * {{cite book |last = Koltun |first = Dave |editor-last1 = Ahuja |editor-first1 = Sunil |editor-last2 = Dewhirst |editor-first2 = Robert |year = 2005 |title = The Road to Congress 2004 |chapter = The 2004 Illinois Senate Race: Obama Wins Open Seat and Becomes National Political "Star" |location = Hauppauge, New York |publisher = Nova Science Publishers |isbn = 978-1-59454-360-9 |ref = harv }} * {{cite magazine |last = Lizza |first = Ryan |date = September 2007 |title = Above the Fray |url = http://www.gq.com/news-politics/newsmakers/200708/obama-barack-election-president |magazine = GQ |access-date = October 27, 2010 }} * {{cite magazine |last = MacFarquhar |first = Larissa |date = May 7, 2007 |title = The Conciliator: Where is Barack Obama Coming From? |url = http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/05/07/070507fa_fact_macfarquhar |magazine = The New Yorker |access-date = January 14, 2008 }} * {{cite book |last = McClelland |first = Edward |year = 2010 |title = Young Mr. Obama: Chicago and the Making of a Black President |location = New York |publisher = Bloomsbury Press |isbn = 978-1-60819-060-7 }} * {{cite news |last = Zutter |first = Hank De |date = December 8, 1995 |title = What Makes Obama Run? |url = http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/what-makes-obama-run/Content?oid=889221 |newspaper = Chicago Reader |access-date = April 25, 2015 }} {{Refend}} ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Barack Obama.ogg|2012-04-24}} {{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooks=yes|viaf=52010985}} <!-- Please keep this section brief and simple to navigate. Specific pages already referenced within the article should not be repeated here. --> ===Official=== * {{Official website}} of The Office of Barack and Michelle Obama * {{Official website|http://www.obama.org/}} of The Obama Foundation * {{Official website|https://www.obamalibrary.gov/}} of the Barack Obama Presidential Library * {{Official website|https://www.ofa.us/}} of [[Organizing for Action]] * [https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/barackobama White House biography] <!-- Do not add YouTube, MySpace, Twitter et al. There are MANY and all are linked from the campaign site. --><pre></pre> ===Other=== * Obama B. [https://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2533698 United States Health Care Reform: Progress to Date and Next Steps]. ''[[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]]''. Published online July 11, 2016. {{doi|10.1001/jama.2016.9797}}. * Teague Beckwith, Ryan (23 March 2017). "''[https://web.archive.org/web/20170331204859/http://time.com/4710841/obamacare-repeal-barack-obama-statement/ Read Barack Obama's Statement on the Anniversary of Obamacare]''". Time Magazine. Archived from [http://time.com/4710841/obamacare-repeal-barack-obama-statement/ the original] on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017. See also: Taylor, Jessica (23 March 2017). "''[http://www.npr.org/2017/03/23/521259581/obama-america-is-stronger-because-of-the-affordable-care-act Obama: 'America Is Stronger Because Of The Affordable Care Act']{{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}''". National Public Radio. Archived from [http://www.npr.org/2017/03/23/521259581/obama-america-is-stronger-because-of-the-affordable-care-act the original] on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017. * Obama B. [http://harvardlawreview.org/2017/01/the-presidents-role-in-advancing-criminal-justice-reform/ The President's Role in Advancing Criminal Justice Reform]. ''[[Harvard Law Review]]''. Published January 5, 2017. * {{Dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Government/Executive_Branch/President/POTUS_Barack_Obama}} * {{CongBio|O000167}} * {{C-SPAN|Barack Obama}} * {{ChicagoTribuneKeyword}} * [http://www.politifact.com/personalities/barack-obama/ Collected news and commentary] at the ''Tampa Bay Times's'' [[PolitiFact.com]] * [http://www.washingtonpost.com/2011/02/25/ABjfuEJ_category.html?blogId=fact-checker&tag=barack%20obama Collected news and commentary] at ''The Washington Post''{{'}}s Fact Checker blog * ''[https://archive.is/20170402202312/http://www.vox.com/2015/6/26/8849925/obama-obamacare-history-presidents Barack Obama is officially one of the most consequential presidents in American history]'' by [[Vox (website)|Vox]] author Dylan Matthews on March 24, 2017. [https://www.vox.com/2015/6/26/8849925/obama-obamacare-history-presidents Archived from the original] on March 24, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2017. The article describes the successes and failures of Barack Obama's domestic and foreign policy as well as provides articles for further reading in this context. * {{Gutenberg author | id=Obama,+Barack | name=Barack Obama}} * {{Internet Archive author | name=Barack Obama}} * {{IMDb name}} {{Barack Obama}} {{Navboxes |title = Offices and distinctions |list1 = {{s-start}} {{s-par|us-il-sen}} {{s-bef|before=[[Alice Palmer (politician)|Alice Palmer]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[Illinois Senate]]<br>from the 13th district|years=1997–2004}} {{s-aft|after=[[Kwame Raoul]]}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-bef|before=[[Carol Moseley Braun]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee for [[List of United States Senators from Illinois|U.S. Senator]] from [[Illinois]]<br>([[Classes of United States Senators|Class 3]])|years=[[United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004|2004]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Alexi Giannoulias]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Harold Ford Jr.]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Keynote Speaker of the [[Democratic National Convention]]|years=[[2004 Democratic National Convention|2004]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Mark Warner]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[John Kerry]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] [[List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets|nominee]] for President of the United States|years=[[United States presidential election, 2008|2008]], [[United States presidential election, 2012|2012]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Hillary Clinton]]}} {{s-par|us-sen}} {{s-bef|before=[[Peter Fitzgerald (politician)|Peter Fitzgerald]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of United States Senators from Illinois|United States Senator (Class 3) from Illinois]]|years=2005–2008|alongside=[[Dick Durbin]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Roland Burris]]}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[George W. 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Democrats]] [[Category:Illinois Democrats]] [[Category:American politicians of Luo descent]] [[Category:American people of Luo descent]] [[Category:American people of Irish descent]] [[Category:American people of English descent]] [[Category:American people of Scottish descent]] [[Category:American people of Welsh descent]] [[Category:American people of German descent]] [[Category:American people of Swiss descent]] [[Category:American people of French descent]] l148xopzbdm3xylcbsm0xrxqi44yh5z 19 18 2017-06-23T15:41:09Z Admin 1 1 revision imported wikitext text/x-wiki {{other uses|Barack (disambiguation)|Obama (disambiguation)}} <!--See [[WP:EDN]]--> {{Pp-move-indef}} {{Pp-semi|small=yes}} {{Active editnotice}} {{Use American English|date=December 2014}} {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2017}} {{Infobox president |name = Barack Obama |image = President Barack Obama.jpg |alt = Obama standing with his arms folded and smiling |office = 44th [[President of the United States]] |vicepresident = [[Joe Biden]] |term_start = January 20, 2009 |term_end = January 20, 2017 |predecessor = [[George W. Bush]] |successor = [[Donald Trump]] |jr/sr1 = United States Senator |state1 = [[Illinois]] |term_start1 = January 3, 2005 |term_end1 = November 16, 2008 |predecessor1 = [[Peter Fitzgerald (politician)|Peter Fitzgerald]] |successor1 = [[Roland Burris]] |state_senate2 = Illinois |district2 = 13th |predecessor2 = [[Alice Palmer (politician)|Alice Palmer]] |term_start2 = January 8, 1997 |term_end2 = November 4, 2004 |successor2 = [[Kwame Raoul]] |birth_name = Barack Hussein Obama II |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|8|4}} |birth_place = [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], U.S. |death_date = |death_place = |party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] |spouse = {{Marriage|[[Michelle Obama|Michelle Robinson]]|October 3, 1992}} |children = {{hlist|Malia|Natasha (Sasha)}} |parents = {{ubl|[[Barack Obama Sr.]]|[[Ann Dunham]]}} |relatives = ''See [[Family of Barack Obama]]'' |education = {{ubl|[[Occidental College]] {{small|(transferred)}}|[[Columbia University]] {{small|(BA)}}|[[Harvard University]] {{small|(JD)}}}} <!-- RELIGION REMOVED PER PROJECT-WIDE CONSENSUS AT THE VILLAGE PUMP. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(policy)/Archive_126#RfC:_Religion_in_biographical_infoboxes --> |website = {{ubl|{{url|barackobama.com|The Office of Barack and Michelle Obama}}|{{url|obama.org|Obama Foundation}}|{{url|ofa.us|Organizing For Action}}|{{url|https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov|The White House}} {{small|(Archived)}}}} |awards = [[Nobel Peace Prize]] ([[2009 Nobel Peace Prize|2009]])<br>[[Profile in Courage Award]] (2017) |signature = Barack Obama signature.svg }} {{Barack Obama sidebar}} {{New Democrats |expanded=People}} <!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE OBAMA'S NAME. -->'''Barack Hussein Obama II''' ({{IPAc-en|US|audio=En-us-Barack-Hussein-Obama.ogg|b|ə|ˈ|r|ɑː|k|_|h|uː|ˈ|s|eɪ|n|_|oʊ|ˈ|b|ɑː|m|ə}} {{respell|bə|RAHK|'}} {{respell|hoo|SAYN|'}} {{respell|oh|BAH|mə}};<ref name="Merriam-Webster Dictionary"> *{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|Barak}} *{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|Hussein}} *{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|Obama}}</ref><ref name="Dictionary.com"> *{{Dictionary.com|Barak}} *{{Dictionary.com|Hussein}} *{{Dictionary.com|Obama}}</ref> born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the [[List of Presidents of the United States|44th President of the United States]] from 2009 to 2017. He is the first [[African American]] to have served as president. He previously served in the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] representing [[Illinois]] from 2005 to 2008, and in the [[Illinois State Senate]] from 1997 to 2004.<!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE FROM "AFRICAN AMERICAN", per consensus. See discussions and FAQ (Q2) on the talk page. --> Obama was born in [[Honolulu|Honolulu, Hawaii]], two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state. Raised largely in [[Hawaii]], Obama also spent one year of his childhood in [[Washington (state)|Washington State]] and four years in [[Indonesia]]. After graduating from [[Columbia University]] in 1983, he worked as a [[Community organizing|community organizer]] in [[Chicago]]. In 1988 Obama enrolled in [[Harvard Law School]], where he was the first black president of the ''[[Harvard Law Review]]''. After graduation, he became a [[Civil and political rights|civil rights]] attorney and professor, teaching [[constitutional law]] at the [[University of Chicago Law School]] from 1992 to 2004. Obama [[Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama|represented the 13th District for three terms]] in the [[Illinois Senate]] from 1997 to 2004, when he [[United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004|ran for the U.S. Senate]]. Obama received national attention in 2004, with [[United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004#Results|his unexpected March primary win]], his well-received July [[2004 Democratic National Convention|Democratic National Convention]] [[2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address|keynote address]], and his landslide November election to the Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after [[Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2008|his campaign began]], and after [[Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2008|a close primary campaign]] against [[Hillary Clinton]]. He was [[United States presidential election, 2008|elected]] over [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[John McCain]], and was [[First inauguration of Barack Obama|inaugurated]] on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the [[2009 Nobel Peace Prize]] laureate.<!--See [[WP:EGG]] before attempting to hide this link!--> During his first two years in office, Obama signed many landmark bills. Main reforms were the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] (often referred to as "Obamacare"), the [[Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act]], and the [[Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010]]. The [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]] and [[Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010]] served as [[Stimulus (economics)|economic stimulus]] amidst the [[Great Recession]], but the [[United States House of Representatives elections, 2010|GOP regained control of the House of Representatives]] in 2011. After a lengthy debate over the national [[United States debt ceiling|debt limit]], Obama signed the [[Budget Control Act of 2011|Budget Control]] and the [[American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012|American Taxpayer Relief Acts]]. In foreign policy, Obama increased U.S. troop levels in [[War in Afghanistan (2001–14)|Afghanistan]], reduced nuclear weapons with the U.S.-[[Russia]]n [[New START]] treaty, and [[Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq|ended military involvement]] in the [[Iraq War]]. He ordered [[2011 military intervention in Libya|military involvement in Libya]] in opposition to [[Muammar Gaddafi]], and the military operation that resulted in the [[death of Osama bin Laden]]. After winning [[United States presidential election, 2012|re-election]] by defeating Republican nominee [[Mitt Romney]], Obama was [[Second inauguration of Barack Obama|sworn in for a second term]] in 2013. During his second term, Obama promoted greater inclusiveness for [[LGBT American]]s, with his administration filing briefs that urged the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] to strike down [[Same-sex marriage in the United States|same-sex marriage]] bans as unconstitutional (''[[United States v. Windsor]]'' and ''[[Obergefell v. Hodges]]''). Obama also advocated [[Gun politics in the United States|gun control]] in response to the [[Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting]], and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning [[climate change]] and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered [[American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)|military intervention in Iraq]] in response to [[Iraqi insurgency (2011–13)|gains made]] by [[ISIL]] after the [[Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq|2011 withdrawal from Iraq]], continued the process of [[Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan|ending U.S. combat operations in Afghanistan]], promoted discussions that led to the 2015 [[Paris Agreement]] on global climate change, initiated the [[International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis|sanctions against Russia]] following the [[Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)|invasion in Ukraine]], brokered a [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|nuclear deal with Iran]], and [[United States–Cuban Thaw|normalized U.S. relations with Cuba]]. Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2017/01/18/Obama-leaving-office-at-60-approval-rating/4481484744398/|title=Obama leaving office at 60% approval rating|work=UPI|access-date=2017-02-26|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/18/politics/obama-approval-rating-cnn-orc-poll/index.html|title=Obama approval hits 60% as end of term approaches|last=Director|first=Jennifer Agiesta, CNN Polling|website=CNN|access-date=2017-02-26}}</ref> He currently resides in [[Washington, D.C.]] His [[Barack Obama Presidential Center|presidential library]] will be built in Chicago. {{TOC limit|3}} ==Early life and career== {{Main article|Early life and career of Barack Obama}} Obama was born on August 4, 1961,<ref name="biography">{{cite web |year = 2008 |title = President Barack Obama |publisher = The White House |url = http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama |accessdate = December 12, 2008 |deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026043047/http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama |archivedate=26 October 2009 }}</ref> at [[Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children|Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital]] in [[Honolulu|Honolulu, Hawaii]].<ref name="birth-certificate" /><ref name="maraniss">{{cite news |author = Maraniss, David |date = August 24, 2008 |title = Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible |newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] |page = A22 |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620.html |accessdate = October 28, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author = Nakaso, Dan |date = December 22, 2008 |title = Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years |newspaper = [[The Honolulu Advertiser]] |page = B1 |url = http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/22/ln/hawaii812220320.html |accessdate = January 22, 2011 }}</ref> He is the first President to have been born in Hawaii,<ref>{{cite web |author = Rudin, Ken |date = December 23, 2009 |title = Today's Junkie segment on TOTN: a political review Of 2009 |work = Talk of the Nation (Political Junkie blog) |publisher = NPR |url = http://www.npr.org/blogs/politicaljunkie/2009/12/todays_junkie_segment_on_totn_5.html |accessdate = April 18, 2010 |quote = We began with the historic inauguration on January 20 – yes, the first president ever born in Hawaii }}</ref> making him the first President born outside of the [[contiguous United States|contiguous "lower 48" states]].<ref name="BarretoO’Bryant2013">{{cite book|last1=Barreto|first1=Amílcar Antonio|last2=O’Bryant|first2=Richard L.|title=American Identity in the Age of Obama|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5VQVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT18|accessdate=8 May 2017|date=2013-11-12|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781317937159|pages=18–19|chapter=Introduction}}</ref> He was born to a [[White people|white]] mother and a [[Black people|black]] father. His mother, [[Ann Dunham]] (1942–1995), was born in [[Wichita, Kansas]], of mostly [[English people|English]] descent,<ref>Obama (1995, 2004), p. 12.</ref> with some [[Germans|German]], [[Irish people|Irish]], [[Scottish people|Scottish]], [[Swiss people|Swiss]], and [[Welsh people|Welsh]] ancestry.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Smolenyak, Megan Smolenyak |date=November–December 2008 |title=The quest for Obama's Irish roots |journal=Ancestry |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=46–47, 49 |issn=1075-475X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ITgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA46 |accessdate=December 20, 2011 }} * {{cite news|author=Smolenyak, Megan |date=May 9, 2011 |title=Tracing Barack Obama's Roots to Moneygall |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/megan-smolenyak-smolenyak/tracing-barack-obamas-roo_b_859151.html |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |accessdate=May 19, 2011 }} * {{cite news|author=Rising, David |author2=Noelting, Christoph |agency=Associated Press |date=June 4, 2009 |title=Researchers: Obama has German roots |publisher=USAToday.com |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2009-06-04-obama-roots_N.htm |accessdate=May 13, 2010 }} * {{cite news|last=Hutton |first=Brian |agency=Press Association of Ireland |last2=Nickerson |first2=Matthew |date=May 3, 2007 |title=For sure, Obama's South Side Irish; One of his roots traces back to small village |newspaper=Chicago Sun-Times |page=3 |format=paid archive |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(For%20sure)%20(%20Obama's%20South%20Side%20Irish)%20AND%20date(all)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(For%20sure)%20(%20Obama's%20South%20Side%20Irish)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no |accessdate=November 24, 2008 }} * {{cite news|author=Jordon, Mary |date=May 13, 2007 |title=Tiny Irish village is latest place to claim Obama as its own |newspaper=The Washington Post |page=A14 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201551.html |accessdate=May 13, 2007 }} * {{cite news|author=David Williamson |date=July 5, 2008 |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/welsh-politics/welsh-politics-news/2008/07/05/genealogists-discover-a-red-dragon-breathing-fire-in-us-presidential-candidate-s-past-91466-21266440/ |title=Wales link in US presidential candidate's past |newspaper=www.walesonline.co.uk |accessdate=April 30, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521140204/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/welsh-politics/welsh-politics-news/2008/07/05/genealogists-discover-a-red-dragon-breathing-fire-in-us-presidential-candidate-s-past-91466-21266440/ |archivedate=May 21, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> His father, [[Barack Obama Sr.]] (1936–1982), was a married [[Luo people of Kenya and Tanzania|Luo Kenyan]] man from [[Nyang'oma Kogelo]]. Obama's parents met in 1960 in a [[Russian language]] class at the [[University of Hawaii at Manoa]], where his father was a [[foreign student]] on scholarship.<ref name="Jones 2007">{{cite news |author = Jones, Tim |date = March 27, 2007 |title = Barack Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator |newspaper = [[Chicago Tribune]] |page = 1 (Tempo) |url = http://gbppr.dyndns.org/~gbpprorg/obama/barack.mother.txt}}</ref><ref name="Obama 1995, 2004, pp. 9–10">Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9–10. * Scott (2011), pp. 80–86. * Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118. * Maraniss (2012), pp. 154–160.</ref> The couple married in [[Wailuku, Hawaii]] on February 2, 1961, six months before Obama was born.<ref name="Ripley 2008">{{cite news |author = Ripley, Amanda |date = April 9, 2008 |title = The story of Barack Obama's mother |work = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url = http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1729685,00.html |accessdate = April 9, 2007 }}</ref><ref>Scott (2011), p. 86. * Jacobs (2011), pp. 125–127. * Maraniss (2012), pp. 160–163.</ref> In late August 1961, Obama's mother moved with him to the [[University of Washington]] in [[Seattle]] for a year. During that time, Obama Sr. completed his undergraduate degree in economics in Hawaii in June 1962, then left to attend graduate school on a scholarship at [[Harvard University]], where he earned an M.A. in economics. Obama's parents divorced in March 1964.<ref>Scott (2011), pp. 87–93. * Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118, 125–127, 133–161. * Maraniss (2012), pp. 170–183, 188–189.</ref> Obama Sr. returned to Kenya in 1964, where he married for a third time. He visited his son in Hawaii only once, in 1971,<ref>Scott (2011), pp. 142–144. * Jacobs (2011), pp. 161–177, 227–230. * Maraniss (2012), pp. 190–194, 201–209, 227–230.</ref> before he was killed in an automobile accident in 1982, when Obama was 21 years old.<ref>{{cite news |author = Ochieng, Philip |date = November 1, 2004 |title = From home squared to the US Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found |newspaper = [[The EastAfrican]] |location = Nairobi |url = http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html |archivedate = September 27, 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223905/http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html }} * {{cite news |author = Merida, Kevin |date = December 14, 2007 |title = The ghost of a father |newspaper = The Washington Post |page = A12 |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2007/12/13/ST2007121301893.html |accessdate = June 25, 2008 }} * Jacobs (2011), pp. 251–255. * Maraniss (2012), pp. 411–417.</ref> Of his early childhood, Obama recalled, "That my father looked nothing like the people around me – that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk – barely registered in my mind."<ref name="Obama 1995, 2004, pp. 9–10" /> He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.<ref>{{cite news |author = Serrano, Richard A. |date = March 11, 2007 |title = Obama's peers didn't see his angst |newspaper = Los Angeles Times |page = A20 |url = http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-obamahawaii11-2007mar11,0,199085,full.story |accessdate = March 13, 2007 }} * Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 4 and 5.</ref> In 1963, Dunham met [[Lolo Soetoro]], an [[Native Indonesian|Indonesian]] [[East–West Center]] [[graduate student]] in geography at the [[University of Hawaii]], and the couple were married on [[Molokai]] on March 15, 1965.<ref>Scott (2011), pp. 97–103. * Maraniss (2012), pp. 195–201, 225–230.</ref> After two one-year extensions of his [[J-1 visa]], Lolo returned to [[Indonesia]] in 1966, followed sixteen months later by his wife and stepson in 1967, with the family initially living in a Menteng Dalam neighborhood in the [[Tebet, South Jakarta|Tebet]] subdistrict of [[south Jakarta]], then from 1970 in a wealthier neighborhood in the [[Menteng]] subdistrict of [[central Jakarta]].<ref>Maraniss (2012), pp. 195–201, 209–223, 230–244.</ref> ===Education=== From ages six to ten, Obama attended local [[Indonesian Language|Indonesian-language]] schools: ''Santo Fransiskus Asisi'' (St. Francis of Assisi) [[Catholic School]] for two years and [[Besuki Public School]] for one and a half years, supplemented by English-language [[Calvert School]] homeschooling by his mother.<ref>Maraniss (2012), pp. 216, 221, 230, 234–244.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.calverteducation.com/calvert/barack-obama-calvert-homeschooler |title = Barack Obama: Calvert Homeschooler? – Calvert Education Blog |publisher = calverteducation.com |accessdate = November 25, 2015 }}</ref> During his time in Indonesia, Obama's step-father taught him to be resilient and gave him "a pretty hardheaded assessment of how the world works".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/what-barack-obama-learned-his-father-88011 |title=What Barack Obama Learned from His Father |last=Meacham |first=Jon |date=August 22, 2008 |work= |newspaper=Newsweek |archive-url=http://www.webcitation.org/6nNaxJYJG?url=http://www.newsweek.com/what-barack-obama-learned-his-father-88011?rx=us |archive-date=January 9, 2017 |dead-url=no |access-date=January 9, 2017 |via= |df= }}</ref> Obama returned to Honolulu in 1971 to live with his maternal grandparents, [[Madelyn Dunham|Madelyn]] and [[Stanley Armour Dunham|Stanley Dunham]]. He attended [[Punahou School]]— a private [[University-preparatory school|college preparatory school]]— with the aid of a scholarship from fifth grade until his graduation from high school in 1979.<ref>{{cite news |author = Serafin, Peter |date = March 21, 2004 |title = Punahou grad stirs up Illinois politics |newspaper = [[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]] |url = http://archives.starbulletin.com/2004/03/21/news/story4.html |accessdate = March 20, 2008 }} * {{cite news |author = Scott, Janny |date = March 14, 2008 |title = A free-spirited wanderer who set Obama's path |work = The New York Times |page = A1 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/14/us/politics/14obama.html?pagewanted=all |accessdate = November 18, 2011 }} * Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 3 and 4. * Scott (2012), pp. 131–134. * Maraniss (2012), pp. 264–269.</ref> In his youth, Obama went by the nickname "Barry".<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.newsweek.com/when-barry-became-barack-84255 |title = When Barry Became Barack |last = Wolffe |first = Richard |date = March 22, 2008 |accessdate = March 21, 2016 |work = [[Newsweek]] }}</ref> Obama lived with his mother and sister in Hawaii for three years from 1972 to 1975 while his mother was a graduate student in [[anthropology]] at the University of Hawaii.<ref>Scott (2011), pp. 139–157. * Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–281.</ref> Obama chose to stay in Hawaii with his grandparents for high school at Punahou when his mother and sister returned to Indonesia in 1975 so his mother could begin anthropology field work.<ref>Scott (2011), pp. 157–194. * Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–281, 324–326.</ref> His mother spent most of the next two decades in Indonesia, divorcing Lolo in 1980 and earning a PhD degree in 1992, before dying in 1995 in Hawaii following unsuccessful treatment for [[ovarian cancer]] and [[uterine cancer]].<ref>Scott (2011), pp. 214, 294, 317–346.</ref> Reflecting later on his years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered – to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect – became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear."<ref>{{cite news |author = Reyes, B.J. |date = February 8, 2007 |title = Punahou left lasting impression on Obama |newspaper = Honolulu Star-Bulletin |url = http://archives.starbulletin.com/2007/02/08/news/story02.html |accessdate = February 10, 2007 |quote = As a teenager, Obama went to parties and sometimes sought out gatherings on military bases or at the University of Hawaii that were mostly attended by blacks. }}</ref> Obama has also written and talked about using alcohol, [[marijuana]], and [[cocaine]] during his teenage years to "push questions of who I was out of my mind".<ref>{{cite news|author=Elliott, Philip |agency=Associated Press |date=November 21, 2007 |title=Obama gets blunt with N.H. students |newspaper=The Boston Globe |page=8A |url=http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail |accessdate=May 18, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407214401/http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail |archivedate=April 7, 2012 |df= }}</ref> Obama was also a member of the "choom gang", a self-named group of friends that spent time together and occasionally smoked marijuana.<ref>{{cite news |author = Karl, Jonathan |publisher = ABC News |date = May 25, 2012 |title = Obama and his pot-smoking "choom gang" |url = http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/05/obama-and-his-pot-smoking-choom-gang/ |accessdate = May 25, 2012 }} * {{cite book |first = Barack |last = Obama |year = 2004 |orig-year = 1995 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HRCHJp-V0QUC&pg=PA93 |title = Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance |pages = 93–94 |accessdate = June 3, 2016 }} * {{cite book |first = David |last = Maraniss |year = 2012 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&&q=choom |title = Barack Obama: The Story |at = pages with "choom gang" |accessdate = June 3, 2016 }} * for analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled"), see: * {{cite news |author = Seelye, Katharine Q. |date = October 24, 2006 |title = Obama offers more variations from the norm |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A21 |url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E2DB173FF937A15753C1A9609C8B63 |accessdate = October 29, 2006 }} * {{cite news |author = Romano, Lois |date = January 3, 2007 |title = Effect of Obama's candor remains to be seen |newspaper = The Washington Post |page = A1 |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/02/AR2007010201359.html |accessdate = January 14, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://video.pbs.org/video/2288869682/ |title = FRONTLINE The Choice 2012 |publisher = PBS |date = October 9, 2012 |accessdate = October 29, 2012 }}</ref> After graduating from high school in 1979, Obama moved to Los Angeles to attend [[Occidental College]]. In February 1981, Obama made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to participate in the [[disinvestment from South Africa]] in response to that nation's policy of [[apartheid]].<ref name="Occidental" /> In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and half-sister Maya, and visited the families of college friends in Pakistan and India for three weeks.<ref name="Occidental" /> Later in 1981, he transferred as a junior to [[Columbia College, Columbia University|Columbia University]] in New York City, where he majored in [[political science]] with a specialty in [[international relations]]<ref>{{cite news |author = Boss-Bicak, Shira |date = January 2005 |title = Barack Obama '83 |magazine = Columbia College Today |issn = 0572-7820 |url = http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/jan05/cover.php |accessdate = October 1, 2006 }}</ref> and in English literature<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/06/26/remarks-president-town-hall|title=Remarks by the President in Town Hall|date=June 26, 2014|newspaper=whitehouse.gov|access-date=October 15, 2016}}</ref> and lived off-campus on West 109th Street.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://nymag.com/arts/all/approvalmatrix/approval-matrix-2012-8-27/ |title = The Approval Matrix |date = August 27, 2012 |work = New York }}</ref> He graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] degree in 1983 and worked for a year at the [[Business International Corporation]],{{clarify|date=May 2017}}<ref>{{cite web |author = Obama, Barack |year = 1998 |title = Curriculum vitae |publisher = The University of Chicago Law School |url = http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/obama/cv.html |archivedate = May 9, 2001 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20010509024017/http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/obama/cv.html |accessdate = October 1, 2006 }} * {{cite news |author = Issenberg, Sasha |date = August 6, 2008 |title = Obama shows hints of his year in global finance; Tied markets to social aid |newspaper = The Boston Globe |page = 1A |url = http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/08/06/obama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance/?page=1 |accessdate = August 6, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080809070043/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/08/06/obama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance/?page=1 |archivedate = August 9, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref> then at the [[New York Public Interest Research Group]].<ref>{{cite news |author = Scott, Janny |date = July 30, 2007 |title = Obama's account of New York often differs from what others say |newspaper = The New York Times |page = B1 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/us/politics/30obama.html?pagewanted=all |accessdate = July 31, 2007 }} * Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 133–140. * Mendell (2007), pp. 62–63.</ref><ref name="Who's Who 2008">{{cite book |editor = Chassie, Karen |year = 2007 |title = Who's Who in America, 2008 |page = 3468 |place = New Providence, NJ |publisher = Marquis Who's Who |isbn = 978-0-8379-7011-0 }}</ref> In 1985, Obama was among the leaders of May Day efforts to bring attention to the [[New York City Subway]] system, which was in a bad condition at the time. Obama traveled to several subway stations to get people to sign letters addressed to local officials and the [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]], and was photographed at the [[137th Street&nbsp;– City College (IRT Broadway&nbsp;– Seventh Avenue Line)|City College subway station]] holding a sign protesting against the system's condition.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.newsday.com/news/new-york/obama-stood-out-even-during-brief-1985-nypirg-job-1.885513 |title = Obama stood out, even during brief 1985 NYPIRG job |date = November 9, 2008 |newspaper = Newsday |first = Jason |last = Fink }}</ref> ===Family and personal life=== {{Main article|Family of Barack Obama}} <!--Per [[Wikipedia:Image#Location]] "Do not place images on the left at the start of any section or subsection"-->[[File:Obama family portrait in the Green Room.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Obama posing in the [[Green Room (White House)|Green Room]] of the White House with wife Michelle and daughters Sasha and Malia in 2009]] In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity of [[family of Barack Obama|his extended family]]: "It's like a little mini-United Nations", he said. "I've got relatives who look like [[Bernie Mac]], and I've got relatives who look like [[Margaret Thatcher]]."<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.oprah.com/slideshow/oprahshow/oprahshow1_ss_20061018/10 |title = Keeping Hope Alive: Barack Obama Puts Family First |date = October 18, 2006|work = The Oprah Winfrey Show |accessdate = June 24, 2008}}</ref> Obama has a half-sister with whom he was raised ([[Maya Soetoro-Ng]], the daughter of his mother and her Indonesian second husband) and seven half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family—six of them living.<ref>{{cite news|first=Scott |last=Fornek |title=Half Siblings: 'A Complicated Family' |date=September 9, 2007 |url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545462,BSX-News-wotrees09.stng |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5msGZ6sKn?url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545462%2CBSX-News-wotrees09.stng |archivedate=January 18, 2010 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |accessdate=June 24, 2008 |deadurl=no |df=mdy }} See also:{{cite news|url=http://www.suntimes.com/images/cds/special/family_tree.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703042659/http://www.suntimes.com/images/cds/special/family_tree.html |archivedate=July 3, 2008 |title=Interactive Family Tree |date=September 9, 2007 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |accessdate=June 24, 2008 }}</ref> Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham,<ref>{{cite news|first=Scott |last=Fornek |title=Madelyn Payne Dunham: 'A Trailblazer' |date=September 9, 2007 |url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545449,BSX-News-wotreeee09.stng |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5gm7oJqn9?url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545449%2CBSX-News-wotreeee09.article |archivedate=May 14, 2009 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |accessdate=June 24, 2008 |deadurl=no |df=mdy }}</ref> until her death on November 2, 2008,<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/03/obama.grandma/index.html |title = Obama's grandmother dies after battle with cancer |publisher = CNN |accessdate = November 4, 2008 |date = November 3, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081103235343/http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/03/obama.grandma/index.html |archivedate = November 3, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref> two days before his election to the Presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins in [[Moneygall]] in May 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/megan-smolenyak-smolenyak/tracing-barack-obamas-roo_b_859151.html |title = Tracing Barack Obama's Roots to Moneygall |date = May 9, 2011 |work = The Huffington Post |first = Megan |last = Smolenyak }}</ref> In ''Dreams from My Father'', Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives of [[Jefferson Davis]], [[President of the Confederate States of America]] during the [[American Civil War]].<ref>Obama (1995, 2004), p. 13. For reports on Obama's maternal genealogy, including slave owners, Irish connections, and common ancestors with George W. Bush, [[Dick Cheney]], and [[Harry S. Truman]], see: {{cite news|first=David |last=Nitkin |author2=Harry Merritt |title=A New Twist to an Intriguing Family History |date=March 2, 2007 |url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/politics/bal-te.obama02mar02,0,3453027.story |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033339/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/politics/bal-te.obama02mar02%2C0%2C3453027.story |archivedate=September 30, 2007 |work=The Baltimore Sun |accessdate=June 24, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{cite news|first=Mary |last=Jordan |title=Tiny Irish Village Is Latest Place to Claim Obama as Its Own |date=May 13, 2007 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201551.html |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=June 24, 2008 }}{{cite news|title=Obama's Family Tree Has a Few Surprises |date=September 8, 2007 |publisher=CBS 2 (Chicago) |url=http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/Barack.Obama.family.2.339709.html |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=June 24, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602215833/http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/Barack.Obama.family.2.339709.html |archivedate=June 2, 2008 }}</ref> [[File:BlackhawksWhiteHouse2010.jpg|thumb|Obama with [[Jonathan Toews]] and the [[Stanley Cup]] champion [[Chicago Blackhawks]] in 2010]] Besides his native English, Obama speaks some basic [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], having learned the language during his four childhood years in [[Jakarta]].<ref name="in Jakarta" /><ref name="in Jakarta2">{{cite web |title = Obama's Indonesian pleasantries: the video |url = http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1052 |author = Zimmer, Benjamin |date = January 23, 2009 |accessdate = October 7, 2012 |work = Language Log |publisher = [[University of Pennsylvania]] }}</ref> He plays basketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team;<ref>{{cite news |first = Jodi |last = Kantor |title = One Place Where Obama Goes Elbow to Elbow |date = June 1, 2007 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/01/us/politics/01hoops.html |work = The New York Times |accessdate = April 28, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090401222632/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/01/us/politics/01hoops.html|archivedate=April 1, 2009 |deadurl = no }} See also: {{cite news |title = The Love of the Game |format = video |date = April 15, 2008 |work = Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel |publisher = HBO |url = http://www.hbo.com/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes#/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes/0/133-april-15-2008/index.html |accessdate = October 12, 2011 }}</ref> he is left-handed.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/us/politics/22obama.html |title = On First Day, Obama Quickly Sets a New Tone |last = Stolberg |first = Sheryl Gay |author2 = Kirkpatrick, David D. |author3 = Shane, Scott |date = January 22, 2009 |work = The New York Times |page = 1 |accessdate = September 7, 2012 }}</ref> [[File:Barack Obama playing basketball with members of Congress and Cabinet secretaries 2.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=Obama about to take a shot while three other players look at him. One of those players attempts to block Obama.|Obama taking a left-handed [[Jump shot (basketball)|jump shot]] during a pick-up game on the White House basketball court, 2009]] Obama is a supporter of the [[Chicago White Sox]], and he threw out the first pitch at the [[2005 American League Championship Series|2005 ALCS]] when he was still a senator.<ref>{{cite news |title = Barack Obama: White Sox 'serious' ball |date = August 25, 2008 |first = Mark |last = Silva |work = Chicago Tribune |url = http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2008/08/barack_obama_white_sox_serious.html |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080829134235/http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2008/08/barack_obama_white_sox_serious.html |archivedate = August 29, 2008 }}</ref> In 2009, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the [[2009 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star Game]] while wearing a White Sox jacket.<ref>{{cite web |title = Barack Obama Explains White Sox Jacket, Talks Nats in All-Star Booth Visit |date = July 14, 2009 |publisher = MLB Fanhouse |url = http://www.yardbarker.com/all_sports/articles/barack_obama_explains_white_sox_jacket_talks_nats_in_all_star_booth_visit/803700 |accessdate = December 6, 2009 }}</ref> He is also primarily a [[Chicago Bears]] football fan in the [[National Football League|NFL]], but in his childhood and adolescence was a [[Steeler Nation|fan of the Pittsburgh Steelers]], and rooted for them ahead of their victory in [[Super Bowl XLIII]] 12 days after he took office as President.<ref name="Steelers">{{cite news |last = Branigin |first = William |title = Steelers Win Obama's Approval |newspaper = The Washington Post |date = January 30, 2009 |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/29/AR2009012903196.html |quote = But other than the Bears, the Steelers are probably the team that's closest to my heart. }}</ref> In 2011, Obama invited the [[1985 Chicago Bears season|1985 Chicago Bears]] to the White House; the team had not visited the White House after their [[Super Bowl XX|Super Bowl win]] in 1986 due to the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster]].<ref>{{cite web |last = Mayer |first = Larry |url = http://www.chicagobears.com/news/article-1/85-Bears-honored-by-President-Obama-at-White-House/A3C494F7-6681-44BB-850A-61EEE18315E4 |title = 1985 Bears honored by President Obama |publisher = [[Chicago Bears]] |date = October 7, 2011 |accessdate = November 4, 2012 }}</ref> Obama lived with anthropologist [[Sheila Miyoshi Jager]] while he was a community organizer in Chicago in the 1980s.<ref name="theindependentbeforemichelle">{{cite news|last1=Hosie|first1=Rachel|title=BEFORE MICHELLE: THE STORY OF BARACK OBAMA'S PROPOSAL TO SHEILA MIYOSHI JAGER|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/before-michelle-barack-obama-sheila-miyoshi-jager-engagement-chicago-us-president-david-j-garrow-a7714771.html|accessdate=11 May 2017|work=The Independent|date=3 May 2017}}</ref> He proposed to her twice, but both Jager and her parents turned him down.<ref name="theindependentbeforemichelle"/><ref name="tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor">{{cite news|last1=Tobias|first1=Andrew J.|title=Oberlin College professor received unsuccessful marriage proposal from Barack Obama in 1980s, new biography reveals|url=http://www.cleveland.com/politics/index.ssf/2017/05/oberlin_college_professor_rece.html|accessdate=11 May 2017|work=The Plain Dealer|date=May 3, 2017}}</ref> The relationship was only made public in May 2017, several months after Obama's two-term presidency had ended.<ref name="tobiasoberlincollegeprofessor"/> [[File:DIG13623-230.jpg|thumb|Obama and his wife Michelle at the Civil Rights Summit at the [[LBJ Presidential Library]] in 2014]] In June 1989, Obama met [[Michelle Obama|Michelle Robinson]] when he was employed as a summer associate at the Chicago law firm of [[Sidley Austin]].<ref>Obama (2006), pp. 327–332. See also:{{cite news |first = Sarah |last = Brown |title = Obama '85 masters balancing act |work = The Daily Princetonian |url = http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2005/12/07/14049 |date = December 7, 2005 |accessdate = February 9, 2009 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090220165725/http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2005/12/07/14049/ |archivedate = February 20, 2009 }}</ref> Assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, Robinson joined him at several group social functions, but declined his initial requests to date.<ref>Obama (2006), p. 329.</ref> They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.<ref>{{cite news|author=Fornek, Scott |title=Michelle Obama: 'He Swept Me Off My Feet' |date=October 3, 2007 |url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/585261,CST-NWS-wedding03.stng |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5msGZDbMO?url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/585261%2CCST-NWS-wedding03.stng |archivedate=January 18, 2010 |work=Chicago Sun-Times |accessdate=April 28, 2008 |deadurl=no |df=mdy }}</ref> The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born on July 4, 1998,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0708/Born_on_the_4th_of_July.html |title = Born on the 4th of July |date = July 4, 2008 |accessdate = July 10, 2008 |work = Politico |author = Martin, Jonathan |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080710073536/http://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0708/Born_on_the_4th_of_July.html |archivedate = July 10, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref> followed by a second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), on June 10, 2001.<ref>Obama (1995, 2004), p. 440, and Obama (2006), pp. 339–340. See also:{{cite web |title = Election 2008 Information Center: Barack Obama |url = http://www.gannettnewsservice.com/?cat=153 |publisher = Gannett News Service |accessdate = April 28, 2008 }}</ref> The Obama daughters attended the [[University of Chicago Laboratory Schools]]. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at the [[Sidwell Friends School]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://iht.com/articles/ap/2008/11/22/america/Obama-School.php |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090129194323/http://iht.com/articles/ap/2008/11/22/america/Obama-School.php |title = Obamas choose private Sidwell Friends School |work = International Herald Tribune |date = November 22, 2008 |accessdate = July 2, 2015 |archivedate = January 29, 2009 }}</ref> The Obamas have two [[Portuguese Water Dog]]s; the first, a male named [[Bo (dog)|Bo]], was a gift from Senator [[Ted Kennedy]].<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/13/us/politics/13obama.html |title = One Obama Search Ends With a Puppy Named Bo |work = The New York Times |date = April 13, 2009 |accessdate = December 22, 2010 |first = Helene |last = Cooper }}</ref> In August 2013, Bo was joined by [[Sunny (dog)|Sunny]], a female.<ref name=Feldmann>{{cite web |last = Feldmann |first = Linda |title = New little girl arrives at White House. Meet Sunny Obama. (+video) |url = http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/Decoder-Wire/2013/0820/New-little-girl-arrives-at-White-House.-Meet-Sunny-Obama.-video |work = [[The Christian Science Monitor]] |accessdate = August 20, 2013 |date = August 20, 2013 }}</ref> Applying the proceeds of a book deal, the family moved in 2005 from a [[Hyde Park, Chicago]] condominium to a $1.6&nbsp;million house in neighboring [[Kenwood, Chicago]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Jeff |last=Zeleny |title=The first time around: Sen. Obama's freshman year |date=December 24, 2005 |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-051224obama,0,1779783,full.story |work=Chicago Tribune |accessdate=April 28, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513214525/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-051224obama%2C0%2C1779783%2Cfull.story |archivedate=May 13, 2011 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friend [[Tony Rezko]]—attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama.<ref name="corruption charges" /> In December 2007, ''[[Money (magazine)|Money]]'' estimated the Obama family's net worth at $1.3&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama's Money |date = December 7, 2007 |url = http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/moneymag/0712/gallery.candidates.moneymag/5.html |publisher = CNNMoney.com |accessdate = April 28, 2008 |first = Marlys |last = Harris |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080424113420/http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/moneymag/0712/gallery.candidates.moneymag/5.html |archivedate = April 24, 2008 |deadurl = no }}<br />See also:{{cite news |first = Zachary A |last = Goldfarb |title = Measuring Wealth of the '08 Candidates |date = March 24, 2007 |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/24/AR2007032400305.html |work = The Washington Post |accessdate = April 28, 2008 }}</ref> Their 2009 tax return showed a household income of $5.5&nbsp;million—up from about $4.2&nbsp;million in 2007 and $1.6&nbsp;million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.<ref>{{cite news |first = Jeff |last = Zeleny |title = Book Sales Lifted Obamas' Income in 2007 to a Total of $4.2&nbsp;Million |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/us/politics/17obama.html |date = April 17, 2008 |work = The New York Times |accessdate = April 28, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090416015848/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/us/politics/17obama.html|archivedate=April 16, 2009 |deadurl = no }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/15/AR2010041504485.html |title = Obamas report $5.5&nbsp;million in income on 2009 tax return |work = The Washington Post |date = April 16, 2010 |accessdate = December 22, 2010 |first1 = Michael D. |last1 = Shear |first2 = David S. |last2 = Hilzenrath }}</ref> On his 2010 income of $1.7&nbsp;million, he gave 14% to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 to [[Fisher House Foundation]], a charity assisting wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.pbs.org/newshour/businessdesk/2011/04/how-much-did-president-obama-m.html |date = April 18, 2011 |title = How Much Did President Obama Make in 2010? |work = [[PBS NewsHour]] |first = Paul |last = Solman |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110502113725/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/businessdesk/2011/04/how-much-did-president-obama-m.html |archive-date = May 2, 2011 |accessdate = January 27, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2011/04/the-obamas-gave-131000-to-the-fisher-house-foundation-last-year-what-is-it.html |date = April 27, 2011 |title = The Obamas Gave $131,000 to Fisher House Foundation in 2010; What Is It? |work = [[PBS NewsHour]] |first = Paul |last = Solman |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140129072652/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2011/04/the-obamas-gave-131000-to-the-fisher-house-foundation-last-year-what-is-it.html |archive-date = January 29, 2014 |accessdate = January 27, 2012 }}</ref> As per his 2012 financial disclosure, Obama may be worth as much as $10&nbsp;million.<ref name="networth12">{{cite news |url = http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2012/05/obama-worth-as-much-as-10-million/1 |title = Obama worth as much as $10&nbsp;million |last = Wolf |first = Richard |date = May 16, 2012 |work = [[USA Today]] |accessdate = June 16, 2012 }}</ref> In reference to Obama's smoking habit, Michelle said in early 2010 that he had quit smoking.<ref name="reuters-smoking">Elsner, Alan (December 7, 2008). [http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/12/07/us-usa-obama-smoking-idUSTRE4B61GF20081207 Obama says he won't be smoking in White House"]. Reuters. Retrieved February 28, 2010.</ref><ref>Zengerle, Patricia (February 8, 2011). [http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/08/us-obama-smoking-idUSTRE7176EL20110208 "Yes, he did: first lady says Obama quit smoking"]. Reuters. Retrieved May 9, 2011.</ref> On his 55th birthday, August 4, 2016, Obama penned an essay in [[Glamour (magazine)|''Glamour'']] describing how his daughters and being president have made him a [[feminist]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.glamour.com/story/glamour-exclusive-president-barack-obama-says-this-is-what-a-feminist-looks-like |title=Glamour Exclusive: President Barack Obama Says, "This Is What a Feminist Looks Like" |work=Glamour |date=August 4, 2016 |first=Barack |last=Obama |accessdate=August 5, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/05/us/obama-writes-feminist-essay-in-glamour.html |title=Obama Writes Feminist Essay in Glamour |work=The New York Times |date=August 4, 2016 |first=Daniel |last=Victor |accessdate=August 5, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2016/08/04/president-obama-glamour-s-important-sasha-and-malias-dad-feminist/88061556/ |title=President Obama in 'Glamour': It's important Sasha and Malia's dad is a feminist |work=USA Today |date=August 4, 2016 |first=Cara |last=Kelly |accessdate=August 5, 2016}}</ref> ====Religious views==== [[File:Obamas at church on Inauguration Day 2013.jpg|thumb|The Obamas worship at [[African Methodist Episcopal Church]] in Washington, D.C., January 2013]] Obama is a [[Protestant]] [[Christian]] whose religious views developed in his adult life.<ref name="Christian" /> He wrote in ''The Audacity of Hope'' that he "was not raised in a religious household". He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as being detached from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I have ever known." He described his father as a "confirmed atheist" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful." Obama explained how, through working with [[black church]]es as a [[Community organizing|community organizer]] while in his twenties, he came to understand "the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change."<ref name="social change" /> In January 2008, Obama told ''[[Christianity Today]]'': "I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in the redemptive death and [[Resurrection of Jesus|resurrection of Jesus Christ]]. I believe that faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life."<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Pulliam |first1 = Sarah |last2 = Olsen |first2 = Ted |url = http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2008/januaryweb-only/104-32.0.html?start=2 |title = Q&A: Barack Obama |work = Christianity Today |date = January 23, 2008 |accessdate = January 4, 2013 }}</ref> On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views saying "I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't – frankly, they weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts of Jesus Christ spoke to me in terms of the kind of life that I would want to lead – being my brothers' and sisters' keeper, [[Golden Rule|treating others as they would treat me]]."<ref name="APbychoice">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/28/obama-christian-by-choice_n_742124.html?view=print |title=Obama 'Christian By Choice': President Responds To Questioner |author=Charles Babington |author2=Darlene Superville |agency=Associated Press |date=September 28, 2010 |work=The Huffington Post |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511232554/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/28/obama-christian-by-choice_n_742124.html?view=print |archivedate=May 11, 2011 }}</ref><ref name="ABCVideobychoice">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2010/09/president-obama-i-am-a-christian-by-choicethe-precepts-of-jesus-spoke-to-me.html|title=President Obama: 'I am a Christian By Choice...The Precepts of Jesus Spoke to Me'|publisher=[[ABC News]]|date=September 29, 2010|accessdate=December 27, 2016}}</ref> Obama met [[Trinity United Church of Christ]] pastor Rev. [[Jeremiah Wright]] in October 1987, and became a member of Trinity in 1992.<ref name="Trinity" /> He resigned from Trinity in May 2008 during his first presidential campaign after [[Jeremiah Wright controversy|some of Wright's statements were criticized]].<ref>{{cite news |agency = Associated Press |date = November 17, 2008 |title = Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized |publisher = MSNBC |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27775757/ |accessdate = January 20, 2009 }}</ref> The Obama family has attended several Protestant churches since moving to Washington, D.C., in 2009, including [[Shiloh Baptist Church (Washington, D.C.)|Shiloh Baptist Church]] and [[St. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square|St. John's Episcopal Church]], as well as Evergreen Chapel at [[Camp David]], but are not habitual church-goers.<ref>Parker, Ashley. "[https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/29/us/as-the-obamas-celebrate-christmas-rituals-of-faith-stay-on-the-sidelines.html As the Obamas Celebrate Christmas, Rituals of Faith Become Less Visible]," ''The New York Times'', December 28, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2017.</ref><ref>Gilgoff, Dan. "[http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/god-and-country/2009/06/30/time-report-white-house-reaction-raise-more-questions-about-obamas-church-hunt TIME Report, White House Reaction Raise More Questions About Obama's Church Hunt]," ''U.S. News & World Report'', June 30, 2009. Retrieved January 15, 2017.</ref><ref>"[http://washington.cbslocal.com/2014/04/22/first-lady-we-use-sundays-for-naps-if-were-not-going-to-church/ First Lady: We Use Sundays For Naps If We're Not Going To Church]," ''CBS DC'', April 22, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2017.</ref> ===Law career=== ====Community organizer and Harvard Law School==== Two years after graduating from Columbia, Obama was hired in Chicago as director of the [[Developing Communities Project]], a church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in [[Roseland, Chicago|Roseland]], [[West Pullman, Chicago|West Pullman]], and [[Riverdale, Chicago|Riverdale]] on Chicago's [[South Side, Chicago|South Side]]. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.<ref name="Who's Who 2008" /><ref>{{cite magazine|author=Lizza, Ryan |date=March 19, 2007 |title=The agitator: Barack Obama's unlikely political education |magazine=The New Republic |volume=236 |issue=12 |pages=22–26, 28–29 |issn=0028-6583 |url=http://www.tnr.com/article/the-agitator-barack-obamas-unlikely-political-education |accessdate=August 21, 2007 }} * {{cite news|author=Bob Secter |author2=John McCormick |date=March 30, 2007 |title=Portrait of a pragmatist |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |page=1 |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive,0,2491692,full.story |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214172131/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive%2C0%2C2491692%2Cfull.story |accessdate=May 18, 2012 |archivedate=December 14, 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} * Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 140–295. * Mendell (2007), pp. 63–83.</ref> He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in [[Altgeld Gardens Homes (Chicago, Illinois)|Altgeld Gardens]].<ref name="Harvard Law 1990a">{{cite news |author = Matchan, Linda |date = February 15, 1990 |title = A Law Review breakthrough |newspaper = The Boston Globe |page = 29 |url = http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/1990/02/15/a_law_review_breakthrough |accessdate = June 15, 2008 }} * {{cite news |author = Corr, John |date = February 27, 1990 |title = From mean streets to hallowed halls |newspaper = The Philadelphia Inquirer |page = C01 |format = paid archive |url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_multi=PI%7CDN%7C&p_product=PHNP&p_theme=phnp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_trackval=PHNP&s_dispstring=Author%28John%20Corr%29%20AND%20date%2802/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990%29%20AND%20date%28all%29&p_field_advanced-0=Author&p_text_advanced-0=%28John%20Corr%29&p_bool_advanced-1=AND&p_params_advanced-1=date:B,E&p_field_advanced-1=YMD_date&p_text_advanced-1=%2802/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990%29Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |accessdate = June 6, 2008 }}</ref> Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the [[Gamaliel Foundation]], a community organizing institute.<ref>{{cite magazine |author = Obama, Barack |date = August–September 1988 |title = Why organize? Problems and promise in the inner city |magazine = Illinois Issues |volume = 14 |issue = 8–9 |pages = 40–42 |issn = 0738-9663 }} reprinted in:<br />{{cite book |editor = Knoepfle, Peg |year = 1990 |title = After Alinsky: community organizing in Illinois |place = Springfield, IL |publisher = Sangamon State University |pages = 35–40 |isbn = 0-9620873-3-5 |quote = He has also been a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, an organizing institute working throughout the Midwest. }}</ref> In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time in Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his [[Family of Barack Obama#Paternal relations|paternal relatives]] for the first time.<ref name="Obama 2012">{{cite book |last = Obama |first = Auma |year = 2012 |title = And then life happens: a memoir |location = New York |publisher = St. Martin's Press |isbn = 978-1-250-01005-6 |pages = 189–208, 212–216 }}</ref><ref>Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 299–437. * Maraniss (2012), pp. 564–570.</ref> {{external media | float = right | video1 = [http://bostonlocaltv.org/catalog/V_UDAMVZGA4JEY06N Derrick Bell threatens to leave Harvard], April 24, 1990, 11:34, [[WGBH Educational Foundation|Boston TV Digital Archive]]<ref name="wgbh">[http://bostonlocaltv.org/catalog/V_UDAMVZGA4JEY06N "Ten O'Clock News; Derrick Bell threatens to leave Harvard"], April 24, 1990, 11:34, [[WGBH Educational Foundation|WGBH]], [[American Archive of Public Broadcasting]] (WGBH and the [[Library of Congress]]), Boston and Washington, D.C., accessed September 23, 2016.</ref> Student Barack Obama introduces Professor Derrick Bell starting at 6:25 }} Obama entered [[Harvard Law School]] in the fall of 1988, living in nearby [[Somerville, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{cite news| newspaper=Somerville Scout| issue=January/February 2014| page=26 |title=Something in the Water|author1=Joey Del Ponte |author2=Somerville Scout Staff}} "Barack Obama lived in the big, ivy-covered brick building at 365 Broadway&nbsp;... From 1988 to 1991, the future president resided in a basement apartment while attending Harvard Law School."</ref> He was selected as an editor of the ''[[Harvard Law Review]]'' at the end of his first year,<ref name="Harvard Law 2007">{{cite news |author = Michael Levenson |author2 = Jonathan Saltzman |date = January 28, 2007 |title = At Harvard Law, a unifying voice |newspaper = The Boston Globe |page = 1A |url = http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/01/28/at_harvard_law_a_unifying_voice/?page=full |accessdate = June 15, 2008 }} * {{cite news |author = Kantor, Jodi |date = January 28, 2007 |title = In law school, Obama found political voice |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A1 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/us/politics/28obama.html?pagewanted=all |accessdate = June 15, 2008 }} * {{cite news |author = Mundy, Liza |date = August 12, 2007 |title = A series of fortunate events |newspaper = The Washington Post |page = W10 |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/08/AR2007080802038_pf.html |accessdate = June 15, 2008 }} * Mendell (2007), pp. 80–92.</ref> president of the journal in his second year,<ref name="Harvard Law 1990a" /><ref name="Harvard Law 1990b">{{cite news |author = Butterfield, Fox |date = February 6, 1990 |title = First black elected to head Harvard's Law Review |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A20 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/06/us/first-black-elected-to-head-harvard-s-law-review.html |accessdate = June 15, 2008 }} * {{cite news |author = Ybarra, Michael J |date = February 7, 1990 |title = Activist in Chicago now heads Harvard Law Review |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 3 |url = http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990-02-07/news/9001110408_1_ann-dunham-chicago-housing-authority-barack-obama |accessdate = October 29, 2011 }} * {{cite news |author = Drummond, Tammerlin |date = March 12, 1990 |title = Barack Obama's law; Harvard Law Review's first black president plans a life of public service |newspaper = Los Angeles Times |page = E1 |format = paid archive |url = http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60017156.html?dids=60017156:60017156&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |accessdate = June 15, 2008 }} * {{cite magazine |author = Evans, Gaynelle |date = March 15, 1990 |title = Opening another door: The saga of Harvard's Barack H. Obama |magazine = Black Issues in Higher Education |volume = 7 |issue = 1 |page = 5 |issn = 0742-0277 |url = http://diverseeducation.com/article/11791/ |accessdate = May 18, 2012 }} * {{cite news |author = Pugh, Allison J. |agency = Associated Press |date = April 18, 1990 |title = Law Review's first black president aims to help poor |newspaper = The Miami Herald |page = C01 |url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_multi=MH%7C&p_product=MH&p_theme=realcities2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_site=miami&s_trackval=MH&s_search_type=keyword&s_dispstring=Law%20Review%27s%20first%20black%20president%20aims%20to%20help%20poor%20AND%20date%28all%29&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=%28Law%20Review%27s%20first%20black%20president%20aims%20to%20help%20poor%29Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |accessdate = June 15, 2008 }}</ref> and research assistant to the constitutional scholar [[Laurence Tribe]] while at Harvard for two years.<ref>{{YouTube|wzmmBZ7i4BQ}}</ref> During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as an [[Associate attorney|associate]] at the law firms of [[Sidley Austin]] in 1989 and [[Hopkins & Sutter]] in 1990.<ref>{{cite news |author = Aguilar, Louis |date = July 11, 1990 |title = Survey: Law firms slow to add minority partners |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 1 (Business) |url = http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/28774085.html?dids=28774085:28774085&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |accessdate = June 15, 2008 }}</ref> After graduating with a [[Juris Doctor|JD]] degree ''[[magna cum laude]]''<ref name="Juris Doctor" /> from Harvard in 1991, he returned to Chicago.<ref name="Harvard Law 2007" /> Obama's election as the [[List of African-American firsts|first black president of the ''Harvard Law Review'']] gained national media attention<ref name="Harvard Law 1990a" /><ref name="Harvard Law 1990b" /> and led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,<ref name="Scott 2008a">{{cite news |author = Scott, Janny |date = May 18, 2008 |title = The story of Obama, written by Obama |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A1 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/us/politics/18memoirs.html?pagewanted=all |accessdate = June 15, 2008 }} * Obama (1995, 2004), pp. xiii–xvii.</ref> which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 as ''[[Dreams from My Father]]''.<ref name="Scott 2008a" /> ====Chicago Law School and civil rights attorney==== In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at the [[University of Chicago Law School]] to work on his first book.<ref name="Scott 2008a" /><ref name="Fellow" /> He then taught [[constitutional law]] at the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years, first as a Lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and then as a Senior Lecturer from 1996 to 2004.<ref>{{cite web |date = March 27, 2008 |title = Statement regarding Barack Obama |publisher = University of Chicago Law School |url = http://www.law.uchicago.edu/media/index.html |accessdate = June 5, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080608225931/http://www.law.uchicago.edu/media/index.html |archivedate = June 8, 2008 |deadurl = no }} * {{cite web |author = Miller, Joe |date = March 28, 2008 |title = Was Barack Obama really a constitutional law professor? |publisher = FactCheck.org |url = http://factcheck.org/2008/03/obama-a-constitutional-law-professor/ |accessdate = May 18, 2012 }} * {{cite web |author = Holan, Angie Drobnic |date = March 7, 2008 |title = Obama's 20 years of experience |publisher = PolitiFact.com |url = http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2008/mar/07/obamas-20-years-experience |accessdate = June 10, 2008 }}</ref> From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's [[Project Vote]], a [[voter registration campaign]] with ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, leading ''[[Crain's Chicago Business]]'' to name Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.<ref name="Forty" /> He joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an associate for three years from 1993 to 1996, then [[of counsel]] from 1996 to 2004. In 1994, he was listed as one of the lawyers in ''Buycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank'', 94 C 4094 (N.D. Ill.).<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.clearinghouse.net/chDocs/public/FH-IL-0011-9000.pdf |title = CIVIL DOCKET FOR CASE #: 1:94-cv-04094 |author = United States District Court: Northern District of Illinois&nbsp;– CM/ECF LIVE, Ver 3.0 (Chicago) |date = July 6, 1994 |work = clearinghouse.net |accessdate = June 3, 2016 }}</ref> This class action lawsuit was filed in 1994 with Selma Buycks-Roberson as lead plaintiff and alleged that Citibank Federal Savings Bank had engaged in practices forbidden under the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.clearinghouse.net/detail.php?id=10112 |title = Buycks-Roberson v. Citibank Fed. Sav. Bank – Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse |publisher = clearinghouse.net |accessdate = November 25, 2015 }}</ref> The case was settled out of court.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.clearinghouse.net/chDocs/public/FH-IL-0011-0008.pdf |title = Settlement Agreement |author = UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT~·':lj FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS EASTERN DIVISION |date = January 16, 1988 |work = clearinghouse.net |accessdate = June 3, 2016 }}</ref> Final Judgment was issued on May 13, 1998, with Citibank Federal Savings Bank agreeing to pay attorney fees.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.clearinghouse.net/chDocs/public/FH-IL-0011-0010.pdf |title = Final Judgment and Order of Dismissal |author = United States District Cuurt For the Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division |date = May 13, 1998 |work = clearinghouse.net |accessdate = June 3, 2016 }}</ref> His law license became inactive in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.factcheck.org/2012/06/the-obamas-law-licenses/ |title = The Obamas' Law Licenses |publisher = FactCheck.org |date = June 14, 2012 |accessdate = July 16, 2012 |author = Gore, D'Angelo }}</ref><ref name="DavisMiner" /> From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of the [[Woods Fund of Chicago]], which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project, and of the [[Joyce Foundation]].<ref name="Who's Who 2008" /> He served on the board of directors of the [[Chicago Annenberg Challenge]] from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.<ref name="Who's Who 2008" /> ===Legislative career=== ====Illinois State Senator (1997–2004)==== {{Main article|Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama}} [[File:Obamamiltondavis1.jpg|thumb|right|State Senator Obama and others celebrate the naming of a street in Chicago after [[ShoreBank]] co-founder Milton Davis in 1998]] Obama was elected to the [[Illinois Senate]] in 1996, succeeding Democratic State Senator [[Alice Palmer (politician)|Alice Palmer]] from Illinois's 13th District, which, at that time, spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from [[Hyde Park, Chicago|Hyde Park]]–[[Kenwood, Chicago|Kenwood]] south to [[South Shore, Chicago|South Shore]] and west to [[Chicago Lawn, Chicago|Chicago Lawn]].<ref>{{cite news|first=David |last=Jackson |author2=Ray Long |title=Obama Knows His Way Around a Ballot |date=April 3, 2007 |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-070403obama-ballot-archive,0,5693903.story |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011054057/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-070403obama-ballot-archive%2C0%2C5693903.story |work=Chicago Tribune |accessdate=May 18, 2012 |archivedate=October 11, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }} * {{cite book |author = [[Jesse White (politician)|White, Jesse]] |year = 2001 |chapter = Legislative Districts of Cook County, 1991 Reapportionment |chapterurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080226221919/http://www.sos.state.il.us/publications/02bluebook/legislative_branch/legdistrictmaps.pdf |title = Illinois Blue Book 2001–2002 |place = Springfield |publisher = [[Illinois Secretary of State]] |page = 65 |accessdate = July 16, 2011 }} State Sen. District 13 = State Rep. Districts 25 & 26.</ref> Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws.<ref>{{cite news|first=Peter |last=Slevin |title=Obama Forged Political Mettle in Illinois Capitol |date=February 9, 2007 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/08/AR2007020802262.html |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=April 20, 2008 }}{{cite news|first=Scott |last=Helman |title=In Illinois, Obama dealt with Lobbyists |date=September 23, 2007 |url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/09/23/in_illinois_obama_dealt_with_lobbyists/ |work=The Boston Globe |accessdate=April 20, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416235513/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/09/23/in_illinois_obama_dealt_with_lobbyists/ |archivedate=April 16, 2008 |deadurl=no |df= }} See also:{{cite news|title=Obama Record May Be Gold Mine for Critics |date=January 17, 2007 |publisher=CBS News |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/17/politics/main2369157.shtml |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=April 20, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412223055/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/17/politics/main2369157.shtml |archivedate=April 12, 2008 |deadurl=no }}</ref> He sponsored a law that increased [[tax credit]]s for low-income workers, negotiated welfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.<ref name="Scott20070730">{{cite news |first = Janny |last = Scott |title = In Illinois, Obama Proved Pragmatic and Shrewd |date = July 30, 2007 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/30/us/politics/30obama.html |work = The New York Times |accessdate = April 20, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081210135903/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/30/us/politics/30obama.html|archivedate=December 10, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref> In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican Governor Ryan's [[payday loan]] regulations and [[Predatory lending|predatory mortgage lending]] regulations aimed at averting home foreclosures.<ref>{{cite news|author=Allison, Melissa |date=December 15, 2000 |title=State takes on predatory lending; Rules would halt single-premium life insurance financing |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/65214450.html?dids=65214450:65214450&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |format=paid archive |work=Chicago Tribune |page=1 (Business) |accessdate=June 1, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617151154/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/65214450.html?dids=65214450%3A65214450&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT |archivedate=June 17, 2008 |deadurl=no |df= }}{{cite news|author=Ray Long |author2=Melissa Allison |date=April 18, 2001 |title=Illinois OKs predatory loan curbs; State aims to avert home foreclosures |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/71459393.html?dids=71459393:71459393&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |format=paid archive |work=Chicago Tribune |page=1 |accessdate=June 1, 2008 }}</ref> He was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was reelected again in 2002.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html |title = 13th District: Barack Obama |accessdate = April 20, 2008 |date = August 24, 2000 |publisher = Illinois State Senate Democrats |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20000824102110/http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html |archivedate = April 12, 2000 }}{{cite web |url = http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html |title = 13th District: Barack Obama |accessdate = April 20, 2008 |date = October 9, 2004 |publisher = Illinois State Senate Democrats |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20040802233730/http://www.senatedem.state.il.us/obama/index.html |archivedate = August 2, 2004 }}</ref> In 2000, he lost a [[Illinois's 1st congressional district election, 2000|Democratic primary race]] for [[Illinois's 1st congressional district]] in the [[United States House of Representatives]] to four-term incumbent [[Bobby Rush]] by a margin of two to one.<ref name="Democratic primary" /> In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.<ref>{{cite news|first=Jackie |last=Calmes |title=Statehouse Yields Clues to Obama |date=February 23, 2007 |url=https://www.wsj.com/public/article/SB117219748197216894-Sn6oV_4KLQHp_xz7CjYLuyjv3Jg_20070324.html |work=The Wall Street Journal |accessdate=April 20, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918032039/http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB117219748197216894-Sn6oV_4KLQHp_xz7CjYLuyjv3Jg_20070324.html |archivedate=September 18, 2008 }}</ref> He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitor [[racial profiling]] by requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.<ref name="Scott20070730" /><ref>{{cite news|author=Tavella, Anne Marie |date=April 14, 2003 |title=Profiling, taping plans pass Senate |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ADHB&p_theme=adhb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_text_search-0=Profiling,%20AND%20taping%20AND%20plans%20AND%20pass%20AND%20Senate&s_dispstring=Profiling,%20taping%20plans%20pass%20Senate%20AND%20date(April_4,_2003%20to%204/4/2003)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=4_April_2003%20to%204/4/2003Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |format=paid archive |work=Daily Herald |page=17 |accessdate=June 1, 2008 }}{{cite news|author=Haynes, V. Dion |date=June 29, 2003 |title=Fight racial profiling at local level, lawmaker says; U.S. guidelines get mixed review |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/352884461.html?dids=352884461:352884461&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |format=paid archive |work=Chicago Tribune |page=8 |accessdate=June 1, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617150449/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/352884461.html?dids=352884461%3A352884461&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT |archivedate=June 17, 2008 |deadurl=no |df= }}{{cite news|author=Pearson, Rick |date=July 17, 2003 |title=Taped confessions to be law; State will be 1st to pass legislation |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/370136121.html?dids=370136121:370136121&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |format=paid archive |work=Chicago Tribune |page=1 (Metro) |accessdate=June 1, 2008 }}</ref> During his 2004 general election campaign for the U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enacting [[Capital punishment in the United States|death penalty]] reforms.<ref>{{cite news |first = Sam |last = Youngman |author2 = Aaron Blake |title = Obama's Crime Votes Are Fodder for Rivals |date = March 14, 2007 |url = http://thehill.com/homenews/news/11316-obamas-crime-votes-are-fodder-for-rivals |work = The Hill |accessdate = May 18, 2012 }} See also:{{cite news |title = US Presidential Candidate Obama Cites Work on State Death Penalty Reforms |date = November 12, 2007 |work = International Herald Tribune |url = http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/11/12/america/NA-POL-US-Obama-Death-Penalty.php |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080607111231/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/11/12/america/NA-POL-US-Obama-Death-Penalty.php |agency = Associated Press |accessdate = May 18, 2012 |archivedate = June 7, 2008 }}</ref> Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate.<ref>{{cite news|first=Melanie |last=Coffee |title=Attorney Chosen to Fill Obama's State Senate Seat |date=November 6, 2004 |publisher=HPKCC |url=http://www.hydepark.org/hpkccnews/raoul.htm#ap |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=April 20, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516174431/http://www.hydepark.org/hpkccnews/raoul.htm |archivedate=May 16, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> ====2004 U.S. Senate campaign==== {{Main article|United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004}} [[File:2004 Illinois Senate results.svg|upright=.5|thumb|County results of the 2004 U.S. Senate race in Illinois. Obama won the counties in blue.]] In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race. He created a campaign committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultant [[David Axelrod]] by August 2002. Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003.<ref>{{cite news |author = Helman, Scott |date = October 12, 2007 |title = Early defeat launched a rapid political climb |newspaper = [[The Boston Globe]] |page = 1A |url = http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/10/12/early_defeat_launched_a_rapid_political_climb |accessdate = April 13, 2008 }}</ref> Obama was an early opponent of the [[George W. Bush]] administration's [[2003 invasion of Iraq]].<ref>{{cite news |author = Strausberg, Chinta |date = September 26, 2002 |title = Opposition to war mounts |newspaper = Chicago Defender |page = 1 |url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-220062931.html |format = paid archive |accessdate = February 3, 2008 }}</ref> On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on the [[Iraq Resolution|joint resolution]] authorizing the Iraq War,<ref name="Rose Garden" /> Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicago [[Protests against the Iraq War|anti-Iraq War rally]],<ref name="Federal Plaza" /> and spoke out against the war.<ref name="spoke out" /> He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd that "it's not too late" to stop the war.<ref name="stop the war" /> Decisions by Republican incumbent [[Peter Fitzgerald (politician)|Peter Fitzgerald]] and his Democratic predecessor [[Carol Moseley Braun]] to not participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving fifteen candidates.<ref>{{cite news |author = Davey, Monica |date = March 7, 2004 |title = Closely watched Illinois Senate race attracts 7 candidates in millionaire range |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/07/politics/campaign/07ILLI.html |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090416015834/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/07/politics/campaign/07ILLI.html|archivedate=April 16, 2009 |newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |page = 19 |accessdate = April 13, 2008 }}</ref> In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within the [[Democratic Party (United States)#Current structure and composition|national Democratic Party]], started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir, ''Dreams from My Father''.<ref name="future" /> In July 2004, Obama delivered the keynote address at the [[2004 Democratic National Convention]],<ref>{{cite news |author = Bernstein, David |date = June 2007 |title = The Speech |magazine = Chicago Magazine |url = http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2007/The-Speech |accessdate = April 13, 2008 }}</ref> seen by 9.1&nbsp;million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party.<ref name="status" /> Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner [[Jack Ryan (politician)|Jack Ryan]], withdrew from the race in June 2004.<ref>{{cite news |date = June 25, 2004 |title = Ryan drops out of Senate race in Illinois |publisher = CNN |url = http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/06/25/il.ryan/ |accessdate = May 18, 2012 }} * Mendell (2007), pp. 260–271.</ref> Six weeks later, [[Alan Keyes]] accepted the Republican nomination to replace Ryan.<ref>{{cite news |author = Lannan, Maura Kelly |agency = Associated Press |date = August 9, 2004 |title = Alan Keyes enters U.S. Senate race in Illinois against rising Democratic star |newspaper = Union-Tribune |url = http://legacy.signonsandiego.com/news/politics/20040809-0849-illinoissenate.html |accessdate = April 13, 2008 }}</ref> In the [[United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004|November 2004 general election]], Obama won with 70% of the vote.<ref name="margin" /> ====U.S. Senator from Illinois (2005–08)==== {{Main article|United States Senate career of Barack Obama}} [[File:BarackObamaportrait.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The official portrait of Obama as a member of the United States Senate]] Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,<ref>{{CongBio|o000167|inline=1|date=October 12, 2011}}</ref> becoming the only Senate member of the [[Congressional Black Caucus]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Member Info |url = http://www.house.gov/kilpatrick/cbc/member_info.html |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080709114659/http://www.house.gov/kilpatrick/cbc/member_info.html |archivedate = July 9, 2008 |publisher = Congressional Black Caucus |accessdate = June 25, 2008 }}</ref> ''[[Congressional Quarterly|CQ Weekly]]'' characterized him as a "loyal Democrat" based on analysis of all Senate votes from 2005 to 2007. Obama announced on November 13, 2008, that he would [[resignation from the United States Senate|resign his Senate seat]] on November 16, 2008, before the start of the [[lame duck (politics)|lame-duck]] session, to focus on his transition period for the presidency.<ref name="transition period" /> =====Legislation===== {{See also|List of bills sponsored by Barack Obama in the United States Senate}} Obama [[Sponsor (legislative)|cosponsored]] the [[Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act]].<ref>{{cite web |first = 109th Congress, 1st Session |last = U.S. Senate |title = S. 1033, Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act |date = May 12, 2005 |url = https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/senate-bill/1033/cosponsors |publisher = Library of Congress |accessdate = February 25, 2017}}</ref> He introduced two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded the [[Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction]] concept to conventional weapons;<ref>{{cite web |url = http://obama.senate.gov/press/070111-lugar-obama_non/ |title = Lugar–Obama Nonproliferation Legislation Signed into Law by the President |date = January 11, 2007 |publisher = Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office |accessdate = April 27, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154746/http://obama.senate.gov/press/070111-lugar-obama_non/ |archivedate = December 18, 2008 }} See also:{{cite news |first = Richard G. |last = Lugar |author2 = Barack Obama |title = Junkyard Dogs of War |date = December 3, 2005 |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/02/AR2005120201509.html |work = The Washington Post |accessdate = April 27, 2008 }}</ref> and the [[Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006]], which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.<ref>{{cite news |first = John |last = McCormack |title = Google Government Gone Viral |date = December 21, 2007 |url = http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/014/502njiqx.asp |work = Weekly Standard |accessdate = April 27, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080423235240/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/014/502njiqx.asp |archivedate = April 23, 2008 |deadurl = no }} See also:{{cite web |title = President Bush Signs Coburn–Obama Transparency Act |date = September 26, 2006 |url = http://coburn.senate.gov/ffm/index.cfm?FuseAction=LegislativeFloorAction.Home&ContentRecord_id=eb582f19-802a-23ad-41db-7a7cb464cfdb |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080501233103/http://coburn.senate.gov/ffm/index.cfm?FuseAction=LegislativeFloorAction.Home&ContentRecord_id=eb582f19-802a-23ad-41db-7a7cb464cfdb |archivedate = May 1, 2008 |publisher = Tom Coburn U.S. Senate Office |accessdate = April 27, 2008 }}</ref> On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with Senators [[Tom Carper]], [[Tom Coburn]], and [[John McCain]]—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/110/s3077 |title = S. 3077: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008: 2007–2008 (110th Congress) |publisher = Govtrack.us |date = June 3, 2008 |accessdate = May 18, 2012 }}</ref> Obama sponsored legislation that would have required nuclear plant owners to notify state and local authorities of radioactive leaks, but the bill failed to pass in the full Senate after being heavily modified in committee.<ref>{{cite news |last = McIntire |first = Mike |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/us/politics/03exelon.html |title = Nuclear Leaks and Response Tested Obama in Senate |date = February 3, 2008 |work = The New York Times |accessdate = April 27, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081209065950/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/us/politics/03exelon.html|archivedate=December 9, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref> Regarding [[tort reform]], Obama voted for the [[Class Action Fairness Act of 2005]] and the [[Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008|FISA Amendments Act of 2008]], which grants immunity from civil liability to telecommunications companies complicit with [[NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–07)|NSA warrantless wiretapping]] operations.<ref name="Fisher">{{cite news |url = http://www.forbes.com/2008/08/08/obama-mccain-torts-biz-beltway-cz_df_0811torts.html |title = November Election A Lawyer's Delight |author = Fisher, Daniel |work = Forbes |date = August 11, 2008 |accessdate = January 11, 2009 }}</ref> [[File:Lugar-Obama.jpg|thumb|alt=Gray-haired man and Obama stand, wearing casual polo shirts. Obama wears sunglasses and holds something slung over his right shoulder.|left|Obama and U.S. Sen. [[Richard Lugar]] (R-IN) visit a Russian facility for dismantling mobile missiles (August 2005)<ref>{{cite web |title = Nunn–Lugar Report |date = August 2005 |publisher = Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office |url = http://lugar.senate.gov/nunnlugar/pdf/trip_report_2005.pdf |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080501002134/http://lugar.senate.gov/nunnlugar/pdf/trip_report_2005.pdf |archivedate = May 1, 2008 |accessdate = April 30, 2008 |format = PDF }}</ref>]] In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.<ref>{{cite web |title = Democratic Republic of the Congo |date = April 2006 |url = http://www.usccb.org/sdwp/international/drc0406.shtml |publisher = United States Conference of Catholic Bishops |accessdate = January 26, 2012 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110108193726/http://www.usccb.org/sdwp/international/drc0406.shtml |archivedate = January 8, 2011 }}{{cite web |title = The IRC Welcomes New U.S. Law on Congo |date = January 5, 2007 |url = http://www.theirc.org/news/the-irc-welcomes-new-us-law.html |publisher = International Rescue Committee |accessdate = April 27, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110807061958/http://www.rescue.org/news/the-irc-welcomes-new-us-law.html |archivedate = August 7, 2011 }}</ref> In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to the [[Honest Leadership and Open Government Act]], which was signed into law in September 2007.<ref>{{cite news |first = Nathaniel |last = Weixel |title = Feingold, Obama Go After Corporate Jet Travel |date = November 15, 2007 |url = http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/feingold-obama-go-after-corporate-jet-travel-2007-11-15.html |work = The Hill |accessdate = April 27, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080515201902/http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/feingold-obama-go-after-corporate-jet-travel-2007-11-15.html |archivedate = May 15, 2008 |deadurl = no }}{{cite news |first = Nathaniel |last = Weixel |title = Lawmakers Press FEC on Bundling Regulation |date = December 5, 2007 |url = http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/lawmakers-press-fec-on-bundling-regulation-2007-12-05.html |work = The Hill |accessdate = April 27, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080416162108/http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/lawmakers-press-fec-on-bundling-regulation-2007-12-05.html |archivedate = April 16, 2008 |deadurl = no }} See also:{{cite news |title = Federal Election Commission Announces Plans to Issue New Regulations to Implement the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007 |date = September 24, 2007 |publisher = Federal Election Commission |url = http://www.fec.gov/press/press2007/20070924travel.shtml |accessdate = April 27, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080411220016/http://www.fec.gov/press/press2007/20070924travel.shtml |archivedate = April 11, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref> Obama also introduced two unsuccessful bills: the [[Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act]] to criminalize deceptive practices in federal elections,<ref>{{cite news |first = Seth |last = Stern |title = Obama–Schumer Bill Proposal Would Criminalize Voter Intimidation |date = January 31, 2007 |publisher = CQPolitics.com |url = https://www.nytimes.com/cq/2007/01/31/cq_2213.html |accessdate = April 27, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080516104256/http://www.nytimes.com/cq/2007/01/31/cq_2213.html |archivedate = May 16, 2008 |deadurl = no }}{{cite web |first = 110th Congress, 1st Session |last = U.S. Senate |title = S. 453, Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act of 2007 |date = January 31, 2007 |url = https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/senate-bill/453 |publisher = Library of Congress |accessdate = February 25, 2017}} See also:{{cite news |title = Honesty in Elections |date = January 31, 2007 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/31/opinion/31wed1.html |work = The New York Times |format = editorial |accessdate = April 27, 2008 }}</ref> and the [[Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007]].<ref>{{cite news |first = E. Kasak |last = Krystin |title = Obama Introduces Measure to Bring Troops Home |date = February 7, 2007 |publisher = Medill News Service |url = http://www.nwitimes.com/news/local/article_c7147a5d-31bc-5497-abdd-a99c0cd6c189.html |accessdate = April 27, 2008 }}</ref> Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges.<ref>{{cite web |title = Obama, Bond Hail New Safeguards on Military Personality Disorder Discharges, Urge Further Action |date = October 1, 2007 |url = http://bond.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressRoom.NewsReleases&ContentRecord_id=5C1EBFEB-1321-0E36-BA7D-04630AEFAD31 |publisher = Kit Bond U.S. Senate Office |accessdate = April 27, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101205075008/http://bond.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressRoom.NewsReleases&ContentRecord_id=5C1EBFEB-1321-0E36-BA7D-04630AEFAD31 |archivedate = December 5, 2010 }}</ref> This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title = Obama, Bond Applaud Senate Passage of Amendment to Expedite the Review of Personality Disorder Discharge Cases |url = http://obama.senate.gov/press/080314-obama_bond_appl/ |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154824/http://obama.senate.gov/press/080314-obama_bond_appl/ |archivedate = December 18, 2008 |date = March 14, 2008 }}</ref> He sponsored the [[Disinvestment from Iran|Iran Sanctions Enabling Act]] supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which has not passed committee; and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.<ref name="nuclear terrorism" /> Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to the [[State Children's Health Insurance Program]], providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries.<ref>{{cite web |title = Senate Passes Obama, McCaskill Legislation to Provide Safety Net for Families of Wounded Service Members |date = August 2, 2007 |url = http://obama.senate.gov/press/070802-senate_passes_o_1/ |publisher = Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office |accessdate = April 27, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154819/http://obama.senate.gov/press/070802-senate_passes_o_1/ |archivedate = December 18, 2008 }}</ref> =====Committees===== [[File:Barack Obama Iraq 2006.jpg|thumb|200px|Obama speaking with a soldier stationed in Iraq, 2006]] Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|Foreign Relations]], [[United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works|Environment and Public Works]] and [[United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs|Veterans' Affairs]] through December 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://obama.senate.gov/committees/ |date = December 9, 2006 |title = Committee Assignments |accessdate = April 27, 2008 |publisher = Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061209190827/http://obama.senate.gov/committees/ |archivedate = December 9, 2006 }}</ref> In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments with [[United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions|Health, Education, Labor and Pensions]] and [[United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs|Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs]].<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama Gets New Committee Assignments |date = November 15, 2006 |publisher = Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office |url = http://obama.senate.gov/news/061115-obama_gets_new/ |agency = Associated Press |accessdate = April 27, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154741/http://obama.senate.gov/news/061115-obama_gets_new/ |archivedate = December 18, 2008 }}</ref> He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee on [[United States Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Europe and Regional Security Cooperation|European Affairs]].<ref>{{cite news |first = Tom |last = Baldwin |title = Stay-At-Home Barack Obama Comes Under Fire for a Lack of Foreign Experience |date = December 21, 2007 |url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article3080794.ece |work = Sunday Times (UK) |accessdate = April 27, 2008 }}</ref> As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa. He met with [[Mahmoud Abbas]] before Abbas became [[President of the Palestinian National Authority]], and gave a speech at the [[University of Nairobi]] in which he condemned corruption within the Kenyan government.<ref name="Kenyan" /> ==Presidential campaigns== ===2008 presidential campaign=== {{Main article|United States presidential election, 2008|Barack Obama presidential primary campaign, 2008|Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2008}} [[File:Flickr Obama Springfield 01.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph|Obama standing on stage with his wife and daughters just before announcing his presidential candidacy in [[Springfield, Illinois]], February 10, 2007]] On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of the [[Old State Capitol State Historic Site (Illinois)|Old State Capitol]] building in [[Springfield, Illinois]].<ref name="ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210">{{cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-070210obama-pearson1-story,0,3768114.story |title=Obama: I'm running for president |work=Chicago Tribune |author=Pearson, Rick |author2=Long, Ray |date=February 10, 2007 |accessdate=September 20, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813115846/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-070210obama-pearson1-story%2C0%2C3768114.story |archivedate=August 13, 2007 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref><ref name="BBC20070210">{{cite news |title = Obama Launches Presidential Bid |date = February 10, 2007 |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6349081.stm |publisher = BBC News |accessdate = January 14, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080202060802/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6349081.stm |archivedate = February 2, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref> The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic because it was also where [[Abraham Lincoln]] delivered his historic [[Lincoln's House Divided Speech|"House Divided"]] speech in 1858.<ref name="ChicagoTribune_Pearson_20070210" /><ref name="ChicagoTribune_Parsons20070210">{{cite news |url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-159132539.html |title = Obama's launch site: Symbolic Springfield: Announcement venue evokes Lincoln legacy |last = Parsons |first = Christi |date = February 10, 2007 |work = Chicago Tribune |accessdate = June 12, 2009 }}</ref> Obama emphasized issues of rapidly ending the [[Iraq War]], increasing [[Energy policy of the United States|energy independence]], and [[Health care reform in the United States|reforming the health care system]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Barack Obama on the Issues: What Would Be Your Top Three Overall Priorities If Elected? |url=http://projects.washingtonpost.com/2008-presidential-candidates/issues/candidates/barack-obama/#top-priorities |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=April 14, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509140350/http://projects.washingtonpost.com/2008-presidential-candidates/issues/candidates/barack-obama/ |archivedate=May 9, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }} See also: * {{cite book |author = [[Evan Thomas|Thomas, Evan]] |title = A Long Time Coming |publisher = [[PublicAffairs]] |year = 2009 |location = New York |page = 74 |isbn = 978-1-58648-607-5 }} * {{cite news|first=Michael |last=Falcone |title=Obama's 'One Thing' |date=December 21, 2007 |url=http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/12/21/obamas-one-thing/ |work=The New York Times |accessdate=April 14, 2008 }}</ref> in a campaign that projected themes of hope and change.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-the-obama-promise-of-hope-and-change-981761.html |title = The Obama promise of hope and change |work = The Independent |location = London |date = November 1, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110515091856/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-the-obama-promise-of-hope-and-change-981761.html |archivedate = May 15, 2011 }}</ref> Numerous candidates entered the [[Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2008|Democratic Party presidential primaries]]. The field narrowed to a duel between Obama and Senator [[Hillary Clinton]] after early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process but with Obama gaining a steady lead in pledged [[delegate]]s due to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing in [[caucus]] states, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.<ref name="allocation" /> On June 7, 2008, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.<ref>{{cite news |last = Nagourney |first = Adam |first2 = Jeff |last2 = Zeleny |title = Clinton to End Bid and Endorse Obama |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/05/us/politics/04cnd-campaign.html |work = The New York Times |date = June 5, 2008 |accessdate = November 20, 2010 }}</ref> [[File:President George W. Bush and Barack Obama meet in Oval Office.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photograph|President [[George W. Bush]] meets with President-elect Obama in the [[Oval Office]] on November 10, 2008]] On August 23, Obama announced his selection of [[Delaware]] Senator [[Joe Biden]] as his vice presidential running mate.<ref>{{cite news |accessdate = September 20, 2008 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/24/us/politics/24biden.html |last = Nagourney |first = Adam |first2 = Jeff |last2 = Zeleny |work = The New York Times |date = August 23, 2008 |title = Obama Chooses Biden as Running Mate |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090401222653/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/24/us/politics/24biden.html|archivedate=April 1, 2009 |deadurl = no }}</ref> Obama selected Biden from a field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and Senator [[Evan Bayh]] and Virginia Governor [[Tim Kaine]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2008-08-21/politics/obama.vice.president_1_obama-selection-process-joe-biden?_s=PM:POLITICS |publisher=CNN |title=Sources: High court selection process down to finalists |date=May 13, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511144848/http://articles.cnn.com/2008-08-21/politics/obama.vice.president_1_obama-selection-process-joe-biden?_s=PM%3APOLITICS |archivedate=May 11, 2011 |df= }}</ref> At the [[2008 Democratic National Convention|Democratic National Convention]] in Denver, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she and [[Bill Clinton]] gave convention speeches in his support.<ref name="delegates" /> Obama delivered his acceptance speech, not at the center where the Democratic National Convention was held, but at [[Invesco Field at Mile High]] to a crowd of approximately 84,000 people; the speech was viewed by over 38&nbsp;million people worldwide.<ref name="npr1409">{{cite news |url = http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=92301409 |title = Obama To Accept Nomination at Mile High Stadium |publisher = NPR |date = July 7, 2008 |accessdate = December 22, 2010 |author = Mara Liasson |author2 = Michele Norris }}</ref><ref name="acceptance" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-na-tvcritic29-2008aug29,0,3593116.story|title=Barack Obama, Al Gore Raise the Roof at Invesco Field|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|first=Robert|last=Lloyd|date=August 29, 2008|accessdate=August 29, 2008}}</ref> During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.<ref name="small donations" /> On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn down [[Campaign finance in the United States#Public financing of campaigns|public financing]] in the general election since the system was created in 1976.<ref name="Bloomberg_Salant_20080619">{{cite news |author = Salant, Jonathan D. |title = Obama Won't Accept Public Money in Election Campaign |url = https://article.wn.com/view/2008/06/19/Obama_Wont_Accept_Public_Money_in_Election_Campaign/ |publisher = [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |date = June 19, 2008 |accessdate = June 19, 2008}}</ref> [[File:ElectoralCollege2008.svg|right|thumb|275px|2008 electoral vote results]] John McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate, and he selected [[Sarah Palin]] as his running mate. The two candidates engaged in three [[United States presidential election debates|presidential debates]] in September and October 2008.<ref name="presidential debates" /> On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365 [[Electoral College (United States)|electoral votes]] to 173 received by McCain.<ref name="electoral votes" /> Obama won 52.9% of the [[Election|popular vote]] to McCain's 45.7%.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2008/president/us/general_election_mccain_vs_obama-225.html |title = General Election: McCain vs. Obama |accessdate = February 20, 2009 |publisher = Real Clear Politics |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090217083055/http://www.realclearpolitics.com//epolls//2008//president//us//general_election_mccain_vs_obama-225.html |archivedate = February 17, 2009 |deadurl = no }}</ref> He became the first African American to be elected president.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/us_elections_2008/7709978.stm |title = Obama wins historic US election |publisher = BBC News |date = November 5, 2008 |accessdate = November 5, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218083153/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/us_elections_2008/7709978.stm |archivedate = December 18, 2008 |deadurl = no }} * {{cite news |accessdate = November 5, 2008 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/05/us/politics/05elect.html?pagewanted=all |title = Obama Elected President as Racial Barrier Falls |first = Adam |last = Nagourney |date = November 4, 2008 |work = The New York Times |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081209071842/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/05/us/politics/05elect.html?pagewanted=all |archivedate = December 9, 2008 |deadurl = no }} * {{cite news |accessdate = November 5, 2008 |url = http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/04/election.president/index.html |title = Obama: 'This is your victory' |publisher = CNN |date = November 5, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081104231227/http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/04/election.president/index.html |archivedate = November 4, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref> Obama delivered [[Barack Obama election victory speech, 2008|his victory speech]] before hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago's [[Grant Park (Chicago)|Grant Park]].<ref name="independent1">{{cite news |accessdate = November 5, 2008 |url = http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/change-has-come-says-presidentelect-obama-992930.html |title = Change has come, says President-elect Obama |work = The Independent |location = London |date = November 5, 2008 |last = Johnson |first = Wesley |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081209055411/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/change-has-come-says-presidentelect-obama-992930.html |archivedate = December 9, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref> ===2012 presidential campaign=== {{Main article|United States presidential election, 2012|Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2012}} [[File:P112912PS-0444 - President Barack Obama and Mitt Romney in the Oval Office - crop.jpg|thumb|left|Obama greets former Governor [[Mitt Romney]] in the [[Oval Office]] on November 29, 2012, in their first meeting since Obama's re-election victory over Romney]] [[File:ElectoralCollege2012.svg|right|thumb|275px|2012 electoral vote results]] On April 4, 2011, Obama announced his reelection campaign for 2012 in a video titled "It Begins with Us" that he posted on his website and filed election papers with the [[Federal Election Commission]].<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama Begins Re-Election Facing New Political Challenges |url = http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/04/obama-launches-re-election-facing-new-political-challenges/ |date = April 4, 2011 |first = Michael D. |last = Shear |work = The New York Times (blog) |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110405205656/http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/04/obama-launches-re-election-facing-new-political-challenges/ |archivedate = April 5, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Obama announces re-election bid |url = http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2011/04/04/Obama-announces-re-election-bid/UPI-95081301905800/?dailybrief |date = April 4, 2011 |agency = [[United Press International]] |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110510011832/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2011/04/04/Obama-announces-re-election-bid/UPI-95081301905800/?dailybrief |archivedate = May 10, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Obama Opens 2012 Campaign, With Eye on Money and Independent Voters |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/05/us/politics/05obama.html?scp=1&sq=obama%202012&st=cse |date = April 4, 2011 |first = Jeff |last = Zeleny |work = The New York Times |first2 = Jackie |last2 = Calmes |lastauthoramp = yes |accessdate = April 5, 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121115021431/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/05/us/politics/05obama.html?scp=1&sq=obama%202012&st=cse|archivedate=November 15, 2012 }}</ref> As the incumbent president he ran virtually unopposed in the [[Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2012|Democratic Party presidential primaries]],<ref name="CNN-clinch1">{{cite news |url = http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/03/leading-presidential-candidate-to-clinch-nomination-tuesday/ |title = Leading presidential candidate to clinch nomination Tuesday |publisher = CNN (blog) |author = Yoon, Robert |date = April 3, 2012 |accessdate = May 2, 2012 }}</ref> and on April 3, 2012, Obama had secured the 2778 [[2012 Democratic National Convention|convention]] delegates needed to win the Democratic nomination.<ref name="CNN-clinch2">{{cite news |url = http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2012/04/03/breaking-obama-clinches-democratic-nomination/ |title = Obama clinches Democratic nomination |publisher = CNN (blog) |date = April 3, 2012 |accessdate = April 3, 2012 }}</ref> At the [[2012 Democratic National Convention|Democratic National Convention]] in [[Charlotte, North Carolina]], Obama and [[Joe Biden]] were formally nominated by former President [[Bill Clinton]], as the Democratic Party candidates for president and vice president in the general election. Their main opponents were Republicans [[Mitt Romney]], the former governor of Massachusetts, and Representative [[Paul Ryan]] of Wisconsin.<ref>{{cite news |last = Cohen |first = Tom |title = Clinton says Obama offers a better path forward for America |url = http://edition.cnn.com/2012/09/05/politics/democratic-convention-wrap/index.html |publisher = CNN |date = September 6, 2012 |accessdate = July 5, 2015 }}</ref> On November 6, 2012, Obama won 332 [[Electoral College (United States)|electoral votes]], exceeding the 270 required for him to be reelected as president.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lauter |first=David |title=Romney campaign gives up in Florida |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/la-pn-romney-concedes-florida-election-20121108,0,415187.story |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109020204/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/la-pn-romney-concedes-florida-election-20121108%2C0%2C415187.story |archivedate=November 9, 2012 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=November 8, 2012 |accessdate=July 5, 2015 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last = Barnes |first = Robert |title = Obama wins a second term as U.S. president |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/decision2012/after-grueling-campaign-polls-open-for-election-day-2012/2012/11/06/d1c24c98-2802-11e2-b4e0-346287b7e56c_story.html |newspaper = The Washington Post |date = November 6, 2012 |accessdate = July 5, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last = Welch |first = William M. |last2 = Strauss |first2 = Gary |title = With win in critical battleground states, Obama wins second term |url = http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2012/11/06/election-day-obama-romney/1680933/ |newspaper = USA Today |date = November 7, 2012 |accessdate = July 5, 2015 }}</ref> With 51.1% of the popular vote,<ref name="FEC">{{cite web |url = http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2012/federalelections2012.pdf |title = Election Results for the U.S. President, the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives |publisher = [[Federal Elections Commission]] |author = FEC |date = July 2013 |accessdate = August 20, 2013 |page = 5 }}</ref> Obama became the first Democratic president since [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] to win the [[List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin|majority of the popular vote]] twice.<ref>{{cite news |last = Brownstein |first = Ronald |title = The U.S. has reached a demographic milestone&nbsp;– and it's not turning back |url = http://www.nationaljournal.com/thenextamerica/demographics/the-u-s-has-reached-a-demographic-milestone-and-it-s-not-turning-back-20121109 |newspaper = National Journal |date = November 9, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121111231854/http://www.nationaljournal.com/thenextamerica/demographics/the-u-s-has-reached-a-demographic-milestone-and-it-s-not-turning-back-20121109 |archive-date = November 11, 2012 |accessdate = July 5, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.thenation.com/blog/171178/obama-has-great-big-mandate-and-he-must-use-it# |title = Obama's 3 Million Vote, Electoral College Landslide, Majority of States Mandate |last = Nichols |first = John |date = November 9, 2012 |work = The Nation |accessdate = November 18, 2012 }}</ref> President Obama addressed supporters and volunteers at Chicago's [[McCormick Place]] after his reelection and said: "Tonight you voted for action, not politics as usual. You elected us to focus on your jobs, not ours. And in the coming weeks and months, I am looking forward to reaching out and working with leaders of both parties."<ref>{{cite news|last=Lee|first=Kristen A.|title=Election 2012: President Obama gives victory speech in front of thousands in Chicago, 'I have never been more hopeful about America{{'-}}|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/president-obama-victory-speech-hopeful-america-article-1.1197895|accessdate=November 8, 2012|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=November 7, 2012}}</ref><ref name="NYT20130121">{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/22/us/politics/obama-inauguration-draws-hundreds-of-thousands.html|title=Obama Offers Liberal Vision: 'We Must Act{{'-}}|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|first=Michael|last=Shear|date=January 21, 2013|accessdate=July 10, 2013}}</ref> ==Presidency (2009–17)== {{Main article|Presidency of Barack Obama}} {{See also|Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet|List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama}} ===First 100 days=== {{main|First 100 days of Barack Obama's presidency}} [[File:US President Barack Obama taking his Oath of Office - 2009Jan20.jpg|thumb|Barack Obama takes [[Oath of office of the President of the United States|the oath of office]] administered by [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] [[John Roberts|John G. Roberts Jr.]] at [[United States Capitol|the Capitol]], January 20, 2009|alt=Photograph]] The [[First inauguration of Barack Obama|inauguration of Barack Obama]] as the 44th President took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issued executive orders and presidential memoranda directing the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq.<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama asks Pentagon for responsible Iraq drawdown |date = January 23, 2009 |url = http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2009-01/23/content_7423535.htm |work = China Daily |accessdate = September 4, 2009 }}</ref> He ordered the closing of the [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]],<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/washington/22gitmo.html |title = Obama Orders Halt to Prosecutions at Guantánamo |last = Glaberson |first = William |date = January 21, 2009 |work = The New York Times |accessdate = February 3, 2009 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090416015909/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/washington/22gitmo.html|archivedate=April 16, 2009 }}</ref> but Congress prevented the closure by refusing to appropriate the required funds<ref>{{cite news |title = Senate blocks transfer of Gitmo detainees |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/30826649/ns/politics-capitol_hill/ |date = May 20, 2009 |publisher = [[MSNBC]] |agency = Associated Press |mode = cs2 |accessdate = March 22, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Presidential Memorandum&nbsp;– Closure of Detention Facilities at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base |url = http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/presidential-memorandum-closure-dentention-facilities-guantanamo-bay-naval-base |date = December 15, 2009 |first = Barack |last = Obama |publisher = [[White House]] |mode = cs2 |accessdate = March 22, 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110315000624/http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/presidential-memorandum-closure-dentention-facilities-guantanamo-bay-naval-base |archivedate = March 15, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Obama signs Defense authorization bill |url = http://federalnewsradio.com/congress/2011/01/obama-signs-defense-authorization-bill/ |date = January 7, 2011 |first = Jared |last = Serbu |publisher = [[Federal News Radio]] |mode = cs2 |accessdate = March 22, 2011 }}</ref> and preventing moving any Guantanamo detainee into the U.S. or to other countries.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.npr.org/2013/01/23/169922171/obamas-promise-to-close-guantanamo-prison-falls-short |title = Obama's Promise To Close Guantanamo Prison Falls Short |author = Northam, Jackie |date = January 23, 2013 |accessdate = April 22, 2013 |publisher = [[NPR]] }}</ref> Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential records.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/ExecutiveOrderPresidentialRecords/ |title=Executive Order&nbsp;– Presidential Records |accessdate=January 22, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122234307/http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/ExecutiveOrderPresidentialRecords/ |archivedate=January 22, 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> He also revoked President [[George W. Bush]]'s restoration of President [[Ronald Reagan]]'s [[Mexico City Policy]] prohibiting federal aid to international family planning organizations that perform or provide counseling about abortion.<ref>{{cite web |last = Obama |first = Barack |date = January 23, 2009 |title = Mexico City Policy and assistance for voluntary population planning (Presidential memorandum) |publisher = The White House |url = https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2010-title3-vol1/pdf/CFR-2010-title3-vol1-other-id197.pdf |accessdate = September 21, 2012}} * {{cite news |last = Meckler |first = Laura |date = January 24, 2009 |title = Obama lifts 'gag rule' on family-planning groups |newspaper = The Wall Street Journal |page = A3 |url = https://www.wsj.com/article/SB123272364299610287.html |accessdate = September 21, 2012 }} * {{cite news |last1 = Stein |first1 = Rob |last2 = Shear |first2 = Michael |date = January 24, 2009 |title = Funding restored to groups that perform abortions, other care |newspaper = The Washington Post |page = A3 |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/23/AR2009012302814.html |accessdate = September 21, 2012 |quote = Lifting the Mexico City Policy would not permit U.S. tax dollars to be used for abortions, but it would allow funding to resume to groups that provide other services, including counseling about abortions. }}</ref> ===Domestic policy=== {{Main article|Social policy of the Barack Obama administration}} The first bill signed into law by Obama was the [[Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009]], relaxing the [[statute of limitations]] for equal-pay lawsuits.<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama Signs Equal-Pay Legislation |work = The New York Times |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/30/us/politics/30ledbetter-web.html |accessdate = June 15, 2009 |date = January 30, 2009 }}</ref> Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) to cover an additional 4&nbsp;million uninsured children.<ref>{{cite news|title=Obama signs into law expansion of SCHIP health care program for children |work=Chicago Tribune |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-kids-health-care_thufeb05,0,30310.story |accessdate=June 15, 2009 |first=Noam N. |last=Levey |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430194400/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-kids-health-care_thufeb05%2C0%2C30310.story |archivedate=April 30, 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy that had limited funding of [[embryonic stem cell]] research and pledged to develop "strict guidelines" on the research.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/03/09/obama.stem.cells/index.html |title = Obama overturns Bush policy on stem cells |publisher = CNN |date = March 9, 2009 |accessdate = April 18, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100330183125/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/03/09/obama.stem.cells/index.html |archivedate = March 30, 2010 }}</ref> [[File:Barack Obama addresses joint session of Congress 2009-02-24.jpg|thumb|left|Obama delivering a [[Barack Obama speech to joint session of Congress, February 2009|speech at joint session of Congress]] with Vice President [[Joe Biden]] and [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|House Speaker]] [[Nancy Pelosi]] on February 24, 2009]] Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his Presidency. He nominated [[Sonia Sotomayor]] on May 26, 2009 to replace retiring [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justice]] [[David Souter]]; she was confirmed on August 6, 2009,<ref>{{cite news |title = Senate confirms Sotomayor for Supreme Court |url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/08/06/sonia.sotomayor/ |date = August 6, 2009 |publisher = CNN |accessdate = August 6, 2009 }}</ref> becoming the first Supreme Court Justice of [[Hispanic]] descent.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/05/26/supreme.court/index.html |title = Obama nominates Sotomayor to Supreme Court |accessdate = September 13, 2014 }}</ref> Obama nominated [[Elena Kagan]] on May 10, 2010 to replace retiring Associate Justice [[John Paul Stevens]]. She was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three justices for the first time in American history.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.theledger.com/article/20101004/news/10045042 |title = New Era Begins on High Court: Kagan Takes Place as Third Woman |last = Sherman |first = Mark |date = October 4, 2010 |agency = Associated Press |accessdate = November 13, 2010 }}</ref> On March 30, 2010, Obama signed the [[Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010|Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act]], a [[Reconciliation (United States Congress)|reconciliation bill]] that ended the process of the federal government giving subsidies to private banks to give out federally insured loans, increased the [[Pell Grant]] scholarship award, and made changes to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.<ref>{{cite news |last = Parsons |first = Christi |url = http://articles.latimes.com/2010/mar/30/nation/la-na-obama-college31-2010mar31 |title = Obama signs student loan reforms into law |work = Los Angeles Times |date = March 30, 2010 |accessdate = April 18, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100419024047/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/mar/30/nation/la-na-obama-college31-2010mar31 |archivedate = April 19, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2010/03/obama-signs-higher-education-m.html |work = The Washington Post |accessdate = April 12, 2010 |title = Obama signs higher-education measure into law |last = Branigin |first = William }}</ref> In a [[Space policy of the Barack Obama administration|major space policy speech]] in April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction at [[NASA]], the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return of [[human spaceflight]] to the moon and development of the [[Ares I]] rocket, [[Ares V]] rocket and [[Constellation program]], in favor of funding Earth science projects, a new rocket type, and research and development for an eventual manned mission to Mars, and ongoing missions to the [[International Space Station]].<ref>{{cite news |author = Robert Block, Robert |author2 = Mark K. Matthews |url = http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jan/27/nation/la-na-nasa-budget27-2010jan27 |title = White House won't fund NASA moon program |quote = President Obama's budget proposal includes no money for the Ares I and Ares V rocket or Constellation program. Instead, NASA would be asked to monitor climate change and develop a new rocket |date = January 27, 2010 |work = Los Angeles Times |accessdate = January 30, 2011 }}</ref> [[File:Obama cabinet meeting 2009-11.jpg|thumb|left|Obama meets with [[Cabinet of the United States|the Cabinet]], November 23, 2009]] President Obama's [[2011 State of the Union Address]] focused on themes of education and innovation, stressing the importance of [[innovation economics]] to make the United States more competitive globally. He spoke of a five-year freeze in domestic spending, eliminating tax breaks for oil companies and reversing tax cuts for the wealthiest Americans, banning congressional [[Earmark (politics)|earmarks]], and reducing healthcare costs. He promised that the United States would have one million electric vehicles on the road by 2015 and would be 80% reliant on "[[Sustainable energy|clean]]" electricity.<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama Pushes Innovation in Tech-Heavy State of the Union |work = PC Magazine |date = January 25, 2011 |first = Chloe |last = Albanesius |url = http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2376242,00.asp |accessdate = May 17, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first = Anne E. |last = Kornblut |author2 = Wilson, Scott |title = State of the Union 2011: 'Win the future,' Obama says |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/25/AR2011012504068.html |date = January 26, 2011 |work = The Washington Post |accessdate = May 18, 2011 }}</ref> ====LGBT rights==== On October 8, 2009, Obama signed the [[Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act]], a measure that expanded the [[Hate crime laws in the United States#Federal prosecution of hate crimes|1969 United States federal hate-crime law]] to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2009-10-28/politics/hate.crimes_1_crimes-gay-rights-human-rights-campaign?_s=PM:POLITICS |title=Obama signs hate crimes bill into law |publisher=CNN |date=October 28, 2009 |accessdate=October 12, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914124058/http://articles.cnn.com/2009-10-28/politics/hate.crimes_1_crimes-gay-rights-human-rights-campaign?_s=PM%3APOLITICS |archivedate=September 14, 2011 |df= }}</ref> On October 30, 2009, Obama lifted the ban on travel to the United States by those infected with HIV, which was celebrated by [[Immigration Equality]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/31/us/politics/31travel.html "Obama Lifts a Ban on Entry Into U.S. by H.I.V.-Positive People"], Julia Preston. New York Times. October 30, 2009. Retrieved 8 feb 2017</ref> On December 22, 2010, Obama signed the [[Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010]], which fulfilled a key promise made in the 2008 presidential campaign<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/22/obama-repeals-dont-ask-dont-tell |title = 'Don't ask, don't tell' repealed as Obama signs landmark law |work = The Guardian |location = London |date = December 22, 2010 |accessdate = December 22, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101223060037/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/dec/22/obama-repeals-dont-ask-dont-tell |archivedate = December 23, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/nov/21/obama-to-delay-repeal-of-dont-ask-dont-tell/ |title = Obama to delay 'don't ask, don't tell' repeal |work = The Washington Times |date = November 21, 2008 |accessdate = December 22, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110125182154/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/nov/21/obama-to-delay-repeal-of-dont-ask-dont-tell/ |archivedate = January 25, 2011 }}</ref> to end the [[Don't ask, don't tell]] policy of 1993 that had prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in the [[United States Armed Forces]].<ref>{{cite web |author = Lee, Jesse |url = http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2010/12/22/president-signs-repeal-dont-ask-dont-tell-out-many-we-are-one |title = The President Signs Repeal of "Don't Ask Don't Tell": "Out of Many, We Are One" |publisher = The White House |accessdate = December 22, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101225051110/http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2010/12/22/president-signs-repeal-dont-ask-dont-tell-out-many-we-are-one |archivedate = December 25, 2010 }}</ref> In 2016, the [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] ended the policy that also barred [[transgender]] people from serving openly in the military.<ref name=TransBan1>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jun/30/us-military-ends-ban-transgender-service-members|title=US military ends ban on transgender service members|publisher=The Guardian|date=June 30, 2016}}</ref> [[File:White House rainbow colors to celebrate June 2015 SCOTUS same-sex marriage ruling.jpeg|thumb|300px|The [[White House]] was illuminated in rainbow colors on the evening of the Supreme Court same-sex marriage ruling.]] As a candidate for the Illinois state senate in 1996, Obama had said that he favored legalizing [[Same-sex marriage in the United States|same-sex marriage]].<ref name="WCT0114">{{cite news |last = Baim |first = Tracy |title = Windy City Times exclusive: Obama's Marriage Views Changed. WCT Examines His Step Back |url = http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/Windy-City-Times-exclusive-Obamas-Marriage-Views-Changed-WCT-Examines-His-Step-Back/20524.html |accessdate = May 10, 2012 |newspaper = Windy City Times |date = January 14, 2009 }}</ref> By the time of his Senate run in 2004, he said that he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners, but he opposed same-sex marriages for strategic reasons.<ref name="WCT0204">{{cite news |last = Baim |first = Tracy |title = Obama Seeks U.S. Senate seat |url = http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/gay/lesbian/news/ARTICLE.php?AID=3931 |accessdate = May 10, 2012 |newspaper = Windy City Times |date = February 4, 2004 }}</ref> On May 9, 2012, shortly after the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to do so.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-57431122-503544/obama-backs-same-sex-marriage/ |title = Obama backs same-sex marriage |publisher = [[CBS News]] |date = May 9, 2012 |accessdate = May 9, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="The Huffington Post">{{cite news |url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/09/obama-gay-marriage_n_1503245.html |title = Obama Backs Gay Marriage |author = Stein, Sam |date = May 9, 2012 |work = The Huffington Post |publisher = AOL Inc |accessdate = July 5, 2015 }}</ref> During his second [[inaugural address]] on January 21, 2013,<ref name="NYT20130121" /> Obama became the first president to call for full equality for gay Americans: "Our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law – for if we are truly created equal, then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well." This was the first time that a president mentioned [[LGBT rights in the United States|gay rights]] or the word "gay" in an inaugural address.<ref>{{cite news |last = Robillard |first = Kevin |title = First inaugural use of the word 'gay' |url = http://www.politico.com/story/2013/01/first-inaugural-use-of-the-word-gay-86499.html |accessdate = January 21, 2013 |publisher = Politico |date = January 21, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Obama Inauguration Speech Makes History With Mention of Gay Rights Struggle, Stonewall Uprising |url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/21/obama-inauguration-speech-stonewall-gays_n_2520962.html#slide=892590 |work = The Huffington Post |accessdate = January 21, 2013 |first = Noah |last = Michelson |date = January 21, 2013 }}</ref> In 2013, the Obama administration filed briefs that urged the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] to rule in favor of same-sex couples in the cases of ''[[Hollingsworth v. Perry]]'' (regarding [[same-sex marriage]])<ref name="huffpo-amicus">{{cite news |url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/28/obama-gay-marriage_n_2783912.html |title = Obama Administration: Gay Marriage Ban Unconstitutional In Prop. 8 Supreme Court Case |last = Reilly |first = Ryan J. |date = February 28, 2013 |work = [[The Huffington Post]] |accessdate = April 21, 2013 }}</ref> and ''[[United States v. Windsor]]'' (regarding the [[Defense of Marriage Act]]).<ref name="cnn-amicus">{{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/22/politics/supreme-court-marriage |title = Obama administration weighs in on defense of marriage law |last = Mears |first = Bill |date = February 27, 2013 |publisher = CNN |accessdate = April 21, 2013 }}</ref> Then, following the Supreme Court's 2015 decision in ''[[Obergefell v. Hodges]]'' (ruling same-sex marriage to be a fundamental right), Obama asserted that, "This decision affirms what millions of Americans already believe in their hearts: When all Americans are treated as equal we are all more free."<ref name="remarksDecision">{{cite web |url = https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/06/26/remarks-president-supreme-court-decision-marriage-equality |title = Remarks by the President on the Supreme Court Decision on Marriage Equality |publisher = The White House |accessdate = October 25, 2015 }}</ref> On July 30, 2015 the White House Office of National AIDS Policy revised its strategy for addressing the ailment, which included widespread testing and linkage to healthcare, which was celebrated by the [[Human Rights Campaign]].<ref>[http://www.hrc.org/press/obama-administration-releases-revised-national-hiv-and-aids-strategy "Obama Administration Releases Revised National HIV and AIDS Strategy"], Human Rights Campaign. July 30, 2015. Retrieved 8 feb 2017</ref> ====White House advisory and oversight groups==== On March 11, 2009, Obama created the [[White House Council on Women and Girls]], which forms part of the Office of Intergovernmental Affairs, having been established by {{Executive Order|13506}} with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to the welfare of American women and girls.<ref name="Executive">''Executive Order 13506'', Washington, DC: President Barack Obama, The White House, March 11, 2009, Obama, B.. Retrieved January 27, 2014.</ref> The Council is currently chaired by [[Senior Advisor to the President]] [[Valerie Jarrett]].<ref name="Sexualassault">{{cite web |url = http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2014/01/22/renewed-call-action-end-rape-and-sexual-assault |title = A renewed call to action to end rape and sexual assault |accessdate = September 13, 2014 }}</ref> Obama also established the [[White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault]] through an official United States government memorandum on January 22, 2014, with a broad mandate to advise him on issues relating to sexual assault on college and university campuses throughout the United States.<ref name="Sexualassault" /><ref name="Memo">{{cite web |url = http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/01/22/memorandum-establishing-white-house-task-force-protect-students-sexual-a |title = Memorandum: Establishing White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault |accessdate = September 13, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Freedom">{{cite web |url = http://www.msnbc.com/morning-joe/obama-we-have-power-end-sexual-assaults |title = Obama admin: Freedom from sexual assault a basic human right |publisher = MSNBC |accessdate = September 13, 2014 }}</ref> The current co-chairs of the Task Force are Vice President [[Joe Biden]] and Jarrett.<ref name="Memo" /> The Task Force has been a development out of the White House Council on Women and Girls and [[Office of the Vice President of the United States]], and prior to that, the 1994 [[Violence Against Women Act]] that was first-drafted by Biden.<ref name="Report">[http://www.sapr.mil/public/docs/research/201401_WhiteHouse_CouncilonWomenandGirls_RapeandSexualAssault.pdf "Rape and sexual assault: A renewed call to action"], ''White House Council on Women and Girls'', Washington, D.C.: White House Council on Women and Girls & Office of the Vice President, January 2014. Retrieved June 10, 2014.</ref> ====Economic policy==== {{Main article|Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration}} [[File:20090124 WeeklyAddress.ogv|right|thumbtime=1:3|thumb|Obama presents his first [[commons:Obama Administration weekly video addresses|weekly address]] as President of the United States on January 24, 2009, discussing the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]]|alt=Photograph]] On February 17, 2009, Obama signed the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]], a $787&nbsp;billion [[stimulus (economics)|economic stimulus]] package aimed at helping the economy recover from the [[Great Recession|deepening worldwide recession]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/13/stimulus/index.html |title = Stimulus package en route to Obama's desk |accessdate = March 29, 2009 |publisher = CNN |date = February 14, 2009 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090330094958/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/13/stimulus/index.html |archivedate = March 30, 2009 |deadurl = no }}</ref> The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks and [[tax incentive|incentives]], and direct assistance to individuals.<ref name="direct assistance" /> In March, Obama's Treasury Secretary, [[Timothy Geithner]], took further steps to manage the [[financial crisis of 2007–08|financial crisis]], including introducing the [[Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets]], which contains provisions for buying up to two&nbsp;trillion dollars in depreciated real estate assets.<ref name="markets opened" /> Obama intervened in the [[automotive industry crisis of 2008–10|troubled automotive industry]]<ref>{{cite news|title=White House questions viability of GM, Chrysler |date=March 30, 2009 |work=The Huffington Post |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/03/30/obama-denies-bailout-fund_n_180563.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407010806/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/03/30/obama-denies-bailout-fund_n_180563.html |archivedate=April 7, 2009 }}</ref> in March 2009, renewing loans for [[General Motors]] and [[Chrysler]] to continue operations while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including the [[Chrysler Chapter 11 reorganization|sale of Chrysler]] to Italian automaker [[Fiat]]<ref>{{cite news |title = Chrysler and Union Agree to Deal Before Federal Deadline |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/27/business/27chrysler.html |work = The New York Times |first1 = Nick |last1 = Bunkley |first2 = Bill |last2 = Vlasic |date = April 27, 2009 |accessdate = April 12, 2010 }}</ref> and a [[General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization|reorganization of GM]] giving the U.S. government a temporary 60% equity stake in the company, with the Canadian government taking a 12% stake.<ref>{{cite web|title=GM Begins Bankruptcy Process With Filing for Affiliate |first1=John |last1=Hughes |first2=Caroline |last2=Salas |first3=Jeff |last3=Green |first4=Bob |last4=Van Voris |url=http://bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aw4F_L7E4xYg |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=June 1, 2009 |accessdate=July 5, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613163056/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087 |archivedate=June 13, 2010 }}</ref> In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.<ref name="Christopher Conkey and Louise Radnofsky">{{cite news |title = Obama Presses Cabinet to Speed Stimulus Spending |date = June 9, 2009 |work = The Wall Street Journal |publisher = News Corp |url = https://www.wsj.com/article/SB124445867883193821.html |first1 = Christopher |last1 = Conkey |first2 = Louise |last2 = Radnofsky |accessdate = July 5, 2015 }}</ref> He signed into law the [[Car Allowance Rebate System]], known colloquially as "Cash for Clunkers", that temporarily boosted the economy.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/20/AR2009082002699.html |title = U.S. Says 'Cash for Clunkers' Program Will End on Monday |author = Dana Hedgpeth |work = The Washington Post |date = August 21, 2009 |accessdate = March 26, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1918692,00.html |title = Was Cash for Clunkers a Success? |author = Joseph R. Szczesny |work = Time |date = August 26, 2009 |accessdate = March 26, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Mian |first1 = Atif R. |first2 = Amir |last2 = Sufi |title = The Effects of Fiscal Stimulus: Evidence from the 2009 'Cash for Clunkers' Program |date = September 1, 2010 |ssrn = 1670759 |doi = 10.2139/ssrn.1670759 |publisher=Social Science Research Network}}</ref> [[File:U.S. Total Deficits vs. National Debt Increases 2001-2010.png|thumb|right|[[United States federal budget|Deficit]] and [[National debt of the United States|debt]] increases, 2001–16]] Spending and loan guarantees from the Federal Reserve and the Treasury Department authorized by the Bush and Obama administrations totaled about $11.5&nbsp;trillion, but only $3&nbsp;trillion was spent by the end of November 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title = CNNMoney.com's bailout tracker |publisher=CNNMoney |page = 20 |volume = 06 |url = http://money.cnn.com/news/storysupplement/economy/bailouttracker/ |accessdate = March 26, 2010 |author = Goldman, David |date = April 6, 2009 }}</ref> Obama and the [[Congressional Budget Office]] predicted the 2010 [[2010 United States federal budget|budget deficit]] would be $1.5&nbsp;trillion or 10.6% of the nation's gross domestic product (GDP) compared to the 2009 deficit of $1.4&nbsp;trillion or 9.9% of GDP.<ref>{{cite news |last = Montgomery |first = Lori |title = Federal budget deficit to exceed $1.4&nbsp;trillion in 2010 and 2011 |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/23/AR2010072304101.html |work = The Washington Post |accessdate = July 29, 2010 |date = July 24, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first2 = Jeff |last2 = Mason |first = Alister |last = Bull |title = Obama's 2010 budget: deficit soars amid job spending |url = http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60U00220100201 |agency = Reuters |accessdate = July 29, 2010 |date = February 1, 2010 }}</ref> For 2011, the administration predicted the deficit will shrink to $1.34&nbsp;trillion, and the 10-year deficit will increase to $8.53&nbsp;trillion or 90% of GDP.<ref>{{cite news |last = Dickson |first = David M. |title = CBO report: Debt will rise to 90% of GDP |url = http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/mar/26/cbos-2020-vision-debt-will-rise-to-90-of-gdp/?page=1 |work = The Washington Times |agency = Associated Press |accessdate = July 29, 2010 |date = March 26, 2010 }}</ref> The most recent increase in the U.S. [[debt ceiling]] to $17.2&nbsp;trillion took effect in February 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last = Sahadi |first = Jeanne |title = Where's the debt ceiling now? |url = http://money.cnn.com/2014/02/11/news/economy/debt-ceiling-reset/ |accessdate = March 21, 2014 |publisher = CNN |date = February 12, 2014 }}</ref> On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisan [[Budget Control Act of 2011]]. The legislation enforces limits on discretionary spending until 2021, establishes a procedure to increase the debt limit, creates a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5&nbsp;trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and establishes automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2&nbsp;trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee does not achieve such savings.<ref>{{cite web |author = NBC's Sylvie Stein |url = http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/08/02/7231805-a-breakdown-of-the-debt-limit-legislation |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120114001916/http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/08/02/7231805-a-breakdown-of-the-debt-limit-legislation |archivedate = January 14, 2012 |title = First Read&nbsp;– A breakdown of the debt-limit legislation |publisher = MSNBC |accessdate = August 3, 2011 }}</ref> By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent a [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. government]] [[Default (finance)|default]] on its obligations.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43967924/ns/politics-capitol_hill/ |title = House passes debt ceiling bill |publisher = MSNBC |date = March 8, 2011 |accessdate = August 3, 2011 }}</ref> [[File:US Employment Statistics.svg|thumb|left|300px|US employment statistics ([[unemployment rate]] and monthly changes in net employment) during Obama's tenure as U.S. President<ref>{{cite web |url = http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000 |title = Unemployment Rate |publisher = [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] |accessdate = 2017-01-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/CES0000000001?output_view=net_1mth |title = 1-month net change in employment |publisher = [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] |accessdate = 2017-01-17 }}</ref>]] As it did throughout 2008, the unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.0% and averaging 10.0% in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7% in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6% in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.<ref name="Theodossiou">{{cite journal |last1 = Theodossiou |first1 = Eleni |last2 = Hipple |first2 = Steven F. |year = 2011 |title = Unemployment Remains High in 2010 |journal = Monthly Labor Review |volume = 134 |issue = 3 |pages = 3–22 |publisher = Bureau of Labor Statistics |url = http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/03/art1full.pdf |accessdate = April 7, 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110508050328/http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/03/art1full.pdf |archivedate = May 8, 2011 }}</ref> Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8%, which was less than the average of 1.9% experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries.<ref name="Eddlemon">{{cite journal |last1 = Eddlemon |first1 = John P. |year = 2011 |title = Payroll Employment Turns the Corner in 2010 |journal = Monthly Labor Review |volume = 134 |issue = 3 |pages = 23–32 |publisher = Bureau of Labor Statistics |url = http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/03/art2full.pdf |accessdate = April 7, 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110506195757/http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/03/art2full.pdf |archivedate = May 6, 2011 }}</ref> By November 2012, the unemployment rate fell to 7.7%,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://data.bls.gov/pdq/SurveyOutputServlet |title = Unemployment Rate |publisher = [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] |accessdate = December 11, 2012 }}</ref> decreasing to 6.7% in the last month of 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000 |title = Unemployment Rate |publisher = [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] |accessdate = January 10, 2014 }}</ref> During 2014, the unemployment rate continued to decline, falling to 6.3% in the first quarter.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000 |title = Unemployment Rate |publisher = [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] |accessdate = June 6, 2014 }}</ref> GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6%, followed by a 5.0% increase in the fourth quarter.<ref name="BEA1">{{cite web |url = http://bea.gov/national/nipaweb/TableView.asp?SelectedTable=1&ViewSeries=NO&Java=no&Request3Place=N&3Place=N&FromView=YES&Freq=Qtr&FirstYear=2009&LastYear=2010&3Place=N&Update=Update&JavaBox=no#Mid |title = Percent Change in Real Gross Domestic Product (Quarterly) |work = National Income and Product Accounts Table |publisher = Bureau of Economic Analysis |accessdate = April 7, 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110512014536/http://bea.gov/national/nipaweb/TableView.asp?SelectedTable=1&ViewSeries=NO&Java=no&Request3Place=N&3Place=N&FromView=YES&Freq=Qtr&FirstYear=2009&LastYear=2010&3Place=N&Update=Update&JavaBox=no |archivedate = May 12, 2011 |deadurl = no }}</ref> Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7% in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.<ref name="BEA1" /> In July 2010, the [[Federal Reserve System|Federal Reserve]] noted that economic activity continued to increase, but its pace had slowed, and chairman [[Ben Bernanke]] said the economic outlook was "unusually uncertain".<ref>{{cite web |last = Harding |first = Robin |title = Beige Book survey reports signs of slowdown |url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/dac3245a-9a7b-11df-87fd-00144feab49a.html |work = Financial Times |accessdate = July 29, 2010 |date = July 28, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100729184009/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/dac3245a-9a7b-11df-87fd-00144feab49a.html|archivedate=July 29, 2010 }}</ref> Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9% in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://bea.gov/national/nipaweb/TableView.asp?SelectedTable=1&ViewSeries=NO&Java=no&Request3Place=N&3Place=N&FromView=YES&Freq=Year&FirstYear=2009&LastYear=2010&3Place=N&Update=Update&JavaBox=no#Mid |title = Percent Change in Real Gross Domestic Product (Annual) |work = National Income and Product Accounts Table |publisher = Bureau of Economic Analysis |accessdate = April 7, 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110512014513/http://bea.gov/national/nipaweb/TableView.asp?SelectedTable=1&ViewSeries=NO&Java=no&Request3Place=N&3Place=N&FromView=YES&Freq=Year&FirstYear=2009&LastYear=2010&3Place=N&Update=Update&JavaBox=no |archivedate = May 12, 2011 |deadurl = no }}</ref> The Congressional Budget Office and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.<ref name="estimated" /><ref name="newc" /> The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1&nbsp;million,<ref name="newc">{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/21/business/economy/21stimulus.html |title = New Consensus Sees Stimulus Package as Worthy Step |work = The New York Times |date = November 20, 2009 |accessdate = December 21, 2010 |first1 = Jackie |last1 = Calmes |first2 = Michael |last2 = Cooper |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110511230904/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/21/business/economy/21stimulus.html|archivedate=May 11, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/83253-cbo-stimulus-created-as-many-as-21-million-jobs |title = CBO: Stimulus created as many as 2.1&nbsp;million jobs |date = February 23, 2010 |accessdate = April 25, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/02/opinion/02krugman.html |title = Too Little of a Good Thing |work = The New York Times |date = November 2, 2009 |accessdate = December 22, 2010 |first = Paul |last = Krugman }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last = Isidore |first = Chris |url = http://money.cnn.com/2010/01/29/news/economy/gdp/index.htm |title = Best economic growth in six years |publisher = CNN |date = January 29, 2010 |accessdate = April 18, 2010 }}</ref> while conceding that "It is impossible to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package."<ref name="estimated">{{cite web |url = http://www.cbo.gov/publication/42715 |title = Estimated Impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act on Employment and Economic Output |publisher = Congressional Budget Office |accessdate = February 21, 2012 }}</ref> Although an April 2010 survey of members of the [[National Association for Business Economics]] showed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73% of 68 respondents believed that the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nabe.com/publib/indsum.html |title=New NABE Survey Shows Business Recovery Gaining Momentum, with More Jobs Ahead |accessdate=April 26, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502053859/http://www.nabe.com/publib/indsum.html |archivedate=May 2, 2010 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> The economy of the United States has grown faster than the other original [[NATO]] members by a wider margin under President Obama than it has anytime since the end of [[World War II]].<ref>Politics that Work, [http://politicsthatwork.com/graphs/gdp-growth-vs-nato-president "U.S. GDP Growth Relative to Original NATO Members"], ''Politics that Work'', March 9, 2015</ref> The [[OECD]] credits the much faster growth in the United States to the stimulus in the United States and the austerity measures in the European Union.<ref>Irene Chapple, [http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/29/business/oecd-u-s-europe-economic-recovery/ "OECD: U.S. will recover faster, Europe faces unemployment crisis"], CNN, May 29, 2013</ref> Within a month of the [[United States elections, 2010|2010 midterm elections]], Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the [[Bush tax cuts|2001 and 2003 income tax rates]], a one-year [[Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax|payroll tax]] reduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount for [[Estate tax in the United States|estate taxes]].<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/08/us/politics/08cong.html |title = Democrats Skeptical of Obama on New Tax Plan |author = Herszenhorn, David M. |author2 = Stolberg, Sheryl Gay |newspaper = The New York Times |date = December 7, 2010 }}</ref> The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858&nbsp;billion [[Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010]] passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/12/17/tax.deal/index.html |title = Obama signs tax deal into law |publisher = CNN |date = December 17, 2010 |accessdate = December 17, 2010 }}</ref> In December 2013, Obama declared that growing [[Income inequality in the United States|income inequality]] is a "defining challenge of our time" and called on Congress to bolster the safety net and raise wages. This came on the heels of the [[Fast food worker strikes|nationwide strikes of fast-food workers]] and [[Pope Francis]]' criticism of inequality and [[trickle-down economics]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://bigstory.ap.org/article/obama-speech-focus-income-disparities |title = Obama: Income Inequality a Defining Challenge |first = Jim |last = Kuhnhenn |work = Associated Press |date = December 5, 2013 |accessdate = January 9, 2014 }}</ref> Obama has urged Congress to ratify a 12-nation free trade pact called the [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/president-obama-makes-trade-deal-a-top-priority-in-remaining-months/ |title=President Obama uses his final months to bring congressional approval of a 12-nation free trade pact called the Trans-Pacific Partnership |date=September 5, 2016 |website=CBSNews |access-date=September 5, 2016}}</ref> ====Environmental policy==== {{See also|Climate change policy of the United States}} [[File:Obama-venice-la.jpg|thumb|left|Obama at a 2010 briefing on the [[BP oil spill]] at the [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] Station Venice in [[Venice, Louisiana]] ]] On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories, and oil refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb [[global warming]].<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/01/science/earth/01epa.html |work = The New York Times |first = John M. |last = Broder |title = E.P.A. Moves to Curtail Greenhouse Gas Emissions |date = October 1, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ip53lrBGDBrm5QYg-npRkHn4ggRA |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120523114528/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ip53lrBGDBrm5QYg-npRkHn4ggRA |archivedate = May 23, 2012 |title = US moves to limit industrial greenhouse gas emissions |publisher = Google News |agency = Agence France-Presse |date = October 1, 2009 |accessdate = April 18, 2010 }}</ref> On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore [[drilling rig]] at the [[Macondo Prospect]] in the [[Gulf of Mexico]], causing a [[Deepwater Horizon oil spill|major sustained oil leak]]. Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review by [[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] [[Ken Salazar]] and concurrent Congressional hearings. He then announced a six-month moratorium on new [[deepwater drilling]] permits and leases, pending regulatory review.<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama Halts Drilling Projects, Defends Actions |publisher = NPR |date = May 27, 2010 |url = http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=127205462&ps=rs }}</ref> As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.<ref>{{cite news |first = Patrik |last = Jonsson |url = http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0529/Gulf-oil-spill-Obama-s-big-political-test |title = Gulf oil spill: Obama's big political test |work = [[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date = May 29, 2010 |accessdate = June 6, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100601094118/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0529/Gulf-oil-spill-Obama-s-big-political-test |archivedate = June 1, 2010 |deadurl = no }}</ref> In July 2013, Obama expressed reservations and stated he "would reject the [[Keystone XL pipeline]] if it increased carbon pollution" or "greenhouse emissions".<ref>Goldenberg, Suzanne (July 28, 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jul/28/obama-reservations-keystone-pipeline-project "Barack Obama expresses reservations about Keystone XL pipeline project"]. ''The Guardian'' (London).</ref><ref>Stein, Sam (June 25, 2013). [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/25/obama-keystone_n_3497292.html Obama: Keystone XL Should Not Be Approved If It Will Increase Greenhouse Gas Emissions]. ''The Huffington Post'' (US).</ref> Obama's advisers called for a halt to [[petroleum exploration in the Arctic]] in January 2013.<ref>Goldenberg, Suzanne (January 18, 2013).[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jan/18/shell-oil-drilling-arctic-environment "Shell's plans in Arctic at risk as Obama advisers call for halt to oil exploration"]. ''The Guardian'' (London).</ref> On February 24, 2015, Obama vetoed a bill that would authorize the pipeline.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2015/02/24/388738159/obama-to-veto-keystone-xl-pipeline-today-without-drama-or-fanfare-or-delay |title = Obama Vetoes Keystone XL Pipeline Bill |date = February 24, 2015 |accessdate = February 24, 2015 |publisher = NPR }}</ref> It was the third veto of Obama's presidency and his first major veto.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/234615-senate-fails-to-override-obama-keystone-veto |title = Keystone veto override fails |date = March 4, 2015 |first = Laura |last = Barron-Lopez |work = [[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |publisher = Capitol Hill Publishing |accessdate = July 2, 2015 }}</ref> Obama has emphasized the [[Conservation movement|conservation]] of [[federal lands]] during his term in office. He used his power under the [[Antiquities Act]] to create 25 new [[National Monument (United States)|national monuments]] during his presidency and expand four others, protecting a total of {{convert|553,000,000|acre|ha}} of federal lands and waters, more than any other U.S. president.<ref name="Monuments">Juliet Eilperin & Brady Dennis, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/with-new-monuments-in-nevada-utah-obama-adds-to-his-environmental-legacy/2016/12/28/e9833f62-c471-11e6-8422-eac61c0ef74d_story.html With new monuments in Nevada, Utah, Obama adds to his environmental legacy], ''The Washington Post'' (December 28, 2016). * [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/31/opinion/sunday/monuments-man.html Monuments Man], ''The New York Times'' (December 31, 2016). * [http://www.npr.org/2016/12/29/507436648/obama-s-newly-designated-national-monuments-upset-some-lawmakers-and-constituent Obama's Newly Designated National Monuments Upset Some Lawmakers], NPR, ''[[All Things Considered]]'' (December 29, 2016) * Amy R. Connolly, [http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2016/02/13/Obama-expands-public-lands-more-than-any-US-president/1161455298784/ Obama expands public lands more than any U.S. president], [[United Press International]] (February 13, 2016).</ref> ====Health care reform==== {{Main article|Health care reform in the United States}} [[File:Obama signs health care-20100323.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph|Obama signs the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act at the White House, March 23, 2010]] Obama called for [[United States Congress|Congress]] to pass legislation reforming [[health care in the United States]], a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.<ref name="health reform" /> He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, to cap premium increases, and to allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900&nbsp;billion over 10 years and include a government insurance plan, also known as the [[public health insurance option|public option]], to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage for [[pre-existing condition]]s, and require every American to carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/10/us/politics/10obama.html |title = Obama, Armed With Details, Says Health Plan Is Necessary |author = Stolberg, Sheryl Gay |author2 = Zeleny, Jeff |date = September 9, 2009 |newspaper = The New York Times |accessdate = July 5, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first = Mike |last = Allen |url = http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0909/26907.html |title = Barack Obama will hedge on public option |work = [[Politico]] |accessdate = July 5, 2015 |date = September 9, 2009 }}</ref> [[File:PPACA Premium Chart.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Maximum Out-of-Pocket Premium as Percentage of Family Income and [[federal poverty level]], under [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]], starting in 2014 (Source: [[Congressional Research Service|CRS]])<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41137.pdf |title = Health Insurance Premium Credits in the PPACA |publisher = Congressional Research Service |accessdate = May 17, 2015 }}</ref>]] On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.<ref name="health reform">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.suntimes.com/sweet/2009/07/obama_july_22_2009_press_confe.html |title=Obama July 22, 2009 press conference. Transcript |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |date=July 22, 2009 |accessdate=July 5, 2015 |first=Lynn |last=Sweet |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416063154/http://blogs.suntimes.com/sweet/2009/07/obama_july_22_2009_press_confe.html |archivedate=April 16, 2015 }}</ref> After much public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivered [[Barack Obama speech to joint session of Congress, September 2009|a speech to a joint session of Congress]] on September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/09/09/obama.speech/index.html |title = Obama calls for Congress to face health care challenge |date = September 9, 2009 |accessdate = September 9, 2009 |publisher = CNN |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090910083332/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/09/09/obama.speech/index.html |archivedate = September 10, 2009 |deadurl = no }}</ref> In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on using federal funds for stem cell research.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/10/obama-stem-cell-research |title = Stem cell |author = Daniel Nasaw |work = The Guardian |accessdate = September 13, 2014 }}</ref> On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.<ref name="nyt1">{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/08/health/policy/08health.html |title = Sweeping Health Care Plan Passes House |last = Hulse |first = Carl |author2 = Robert Pear |date = November 7, 2009 |work = The New York Times |accessdate = November 8, 2009 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110331033230/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/08/health/policy/08health.html|archivedate=March 31, 2011 |deadurl = no }}</ref><ref name="nyt">{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/08/health/policy/08scene.html |title = Abortion Was at Heart of Wrangling |last = Herszenhorn |first = David M. |author2 = Jackie Calmes |date = December 7, 2009 |work = The New York Times |accessdate = December 6, 2009 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110331073732/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/08/health/policy/08scene.html|archivedate=March 31, 2011 |deadurl = no }}</ref> On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own bill—without a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=121854289 |title = Senate Says Yes To Landmark Health Bill |author = Hensley, Scott |date = December 24, 2009 |accessdate = December 24, 2009 |publisher = [[NPR]] |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100121191700/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=121854289 |archivedate = January 21, 2010 |deadurl = no }}</ref> On March 21, 2010, the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] (ACA) passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/22/opinion/22mon5.html |title = Health Care Reform, at Last |newspaper = The New York Times |date = March 21, 2010 |accessdate = March 22, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100326095847/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/22/opinion/22mon5.html |archivedate = March 26, 2010 }}</ref> Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/24/health/policy/24health.html |title = Obama Signs Landmark Health Care Bill |date = March 23, 2010 |accessdate = March 23, 2010 |newspaper = The New York Times |author = Gay Stolberg, Sheryl |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100325033529/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/24/health/policy/24health.html |archivedate = March 25, 2010 }}</ref> The ACA includes [[Provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act|health-related provisions]], most of which took effect in 2014, including expanding [[Medicaid]] eligibility for people making up to 133%&nbsp;of the [[federal poverty level]] (FPL) starting in 2014,<ref name="cnn_ref1">{{cite news |last = Rice |first = Sabriya |url = http://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/03/25/health.care.law.basics/index.html |title = 5 key things to remember about health care reform |publisher = CNN |date = March 25, 2010 |accessdate = January 6, 2013 }}</ref> subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400%&nbsp;of the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum "out-of-pocket" payment for annual premiums will be from 2% to 9.5% of income,<ref name="whitehouse" /><ref>{{cite news |last = Grier |first = Peter |url = http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0320/Health-care-reform-bill-101-Who-gets-subsidized-insurance |date = March 20, 2010 |title = Health Care Reform Bill 101 |newspaper = [[The Christian Science Monitor]] |accessdate = July 5, 2015 }}</ref> providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishing [[health insurance exchange]]s, prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and Congressional Budget Office figures, the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level.<ref name="whitehouse">{{cite web |url = https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/health-care-meeting/proposal/whatsnew/affordability |title = Policies to Improve Affordability and Accountability |publisher = The White House |accessdate = January 6, 2013}}</ref><ref name="cbo_est">{{cite web |last = Elmendorf |first = Douglas W. |url = http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/ftpdocs/107xx/doc10781/11-30-premiums.pdf |title = An Analysis of Health Insurance Premiums Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act |publisher = Congressional Budget Office |date = November 30, 2009 |accessdate = April 9, 2012 }}</ref> [[File:Percentage of Individuals in the United States Without Health Insurance, 1963-2015.png|thumb|Percentage of Individuals in the United States without Health Insurance, 1963–2015 (Source: [[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]])<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Obama|first1=Barack|title=United States Health Care Reform|journal=JAMA|date=August 2, 2016|volume=316|issue=5|page=525|doi=10.1001/jama.2016.9797|url=http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2533698|accessdate=August 17, 2016|issn=0098-7484}}</ref>]] The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-income [[tax bracket|brackets]], taxes on [[indoor tanning]], cuts to the [[Medicare Advantage]] program in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;<ref>{{cite web |last = Grier |first = Peter |date = March 21, 2010 |url = http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0321/Health-care-reform-bill-101-Who-will-pay-for-reform |title = Health care reform bill 101: Who will pay for reform? |work = The Christian Science Monitor |accessdate = July 5, 2015 }}</ref> there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0319/Health-care-reform-bill-101-Who-must-buy-insurance |title = Health care reform bill 101: Who must buy insurance? |last = Grier |first = Peter |date = March 19, 2010 |work = [[The Christian Science Monitor]] |accessdate = April 7, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100405075157/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0319/Health-care-reform-bill-101-Who-must-buy-insurance |archivedate = April 5, 2010 }}</ref> In March 2010, the Congressional Budget Office estimated that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143&nbsp;billion over the first decade.<ref>{{cite web |last = Elmendorf |first = Douglas W. |title = H.R. 4872, Reconciliation Act of 2010 (Final Health Care Legislation) |url = http://www.cbo.gov/publication/21351 |publisher = Congressional Budget Office |accessdate = January 6, 2013 }}</ref> The law faced several legal challenges, primarily based on the argument that an individual mandate requiring Americans to buy health insurance was unconstitutional. On June 28, 2012, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote in ''[[National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius]]'' that the mandate was constitutional under the U.S. Congress's taxing authority.<ref name="WP-uphold">{{cite news |first = Robert |last = Barnes |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/supreme-court-to-rule-thursday-on-health-care-law/2012/06/28/gJQAarRm8V_story.html |title = Supreme Court upholds Obama health care overhaul by 5–4 vote, approving insurance requirement |date = June 28, 2012 |work = The Washington Post |agency = Associated Press |accessdate = June 29, 2012 }}</ref> In ''[[Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.|Burwell v. Hobby Lobby]]'' the Court ruled that "closely-held" for-profit corporations could be exempt on religious grounds under the [[Religious Freedom Restoration Act]] from regulations adopted under the ACA that would have required them to pay for insurance that covered certain contraceptives. In June 2015, the Court ruled 6–3 in ''[[King v. Burwell]]'' that subsidies to help individuals and families purchase health insurance were authorized for those doing so on both the federal exchange and state exchanges, not only those purchasing plans "established by the State", as the statute reads.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/06/25/supreme-court-upholds-obamacare-subsidies-in-king-v-burwell |title=Supreme Court Upholds Obamacare Subsidies |author=Kimberly Leonard |work=US News & World Report |accessdate=November 25, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116072123/http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/06/25/supreme-court-upholds-obamacare-subsidies-in-king-v-burwell |archivedate=January 16, 2016 |df= }}</ref> ====Energy policy==== {{Main article|Energy policy of the Obama administration}} Prior to June 2014, Obama offered substantial support for a broadly-based "All of the above" approach to domestic energy policy, which Obama has maintained since his first term and which he last confirmed at his State of the Union speech in January 2014 to a mixed reception by both parties. In June 2014, Obama made indications that his administration would consider a shift towards an energy policy more closely tuned to the manufacturing industry and its impact on the domestic economy.<ref>{{cite news |author=James P. O'Toole |author2=Tracie Mauriello |author3=Deborah Todd |newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |date=June 17, 2014 |title=Obama speaks in Pittsburgh about tech, jobs |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/local/city/2014/06/17/obama-arrives-in-pittsburgh/201406170170}}</ref> Obama's approach of selectively combining regulation and incentive to various issues in the domestic energy policy such as coal mining and oil fracking has received mixed commentary for not being as responsive to the needs of the domestic manufacturing sector as needed, following claims that the domestic manufacturing sector utilizes as much as a third of the nation's available energy resources.<ref>Obama domestic energy policy. Bloomberg News. June 17, 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.bloomberg.com/video/manufacturing-balks-at-obama-s-u-s-energy-policy-rdCH8kbCQAyS_Wjr6AjELA.html |title = Manufacturing Balks at Obama's U.S. Energy Policy: Video |work = [[Bloomberg News]] |date = June 17, 2014 |accessdate = July 17, 2014 }}</ref> ====Gun control==== {{Main|Social policy of the Barack Obama administration#Gun policy}} [[File:Barack Obama visiting victims of 2012 Aurora shooting.jpg|thumb|Obama visiting [[2012 Aurora shooting]] victims at [[University of Colorado Hospital]]]] On January 16, 2013, one month after the [[Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting]], Obama signed 23 executive orders and outlined a series of sweeping proposals regarding gun control.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-21049942 |publisher = BBC News |title = US gun debate: Obama unveils gun control proposals |first = Mark |last = Mardell |date = January 16, 2013 |accessdate = January 16, 2013 }}</ref> He urged Congress to reintroduce an [[Federal Assault Weapons Ban|expired ban]] on military-style assault weapons, such as those used in several recent mass shootings, impose limits on ammunition magazines to 10 rounds, introduce background checks on all gun sales, pass a ban on possession and sale of armor-piercing bullets, introduce harsher penalties for gun-traffickers, especially unlicensed dealers who buy arms for criminals and approving the appointment of the head of the federal [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives]] for the first time since 2006.<ref>{{cite news |title = What's in Obama's Gun Control Proposal |url = https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/01/16/us/obama-gun-control-proposal.html |work = The New York Times |date = January 16, 2013 |accessdate = February 12, 2013 }}</ref> On January 5, 2016, Obama announced new [[Executive order|executive actions]] extending background check requirements to more gun sellers.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/05/politics/obama-gun-control-executive-action/?iid=ob_lockedrail_bottomlist&iref=obinsite "Obama announces gun control executive action (full transcript)"] CNN. January 5, 2016. January 7, 2016.</ref> In a 2016 editorial in the ''New York Times'', Obama compared the struggle for what he termed "common-sense gun reform" to [[women's suffrage]] and other civil rights movements in American history.<ref>Obama, Barack. [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/08/opinion/president-barack-obama-guns-are-our-shared-responsibility.html "Barack Obama: Guns Are Our Shared Responsibility"] ''The New York Times''. January 7, 2016. January 7, 2016.</ref> ====2010 midterm elections==== {{Main article|United States House of Representatives elections, 2010|United States Senate elections, 2010}} Obama called the [[United States House of Representatives elections, 2010|November 2, 2010 election]], where the Democratic Party lost 63 seats in, and control of, the House of Representatives,<ref>{{cite news |author1=Paul Harris |author2=Ewen MacAskill |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/03/us-midterm-election-results-tea-party |title = US midterm election results herald new political era as Republicans take House |work = The Guardian |place = London |date = November 3, 2010 |accessdate = December 22, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101214214006/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/nov/03/us-midterm-election-results-tea-party |archivedate = December 14, 2010 }}</ref> "humbling" and a "shellacking".<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Elections/Vox-News/2010/1104/Obama-calls-midterm-elections-a-shellacking-for-Democrats |title = Obama calls midterm elections a 'shellacking' for Democrats |work = The Christian Science Monitor |date = November 4, 2010 |accessdate = December 22, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101124220406/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Elections/Vox-News/2010/1104/Obama-calls-midterm-elections-a-shellacking-for-Democrats |archivedate = November 24, 2010 }}</ref> He said that the results came because not enough Americans had felt the effects of the economic recovery.<ref>{{cite web |work = All Things Considered |url = http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=131048554 |title = See Obama's first paragraph of his transcript |publisher = NPR |date = November 3, 2010 |accessdate = December 22, 2010 }}</ref> ====Cybersecurity and Internet policy==== On November 10, 2014, President Obama recommended the [[Federal Communications Commission]] reclassify [[Internet access|broadband Internet service]] as a telecommunications service in order to preserve [[net neutrality]].<ref name="NYT-20141110-EW">{{cite news |last = Wyatt |first = Edward |title = Obama Asks F.C.C. to Adopt Tough Net Neutrality Rules |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/11/technology/obama-net-neutrality-fcc.html |date = November 10, 2014 |work = [[The New York Times]] |accessdate = November 15, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20141114">{{cite news |author = NYT Editorial Board |title = Why the F.C.C. Should Heed President Obama on Internet Regulation |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/15/opinion/why-the-fcc-should-heed-president-obama-on-internet-regulations.html |date = November 14, 2014 |work = [[The New York Times]] |accessdate = November 15, 2014 }}</ref> On February 12, 2013, President Obama signed Executive Order 13636, "Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity".<ref>{{cite press release |title = Cybersecurity&nbsp;– Executive Order 13636 |url = https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/issues/foreign-policy/cybersecurity/eo-13636 |accessdate = April 30, 2015}}</ref> ===Foreign policy=== {{Main article|Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration}} [[File:Barack Obama at Cairo University cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|Obama speaking on "[[A New Beginning]]" at [[Cairo University]] on June 4, 2009|alt=President Obama stands at a podium delivering a speech on "A New Beginning" at Cairo University on June 4, 2009]] [[File:Barack Obama foreign trips.svg|thumb|300px|[[List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama|International trips]] made by President Barack Obama during his terms in office]] In February and March 2009, Vice President Joe Biden and [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] Hillary Rodham Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a "new era" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms "break" and "[[Russian reset|reset]]" to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration.<ref name="preceding administration" /> Obama attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab cable TV network, [[Al Arabiya]].<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama reaches out to Muslim world on TV |publisher = MSNBC |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28869185/ |accessdate = June 15, 2009 |date = January 27, 2009 }}</ref> On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/20/barack-obama-usa |title = Barack Obama's address to Iran: Full text of Barack Obama's videotaped message to the people and leaders of Iran as they celebrate their New Year's holiday, Nowruz |date = March 20, 2013 |accessdate = July 14, 2013 |work = [[The Guardian]] |location = London }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first = Karen |last = DeYoung |title = Nation U.S. to Join Talks on Iran's Nuclear Program |date = April 9, 2009 |work = The Washington Post |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/08/AR2009040802254.html |accessdate = June 15, 2009 }}</ref> In April, Obama gave a speech in [[Ankara]], Turkey, which was well received by many Arab governments.<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama speech draws praise in Mideast |work = The Guardian |location = London |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/8443248 |accessdate = June 15, 2009 |date = January 23, 2008 }}</ref> On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech at [[Cairo University]] in Egypt calling for "[[A New Beginning]]" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.<ref name="middleeast" /> On June 26, 2009, Obama responded to the Iranian government's actions towards protesters following [[Iranian presidential election, 2009|Iran's 2009 presidential election]] by saying: "The violence perpetrated against them is outrageous. We see it and we condemn it."<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jun/26/obama-dismisses-ahmadinejad-apology-request/ |title = Obama dismisses Ahmadinejad apology request |work = The Washington Times |date = June 26, 2009 |accessdate = July 2, 2015 |first1 = Joseph |last1 = Weber |first2 = Stephen |last2 = Dinan }}</ref> While in Moscow on July 7, he responded Vice President Biden's comment on a possible Israeli military strike on Iran by saying: "We have said directly to the Israelis that it is important to try and resolve this in an international setting in a way that does not create major conflict in the Middle East."<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/07/07/obama.israel.iran/ |title = Obama: No green light for Israel to attack Iran |publisher = CNN |date = July 7, 2009 |accessdate = January 4, 2013 }}</ref> On September 24, 2009, Obama became the first sitting U.S. president to [[President of the United Nations Security Council|preside]] over a meeting of the [[United Nations Security Council]].<ref>{{cite web |last = Rajghatta |first = Chidanand |date = September 24, 2009 |url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/Barack-No-Bomb-Obama-pushes-for-world-without-nukes/articleshow/5052325.cms |title = Barack 'No Bomb' Obama pushes for world without nukes |work = [[The Times of India]] |accessdate = July 2, 2015}}</ref> In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] to continue building Jewish housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods of [[East Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/Netanyahus-Office-No-Change-on-East-Jerusalem-Plans-89258402.html |title = Israel Refuses to Halt Construction in East Jerusalem |publisher = [[Voice of America]] |date = March 25, 2010 |accessdate = July 2, 2015 |first = Robert |last = Berger }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/25/world/middleeast/25jerusalem.html |title = Israel Confirms New Building in East Jerusalem |work = The New York Times |date = March 24, 2010 |first = Isabel |last = Kershner |accessdate = April 26, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100329231159/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/25/world/middleeast/25jerusalem.html |archivedate = March 29, 2010 |deadurl = no }}</ref> During the same month, an agreement was reached with the administration of Russian President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] to replace the [[START I|1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty]] with a new pact reducing the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about one-third.<ref>Baker, Peter (March 26, 2010).[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/27/world/europe/27start.html "Obama Seals Arms Control Deal With Russia"]. ''The New York Times''.</ref> Obama and Medvedev signed the [[New START]] treaty in April 2010, and the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] ratified it in December 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/23/world/europe/23treaty.html |work = The New York Times |first = Peter |last = Baker |title = Senate Passes Arms Control Treaty With Russia, 71–26 |date = December 22, 2010 }}</ref> In December 2011, Obama instructed agencies to consider [[LGBT rights by country or territory|LGBT rights]] when issuing financial aid to foreign countries.<ref>{{cite news |last = McVeigh |first = Karen |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/07/gay-rights-us-aid-criteria |title = Gay rights must be criterion for US aid allocations, instructs Obama |newspaper = The Guardian |location = London |date = December 6, 2011 |accessdate = January 4, 2013 }}</ref> He criticized Russia's law discriminating against gays in August 2013,<ref name="LAT80713">{{cite news |url = http://articles.latimes.com/2013/aug/07/nation/la-na-pn-obama-leno-russia-snowden-20130807 |title = Obama criticizes Russia's new anti-gay law in Leno interview |last = Parsons |first = Christi |date = August 7, 2013 |work = [[Los Angeles Times]] |accessdate = August 27, 2014 }}</ref> stopping short of advocating a boycott of the [[2014 Winter Olympics]] held in [[Sochi]], Russia.<ref name="Huffpo80913">{{cite news |url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/09/obama-olympic-boycott_n_3733275.html |title = Obama Opposes Olympic Boycott, Criticizes Russian Anti-Gay Law |last = Johnson |first = Luke |date = August 9, 2013 |work = [[The Huffington Post]] |accessdate = August 27, 2014 }}</ref> [[File:Barack Obama and Matteo Renzi October 2016, 1.jpg|thumb|right|Obama meeting with Italian Prime Minister [[Matteo Renzi]] at the [[White House]], October 2016]] In December 2014, Obama announced that he intended to [[United States–Cuban Thaw|normalize relationships]] between [[Cuba–United States relations|Cuba and the United States]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/in-miami-a-mixed-and-muted-response-to-historic-change-in-cuba-policy/2014/12/18/a27325c0-86b0-11e4-b9b7-b8632ae73d25_story.html |title = In Miami, a mixed and muted response to historic change in Cuba policy |work = The Washington Post |date = December 18, 2014 |accessdate = December 18, 2014 |author = Achenbach, Joel }}</ref> The countries' respective "interests sections" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20, 2015. In March 2015, Obama declared that he had authorized U.S. forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in their [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen|military intervention in Yemen]], establishing a "Joint Planning Cell" with Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/report-yemens-embattled-president-flees-stronghold-as-rebels-advance/2015/03/25/e0913ae2-d2d5-11e4-a62f-ee745911a4ff_story.html|title= Saudi Arabia launces air attacks in Yemen| work=The Washington Post|date=March 25, 2015}}</ref> Before leaving office, Obama said German Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]] had been his "closest international partner" throughout his tenure as President.<ref name="thelocal2016">{{cite web|url=http://www.thelocal.de/20161115/obama-merkel-was-my-closest-ally|title=Obama: Merkel was my closest ally|date=15 November 2016|work=The Local}}</ref> ====War in Iraq==== {{Main article|Iraq War|American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)}} On February 27, 2009, Obama announced that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months. His remarks were made to a group of [[United States Marine Corps|Marines]] preparing for deployment to Afghanistan. Obama said, "Let me say this as plainly as I can: by<!-- although the specific citation uses a capital B in "By" (as do some others sources), other sources such as [www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=53270] (and others) use the usual punctuation style of "b" after the colon. Thus, changing to "b" to conform to "usual style." --> August 31, 2010, our combat mission in Iraq will end."<ref>{{cite news |agency = [[Associated Press]] |first = Ben |last = Feller |url = http://gazette.com/obama-sets-firm-withdrawal-timetable-for-iraq/article/49026 |title = Obama sets firm withdrawal timetable for Iraq |work = [[The Gazette (Colorado Springs)]] |date = February 27, 2009 |accessdate = March 3, 2009}}</ref> The Obama administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troop's levels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of about 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010, the last U.S. combat brigade exited Iraq. Remaining troops transitioned from combat operations to [[counter-terrorism]] and the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces.<ref>{{cite web |last = Jones |first = Athena |date = February 27, 2009 |url = http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2009/02/27/4428005-obama-announces-iraq-plan?lite |title = Obama announces Iraq plan |publisher = MSNBC |accessdate = July 2, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author = Sykes, Hugh |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11020270 |title = Last US combat brigade exits Iraq |publisher = BBC News |date = August 19, 2010 |accessdate = December 25, 2012 }}</ref> On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/01/obama-formally-ends-iraq-war |place = London |work = The Guardian |title = Barack Obama ends the war in Iraq. 'Now it's time to turn the page' |first = Ewen |last = MacAskill |date = September 1, 2010 }}</ref> On October 21, 2011 President Obama announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be "home for the holidays".<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44990594/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/ |title = All U.S. troops out of Iraq by end of year |publisher = MSNBC |date = October 21, 2011 |accessdate = December 25, 2012 }}</ref> [[File:David Cameron and Barack Obama at the G20 Summit in Toronto.jpg|thumb|left|Meeting with UK Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] during the [[2010 G20 Toronto summit]]|alt=US President Barack Obama and British Prime Minister David Cameron trade bottles of beer to settle a bet they made on the U.S. vs. England World Cup Soccer game (which ended in a tie), during a bilateral meeting at the G20 Summit in Toronto, Canada, Saturday, June 26, 2010]] In June 2014, following the [[Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)#Fall of Mosul and push into Kirkuk|capture of Mosul]] by [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Daesh]], Obama sent 275 troops to provide support and security for U.S. personnel and the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad. Daesh continued to gain ground and to commit [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant#Human rights abuse and war crime findings|widespread massacres and ethnic cleansing]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.businessinsider.com/obama-is-sending-275-us-troops-to-iraq-2014-6 |title = Obama Is Sending 275 US Troops To Iraq |publisher = BusinessInsider.com |accessdate = June 19, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/08/us-un-rights-idUSKBN0H30KB20140908 |title = New U.N. rights boss warns of 'house of blood' in Iraq, Syria |accessdate = July 11, 2015 |author = Nebehay, Stephanie }}</ref> In August 2014, during the [[Sinjar massacre]], Obama ordered a [[American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)#United States airstrikes|campaign of U.S. airstrikes against Daesh]].<ref name="def31-10-14">{{cite web |url = http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=123542 |title = DoD Authorizes War on Terror Award for Inherent Resolve Ops |date = October 31, 2014 |publisher = Defense.gov |accessdate = November 22, 2014 }}</ref> By the end of 2014, 3,100 American ground troops were committed to the conflict<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30388718 |title = Islamic State: Coalition 'pledges more troops' for Iraq |publisher = BBC News |accessdate = August 23, 2015 }}</ref> and 16,000 sorties were flown over the battlefield, primarily by U.S. Air Force and Navy pilots.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/2015/01/19/a10-strikes-isis-11-percent/21875911/ |title = A-10 Performing 11 Percent of Anti-ISIS Sorties |author = Aaron Mehta |date = January 19, 2015 |work = Defense News |accessdate = August 23, 2015 }}</ref> In the spring of 2015, with the addition of the "Panther Brigade" of the [[82nd Airborne Division]] the number of U.S. ground troops in Iraq surged to 4,400,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.stripes.com/news/us/1-000-soldiers-from-the-82nd-airborne-headed-to-iraq-1.320194 |title = 1,000 soldiers from the 82nd Airborne headed to Iraq |work = Stars and Stripes |accessdate = August 23, 2015 }}</ref> and by July American-led coalition air forces counted 44,000 sorties over the battlefield.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2015/07/21/stealthy-jet-ensures-other-war-fighting-aircraft-survive |title=Stealthy Jet Ensures Other War-Fighting Aircraft Survive |work=US News & World Report |accessdate=August 23, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813053355/http://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2015/07/21/stealthy-jet-ensures-other-war-fighting-aircraft-survive |archivedate=August 13, 2015 |df= }}</ref> ====War in Afghanistan==== {{Main article|War in Afghanistan (2001–14)}} Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news |work = NewsHour with Jim Lehrer |url = http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics/july-dec08/obama_07-15.html |title = Obama Calls for U.S. Military to Renew Focus on Afghanistan |publisher = PBS |date = July 15, 2008 |accessdate = April 18, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100327094906/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics/july-dec08/obama_07-15.html |archivedate = March 27, 2010 }}</ref> He announced an increase in U.S. troop levels to 17,000 military personnel in February 2009 to "stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan", an area he said had not received the "strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires".<ref>{{cite news |first = Amanda |last = Hodge |title = Obama launches Afghanistan Surge |date = February 19, 2009 |work = The Australian |location = Sydney |url = http://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/news/obama-launches-afghanistan-surge/story-e6frg6t6-1111118893671 }}</ref> He replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, General [[David D. McKiernan]], with former [[Special Forces (United States Army)|Special Forces]] commander Lt. Gen. [[Stanley A. McChrystal]] in May 2009, indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war.<ref name="counterinsurgency tactics" /> On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan and proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date;<ref>Associated Press. (December 1, 2009). [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/34218604/ "Obama details Afghan war plan, troop increases"] MSNBC.</ref> this took place in July 2011. [[David Petraeus]] replaced McChrystal in June 2010, after McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/06/24/mcchrystal.gates.support/ |title = Gates says he agrees with Obama decision on McChrystal |publisher = CNN |date = June 24, 2010 |accessdate = September 18, 2010 }}</ref> In February 2013, Obama said the U.S. military would reduce the troop level in Afghanistan from 68,000 to 34,000 U.S. troops by February 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last = Chandrasekaran |first = Rajiv |title = Obama wants to cut troop level in Afghanistan in half over next year |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/official-obama-to-cut-troop-level-in-afghanistan-in-half-by-next-year/2013/02/12/63a044c8-7536-11e2-8f84-3e4b513b1a13_story.html |accessdate = February 14, 2013 |newspaper = The Washington Post |date = February 12, 2013 }}</ref> In October 2015, the White House announced a plan to keep U.S. Forces in Afghanistan indefinitely in light of the deteriorating security situation.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-34536833 |title = US troops in Afghanistan: Taliban resurgence sees rethink |publisher = BBC News |date = October 15, 2015 |accessdate = October 15, 2015 |last = Marcus |first = Jonathan }}</ref> ====Israel==== [[File:Barack Obama welcomes Shimon Peres in the Oval Office.jpg|thumb|right|Obama meeting with Israeli President [[Shimon Peres]] in the [[Oval Office]], May 2009|alt=President Barack Obama, at left, shakes hands with Israeli President Shimon Peres, at right, in the Oval Office on Tuesday, May 5, 2009. Standing at right looking on is U.S. Vice President Joe Biden.]] In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemning [[Israeli settlement]]s, with the United States being the only nation to do so.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=37572&Cr=palestin&Cr1 |title = United States vetoes Security Council resolution on Israeli settlements |date = February 18, 2011 |work = UN News Service Section |accessdate = September 13, 2014 }}</ref> Obama supports the [[two-state solution]] to the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]] based on the 1967 borders with land swaps.<ref>Levy, Elior (May 22, 2011). [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4072210,00.html "PA challenges Netanyahu to accept 1967 lines."] ''Ynetnews''. Retrieved May 22, 2011.</ref> In June 2011, Obama said that the bond between the United States and Israel is "unbreakable".<ref>{{cite web |last = Johnston |first = Nicholas |url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-06-20/obama-says-u-s-connection-with-israel-is-unbreakable-.html |title = Obama Says U.S. Connection With Israel Is 'Unbreakable' |work = Bloomberg |date = June 20, 2011 |accessdate = October 26, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623203009/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-06-20/obama-says-u-s-connection-with-israel-is-unbreakable-.html|archivedate=June 23, 2013}}</ref> During the initial years of the Obama administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including increased military aid, re-establishment of the [[Joint Political Military Group|U.S.-Israeli Joint Political Military Group]] and the Defense Policy Advisory Group, and an increase in visits among high-level military officials of both countries.<ref>Levinson, Charles (August 14, 2010).[https://www.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703321004575427272550050504.html "U.S., Israel Build Military Cooperation"]. ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' (New York). Retrieved March 1, 2011.</ref> The Obama administration asked Congress to allocate money toward funding the [[Iron Dome]] program in response to the waves of [[Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Kampeas |first=Ron |date=October 26, 2012 |url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/nation/article/for_obama_campaign_trying_to_put_to_rest_persistent_questions_about_kishkes |title=For Obama campaign, trying to put to rest persistent questions about 'kishkes' |newspaper=Jewish Journal}}</ref> In 2013, [[Jeffrey Goldberg]] reported that, in Obama's view, "with each new settlement announcement, Netanyahu is moving his country down a path toward near-total isolation."<ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite news |last = Goldberg |first = Jeffrey |title = Obama: 'Israel Doesn't Know What Its Best Interests Are' |url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-14/what-obama-thinks-israelis-don-t-understand-.html |accessdate = January 23, 2013 |work = Bloomberg |date = January 14, 2013 }}</ref> In 2014, Obama likened the [[Zionism|Zionist movement]] to the [[Civil Rights Movement]] in the United States. He said that both movements seek to bring justice and equal rights to historically persecuted peoples. He explained, "To me, being pro-Israel and pro-Jewish is part and parcel with the values that I've been fighting for since I was politically conscious and started getting involved in politics."<ref>Goldberg, Jeffrey. [https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/09/obama-netanyahu-and-the-future-of-israel/405082/ "After the Iran Deal: Obama, Netanyahu, and the Future of the Jewish State."] ''The Atlantic''. September 13, 2015. September 13, 2015.</ref> Obama expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the [[2014 Israel–Gaza conflict]].<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama reaffirms Israel's right to defend itself |url = http://www.jpost.com/Operation-Protective-Edge/Netanyahu-speaks-with-UN-chief-over-phone-363479 |date = July 19, 2014 | work= [[The Times of Israel]] }}</ref> On December 23, 2016 under the Obama Administration, the United States abstained from [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334]], effectively allowing it to pass.<ref>{{cite news | last1=Collinson | first1=Stephen | last2=Wright | first2=David | last3=Labott | first3=Elise | title=US Abstains as UN Demands End to Israeli Settlements | url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/23/politics/israel-official-rips-obama-un-settlements/ | date=December 24, 2016 | publisher=CNN | accessdate=January 7, 2017}}</ref> Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] strongly criticized the Administration's actions,<ref>{{cite web | last1=Barak | first1=Ravid | title=Netanyahu on UN Settlement Vote: Israel Will Not Turn the Other Cheek | url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.761470 | date=December 26, 2016 | publisher=''[[Haaretz]]'' | accessdate=January 7, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Israel-Palestinians: Netanyahu Condemns John Kerry Speech | url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38455753 | date=December 29, 2016 | publisher=BBC | accessdate=January 7, 2017}}</ref> and the Israeli government withdrew its annual dues from the organization, which totaled $6 million in [[United States dollar]]s, on January 6, 2017.<ref>{{cite web | title=Israel Halts $6 million to UN to Protest UN Settlements Vote | url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/01/06/israel-halts-6-million-to-un-to-protest-un-settlements-vote.html | date=January 6, 2017 | publisher=[[Fox News]] (from the [[Associated Press]]) | accessdate=January 7, 2017}}</ref> On January 5, 2017, the [[United States House of Representatives]] voted 342–80 to condemn the UN Resolution.<ref>{{cite web | title=House Overwhelmingly Votes to Condemn UN Resolution on Israel Settlements | url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/01/05/house-overwhelmingly-votes-to-condemn-un-resolution-on-israel-settlements.html | date=January 5, 2017 | publisher=[[Fox News]] | accessdate=January 7, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last1=Cortellessa | first1=Eric | title=US House Passes Motion Repudiating UN Resolution on Israel | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/us-house-passes-repudiation-of-un-security-council-resolution-on-israel/ | date=January 6, 2017 | publisher=[[The Times of Israel]] | accessdate=January 17, 2017}}</ref> ====Libya==== {{Main article|2011 military intervention in Libya}} [[File:Vladimir Putin and Barack Obama (2015-09-29) 04.jpg|thumb|left|President Obama meets with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] to discuss Syria and Daesh, September 29, 2015]] In February 2011, protests in Libya began against long-time dictator [[Muammar Gaddafi]] as part of the [[Arab Spring]]. They soon turned violent. In March, as forces loyal to Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including Europe, the [[Arab League]], and a resolution<ref>{{cite web |url = http://mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressOffice.FloorStatements&ContentRecord_id=b63b7b6f-a466-ba23-dea8-7bc024f54655 |title = Floor Statement by Senator McCain Introducing the Senate Resolution Calling for a No-Fly Zone in Libya |publisher = Senate.gov |date = March 14, 2011 |accessdate = March 28, 2011 }}</ref> passed unanimously by the U.S. Senate.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://nationaljournal.com/congress/senate-passes-resolution-calling-for-no-fly-zone-over-libya-20110301?page=1 |title = Senate Passes Resolution Calling for No-Fly Zone Over Libya |work = [[National Journal]] |date = March 1, 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110511121418/http://nationaljournal.com/congress/senate-passes-resolution-calling-for-no-fly-zone-over-libya-20110301?page=1 |archivedate = May 11, 2011 }}</ref> In response to the unanimous passage of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973]] on March 17, Gaddafi—who had previously vowed to "show no mercy" to the rebels of Benghazi<ref>{{cite news |last = Winnett |first = Robert |url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8389565/Libya-UN-approves-no-fly-zone-as-British-troops-prepare-for-action.html |title = Libya: UN approves no-fly zone as British troops prepare for action |work = The Daily Telegraph |place = London |date = March 17, 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110428102507/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8389565/Libya-UN-approves-no-fly-zone-as-British-troops-prepare-for-action.html |archivedate = April 28, 2011 }}</ref>—announced an immediate cessation of military activities,<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-staggers/2011/03/fly-zone-ceasefire-libya |author = Shackle, Samira |title = Libya declares ceasefire |work = New Statesman blog |location = London |date = March 18, 2011 |accessdate = July 16, 2011 }}</ref> yet reports came in that his forces continued shelling [[Misrata]]. The next day, on Obama's orders, the U.S. military took part in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities to protect civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.rttnews.com/Content/GeneralNews.aspx?Id=1580433&SM=1 |title = Obama: US to Transfer Lead Role in Libya |publisher = RTT Newswire |accessdate = March 22, 2011 }}</ref> including the use of [[Tomahawk (missile)|Tomahawk missiles]], [[Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit|B-2 Spirits]], and fighter jets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vcstar.com/news/2011/mar/23/ap-news-in-brief/ |title=Obama says US efforts in Libya have saved lives, control of operation can be turned over soon |work=Ventura County Star |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=March 22, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828104819/http://www.vcstar.com/news/2011/mar/23/ap-news-in-brief/ |archivedate=August 28, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author = Pannell, Ian |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12813757 |title = Gaddafi 'not targeted' by allied strikes |publisher = BBC News |date = March 21, 2011 |accessdate = July 3, 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110623012338/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12813757 |archivedate = June 23, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/22/f15-fighter-crash-libya |title = F-15 fighter jet crashes in Libya |work = The Guardian |location = London |date = March 22, 2011 |accessdate = March 23, 2011 |first = Sam |last = Jones |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110322190309/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/22/f15-fighter-crash-libya |archivedate = March 22, 2011 |deadurl = no }}</ref> Six days later, on March 25, by unanimous vote of all of its 28 members, [[NATO]] took over leadership of the effort, dubbed [[Operation Unified Protector]].<ref name="NATOPressRelease">{{cite web |url = http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_03/20110325_110325-unified-protector-no-fly-zone.pdf |title = NATO No-Fly Zone over Libya Operation UNIFIED PROTECTOR |publisher = NATO |date = March 25, 2011 }}</ref> Some Representatives<ref name="LibyaOffensive">{{cite news |url = http://www.cbsnews.com/news/is-obamas-libya-offensive-constitutional/ |title = Is Obama's Libya offensive constitutional? |publisher = CBS News |date = March 22, 2011 |accessdate = March 22, 2011 |first = Brian |last = Montopoli }}</ref> questioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its cost, structure and aftermath.<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama's Libya Policy Makes Strange Bedfellows of Congressional Critics |url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/20/obama-libya_n_838219.html |work = The Huffington Post |accessdate = March 26, 2011 |date = March 21, 2011 |first = Sam |last = Stein |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110323083100/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/20/obama-libya_n_838219.html |archivedate = March 23, 2011 |deadurl = no }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Obama juggles Libya promises, realities |url = http://www.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/03/25/obama.libya/index.html?hpt=T1 |publisher = CNN |accessdate = March 26, 2011 |date = March 25, 2011 }}</ref> ====Syrian Civil War==== {{see also|Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War#United States}} On August 18, 2011, several months after the start of the [[Syrian Civil War]], Obama issued a written statement that said: "The time has come for [[Bashar al-Assad|President Assad]] to step aside."<ref name=mustgo>{{cite news|title=Assad must go, Obama says|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/assad-must-go-obama-says/2011/08/18/gIQAelheOJ_story.html |accessdate=November 23, 2015|work=The Washington Post|date=August 18, 2011}}</ref><ref name=whstatem>[https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2011/08/18/president-obama-future-syria-must-be-determined-its-people-president-bashar-al-assad "President Obama: 'The future of Syria must be determined by its people, but President Bashar al-Assad is standing in their way.{{'"}}] White House website, August 18, 2011.</ref> This stance was reaffirmed in November 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/obama-says-syrian-leader-bashar-al-assad-must-go-1447925671|title=Obama Says Syrian Leader Bashar al-Assad Must Go|author=Nelson, Colleen}}</ref> In 2012, Obama authorized multiple programs run by the CIA and the Pentagon to train anti-Assad rebels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-syria-obama-order-idUSBRE8701OK20120802|author=Hosenball, Mark|title=Obama authorizes secret support for Syrian rebels|accessdate=February 19, 2016}}</ref> The Pentagon-run program was later found to have failed and was formally abandoned in October 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/10/world/middleeast/pentagon-program-islamic-state-syria.html?_r=0|title=Obama Administration Ends Effort to Train Syrians to Combat ISIS|author1=Michael D. Shear |author2=Helene Cooper |author3=Eric Schmitt |accessdate=February 20, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-usa-idUSKCN0S31BR20151009|title=U.S. pulls plug on Syria rebel training effort; will focus on weapons supply|author1=Phil Stewart |author2=Kate Holton|accessdate=February 20, 2016}}</ref> In the wake of a [[Ghouta chemical attack|chemical weapons attack]] in Syria, [[U.S. Government Assessment of the Syrian Government's Use of Chemical Weapons on August 21, 2013|formally blamed]] by the Obama administration on the Assad government, Obama chose not to enforce the "red line" he had pledged<ref name="redline">{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/may/17/obama-red-line-erased-as-assad-chemical-weapons-us/?page=all|title=Obama 'red line' erased as Bashar Assad's chemical weapons use goes unchecked by U.S. military|work=The Washington Times |date=May 17, 2015 |accessdate=November 23, 2015}}</ref> and, rather than authorise the promised military action against Assad, went along with the Russia-brokered deal that led to Assad [[Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons|giving up chemical weapons]]; however attacks with [[chlorine gas]] continued.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/world/middleeast/syria-talks.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|title=U.S. and Russia Reach Deal to Destroy Syria's Chemical Arms|author=Gordon, Michael|accessdate=February 19, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/syria-got-rid-of-its-chemical-weapons-but-reports-of-attacks-continue/|title=Syria Got Rid of Its Chemical Weapons – But Reports of Attacks Continue|author=Boghani, Priyanka|accessdate=February 19, 2016}}</ref> In 2014, Obama authorized an [[Military intervention against ISIL|air campaign aimed primarily at ISIL]], but repeatedly promised that the U.S. would not deploy ground troops in Syria.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/09/obama-strike-wherever-it-exists-2014910223935601193.html|title=Obama outlines plan to target IS fighters|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=September 11, 2014|accessdate=September 24, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2015/10/30/16-times-obama-said-there-would-no-boots-ground-syria/74869884/|title=16 times Obama said there would be no boots on the ground in Syria|author=Gregory Korte|date=October 31, 2015}}</ref> ====Death of Osama bin Laden==== {{Main article|Death of Osama bin Laden}} [[File:President Obama on Death of Osama bin Laden.ogv|thumb|President Obama's address (9:28)<br /> ''Also available:'' [[:File:050111 Osama Bin Laden Death Statement audioonly.ogg|Audio only]]; {{Cws |title=Full text |link=Remarks by the President on Osama bin Laden |nobullet=yes}}]] [[File:Obama and Biden await updates on bin Laden.jpg|left|thumb|Obama and members of the national security team receive an update on [[Operation Neptune's Spear]] in the [[White House Situation Room]], May 1, 2011. See also: [[Situation Room (photograph)|''Situation Room'']]|alt=President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden, along with members of the national security team, receive an update on Operation Neptune's Spear, a mission against Osama bin Laden, in one of the conference rooms of the Situation Room of the White House, on May 1, 2011. They are watching live feed from drones operating over the bin Laden complex.]] Starting with information received from Central Intelligence Agency operatives in July 2010, the CIA developed intelligence over the next several months that determined what they believed to be the hideout of [[Osama bin Laden]]. He was living in seclusion in [[Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad|a large compound]] in [[Abbottabad]], Pakistan, a suburban area {{convert|35|mi|km}} from [[Islamabad]].<ref name="NYT-clues">{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/03/world/asia/03intel.html?pagewanted=all |title = Clues Gradually Led to the Location of Osama bin Laden |last = Mazzetti |first = Mark |author2 = Helene Cooper |author3 = Peter Baker |date = May 3, 2011 |work = The New York Times |accessdate = May 4, 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110503190900/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/03/world/asia/03intel.html?pagewanted=all |archivedate = May 3, 2011 |deadurl = no }}</ref> CIA head [[Leon Panetta]] reported this intelligence to President Obama in March 2011.<ref name="NYT-clues" /> Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a "surgical raid" to be conducted by [[United States Navy SEALs]].<ref name="NYT-clues" /> The operation took place on May 1, 2011, and resulted in the shooting death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers, computer drives and disks from the compound.<ref name="WP-binLaden">{{cite web |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/osama-bin-laden-is-killed-by-us-forces-in-pakistan/2011/05/01/AFXMZyVF_story.html |title = Osama bin Laden is killed by U.S. forces in Pakistan |work = The Washington Post |accessdate = September 13, 2014 |date = May 2, 2011 |first1 = Philip |last1 = Rucker |first2 = Scott |last2 = Wilson |first3 = Anne E. |last3 = Kornblut }}</ref><ref name="ND-binLaden">{{cite web |url = http://www.newsday.com/news/breaking/official-offers-details-of-bin-laden-raid-1.2853079 |title = Official offers details of bin Laden raid |work = Newsday |accessdate = September 13, 2014 |date = May 2, 2011 }}</ref> DNA testing was one of five methods used to positively identify bin Laden's corpse,<ref name="ABC-binLaden">{{cite news |url = http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/osama-bin-laden-killed/story?id=13505703 |title = Osama bin Laden Killed by U.S. Forces in Pakistan |last = Schabner |first = Dean |author2 = Karen Travers |date = May 1, 2011 |publisher = ABC News |accessdate = May 3, 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110504021523/http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/osama-bin-laden-killed/story?id=13505703 |archivedate = May 4, 2011 }}</ref> which was buried at sea several hours later.<ref name="NYT-ObamaAnnounce">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/world/asia/osama-bin-laden-is-killed.html |title=Bin Laden Is Dead, Obama Says |last=Baker |first=Peter |author2=Helene Cooper |author3=Mark Mazzetti |date=May 2, 2011 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=May 3, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505195308/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/world/asia/osama-bin-laden-is-killed.html |archivedate=May 5, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City's [[World Trade Center site|Ground Zero]] and [[Times Square]].<ref name="WP-binLaden" /><ref name="Guard-ObamaAnnounce">{{cite news |last = Walsh |first = Declan |author2 = Richard Adams |author3 = Ewen MacAskill |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/02/osama-bin-laden-dead-obama |title = Osama bin Laden is dead, Obama announces |date = May 2, 2011 |work = The Guardian |place = London |accessdate = May 3, 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110503154000/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/02/osama-bin-laden-dead-obama |archivedate = May 3, 2011 |deadurl = no }}</ref> [[Reactions to the death of Osama bin Laden|Reaction to the announcement]] was positive across party lines, including from former presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush,<ref name="Bloom-binLaden">{{cite news |url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-02/death-of-bin-laden-may-strengthen-obama-s-hand-in-domestic-foreign-policy.html |title = Death of Bin Laden May Strengthen Obama's Hand in Domestic, Foreign Policy |last = Dorning |first = Mike |date = May 2, 2011 |work = [[Bloomberg News]] |accessdate = May 4, 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110503203539/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-02/death-of-bin-laden-may-strengthen-obama-s-hand-in-domestic-foreign-policy.html |archivedate = May 3, 2011 }}</ref> and from many countries around the world.<ref name="NPR-worldreaction">{{cite news |url = http://www.npr.org/2011/05/02/135919728/world-reaction-to-osama-bin-ladens-death |title = World Reaction To Osama Bin Laden's Death |date = May 2, 2011 |publisher = [[NPR]] |accessdate = May 4, 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110503215724/http://www.npr.org/2011/05/02/135919728/world-reaction-to-osama-bin-ladens-death |archivedate = May 3, 2011 }}</ref> {{clear}} ====Iran nuclear talks==== [[File:Barack Obama talks with Benjamin Netanyahu (8637772147).jpg|thumb|Obama talks with Benjamin Netanyahu, March 2013]] {{Main article|Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action}} In November 2013, Obama's administration opened [[Negotiations leading to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|negotiations]] with Iran to prevent it from acquiring [[nuclear weapon]]s, which included an [[Joint Plan of Action|interim agreement]]. Negotiations took two years with numerous delays, with a deal being announced July 14, 2015. The deal, titled the "[[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action]]", saw the removal of sanctions in exchange for measures that would prevent Iran from producing nuclear weapons. While Obama hailed the agreement as being a step towards a more hopeful world, the deal drew strong criticism from Republican and conservative quarters, and from Israeli prime minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Iran deal reached, Obama hails step toward 'more hopeful world' |url = http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/07/14/us-iran-nuclear-idUSKCN0PM0CE20150714 |date = July 14, 2015 |accessdate = July 14, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Iran, World Powers Prepare to Sign Nuclear Accord |url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/embargo-on-arms-clouds-iran-nuclear-deal-1436831280 |date = July 14, 2015 |accessdate = July 14, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Landmark deal reached on Iran nuclear program |url = http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/14/politics/iran-nuclear-deal/ |date = July 14, 2015 |accessdate = July 14, 2015 }}</ref> ====Relations with Cuba==== {{Main article|United States–Cuban Thaw}} [[File:Handshake between the President and Cuban President Raúl Castro.jpg|thumb|President Obama meeting with Cuban President [[Raúl Castro]] in Panama, April 2015]] Since the spring of 2013, secret meetings were conducted between the United States and Cuba in the neutral locations of Canada and [[Vatican City]].<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Warren |first1 = Strobel |title = Secret talks in Canada, Vatican City led to Cuba breakthrough |url = http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/12/17/us-cuba-usa-reconstruction-idUSKBN0JV2DM20141217 |agency = Reuters |accessdate = December 21, 2014 }}</ref> The Vatican first became involved in 2013 when [[Pope Francis]] advised the U.S. and Cuba to [[prisoner exchange|exchange prisoners]] as a gesture of goodwill.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Morello |first1 = Carol |last2 = DeYoung |first2 = Karen |title = Secret U.S.-Cuba diplomacy ended in landmark deal on prisoners, future ties |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/secret-diplomacy-with-cuba-ended-in-breakthrough-deal/2014/12/17/c51b3ed8-8614-11e4-a702-fa31ff4ae98e_story.html |work = The Washington Post |accessdate = December 21, 2014 }}</ref> On December 10, 2013, Cuban President [[Raúl Castro]], in a significant public moment, greeted and shook hands with Obama at the [[Death of Nelson Mandela|Nelson Mandela memorial service]] in [[Johannesburg]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Roberts | first=Dan | last2=Luscombe | first2=Richard | title=Obama shakes hands with Raúl Castro for first time at Mandela memorial | website=the Guardian | date=2013-12-10 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/10/obama-shakes-hands-raul-castro-mandela-memorial | accessdate=2017-02-15}}</ref> In December 2014, after the secret meetings, it was announced that Obama, with [[Pope Francis]] as an intermediary, had negotiated a restoration of relations with Cuba, after nearly sixty years of détente.<ref>{{cite news |first = Barbie Latza |last = Nadeau |url = http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/12/17/the-pope-s-diplomatic-miracle-ending-the-u-s-cuba-cold-war.html |title = The Pope's Diplomatic Miracle: Ending the U.S.–Cuba Cold War |work = The Daily Beast |date = December 17, 2014 |access-date = December 18, 2014 }}</ref> Popularly dubbed the [[Cuban Thaw]], ''[[The New Republic]]'' deemed the Cuban Thaw to be "Obama's finest foreign policy achievement."<ref>''[[The New Republic]]'', [https://newrepublic.com/article/121522/cuba-obamas-biggest-foreign-policy-success The Cuban Thaw Is Obama's Finest Foreign Policy Achievement to Date], by Joel Gillin, April 13, 2015.</ref> On July 1, 2015, President Barack Obama announced that formal diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States would resume, and embassies would be opened in Washington and [[Havana]].<ref>{{cite news |title = Obama announces re-establishment of U.S.-Cuba diplomatic ties |url = http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/01/politics/obama-note-to-castro-reestablish-ties/ |publisher = CNN |accessdate = July 1, 2015 }}</ref> The countries' respective "interests sections" in one another's capitals were upgraded to embassies on July 20 and August 13, 2015, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article27862504.html |title = United States and Cuba reestablish diplomatic relations |first = Mimi |last = Whitefield |work = The Miami Herald |date = July 20, 2015 |accessdate = July 19, 2015 }}</ref> Obama visited Havana, Cuba for two days in March 2016, becoming the first sitting U.S. President to arrive since [[Calvin Coolidge]] in 1928.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Julie Hirschfeld Davis |author2=Damien Cave |date = March 21, 2016 |title = Obama Arrives in Cuba, Heralding New Era After Decades of Hostility |work = The New York Times |page = A1 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/21/world/americas/obama-arrives-in-cuba.html }}</ref> ====Africa==== Obama spoke in front of the [[African Union]] in [[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia, on July 29, 2015, the first sitting U.S. president to do so. He gave a speech encouraging the world to increase economic ties via investments and trade with the continent, and lauded the progresses made in [[Education in Africa|education]], infrastructure, and [[Economy of Africa|economy]]. He also criticized the lack of democracy and leaders who refuse to step aside, discrimination against minorities ([[LGBT]] people, religious groups and ethnicities), and corruption. He suggested an intensified [[democratization]] and free trade, to significantly improve the quality of life for Africans.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Lee |first1 = Carol E. |title = Obama Becomes First U.S. President to Address African Union |url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/obama-becomes-first-u-s-president-to-address-african-union-1438090849 |work = The Wall Street Journal |accessdate = July 29, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Remarks by President Obama to the People of Africa |url = https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/07/28/remarks-president-obama-people-africa |publisher = The White House |accessdate = July 29, 2015 }}</ref> During his July 2015 trip, Obama also was the first U.S. president ever to [[United States presidential visits to Sub-Saharan Africa|visit]] Kenya, which is the homeland of his father.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Ferris |first1 = Sarah |title = Obama: Proud to be first U.S. president to visit Kenya |url = http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/249189-obama-proud-to-be-first-us-president-to-visit-kenya |work = [[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |accessdate = July 30, 2015 }}</ref> ====Hiroshima speech==== On May 27, 2016, 2½ months before the 71st anniversary of [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|the U.S. atomic bombing of Hiroshima]] that ended [[World War II]], Obama became the first sitting American president to visit [[Hiroshima]], Japan. Accompanied by Japanese Prime Minister [[Shinzō Abe|Shinzo Abe]], Obama paid tribute to the victims of the bombing at the [[Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-36395350|title=President Obama visits Hiroshima|website=BBC News|access-date=June 19, 2016}}</ref> ====Russia==== [[File:Obama meeting with Trump 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Obama meets with President-elect [[Donald Trump]] at the White House, November 10, 2016.]] {{see also|Russia–United States relations#Obama's tenure (2009–2017)}} After [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|Russia's invasion of Crimea]] in 2014, [[Russian military intervention in Syria|military intervention]] in Syria in 2015, and the [[2016 United States election interference by Russia|interference in the 2016 presidential election]]<ref name="ftelect">{{cite news| url=https://www.ft.com/content/c596c0a8-a278-11e6-82c3-4351ce86813f | newspaper=The FT| title=US election: The Russia factor: Officials say Moscow's interference is unprecedented. Has the Kremlin achieved its goal? | date=November 4, 2016}}</ref> in the [[United States presidential election, 2016|2016 U.S. presidential election]], Obama's Russia policy was widely seen as a failure.<ref name="friedmnyt">{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/05/opinion/lets-get-putins-attention.html?_r=0 | newspaper=The New York Times| title=Let's Get Putin's Attention | date=October 5, 2016}}</ref> [[George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen|George Robertson]], a former UK defense secretary and NATO secretary-general, said that Obama had "allowed Putin to jump back on the world stage and test the resolve of the West", adding that the legacy of this disaster would last.<ref name="obexit">{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/07/world/europe/europeans-view-obamas-exit-with-a-mix-of-admiration-and-regret.html | newspaper=The New York Times| title=Europeans View Obama's Exit With a Mix of Admiration and Regret | date=November 6, 2016}}</ref> ===Cultural and political image=== {{Main article|Public image of Barack Obama}} {{See also|International reaction to the United States presidential election, 2008|International reactions to the United States presidential election, 2012}} [[File:Official portrait of Barack Obama.jpg|thumb|upright|Obama's first term presidential portrait (2009)|alt=First official presidential portrait of Barack Obama, wearing a black suit with a blue tie and American flag lapel pin, indoors with the American flag and the flag of the President draped in the background]]<!--Per [[Wikipedia:Image#Location]] "Do not place images on the left at the start of any section or subsection"--> Obama's family history, upbringing, and [[Ivy League]] education differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the [[civil rights movement]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Wallace-Wells |first=Benjamin |title=The Great Black Hope: What's Riding on Barack Obama? |date=November 2004 |work=Washington Monthly |url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0411.wallace-wells.html |accessdate=April 7, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513153556/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2004/0411.wallace-wells.html |archivedate=May 13, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }} See also:{{cite news|first=Janny |last=Scott |title=A Member of a New Generation, Obama Walks a Fine Line |date=December 28, 2007 |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/28/america/obama.php |work=International Herald Tribune |accessdate=April 7, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117005009/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/28/america/obama.php |archivedate=January 17, 2008 }}</ref> Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is "black enough", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the [[National Association of Black Journalists]] that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong."<ref>{{cite news |first = Les |last = Payne |title = In One Country, a Dual Audience |format = paid archive |date = August 19, 2007 |url = http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/1322008241.html?dids=1322008241:1322008241&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |work = Newsday |place = New York |accessdate = April 7, 2008 }}</ref> Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: "I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation."<ref>{{cite news |first = Mike |last = Dorning |title = Obama Reaches Across Decades to JFK |format = paid archive |date = October 4, 2007 |url = http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1353513781.html?dids=1353513781:1353513781&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+4%2C+2007&author=Mike+Dorning |work = Chicago Tribune |accessdate = April 7, 2008 }} See also:{{cite news |first = Toby |last = Harnden |title = Barack Obama is JFK Heir, Says Kennedy Aide |date = October 15, 2007 |url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1565992/Barack-Obama-is-JFK-heir%2C-says-Kennedy-aide.html |work = The Daily Telegraph |place = London |accessdate = April 7, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080515071852/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1565992/Barack-Obama-is-JFK-heir%2C-says-Kennedy-aide.html |archivedate = May 15, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref> Obama is frequently referred to as an exceptional orator.<ref name="exceptional orator" /> During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama has delivered a series of weekly Internet video addresses.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.youtube.com/user/ChangeDotGov |title = YouTube&nbsp;– ChangeDotGov's Channel |publisher = YouTube |accessdate = April 18, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100220004338/http://www.youtube.com/user/ChangeDotGov|archivedate=February 20, 2010 }}</ref> Former presidential campaign surrogate and Georgetown professor, [[Michael Eric Dyson]], is both critical and sympathetic of President Obama's leadership in race relations, indicating that Obama's speeches and action on racial disparity and justice have been somewhat reactive and reluctant when, especially in the later part of his second term, racial violence demanded immediate presidential action and conversation.<ref>Dyson, Michael Eric. (2016). The Black Presidency: Barack Obama and the Politics of Race in America. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 275. {{ISBN|978-0-544-38766-9}}.</ref> [[File:Gallup Poll-Approval Rating-Barack Obama.svg|thumb|right|Presidential Approval Ratings]] According to the [[Gallup Organization]], Obama began his presidency with a 68% approval rating<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.gallup.com/poll/113962/obama-starts-job-approval.aspx |title = Obama Starts With 68% Job Approval |publisher = Gallup.com |date = January 24, 2009 |accessdate = June 19, 2011 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110616021142/http://www.gallup.com/poll/113962/Obama-Starts-Job-Approval.aspx |archivedate = June 16, 2011 }}</ref> before gradually declining for the rest of the year, and eventually bottoming out at 41% in August 2010,<ref>{{cite news |url = http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2011/04/obama-hits-low-point-in-gallup-poll/1 |title = Obama hits low point in Gallup Poll&nbsp;– 41% |work = USA Today |date = April 15, 2011 |accessdate = June 19, 2011 }}</ref> a trend similar to [[Ronald Reagan]]'s and [[Bill Clinton]]'s first years in office.<ref>{{cite web |author = Jon Terbush |url = http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2010/12/approval-by-numbers-how-obama-compares-to-past-presidents.php |title = Approval By Numbers: How Obama Compares To Past Presidents |publisher = Tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com |date = December 9, 2010 |accessdate = June 19, 2011 }}</ref> He experienced a small poll bounce shortly after the [[death of Osama bin Laden]] on May 2, 2011. This bounce lasted until around June 2011, when his approval numbers dropped back to where they were previously.<ref>{{cite news |last = Oliphant |first = James |date = May 11, 2011 |url = http://articles.latimes.com/2011/may/11/news/la-pn-obama-bounce-20110511 |title = Bin Laden bounce? New poll shows jump in Obama approval |work = [[Los Angeles Times]] |accessdate = June 7, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1 = Balz |first1 = Dan |last2 = Cohen |first2 = John |date = June 6, 2011 |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-loses-bin-laden-bounce-romney-on-the-move-among-gop-contenders/2011/06/06/AGT5wiKH_story.html |title = Obama loses bin Laden bounce; Romney on the move among GOP contenders |work = The Washington Post |publisher = Nash Holdings LLC |accessdate = June 7, 2011 }}</ref> His approval ratings rebounded around the same time as his reelection in 2012, with polls showing an average job approval of 52% shortly after his second inauguration.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.gallup.com/poll/124922/Presidential-Job-Approval-Center.aspx |title = Presidential Job Approval Center |publisher = Gallup.com |accessdate = June 23, 2015 }}</ref> Despite approval ratings dropping to 39% in late-2013 due to the ACA roll-out, they climbed to 50% in January 2015 according to Gallup.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.gallup.com/poll/113980/Gallup-Daily-Obama-Job-Approval.aspx |title = Gallup Daily: Obama Job Approval |date = January 22, 2015 |accessdate = March 23, 2015 |website = Gallup Polling }}</ref> Polls showed strong support for Obama in other countries both before and during his presidency.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/09/09/2360240.htm |title = World wants Obama as president: poll |agency = Reuters |date = September 9, 2008 |publisher = ABC News }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Wike|first1=Richard|last2=Poushter|first2=Jacob|last3=Zainulbhai|first3=Hani|title=As Obama Years Draw to Close, President and U.S. Seen Favorably in Europe and Asia|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2016/06/29/as-obama-years-draw-to-close-president-and-u-s-seen-favorably-in-europe-and-asia/|website=Global Attitudes & Trends|publisher=Pew Research Center|accessdate=23 February 2017|date=29 June 2016}}</ref> In a February 2009 poll conducted in Western Europe and the U.S. by [[Harris Interactive]] for [[France 24]] and the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'', Obama was rated as the most respected world leader, as well as the most powerful.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/06/world/americas/06iht-poll.4.19983290.html |title = Poll shows Obama atop list of most respected |last = Freed |first = John C. |date = February 6, 2009 |work = The New York Times |accessdate = January 22, 2012 }}</ref> In a similar poll conducted by Harris in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/29/world/europe/29iht-poll.html |title = Obama Most Popular Leader, Poll Finds |date = May 29, 2009 |work = The New York Times |accessdate = January 22, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Obama remains a popular symbol of hope |url = http://www.france24.com/en/20090529-obama-remains-popular-symbol-hope-harris-interactive-poll-world-leaders |date = June 2, 2009 |publisher = [[France 24]] |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110513050036/http://www.france24.com/en/20090529-obama-remains-popular-symbol-hope-harris-interactive-poll-world-leaders |archivedate = May 13, 2011 |accessdate = January 22, 2012 }}</ref> [[File:G8 leaders watching football.jpg|thumb|G8 leaders watching the [[2012 UEFA Champions League Final]]|alt=Prime Minister David Cameron of the United Kingdom, President Barack Obama, Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany, José Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission, President François Hollande of France and others react emotionally while watching the overtime shootout of the Chelsea vs. Bayern Munich [[2012 UEFA Champions League Final|Champions League final]], in the Laurel Cabin conference room during the G8 Summit at Camp David, Maryland, May 19, 2012. Cameron raises his arms triumphantly as the Chelsea team wins their first Champions League title in the overtime shootout.]] Obama won [[Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album|Best Spoken Word Album]] [[Grammy Award]]s for abridged [[audiobook]] versions of ''[[Dreams from My Father]]'' in February 2006 and for ''[[The Audacity of Hope]]'' in February 2008.<ref>{{cite news |author = Goodman, Dean |date = February 10, 2008 |title = Obama or Clinton? Grammys go for Obama |agency = Reuters |url = http://www.reuters.com/article/musicNews/idUSN0852813420080210 |accessdate = November 24, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081219070404/http://www.reuters.com/article/musicNews/idUSN0852813420080210 |archivedate = December 19, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref> His [[Barack Obama presidential primary campaign, 2008#New Hampshire|concession speech]] after the New Hampshire primary was set to music by independent artists as the music video "[[Yes We Can (will.i.am song)|Yes We Can]]", which was viewed 10&nbsp;million times on YouTube in its first month<ref>{{cite news |url = http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article3491460.ece |title = Celebrities join YouTube revolution |last = Strange |first = Hannah |date = March 5, 2008 |work = The Times |place = London |accessdate = December 18, 2008 }} {{subscription required}}</ref> and received a [[Daytime Emmy Award]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/soundboard/2008/06/emmys-give-knuc.html |title = Emmys give knuckle bump to will.i.am; more videos on the way |last = Wappler |first = Margaret |date = June 20, 2008 |work = Los Angeles Times blogs |accessdate = January 26, 2012 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516090327/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/soundboard/2008/06/emmys-give-knuc.html |archivedate = May 16, 2011 }}</ref> In December 2008 and in 2012, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine named Obama as its [[Time Person of the Year|Person of the Year]].<ref>{{cite web |last = Scherer |first = Michael |url = http://poy.time.com/2012/12/19/person-of-the-year-barack-obama/ |title = 2012 Person of the Year: Barack Obama, the President |work = Time |date = December 19, 2012 |accessdate = December 19, 2012 }}</ref> The 2008 awarding was for his historic candidacy and election, which ''Time'' described as "the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments".<ref>{{cite news|last=Von Drehle |first=David |title=Why History Can't Wait |url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/2008/personoftheyear/article/0,31682,1861543_1865068,00.html |work=Time |date=December 16, 2008 |accessdate=December 17, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217223841/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2008/personoftheyear/article/0%2C31682%2C1861543_1865068%2C00.html |archivedate=December 17, 2008 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> On May 25, 2011, Obama became the first President of the United States to address both houses of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|UK Parliament]] in [[Westminster Hall]], London. This was only the fifth occurrence since the start of the 20th century, of a head of state being extended this invitation, following [[Charles de Gaulle]] in 1960, [[Nelson Mandela]] in 1996, [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] in 2002 and [[Pope Benedict XVI]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |author = Barack Obama |url = http://www.newstatesman.com/2011/05/nations-rights-world-united |title = Full transcript -- Speech to UK Parliament |work = New Statesman |date = May 25, 2011 |accessdate = June 14, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/palace/westminsterhall/key-dates-wesminster-hall/keydates20th-topresent/ |title = 20th century to the present day |publisher = Parliament of the United Kingdom |date = April 21, 2010 |accessdate = June 14, 2014 }}</ref> <!-- NOTE: Please read the talk page to note the ongoing discussion, and also please use citation templates or expanded footnoting when citing. Raw URLs are less desirable. Thanks --> On October 9, 2009, the [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]] announced that Obama had won the [[2009 Nobel Peace Prize]] "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples".<!--See [[WP:EGG]] before attempting to hide this link!--><ref name="nobel peace prize">{{cite web |url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2009/ |title = The Nobel Peace Prize 2009 |publisher = Nobel Foundation |accessdate = October 9, 2009 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091010170600/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2009/ |archivedate = October 10, 2009 |deadurl = no }}</ref> Obama accepted this award in [[Oslo]], Norway on December 10, 2009, with "deep gratitude and great humility."<ref name="CNN: Obama acceptance transcript">{{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/12/10/obama.transcript/index.html |title = Obama: 'Peace requires responsibility' |publisher = CNN |date = December 10, 2009 |accessdate = May 21, 2011 }}</ref> The award drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.<ref>{{cite news |last = Philp |first = Catherine |title = Barack Obama's peace prize starts a fight |place = London |work = The Times |date = October 10, 2009 |url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6868905.ece |accessdate = October 10, 2009 }}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author = Samuelsohn, Darren |agency = Greenwire |url = https://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2009/10/09/09greenwire-obama-wins-nobel-prize-in-part-for-confronting-55250.html |title = Obama Wins Nobel Prize in Part for Confronting 'Great Climatic Challenges' |work = The New York Times |date = October 9, 2009 |accessdate = April 18, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100415013852/http://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2009/10/09/09greenwire-obama-wins-nobel-prize-in-part-for-confronting-55250.html |archivedate = April 15, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author = Sharon Otterman |title = World Reaction to a Nobel Surprise |newspaper = The New York Times |date = October 9, 2009 |url = http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/09/world-reaction-to-a-nobel-surprise/?hp#bozoanchor |accessdate = October 9, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.reuters.com/article/GCA-BarackObama/idUKTRE5983AM20091009?virtualBrandChannel=11621&sp=true |title = Obama Peace Prize win has Americans asking why? |agency = Reuters |accessdate = October 9, 2009 |date = October 9, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/33237202/ |title = Obama: Nobel Peace Prize 'a call to action'&nbsp;– Politics&nbsp;– White House |publisher = MSNBC |accessdate = September 13, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSTRE5981JK20091009?sp=true |title = Obama is surprise winner of Nobel Peace Prize |accessdate = October 9, 2009 |date = October 9, 2009 |agency = Reuters }}</ref><ref name=whr1>{{cite web |url = https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-winning-nobel-peace-prize |title = Remarks by the President on Winning the Nobel Peace Prize |accessdate = September 13, 2014}}</ref> Obama's peace prize was called a "stunning surprise" by ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/10/world/10nobel.html |work = The New York Times |title = Surprise Nobel for Obama Stirs Praise and Doubts |author = Steven Erlanger |date = October 10, 2009 |accessdate = May 20, 2010 }}</ref> Obama is the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/10/09/us.nobel.presidents/ |title = Obama's win unique among presidents |publisher = CNN |date = October 9, 2009 }}</ref> Obama's Nobel Prize has been viewed skeptically in subsequent years, especially after the director of the Nobel Institute, [[Geir Lundestad]], said Obama's Peace Prize did not have the desired effect.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Taylor |first1 = Adam |title = Obama's Nobel peace prize didn't have the desired effect, former Nobel official reveals |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/09/17/obamas-nobel-peace-prize-didnt-have-the-desired-effect-former-nobel-official-reveals/ |work = The Washington Post |accessdate = February 4, 2016 }}</ref> ==Post-presidency== [[File:Barack Obama at Trump inauguration.jpg|thumb|Obama at Trump inauguration on January 20, 2017]] Barack Obama's presidency ended at noon on January 20, 2017, immediately following the [[Inauguration of Donald Trump|inauguration]] of his Republican successor, [[Donald Trump]]. After the inauguration, Obama lifted off on [[Executive One]], circled the White House, and flew to [[Joint Base Andrews]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Korte|first=Gregory|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/01/20/obamas-last-hours-leave-note-plan-future/96829330/|title=Inside Barack Obama's final hours in the White House|work=USA Today|date=January 20, 2017}}</ref> The family rented a house in [[Kalorama, Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/05/25/politics/obama-kalorama-washington-dc-leases-house/|title=Peek inside Obama's post-presidential pad|last=Kosinski|first=Michelle |author2=Daniella Diaz |date=27 May 2016|publisher=CNN|accessdate=22 January 2017}}</ref> During the [[Democratic National Committee chairmanship election, 2017|2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election]], the Obama administration pushed for Tom Perez to run against Keith Ellison and President Barack Obama personally called DNC members to vote for Perez.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Carter|first1=Zach|last2=Marans|first2=Daniel|title=Obama All But Endorses Tom Perez Against Keith Ellison For DNC Chair|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/obama-keith-ellison-dnc_us_585460a1e4b0b3ddfd8cd1b5|website=Huffington Post|date=16 December 2016}}</ref> On March 2, 2017, the [[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]] awarded the annual [[Profile in Courage Award]] to Obama "for his enduring commitment to democratic ideals and elevating the standard of political courage."<ref>{{cite web|title=Former President Barack H. Obama Announced as Recipient of 2017 John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/About-Us/News-and-Press/Press-Releases/2017-Profile-in-Courage-Award.aspx|website=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum|publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum|accessdate=8 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408015950/https://www.jfklibrary.org/About-Us/News-and-Press/Press-Releases/2017-Profile-in-Courage-Award.aspx|archivedate=8 April 2017|date=2 March 2017}}</ref> On April 24, 2017, in his first public appearance out of office, Obama appeared at a seminar at the [[University of Chicago]] aimed at the engagement with a new generation as well as an appeal for their participation in politics.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/24/us/politics/obama-chicago.html?_r=0|title=Obama Steps Back Into Public Life, Trying to Avoid One Word: Trump|date=April 24, 2017|publisher=The New York Times|first=Michael D.|last=Shear}}</ref> On May 4, 2017, three days ahead of the [[French presidential election, 2017|French presidential election]], Obama endorsed [[Emmanuel Macron]]: "He appeals to people’s hopes and not their fears, and I enjoyed speaking to Emmanuel recently to hear about his independent movement and his vision for the future of France."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2017/05/04/obama-endorses-emmanuel-macron-237974|title= Obama endorses Macron in French election|date=May 4, 2017|publisher=Politico}}</ref> Macron went on to win the election. On May 9, 2017, Obama delivered a speech urging for election participation and research during a food innovation summit in [[Milan, Italy]], saying in part, "if you don't vote and you don't pay attention, you'll get policies that don't reflect your interest."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2017/05/09/obama-you-get-the-politicians-you-deserve-238150|title=Obama: 'You get the politicians you deserve'|date=May 9, 2017|publisher=Politico}}</ref> While in [[Berlin]] on May 25, Obama made a joint public appearance with Chancellor Merkel where he stressed inclusion and for leaders to question themselves, Obama having been formally invited to Berlin while still in office as part of an effort to boost Merkel's re-election campaign.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2017/05/25/obama-in-berlin-angela-merkel-238806 |title=Obama in Berlin: 'We can’t hide behind a wall'|first=Edward-Isaac|last=Dovere|publisher=Politico|date=May 25, 2017}}</ref> Obama traveled to [[Kensington Palace]] in [[England]] and met with [[Prince Harry]] on May 27, 2017; Obama tweeted afterward that the two discussed their foundations and offering condolences in the wake of the [[2017 Manchester Arena bombing|Manchester Arena bombing]] that occurred five days prior.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/335406-obama-visits-prince-harry-at-kensington-palace|title=Obama visits Prince Harry at Kensington Palace|first=Brooke|last=Seipel|date=May 27, 2017|publisher=The Hill}}</ref> On June 1, after President Trump announced his withdrawal of the United States from the [[Paris Agreement]], Obama released a statement disagreeing with the choice: "But even in the absence of American leadership; even as this administration joins a small handful of nations that reject the future; I'm confident that our states, cities, and businesses will step up and do even more to lead the way, and help protect for future generations the one planet we've got."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/01/politics/obama-paris-climate/|title=Obama pans Trump withdrawal from climate deal|first=MJ|last=Lee|date=June 1, 2017|publisher=CNN}}</ref> Barack Obama gave a public speech in Montreal on June 6, 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/the-environment-inequality-trump-what-will-obama-talk-about-in-montreal|title=Obama delivers message of hope to Montreal audience|first=Allison|last=Hanes|date=June 7, 2017|publisher=Montreal Gazette|accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref> After the [[2017 Congressional baseball shooting|Congressional baseball shooting]], Obama telephoned Senator [[Jeff Flake]] to express condolences for the victims and to request Flake inform House Majority Whip [[Steve Scalise]], injured during the shooting, of his sentiments for him.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.politico.com/story/2017/06/14/barack-obama-jeff-flake-congress-baseball-shooting-239559|title=Obama reaches out to Sen. Flake after shooting|date=June 14, 2017|first=Elana|last=Schor|publisher=Politico}}</ref> On June 22, after Senate Republicans revealed the Better Care Reconciliation Act of 2017, their discussion draft of a health care bill to replace the Affordable Care Act, Obama released a Facebook post calling the bill "a massive transfer of wealth from middle-class and poor families to the richest people in America."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/339035-obama-slams-fundamental-meanness-at-the-core-of-senate-healthcare-bill|title=Obama slams 'fundamental meanness' of Senate healthcare bill|date=June 22, 2017|first=Max|last=Greenwood|publisher=The Hill}}</ref> ===Presidential library=== {{Main article|Barack Obama Presidential Center}} The Obama Presidential Center is the planned [[presidential library]] of Barack Obama. The center will be hosted by the [[University of Chicago]], and will be located in [[Jackson Park (Chicago)|Jackson Park]] on the [[South Side, Chicago|South Side]] of Chicago, Illinois. Once completed, it will become the 14th site in the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]'s presidential library system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barackobamafoundation.org/pages/presidential-library-faqs|title=Obama Foundation FAQs|publisher=Barack Obama Foundation}}</ref> ==Legacy== Obama's most significant legacy is generally considered to be the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]], provisions of which went into effect from 2010 to 2020. Together with the [[Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act]] amendment, it represents the most significant regulatory overhaul of the [[Health care in the United States|U.S. healthcare system]] since the passage of [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] and [[Medicaid]] in 1965.<ref name = "legacy">{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/video/obama-legacy-recovery-recession-affordable-care-act-44927003|title=Obama Legacy Will Be Recovery from Recession, Affordable Care Act|date=January 20, 2017|work=ABC News|accessdate=15 March 2017}}</ref> [[File:Job Growth by U.S. President - v1.png|thumb|right|250px|Job growth during the presidency of Obama compared to predecessors, as measured as cumulative percentage change from month after inauguration to end of term.]] Many commentators credit Obama with averting a threatened depression and pulling the country out of the "[[Great Recession]]".<ref name="legacy"/> According to the [[U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics]], the [[Obama administration]] created 11.3 million jobs from the month after the [[first inauguration of Barack Obama]] to the end of his term.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Long|first1=Heather|title=Final tally: Obama created 11.3 million jobs|url=http://money.cnn.com/2017/01/06/news/economy/obama-over-11-million-jobs/|work=CNN Money|date=6 January 2017}}</ref> In 2009, President Obama signed into law the [[National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010]], which contained in it the [[Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act]], the first addition to existing federal hate crime in the United States since Democratic President [[Bill Clinton]] signed into law the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996. The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act expanded [[Hate crime laws in the United States|existing federal hate crime laws in the United States]] to apply to crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability, and dropped the prerequisite that the victim be engaging in a federally protected activity. In 2010, President Obama signed into effect the [[Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act]]. Passed as a response to the [[financial crisis of 2007–08]], it brought the most significant changes to [[financial regulation]] in the United States since the regulatory reform that followed the [[Great Depression]] under Democratic President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/barack-obama-legacy/12/|title=Barack Obama's Legacy: Dodd-Frank Wall Street reform|work=CBS News|accessdate=15 March 2017}}</ref> In 2011, the [[Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010]] went into effect, bringing an end to "[[don't ask, don't tell]]" policy in the US armed forces that banned open service from [[Lesbian, gay and bisexual|LGB]] people. Obama succeeded in allowing open military service for LGB people in the US armed forces where his Democratic predecessor, US President Bill Clinton, had failed to do so; the [[Clinton administration]] having instead enacted the compromise "don't ask, don't tell" policy. In 2016, the [[Obama administration]] brought an end to the ban on [[transgender]] people serving openly in the US armed forces.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://dailycaller.com/2017/01/06/obamas-military-a-legacy-of-unparalleled-social-change/|title=Obama's Military: A Legacy Of Unparalleled Social Change|last=Bennett|first=Jonah|date=January 6, 2017|work=Daily Caller|accessdate=15 March 2017}}</ref><ref name=TransBan1 /> President Obama continued the [[drone strikes]] that President [[George W. Bush]] started during his presidency in [[Afghanistan]], [[Iraq]], [[Pakistan]], [[Somalia]], and [[Yemen]]. Obama also ordered drone strikes in [[Libya]] in 2011, the [[Philippines]] in 2012, and [[Syria]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Reimann|first1=Jakob|title=False hope, broken promises: Obama's belligerent legacy|url=https://roarmag.org/essays/obama-legacy-war-conflict-peace/|website=[[ROAR Magazine]]|accessdate=11 March 2017|date=January 11, 2017}}{{Unreliable source?|date=March 2017}}</ref> Obama left about 9,800 US troops in [[Afghanistan]], 5,262 US troops in Iraq, 503 US troops in Syria, 133 US troops in Pakistan, 106 US troops in Somalia, 7 US troops in Yemen, and 2 US troops in Libya at the end of his presidency.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Parsons|first1=Christi|last2=Hennigan|first2=W. J.|title=President Obama, who hoped to sow peace, instead led the nation in war|url=http://www.latimes.com/projects/la-na-pol-obama-at-war/|work=Los Angeles Times|date=January 13, 2017}}</ref><ref>[https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/appj/dwp/dwp_reports.jsp DOD Personnel ]</ref> According to [[Pew Research Center]] and [[United States Bureau of Justice Statistics]], from December 31, 2009 to December 31, 2015, that inmates sentenced in US federal custody declined by 5% under US President Obama. This is the largest decline in sentenced inmates in US federal custody since Democrat US President [[Jimmy Carter]]. By contrast, the federal prison population increased significantly under US president Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gramlich|first1=John|title=Federal prison population fell during Obama's term, reversing recent trend|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/05/federal-prison-population-fell-during-obamas-term-reversing-recent-trend/|website=Pew Research Center|date=5 January 2017}}</ref> A 2017 [[C-SPAN]] Presidential Historians Survey ranked Obama as the 12th best US president.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2017/?page=overall|title= Total Scores/Overall Rankings|work=Presidential Historians Survey|year=2017|publisher=C-SPAN|accessdate=March 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Von Drehle|first1=David|title=Barack Obama Ranked 12th Best U.S. President Ever in Major Survey of Historians|url=http://time.com/4674300/cspan-presidents-rank-2017/|publisher=''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''|accessdate=February 18, 2017|date=February 17, 2017}}</ref> ==See also== {{Portal|Barack Obama|Government of the United States|2010s}} {{Wikipedia books|Barack Obama}} * [[United States Senate career of Barack Obama]] (2005 - 2008) * [[Presidency of Barack Obama]] ** [[First 100 days of Barack Obama's presidency]] ** [[Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2009)]] ** [[Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2010)]] ** [[Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2011)]] ** [[Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2012)]] ** [[Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2013)]] ** [[Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2014)]] ** [[Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2015)]] ** [[Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2016)]] ** [[Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama (2017)]] ===Books written=== * [[Dreams from My Father]], 1995 * [[The Audacity of Hope]], 2006 * [[Of Thee I Sing (book)|Of Thee I Sing]], 2010 ===Politics=== * [[Political positions of Barack Obama]] * [[Social policy of Barack Obama]] * [[DREAM Act]] * [[Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986]] * [[List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama]] * [[Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012]] * [[Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009]] * [[National Broadband Plan (United States)]] * [[Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy]] * [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] * [[SPEECH Act]] * [[Stay with It]] * [[Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010]] * [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]] * [[White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy]] ===Other=== * [[Speeches of Barack Obama]] * [[Barack Obama Presidential Center]] * [[Roberts Court]] ===Lists=== * [[Assassination threats against Barack Obama]] * [[List of people pardoned by Barack Obama]] * [[List of federal political scandals in the United States#2009–2017 Barack Obama Administration|Federal political scandals, 2009–17]] * [[List of Barack Obama presidential campaign endorsements, 2008]] * [[List of Barack Obama presidential campaign endorsements, 2012]] * [[List of African-American United States Senators]] * [[List of things named after Barack Obama]] ==Notes and references== ===Notes=== {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name="birth-certificate">{{cite web |date = April 27, 2011 |title = Certificate of Live Birth: Barack Hussein Obama II, August 4, 1961, 7:24&nbsp;pm, Honolulu |work = Department of Health, State of Hawaii |publisher = The White House |url = https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf |accessdate = March 11, 2017 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170303062746/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf |archivedate = March 3, 2017 }}</ref> <ref name="Christian">* {{cite web|year=2009 |title=American President: Barack Obama |publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia |url=http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama |accessdate=January 23, 2009 |quote=Religion: Christian |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123091100/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama |archivedate=January 23, 2009 |deadurl=yes |df= }} * {{cite web|title=The Truth about Barack's Faith |publisher=Obama for America |url=http://www.fightthesmears.com/file_download/2/baracksfaith.pdf |accessdate=July 1, 2012 |archivedate=January 5, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105040018/http://www.fightthesmears.com/file_download/2/baracksfaith.pdf }} * {{cite news|author=Miller, Lisa |date=July 18, 2008 |title=Finding his faith |work=Newsweek |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/145971 |accessdate=February 4, 2010 |quote=He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206163704/http://www.newsweek.com/id/145971 |archivedate=February 6, 2010 |deadurl=no }} * {{cite news|author=Barakat, Matthew |agency=Associated Press |date=November 17, 2008 |title=Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized; D.C. churches have started extending invitations to Obama and his family |publisher=MSNBC |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27775757 |accessdate=January 20, 2009 |quote=The United Church of Christ, the denomination from which Obama resigned when he left Wright's church, issued a written invitation to join a UCC denomination in Washington and resume his connections to the church. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124004315/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/27775757 |archivedate=January 24, 2009 |deadurl=no }} * {{cite web|date=January 20, 2009 |title=Barack Obama, long time UCC member, inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President |publisher=United Church of Christ |url=http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html |accessdate=January 21, 2009 |quote=Barack Obama, who spent more than 20 years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125002304/http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html |archivedate=January 25, 2009 |deadurl=no }} * {{cite news|author=Sullivan, Amy |date=June 29, 2009 |title=The Obama's find a church home&nbsp;– away from home |work=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1907610,00.html |accessdate=February 5, 2010 |quote=instead of joining a congregation in Washington, D.C., he will follow in George W. Bush's footsteps and make his primary place of worship Evergreen Chapel, the nondenominational church at Camp David. }} * {{cite news|author=Kornblut, Anne E. |date=February 4, 2010 |title=Obama's spirituality is largely private, but it's influential, advisers say |newspaper=The Washington Post |page=A6 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/03/AR2010020303619.html |accessdate=February 5, 2010 |quote=Obama prays privately&nbsp;... And when he takes his family to Camp David on the weekends, a Navy chaplain ministers to them, with the daughters attending a form of Sunday school there. }}</ref> <ref name="Occidental">{{cite news|author=Gordon, Larry |date=January 29, 2007 |title=Occidental recalls 'Barry' Obama |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |page=B1 |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29 |accessdate=May 12, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524102944/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29 |archivedate=May 24, 2010 }} * {{cite news|author=Possley, Maurice |date=March 30, 2007 |title=Activism blossomed in college |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |page=20 |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive,0,1533921.story |accessdate=May 12, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009204342/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive%2C0%2C1533921.story |archivedate=October 9, 2010 |deadurl=no |df= }} * {{cite news|author=Kovaleski, Serge F. |date=February 9, 2008 |title=Old friends say drugs played bit part in Obama's young life |newspaper=The New York Times |page=A1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/us/politics/09obama.html?pagewanted=all |accessdate=May 12, 2010 }} * {{cite news|author=Rohter, Larry |date=April 10, 2008 |title=Obama says real-life experience trumps rivals' foreign policy credits |newspaper=The New York Times |page=A18 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/us/politics/10obama.html |accessdate=May 12, 2010 }} * {{cite news|author=Adam Goldman |author2=Robert Tanner |agency=Associated Press |date=May 15, 2008 |title=Old friends recall Obama's years in LA, NYC |work=USA Today |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2008-05-15-3144401415_x.htm |accessdate=May 12, 2010 }} * {{cite news|author=Helman, Scott |date=August 25, 2008 |title=Small college awakened future senator to service (subscription archive) |newspaper=The Boston Globe |page=1A |url=http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/2008/08/25/small_college_awakened_future_senator_to_service/?page=full |accessdate=May 12, 2010 }} * {{cite news|author=Jackson, Brooks |date=June 5, 2009 |title=More 'birther' nonsense: Obama's 1981 Pakistan trip |publisher=FactCheck.org |url=http://www.factcheck.org/2009/06/more-birther-nonsense-obamas-1981-pakistan-trip |accessdate=May 12, 2010 }} * {{cite book |author = Remnick, David |year = 2010 |title = [[The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama]] |place = New York |publisher = Alfred A. Knopf |pages = 98–112 |isbn = 978-1-4000-4360-6 }} * Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 92–112. * Mendell (2007), pp. 55–62.</ref> <ref name="Juris Doctor">{{cite news |author = Adams, Richard |date = May 9, 2007 |title = Barack Obama |newspaper = The Guardian |place = London |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/09/barackobama.uselections20081 |accessdate = October 26, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081013083027/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/may/09/barackobama.uselections20081 |archivedate = October 13, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref> <ref name="Fellow">{{cite magazine |author = Merriner, James L. |date = June 2008 |title = The friends of O |magazine = Chicago |volume = 57 |issue = 6 |pages = 74–79, 97–99 |issn = 0362-4595 |url = http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2008/Obamas-Chicago-Posse/The-Friends-of-O/index.php?cp=2&si=1 |accessdate = January 30, 2010 }} * {{cite news |author = Zengerle, Jason |date = July 30, 2008 |title = Con law; What the University of Chicago right thinks of Obama |work = The New Republic |volume = 239 |issue = 1 |pages = 7–8 |url = http://www.tnr.com/article/con-law?id=86dd0277-c6ee-4e3c-83e9-0bb468c5c40d&p=1 |accessdate = January 30, 2010 }} * {{cite news |author = Kantor, Jodi |date = July 30, 2008 |title = Teaching law, testing ideas, Obama stood slightly apart |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A1 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/30/us/politics/30law.html?pagewanted=all |accessdate = January 30, 2010 }} * {{cite news |author = Gray, Steven |date = September 10, 2008 |title = Taking professor Obama's class |work = Time |url = http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1835238-2,00.html |accessdate = January 30, 2010 }} * {{cite news |author = Starr, Alexandra |date = September 21, 2008 |title = Case study |magazine = The New York Times Magazine |page = 76 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/21/magazine/21obama-t.html?pagewanted=all |accessdate = January 30, 2010 }} * {{cite news |author = Hundley, Tom |date = March 22, 2009 |title = Ivory tower of power |magazine = Chicago Tribune Magazine |page = 6 |url = http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2009-03-22/features/0903200725_1_barack-obama-story-chicago-school-harvard-law |accessdate = January 30, 2010 }}</ref> <ref name="Forty">{{cite book |editor = White, Jesse |year = 2000 |title = Illinois Blue Book, 2000, Millennium ed. |page = 83 |place = Springfield, IL |publisher = Illinois Secretary of State |url = http://www.sos.state.il.us/bb/toc.html |archivedate = April 16, 2004 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20040416120057/http://www.sos.state.il.us/bb/sec4_71_132.pdf |oclc = 43923973 |accessdate = June 6, 2008 }} * {{cite news |author = Jarrett, Vernon |date = August 11, 1992 |title = 'Project Vote' brings power to the people |work = Chicago Sun-Times |page = 23 |format = paid archive |url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(Vernon%20Jarrett)%20AND%20date(8/11/1992%20to%208/11/1992)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=8/11/1992%20to%208/11/1992)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(Vernon%20Jarrett)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |accessdate = June 6, 2008 }} * {{cite news |author = Reynolds, Gretchen |date = January 1993 |title = Vote of confidence |work = Chicago Magazine |volume = 42 |issue = 1 |pages = 53–54 |issn = 0362-4595 |url = http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/January-1993/Vote-of-Confidence |accessdate = June 6, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080514183643/http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/January-1993/Vote-of-Confidence |archivedate = May 14, 2008 |deadurl = no }} * {{cite news |author = Anderson, Veronica |date = October 3, 1993 |title = 40 under Forty: Barack Obama, Director, Illinois Project Vote |newspaper = Crain's Chicago Business |volume = 16 |issue = 39 |page = 43 |issn = 0149-6956 }}</ref> <ref name="DavisMiner">{{cite news|author=Robinson, Mike |agency=Associated Press |date=February 20, 2007 |title=Obama got start in civil rights practice |newspaper=The Boston Globe |url=http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2007/02/20/obama_got_start_in_civil_rights_practice |accessdate=June 15, 2008 }} * {{cite news|author=Pallasch, Abdon M. |date=December 17, 2007 |title=As lawyer, Obama was strong, silent type; He was 'smart, innovative, relentless,' and he mostly let other lawyers do the talking |newspaper=Chicago Sun-Times |page=4 |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(Pallasch)_AND_date(12/17/2007_to_12/17/2007)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=December_17,_2007_to_12/17/2007)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(Pallasch)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |accessdate=June 15, 2008 }}{{subscription required}} * {{cite news|author=Morain, Dan |date=April 6, 2008 |title=Obama's law days effective but brief |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |page=A14 |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2008/apr/06/nation/na-obamalegal6 |accessdate=February 14, 2010 }} * {{cite news|date=June 27, 1993 |title=Document |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |page=9 (Business) |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24302659.html?dids=24302659:24302659&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |accessdate=June 15, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204190346/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/doc/283584889.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT&type=current&date=&author=&pub=&edition=&startpage=&desc= |archivedate=December 4, 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}{{subscription required}} * {{cite news|date=July 5, 1993 |title=Business appointments |newspaper=Chicago-Sun-Times |page=40 |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(Business%20appointments)%20AND%20date(7/5/1993%20to%207/5/1993)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=7/5/1993%20to%207/5/1993)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(Business%20appointments)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |accessdate=June 15, 2008 }}{{subscription required}} * {{cite news|author=Ripley, Amanda |date=November 3, 2004 |title=Obama's ascent |work=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,750742,00.html |accessdate=February 13, 2010 }} * {{cite web|year=2008 |title=About us |url=http://www.lawmbg.com/index.cfm/PageID/2711 |publisher=Miner, Barnhill & Galland&nbsp;– Chicago, Illinois |accessdate=June 15, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720182856/http://www.lawmbg.com/index.cfm/PageID/2711 |archivedate=July 20, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }} * {{cite news|author=Reardon, Patrick T. |date=June 25, 2008 |title=Obama's Chicago |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |page=1 (Tempo) |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/travel/chi-obama-chicago-htmlstory,0,506256.htmlstory |accessdate=February 13, 2010 }} * Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 438–439. * Mendell (2007), pp. 104–106.</ref> <ref name="Democratic primary">{{cite web|url=http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2000/ilh.htm |title=Federal Elections 2000: U.S. House Results&nbsp;– Illinois |publisher=[[Federal Election Commission]] |accessdate=April 24, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328011936/http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2000/ilh.htm |archivedate=March 28, 2008 |deadurl=no }} * {{cite news|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14502364 |title=Obama's Loss May Have Aided White House Bid |author=Gonyea, Dan |date=September 19, 2007 |publisher=NPR |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218211819/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14502364 |archivedate=February 18, 2011 }} * {{cite news|first=Janny |last=Scott |title=A Streetwise Veteran Schooled Young Obama |date=September 9, 2007 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/09/us/politics/09obama.html |work=The New York Times |accessdate=April 20, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321122541/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/09/us/politics/09obama.html |archivedate=March 21, 2008 |deadurl=no }} * {{cite news|first=Edward |last=McClelland |title=How Obama Learned to Be a Natural |date=February 12, 2007 |url=http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/02/12/obama_natural/ |work=Salon |accessdate=April 20, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308133402/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2007/02/12/obama_natural/ |archivedate=March 8, 2008 |deadurl=no }} * {{cite news|first=Richard |last=Wolffe |author2=Daren Briscoe |title=Across the Divide |date=July 16, 2007 |work=Newsweek |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/33156 |accessdate=April 20, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418014600/http://www.newsweek.com/id/33156 |archivedate=April 18, 2008 |deadurl=no |df= }} * {{cite news|first=Scott |last=Helman |title=Early Defeat Launched a Rapid Political Climb |date=October 12, 2007 |url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/10/12/early_defeat_launched_a_rapid_political_climb/ |work=The Boston Globe |accessdate=April 20, 2008 }} * {{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2007-10-24-3157940059_x.htm |title=Obama learned from failed Congress run |work=USA Today |author=Wills, Christopher |date=October 24, 2007 |accessdate=November 15, 2010 }}</ref> <ref name="Rose Garden">{{cite web |author = Office of the Press Secretary |date = October 2, 2002 |title = President, House leadership agree on Iraq resolution |publisher = The White House |url = http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/10/20021002-7.html |accessdate = February 18, 2008 }} * {{cite news |author = Tackett, Michael |date = October 3, 2002 |title = Bush, House OK Iraq deal; Congress marches with Bush |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 1 |url = http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/203569641.html?dids=203569641:203569641&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |accessdate = February 3, 2008 }}{{subscription required}}</ref> <ref name="Federal Plaza">{{cite news |author = Glauber, Bill |date = October 3, 2003 |title = War protesters gentler, but passion still burns |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 1 |url = http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/203569621.html?dids=203569621:203569621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |accessdate = February 3, 2008 }}{{subscription required}} * {{cite news |author = Strausberg, Chinta |date = October 3, 2002 |title = War with Iraq undermines U.N |newspaper = Chicago Defender |page = 1 |url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-220379051.html |quote = Photo caption: Left Photo: Sen. Barack Obama along with Rev. Jesse Jackson spoke to nearly 3,000 anti-war protestors (below) during a rally at Federal Plaza Wednesday. |accessdate = October 28, 2008 }} * {{cite web |author = Katz, Marilyn |date = October 2, 2007 |title = Five years since our first action |publisher = Chicagoans Against War & Injustice |url = http://www.noiraqwar-chicago.org/?p=127 |accessdate = February 18, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721192331/http://www.noiraqwar-chicago.org/?p=127 |archivedate = July 21, 2011 }} * {{cite news |author = Greg Bryant |author2 = Jane B. Vaughn |date = October 3, 2002 |title = 300 attend rally against Iraq war |newspaper = Daily Herald |page = 8 |url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ADHB&p_theme=adhb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_text_search-0=300%20AND%20attend%20AND%20rally%20AND%20against%20AND%20Iraq%20AND%20war&s_dispstring=300%20attend%20rally%20against%20Iraq%20war%20AND%20date(10/3/2002%20to%2010/3/2002)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=10/3/2002%20to%2010/3/2002)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |accessdate = October 28, 2008 }}{{subscription required}} * Mendell (2007), pp. 172–177.</ref> <ref name="spoke out">{{cite web |author = Obama, Barack |date = October 2, 2002 |title = Remarks of Illinois State Sen. Barack Obama against going to war with Iraq |url = http://www.barackobama.com/2002/10/02/remarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080130204029/http://www.barackobama.com/2002/10/02/remarks_of_illinois_state_sen.php |archivedate = January 30, 2008 |publisher = Barack Obama |accessdate = February 3, 2008 }} * {{cite news |author = McCormick, John |date = October 3, 2007 |title = Obama marks '02 war speech; Contender highlights his early opposition in effort to distinguish him from his rivals |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 7 |url = http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1351610621.html?dids=1351610621:1351610621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |quote = The top strategist for Sen. Barack Obama has just 14 seconds of video of what is one of the most pivotal moments of the presidential candidate's political career. The video, obtained from a Chicago TV station, is of Obama's 2002 speech in opposition to the impending Iraq invasion. |accessdate = October 28, 2008 }}{{Subscription required}} * {{cite news |author = Pallasch, Abdon M. |date = October 3, 2007 |title = Obama touts anti-war cred; Kicks off tour 5 years after speech critical of going to Iraq |newspaper = Chicago Sun-Times |page = 26 |url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=headline(Obama%20touts%20anti-war%20cred)%20AND%20date(all)&p_field_advanced-0=title&p_text_advanced-0=(Obama%20touts%20anti-war%20cred)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |accessdate = October 28, 2008 }}{{subscription required}}</ref> <ref name="stop the war">{{cite news |author = Ritter, Jim |date = March 17, 2003 |newspaper = Chicago Sun-Times |page = 3 |title = Anti-war rally here draws thousands |url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=headline(Anti-war%20rally%20here%20draws%20thousands)%20AND%20date(all)&p_field_advanced-0=title&p_text_advanced-0=(Anti-war%20rally%20here%20draws%20thousands)Êl_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:DÊl_useweights=no |accessdate = February 3, 2008 }} {{subscription required}} * {{cite press release |author = Office of the Press Secretary |date = March 16, 2003 |title = President Bush: Monday 'moment of truth' for world on Iraq |publisher = The White House |url = http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030316-3.html |accessdate = February 18, 2008 }}</ref> <ref name="future">{{cite news |author = Mendell, David |date = March 17, 2004 |title = Obama routs Democratic foes; Ryan tops crowded GOP field; Hynes, Hull fall far short across state |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 1 |url = http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-03-17/news/0403170332_1_blair-hull-gery-chico-blacks-and-liberal-whites |accessdate = March 1, 2009 }} * {{cite news |author = Davey, Monica |date = March 18, 2004 |title = As quickly as overnight, a Democratic star is born |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A20 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/18/us/as-quickly-as-overnight-a-democratic-star-is-born.html?pagewanted=all |accessdate = March 1, 2009 }} * {{cite news |author = Howlett, Debbie |date = March 19, 2004 |title = Dems see a rising star in Illinois Senate candidate |newspaper = USA Today |page = A04 |url = http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/2004-03-18-obama-usat_x.htm |accessdate = March 1, 2009 }} * {{cite news |author = Scheiber, Noam |date = May 31, 2004 |title = Race against history. Barack Obama's miraculous campaign |work = The New Republic |volume = 230 |issue = 20 |pages = 21–22, 24–26 (cover story) |url = http://www.tnr.com/article/race-against-history-0 |accessdate = March 24, 2009 }} * {{cite news |author = Finnegan, William |date = May 31, 2004 |title = The Candidate. How far can Barack Obama go? |work = The New Yorker |volume = 20 |issue = 14 |pages = 32–38 |url = http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/05/31/040531fa_fact1?currentPage=all |accessdate = March 24, 2009 }} * {{cite news |author = Dionne Jr., E.J. |date = June 25, 2004 |title = In Illinois, a star prepares |newspaper = The Washington Post |page = A29 |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A4062-2004Jun24.html |accessdate = March 24, 2009 }} * {{cite news |author = Scott, Janny |date = May 18, 2008 |title = The story of Obama, written by Obama |newspaper = The New York Times |page = A1 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/us/politics/18memoirs.html?pagewanted=all |accessdate = January 9, 2010 }} * Mendell (2007), pp. 235–259.</ref> <ref name="status">{{cite news |date=August 2, 2004 |title=Star Power. Showtime: Some are on the rise; others have long been fixtures in the firmament. A galaxy of bright Democratic lights |work=Newsweek |pages=48–51 |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/54728/output/print |accessdate=November 15, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218014146/http://www.newsweek.com/id/54728/output/print |archivedate=December 18, 2008 |deadurl=no }} * {{cite news |author=Samuel, Terence |date=August 2, 2004 |title=A shining star named Obama. How a most unlikely politician became a darling of the Democrats |work=U.S. News & World Report |page=25 |url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/040802/2obama.htm |accessdate=November 15, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206100640/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/040802/2obama.htm |archivedate=December 6, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }} * {{cite news |author=Lizza, Ryan |date=September 2004 |title=Why is Barack Obama generating more excitement among Democrats than John Kerry? |work=The Atlantic Monthly |pages=30, 33 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200409/lizza |accessdate=November 15, 2008 }} * {{cite news |author=Davey, Monica |date=July 26, 2004 |title=A surprise Senate contender reaches his biggest stage yet |newspaper=The New York Times |page=A1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/26/us/the-speaker-a-surprise-senate-contender-reaches-his-biggest-stage-yet.html |accessdate=November 25, 2010 }} * {{cite news |author=Leibovich, Mark |date=July 27, 2004 |title=The other man of the hour |work=The Washington Post |page=C1 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A16606-2004Jul26.html |accessdate=November 15, 2008 }} * {{cite news |author=Milligan, Susan |date=July 27, 2004 |title=In Obama, Democrats see their future |work=The Boston Globe |page=B8 |url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2004/07/27/in_obama_democrats_see_their_future/ |accessdate=November 15, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218181835/http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2004/07/27/in_obama_democrats_see_their_future/ |archivedate=December 18, 2008 |deadurl=no }} * {{cite news |author=Seelye, Katharine Q. |date=July 28, 2004 |title=Illinois Senate nominee speaks of encompassing unity |newspaper=The New York Times |page=A1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/28/politics/campaign/28blacks.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060624052131/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/28/politics/campaign/28blacks.html |archivedate=June 24, 2006}} * {{cite news |author=Broder, David S. |date=July 28, 2004 |title=Democrats focus on healing divisions; Addressing convention, newcomers set themes |work=The Washington Post |page=A1 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A17865-2004Jul27.html |accessdate=November 15, 2008}} * {{cite news |author=Jonathan Bing |author2=Pamela McClintock |date=July 29, 2004 |title=Auds resist charms of Dem stars |work=Variety |page=1 |url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117908388.html |accessdate=November 15, 2008}} * Mendell (2007), pp. 272–285.</ref> <ref name="margin">{{cite news |year = 2005 |title = America Votes 2004: U.S. Senate / Illinois |publisher = CNN |url = http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/IL/S/01/index.html |accessdate = April 13, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080416061340/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004//pages/results/states/IL/S/01/index.html |archivedate = April 16, 2008 |deadurl = no }} * {{cite news |author = Slevin, Peter |date = November 13, 2007 |title = For Obama, a handsome payoff in political gambles |newspaper = The Washington Post |page = A3 |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/12/AR2007111201945.html |accessdate = April 13, 2008 }} * {{cite news |author = John Chase |author2 = David Mendell |date = November 3, 2004 |title = Obama scores a record landslide |newspaper = Chicago Tribune |page = 1 |url = http://www.noticiasdot.com/publicaciones/2004/1104/0311/noticias031104/presidenciales-usa/images/usa/chicago_tribune/chicago_tribune_031104.pdf |accessdate = April 3, 2009 }} * {{cite news |author = Fornek, Scott |date = November 3, 2004 |title = Obama takes Senate seat in a landslide |newspaper = Chicago Sun-Times |page = 6 |url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1553596.html |accessdate = April 3, 2009 }}</ref> * {{cite news |first = Tom |last = Curry |title = What Obama's Senate Votes Reveal |date = February 21, 2008 |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23276453/ |publisher = MSNBC |accessdate = June 25, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080513135618/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23276453/ |archivedate = May 13, 2008 |deadurl = no }} * {{cite news |url = http://nj.nationaljournal.com/voteratings/ |title = Obama: Most Liberal Senator In 2007 |work = National Journal |date = January 31, 2008 |accessdate = June 25, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080627040734/http://nj.nationaljournal.com/voteratings/? |archivedate = June 27, 2008 |deadurl = no }} <ref name="transition period">{{cite news |url = http://www.reuters.com/article/politicsNews/idUSTRE4AF1MJ20081116 |title = Obama resigns Senate seat, thanks Illinois |accessdate = March 10, 2009 |date = November 16, 2008 |agency = Reuters |author = Mason, Jeff }}</ref> * {{cite news |url = http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1859020,00.html |title = Obama to Resign Senate Seat on Sunday |accessdate = November 22, 2008 |date = November 13, 2008 |work = Time |author = Sidoti, Liz |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081122143031/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1859020,00.html |archivedate = November 22, 2008 |deadurl = no }} <ref name="nuclear terrorism">{{cite press release |title = Obama, Schiff Provision to Create Nuclear Threat Reduction Plan Approved |date = December 20, 2007 |url = http://obama.senate.gov/press/071220-obama_schiff_pr/ |publisher = Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154751/http://obama.senate.gov/press/071220-obama_schiff_pr/ |archivedate = December 18, 2008 }}</ref> <ref name="Kenyan">{{cite news|first=Christina |last=Larson |title=Hoosier Daddy: What Rising Democratic Star Barack Obama Can Learn from an Old Lion of the GOP |date=September 2006 |url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.larson.html |work=Washington Monthly |accessdate=April 27, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430232404/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.larson.html |archivedate=April 30, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }} * {{cite news|first=Chuck |last=Goudie |title=Obama Meets with Arafat's Successor |date=January 12, 2006 |url=http://a.abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/local&id=3806933 |publisher=WLS-TV |location=Chicago |accessdate=April 27, 2008 }} * {{cite news|title=Obama Slates Kenya for Fraud |date=August 28, 2006 |url=http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_1989646,00.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605213213/http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0%2C%2C2-11-1447_1989646%2C00.html |archivedate=June 5, 2008 |publisher=News24 |location=Cape Town |accessdate=April 27, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }} * {{cite news|first=Chris |last=Wamalwa |title=Envoy Hits at Obama Over Graft Remark |date=September 2, 2006 |url=http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957666 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010050740/http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957666 |archivedate=October 10, 2007 |work=The Standard (Nairobi) |accessdate=April 27, 2008 }} * {{cite news|first=Vincent |last=Moracha |author2=Mangoa Mosota |title=Leaders Support Obama on Graft Claims |date=September 4, 2006 |url=http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957752 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007115436/http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143957752 |archivedate=October 7, 2007 |work=The Standard |location=Nairobi }}</ref> <ref name="allocation">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1738331,00.html |title=The Five Mistakes Clinton Made |author=Tumulty, Karen |author-link=Karen Tumulty |work=Time |date=May 8, 2008 |accessdate=November 11, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211125310/http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0%2C8599%2C1738331%2C00.html |archivedate=December 11, 2008 |deadurl=no |df= }} * {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/us/politics/08recon.html |title=The Long Road to a Clinton Exit |author=Peter Baker |author2=Jim Rutenberg |work=The New York Times |date=June 8, 2008 |accessdate=November 29, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209030041/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/us/politics/08recon.html |archivedate=December 9, 2008 |deadurl=no }}</ref> <ref name="delegates">{{cite news |author = Baldwin, Tom |title = Hillary Clinton: 'Barack is my candidate' |url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/us_elections/article4616719.ece |work = The Times |location = London |date = August 27, 2008 |accessdate = August 27, 2008 }}{{subscription required}} * {{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/28/us/politics/28DEMSDAY.html?pagewanted=all |title = Obama Wins Nomination as Biden and Bill Clinton Rally the Party |work = The New York Times |author = Nagourney, Adam |date = August 27, 2008 |accessdate = August 27, 2008 }}</ref> <ref name="acceptance">{{cite news |title = Obama accepts Democrat nomination |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7586375.stm |publisher = BBC News |date = August 29, 2008 |accessdate = August 29, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080828234350/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7586375.stm |archivedate = August 28, 2008 |deadurl = no }} * {{cite news |url = http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2008/0829/soaring-speech-from-obama-plus-some-specifics |title = Soaring speech from Obama, plus some specifics |work = The Christian Science Monitor |author = Marks, Alexandra |date = August 29, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100314121702/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2008/0829/soaring-speech-from-obama-plus-some-specifics |archivedate = March 14, 2010 }}</ref> <ref name="small donations">{{cite news|first=Jim |last=Malone |title=Obama Fundraising Suggests Close Race for Party Nomination |date=July 2, 2007 |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2007-07/2007-07-02-voa52.cfm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914032004/http://voanews.com/english/archive/2007-07/2007-07-02-voa52.cfm |archivedate=September 14, 2007 |publisher=Voice of America }} * {{cite news|first=Jeanne |last=Cummings |title=Small Donors Rewrite Fundraising Handbook |date=September 26, 2007 |url=http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=3ECB3515-3048-5C12-004D622CB6F4E214 |work=Politico |accessdate=January 14, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201140941/http://dyn.politico.com/printstory.cfm?uuid=3ECB3515-3048-5C12-004D622CB6F4E214 |archivedate=February 1, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }} * {{cite news|first=Emily |last=Cadei |title=Obama Outshines Other Candidates in January Fundraising |date=February 21, 2008 |url=http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=news-000002674309 |publisher=CQ Politics |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613213513/http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=news-000002674309 |archivedate=June 13, 2008 }}</ref> <ref name="presidential debates">{{cite press release |url = http://www.debates.org/pages/news_111907.html |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080706070658/http://www.debates.org/pages/news_111907.html |archivedate = July 6, 2008 |title = Commission on Presidential Debates Announces Sites, Dates, Formats and Candidate Selection Criteria for 2008 General Election |publisher = [[Commission on Presidential Debates]] |date = November 19, 2007 }} * {{cite news |accessdate = July 6, 2008 |url = http://www.courant.com/topic/ |title = Gun Ruling Reverberates |work = [[Hartford Courant]] |date = June 27, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080705225819/http://www.courant.com/topic/ |archivedate = July 5, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref> <ref name="electoral votes">{{cite news |publisher = MSNBC |accessdate = February 20, 2009 |date = November 4, 2008 |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27531033/ |title = Barack Obama elected 44th president |author = Johnson, Alex |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090220052714/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27531033/ |archivedate = February 20, 2009 |deadurl = no }} * {{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/president/ |title = CNN Electoral Map Calculator&nbsp;– Election Center 2008 |publisher = CNN |year = 2008 |accessdate = December 14, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081212014309/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/president/ |archivedate = December 12, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref> <ref name="direct assistance">{{cite news |url = http://stimulus.org/ |title = Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget, Stimulus Watch |accessdate = April 9, 2011 }} * {{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/17/obama.stimulus.remarks/ |title = Obama's remarks on signing the stimulus plan |accessdate = February 17, 2009 |publisher = CNN |date = February 17, 2009 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090220074825/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/17/obama.stimulus.remarks/ |archivedate = February 20, 2009 |deadurl = no }}</ref> <ref name="markets opened">{{cite news |title = U.S. Expands Plan to Buy Banks' Troubled Assets |date = March 23, 2009 |work = The New York Times |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/24/business/economy/24bailout.html |first1 = Edmund L. |last1 = Andrews |first2 = Eric |last2 = Dash |accessdate = April 12, 2010 }} * {{cite news |title = Wall Street soars 7% on bank plan debut |date = March 23, 2009 |agency = Reuters |url = http://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSTRE52H2FA20090323?feedType=RSS&feedName=businessNews }}</ref> <ref name="preceding administration">{{cite news|title=Biden vows break with Bush era foreign policy |url=http://www.canada.com/news/unveils+changes+foreign+policy/1265065/story.html |accessdate=January 31, 2013 |first1=Ross |last1=Colvin |first2=Noah |last2=Barkin |publisher=Canada.com |location=Toronto |date=February 7, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106164443/http://www.canada.com/news/unveils%2Bchanges%2Bforeign%2Bpolicy/1265065/story.html |archivedate=November 6, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }} * {{cite news|first=Kim |last=Ghattas |title=Clinton's gaffes and gains on tour |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7931699.stm |accessdate=June 15, 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=March 8, 2009 }}</ref> <ref name="middleeast">{{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/06/04/egypt.obama.speech |title = Obama in Egypt reaches out to Muslim world |date = June 4, 2009 |publisher = CNN |accessdate = January 30, 2011 }}</ref> * {{cite news |first = Jeff |last = Zeleny |first2 = Alan |last2 = Cowell |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/05/world/middleeast/05prexy.html |title = Addressing Muslims, Obama Pushes Mideast Peace |work = The New York Times |date = June 4, 2009 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110331161401/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/05/world/middleeast/05prexy.html|archivedate=March 31, 2011 }} * {{cite web |url = http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/The-President-in-the-Middle-East/ |title = The President in the Middle East |date = June 3, 2009 |first = Jesse |last = Lee |publisher = The White House |accessdate = June 4, 2009 |archiveurl = http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090702022523/http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/The-President-in-the-Middle-East/ |archivedate = July 2, 2009 |deadurl = no }} <ref name="counterinsurgency tactics">{{cite news |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/11/AR2009051101864.html |title = Top U.S. Commander in Afghanistan Is Fired |date = May 12, 2009 |work = The Washington Post }} * {{cite news |url = http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/05/13/new-commander-brings-counterinsurgency-experience-afghanistan/ |title = New U.S. Commander Brings Counterinsurgency Experience to Afghanistan |date = May 13, 2009 |publisher = Fox News Channel }}</ref> <ref name="exceptional orator">{{cite news |url = http://www.theage.com.au/world/a-classic-orator-obama-learnt-from-the-masters-20081129-6nf1.html |title = Obama: Oratory and originality |last = Holmes |first = Stephanie |date = November 30, 2008 |accessdate = December 11, 2008 |work = The Age |location = Melbourne |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218154747/http://www.theage.com.au/world/a-classic-orator-obama-learnt-from-the-masters-20081129-6nf1.html |archivedate = December 18, 2008 |deadurl = no }} * {{cite news |url = http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/mar2008/sb2008033_156351.htm |title = How to Inspire People Like Obama Does |last = Gallo |first = Carmine |date = March 3, 2008 |accessdate = February 21, 2009 |work = Bloomberg BusinessWeek |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226003326/http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/mar2008/sb2008033_156351.htm |archivedate = February 26, 2009 |deadurl = no }} * {{cite news |url = http://www.thestar.com/living/article/551538 |title = New emotion dubbed 'elevation' |date = December 11, 2008 |work = Toronto Star |accessdate = December 11, 2008 |first = Diana |last = Zlomislic |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081212193736/http://www.thestar.com/living/article/551538 |archivedate = December 12, 2008 |deadurl = no }} * {{cite news |title = Obama Is America's Third Greatest Presidential Orator in Modern Era |url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-greene/obama-is-americas-3rd-gre_b_813868.html |date = January 25, 2011 |first = Richard |last = Greene |work = [[The Huffington Post]] |accessdate = July 2, 2011 }}</ref> <ref name="in Jakarta">{{cite web |title = Obama's Indonesian Redux |url = http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1025 |author = Zimmer, Benjamin |year = 2009 |accessdate = March 12, 2009 |publisher = Language Log |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090303094040/http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1025 |archivedate = March 3, 2009 |deadurl = no }} * {{cite news |url = http://cetak.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/11/26/00223862/obama.saya.kangen.nasi.goreng.bakso.dan.rambutan |title = Obama: Saya Kangen Nasi Goreng, Bakso, dan Rambutan |work = [[Kompas]] |date = November 26, 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081203010718/http://cetak.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/11/26/00223862/obama.saya.kangen.nasi.goreng.bakso.dan.rambutan |archivedate = December 3, 2008 |language = id }}</ref> <ref name="corruption charges">{{cite news |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/16/AR2006121600729.html |title = Obama says he regrets land deal with fundraiser |work = The Washington Post |date = December 17, 2006 |accessdate = June 10, 2008 |last = Slevin |first = Peter }} * {{cite news |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24973282/ |title = Rezko found guilty in corruption case |accessdate = June 24, 2008 |date = June 4, 2008 |agency = Associated Press |publisher = MSNBC |last = Robinson |first = Mike |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080607025656/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24973282/ |archivedate = June 7, 2008 |deadurl = no }}</ref> <ref name="social change">Obama (2006), pp. 202–208. Portions excerpted in: {{cite news|first=Barack |last=Obama |title=My Spiritual Journey |date=October 16, 2006 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1546579,00.html |work=Time |accessdate=April 28, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430051154/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1546579%2C00.html |archivedate=April 30, 2008 |deadurl=no |df= }} * {{cite web|url=http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628-call_to_renewal/ |title='Call to Renewal' Keynote Address |accessdate=June 16, 2008 |last=Obama |first=Barack |date=June 28, 2006 |publisher=Barack Obama: U.S. Senator for Illinois |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104231501/http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628-call_to_renewal/ |archivedate=January 4, 2009 }}</ref> <ref name="Trinity">{{cite news |last1 = Garrett |first1 = Major |last2 = Obama |first2 = Barack |date = March 14, 2008 |title = Obama talks to Major Garrett on 'Hannity & Colmes' |publisher = RealClearPolitics |url = http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/03/obama_talks_to_major_garrett_o.html |accessdate = November 10, 2012 |quote = Major Garrett, Fox News correspondent: So the first question, how long have you been a member in good standing of that church? Sen. Barack Obama (D-IL), presidential candidate: You know, I've been a member since 1991 or '92. And&nbsp;– but I have known Trinity even before then when I was a community organizer on the South Side, helping steel workers find jobs&nbsp;... Garrett: As a member in good standing, were you a regular attendee of Sunday services? Obama: You know, I won't say that I was a perfect attendee. I was regular in spurts, because there was times when, for example, our child had just been born, our first child. And so we didn't go as regularly then. }} * {{cite news |agency = Associated Press |date = April 29, 2008 |title = Obama strongly denounces former pastor |publisher = MSNBC |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24371827/ |accessdate = November 10, 2012 |quote = I have been a member of Trinity United Church of Christ since 1992, and have known Reverend Wright for 20 years," Obama said. "The person I saw yesterday was not the person that I met 20 years ago. }} * {{cite news |last = Miller |first = Lisa |date = July 11, 2008 |title = Finding his faith |work = Newsweek |url = http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/07/11/finding-his-faith.html |accessdate = November 10, 2012 |quote = He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago. |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130720055213/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/07/11/finding-his-faith.html |archivedate = July 20, 2013 |deadurl = yes }} * {{cite book |last = Remnick |first = David |year = 2010 |title = [[The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama]] |location = New York |publisher = Alfred A. Knopf |page = <span class="plainlinks">[https://books.google.com/books?id=F6HAasv2v-4C&pg=PA177 177]</span> |isbn = 978-1-4000-4360-6 |quote = In late October 1987, his third year as an organizer, Obama went with Kellman to a conference on the black church and social justice at the Harvard Divinity School. }} * Maraniss (2012), <span class="plainlinks">[https://books.google.com/books?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&pg=PT887 p. 557]</span>: It would take time for Obama to join and become fully engaged in Wright's church, a place where he would be baptized and married; that would not happen until later, during his second time around in Chicago, but the process started then, in October 1987&nbsp;... Jerry Kellman: "He wasn't a member of the church during those first three years, but he was drawn to Jeremiah." * [[Peter Baker (author)|Peter Baker]]: ''Obama: The Call of History'', New York Times/Callaway, New York, 2017, {{ISBN|0-935112-90-1}}.</ref> }} ===References=== {{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{cite book |last = Jacobs |first = Sally H. |year = 2011 |title = [[The Other Barack: The Bold and Reckless Life of President Obama's Father]] |location = New York |publisher = [[PublicAffairs]] |isbn = 978-1-58648-793-5 |ref = harv }} * {{cite book |author = [[David Maraniss|Maraniss, David]] |year = 2012 |title = [[Barack Obama: The Story]] |location = New York |publisher = [[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn = 978-1-4391-6040-4 |ref = harv }} * {{cite book |author = [[David Mendell|Mendell, David]] |year = 2007 |title = [[Obama: From Promise to Power]] |location = New York |publisher = Amistad/[[HarperCollins]] |isbn = 978-0-06-085820-9 |ref = harv }} * {{cite book |last = Obama |first = Barack |origyear = 1st. Pub. 1995 |year = 2004 |title = [[Dreams from My Father]]: A Story of Race and Inheritance |location = New York |publisher = [[Three Rivers Press]] |isbn = 978-1-4000-8277-3 |ref = harv }} * {{cite book |last = Obama |first = Barack |year = 2006 |title = [[The Audacity of Hope]]: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream |location = New York |publisher = [[Crown Publishing Group]] |isbn = 978-0-307-23769-9 |ref = harv }} * {{cite book |last = Scott |first = Janny |year = 2011 |title = [[A Singular Woman: The Untold Story of Barack Obama's Mother]] |location = New York |publisher = [[Riverhead Books]] |isbn = 978-1-59448-797-2 }} {{Refend}} ===Further reading=== {{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{cite magazine|last=Graff |first=Garrett M. |date=November 1, 2006 |title=The Legend of Barack Obama |url=http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/1836.html |magazine=Washingtonian |access-date=January 14, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214141924/http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/mediapolitics/1836.html |archivedate=February 14, 2008 }} * {{cite book |last = Koltun |first = Dave |editor-last1 = Ahuja |editor-first1 = Sunil |editor-last2 = Dewhirst |editor-first2 = Robert |year = 2005 |title = The Road to Congress 2004 |chapter = The 2004 Illinois Senate Race: Obama Wins Open Seat and Becomes National Political "Star" |location = Hauppauge, New York |publisher = Nova Science Publishers |isbn = 978-1-59454-360-9 |ref = harv }} * {{cite magazine |last = Lizza |first = Ryan |date = September 2007 |title = Above the Fray |url = http://www.gq.com/news-politics/newsmakers/200708/obama-barack-election-president |magazine = GQ |access-date = October 27, 2010 }} * {{cite magazine |last = MacFarquhar |first = Larissa |date = May 7, 2007 |title = The Conciliator: Where is Barack Obama Coming From? |url = http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/05/07/070507fa_fact_macfarquhar |magazine = The New Yorker |access-date = January 14, 2008 }} * {{cite book |last = McClelland |first = Edward |year = 2010 |title = Young Mr. Obama: Chicago and the Making of a Black President |location = New York |publisher = Bloomsbury Press |isbn = 978-1-60819-060-7 }} * {{cite news |last = Zutter |first = Hank De |date = December 8, 1995 |title = What Makes Obama Run? |url = http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/what-makes-obama-run/Content?oid=889221 |newspaper = Chicago Reader |access-date = April 25, 2015 }} {{Refend}} ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Barack Obama.ogg|2012-04-24}} {{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooks=yes|viaf=52010985}} <!-- Please keep this section brief and simple to navigate. Specific pages already referenced within the article should not be repeated here. --> ===Official=== * {{Official website}} of The Office of Barack and Michelle Obama * {{Official website|http://www.obama.org/}} of The Obama Foundation * {{Official website|https://www.obamalibrary.gov/}} of the Barack Obama Presidential Library * {{Official website|https://www.ofa.us/}} of [[Organizing for Action]] * [https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/barackobama White House biography] <!-- Do not add YouTube, MySpace, Twitter et al. There are MANY and all are linked from the campaign site. --><pre></pre> ===Other=== * Obama B. [https://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2533698 United States Health Care Reform: Progress to Date and Next Steps]. ''[[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]]''. Published online July 11, 2016. {{doi|10.1001/jama.2016.9797}}. * Teague Beckwith, Ryan (23 March 2017). "''[https://web.archive.org/web/20170331204859/http://time.com/4710841/obamacare-repeal-barack-obama-statement/ Read Barack Obama's Statement on the Anniversary of Obamacare]''". Time Magazine. Archived from [http://time.com/4710841/obamacare-repeal-barack-obama-statement/ the original] on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017. See also: Taylor, Jessica (23 March 2017). "''[http://www.npr.org/2017/03/23/521259581/obama-america-is-stronger-because-of-the-affordable-care-act Obama: 'America Is Stronger Because Of The Affordable Care Act']{{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}''". National Public Radio. Archived from [http://www.npr.org/2017/03/23/521259581/obama-america-is-stronger-because-of-the-affordable-care-act the original] on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017. * Obama B. [http://harvardlawreview.org/2017/01/the-presidents-role-in-advancing-criminal-justice-reform/ The President's Role in Advancing Criminal Justice Reform]. ''[[Harvard Law Review]]''. Published January 5, 2017. * {{Dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Government/Executive_Branch/President/POTUS_Barack_Obama}} * {{CongBio|O000167}} * {{C-SPAN|Barack Obama}} * {{ChicagoTribuneKeyword}} * [http://www.politifact.com/personalities/barack-obama/ Collected news and commentary] at the ''Tampa Bay Times's'' [[PolitiFact.com]] * [http://www.washingtonpost.com/2011/02/25/ABjfuEJ_category.html?blogId=fact-checker&tag=barack%20obama Collected news and commentary] at ''The Washington Post''{{'}}s Fact Checker blog * ''[https://archive.is/20170402202312/http://www.vox.com/2015/6/26/8849925/obama-obamacare-history-presidents Barack Obama is officially one of the most consequential presidents in American history]'' by [[Vox (website)|Vox]] author Dylan Matthews on March 24, 2017. [https://www.vox.com/2015/6/26/8849925/obama-obamacare-history-presidents Archived from the original] on March 24, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2017. The article describes the successes and failures of Barack Obama's domestic and foreign policy as well as provides articles for further reading in this context. * {{Gutenberg author | id=Obama,+Barack | name=Barack Obama}} * {{Internet Archive author | name=Barack Obama}} * {{IMDb name}} {{Barack Obama}} {{Navboxes |title = Offices and distinctions |list1 = {{s-start}} {{s-par|us-il-sen}} {{s-bef|before=[[Alice Palmer (politician)|Alice Palmer]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[Illinois Senate]]<br>from the 13th district|years=1997–2004}} {{s-aft|after=[[Kwame Raoul]]}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-bef|before=[[Carol Moseley Braun]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee for [[List of United States Senators from Illinois|U.S. Senator]] from [[Illinois]]<br>([[Classes of United States Senators|Class 3]])|years=[[United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004|2004]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Alexi Giannoulias]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Harold Ford Jr.]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Keynote Speaker of the [[Democratic National Convention]]|years=[[2004 Democratic National Convention|2004]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Mark Warner]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[John Kerry]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] [[List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets|nominee]] for President of the United States|years=[[United States presidential election, 2008|2008]], [[United States presidential election, 2012|2012]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Hillary Clinton]]}} {{s-par|us-sen}} {{s-bef|before=[[Peter Fitzgerald (politician)|Peter Fitzgerald]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of United States Senators from Illinois|United States Senator (Class 3) from Illinois]]|years=2005–2008|alongside=[[Dick Durbin]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Roland Burris]]}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[George W. 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Democrats]] [[Category:Illinois Democrats]] [[Category:American politicians of Luo descent]] [[Category:American people of Luo descent]] [[Category:American people of Irish descent]] [[Category:American people of English descent]] [[Category:American people of Scottish descent]] [[Category:American people of Welsh descent]] [[Category:American people of German descent]] [[Category:American people of Swiss descent]] [[Category:American people of French descent]] l148xopzbdm3xylcbsm0xrxqi44yh5z 0 5 10 2017-06-15T13:13:10Z 10.0.2.2 ű wikitext text/x-wiki . 6t9fg2gmch401ldtk8m7pyzz632ixbb 16 10 2017-06-23T15:36:12Z JFG 0 /* Sports events */ Restore a useful citation; copyedit; add citation for [[Tour de Trump]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{other uses}}<!-- DO NOT CHANGE without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 17. --> {{pp-move-indef}} {{pp-30-500|small=yes}} {{Use American English|date=March 2016}} {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2017}} {{Infobox president |name = Donald Trump<!-- DO NOT CHANGE the name without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 12. --> |image = Donald Trump Pentagon 2017.jpg<!-- DO NOT CHANGE without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 19. --> |order = [[List of Presidents of the United States|45th]] |office = President of the United States |vicepresident = [[Mike Pence]] |term_start = January 20, 2017 |term_end = |predecessor = [[Barack Obama]] |successor = |birth_name = Donald John Trump |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|6|14}} |birth_place = [[New York City]]<!-- DO NOT CHANGE this location without prior consensus, do not add Jamaica, Queens, NY state or US, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 2. --> |party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] (1987–1999, 2009–2011, 2012–present) |otherparty = {{plainlist| * [[Independent politician|Independent]] (2011–2012) * [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] (until 1987, 2001–2009) * [[Reform Party of the United States of America|Reform]] (1999–2001)}} |spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|[[Ivana Trump|Ivana Zelníčková]]|1977|1992}} * {{marriage|[[Marla Maples]]|1993|1999}} * {{marriage|[[Melania Trump|Melania Knauss]]|2005}}}} |children = {{flatlist| * [[Donald Trump Jr.|Donald Jr.]] * [[Ivanka Trump|Ivanka]] * [[Eric Trump|Eric]] * [[Tiffany Trump|Tiffany]] * [[Barron Trump|Barron]]<!-- DO NOT CHANGE without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 10. -->}} |relatives = ''See [[Family of Donald Trump]]'' |awards = <!-- For civilian awards - appears as "Awards" if |awards= is not set --> |residence = [[White House]] |alma_mater = [[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania|The Wharton School]] ([[Bachelor of Science|B.S.]] in [[Economics|Econ.]])<!-- DO NOT CHANGE without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 18. --> |occupation = {{plainlist| * {{unbulleted list|[[Real estate developer]]|([[The Trump Organization]])}} * {{unbulleted list|[[Television producer]]|([[The Apprentice (U.S. TV series)|''The Apprentice'']])}}}} |net_worth = {{decrease}} [[US$]]3.5&nbsp;billion (May 2017)<!-- DO NOT CHANGE without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 5. --><ref name="forbes-2017-billionaires" /> |signature = Donald Trump Signature.svg |signature_alt = Donald J Trump stylized autograph, in ink |website = {{plainlist| * {{URL|https://whitehouse.gov/administration/president-trump|White House website}} * {{URL|https://twitter.com/POTUS|Presidential Twitter}} * {{URL|https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump|Personal Twitter}}}}<!-- DO NOT CHANGE without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 9. --> }} {{Donald Trump series}} <!-- NOTE: Changes to the lede have recently been actively discussed on the talk page. Rough consensus was obtained, but things can still evolve. PLEASE DO NOT EDIT WAR. If you make a change which is reverted, please open a discussion or contribute to an existing one, per [[WP:BRD]]. Consensus items marked DO NOT CHANGE require prior discussion. --> '''Donald John Trump''' (born June 14, 1946) is the [[List of Presidents of the United States|45th]] and current [[President of the United States]], in office since [[Inauguration of Donald Trump|January 20, 2017]]. Before entering politics, he was a businessman and television personality.<!-- DO NOT CHANGE any word in the first paragraph without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 17. --> Trump was born in [[Queens]], [[New York City]], and earned an [[economics]] degree from the [[Wharton School]]. For 45 years, he managed [[The Trump Organization]], the real estate development firm founded by [[Elizabeth Christ Trump|his paternal grandmother]]. [[#Real estate business|His career]] focused on building or renovating office towers, hotels, casinos, and golf courses. He started [[#Side ventures|several side ventures]] and [[#Branding and licensing|branded various products]] with his name. He produced and hosted ''[[The Apprentice (U.S. TV series)|The Apprentice]]'' television show for 12 years. {{As of|2017}}, he was the 544th richest person in the world with an estimated net worth of $3.5&nbsp;billion.<!-- DO NOT CHANGE net worth without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 5. --> Trump had long [[#Early involvement in politics|expressed interest in politics]]; he eventually entered the [[United States presidential election, 2016|2016 presidential race]] as a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] and defeated sixteen opponents in the [[Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016|primaries]]. Scholars and commentators described [[#Political positions|his political positions]] as [[populist]], [[Protectionism in the United States|protectionist]], and [[American nationalism|nationalist]]. His campaign received extensive [[earned media|free media coverage]]. Many of his public statements were [[Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016#Controversies|controversial or false]].<!-- DO NOT CHANGE this sentence without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 7. --> Trump won the general election on November 8, 2016, in a surprise victory against [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] candidate [[Hillary Clinton]]. He became [[List of Presidents of the United States by age|the oldest]] and [[List of Presidents of the United States by net worth|wealthiest]] person ever to assume the presidency, the first without [[List of Presidents of the United States by previous experience|prior military or government service]],<!-- DO NOT CHANGE "prior military or government service" without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 8. --> and [[United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote|the fifth]] to have won the election despite losing the [[Popular vote (representative democracy)|popular vote]]. Russia was accused of [[Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections|interfering in the election]] to support his candidacy. In the first months of his [[Presidency of Donald Trump|presidency]], Trump started to reverse several policies of former President [[Barack Obama]], withdrawing the United States from the [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]] and the [[Paris Climate Agreement]], undoing parts of the [[Cuban Thaw]], and urging Congress to replace the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act|Affordable Care Act]] with the [[American Health Care Act of 2017|American Health Care Act]]. Trump appointed [[Neil Gorsuch]] to the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]]. He ordered a [[Executive Order 13769|travel ban]] on citizens from seven Muslim-majority countries, but several federal courts issued [[preliminary injunction]]s preventing its implementation. U.S. war efforts expanded in Afghanistan{{Citation needed lead|date=June 2017}}, Syria, and Yemen{{Citation needed lead|date=June 2017}}. Trump's election and certain policies were opposed in [[Protests against Donald Trump|numerous protests]]. Trump [[Dismissal of James Comey|dismissed FBI Director James Comey]], and [[Robert Mueller]] was appointed [[Special Counsel]] to investigate Russian meddling and [[Links between Trump associates and Russian officials|potential links with the Trump campaign]]. {{TOC limit|3}} == Family and personal life == === Ancestry === {{Further information|Trump family}} Trump's ancestors originated from the German village of [[Kallstadt]], [[Palatinate (region)|Palatinate]], on his father's side, and from the [[Outer Hebrides]] isles of Scotland on his mother's side. All his grandparents, and his mother, were born in Europe. His mother's grandfather was also christened "Donald".{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 19]}} Trump's paternal grandfather, [[Frederick Trump|Friedrich Trump]] (later Frederick), first emigrated to the United States in 1885 at the age of 16, and became a citizen in 1892. He amassed a fortune operating boom-town restaurants and boarding houses in the Seattle area and the [[Klondike, Yukon|Klondike]] region of Canada, during the [[Klondike Gold Rush|gold rush]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Alexander |last=Panetta |title=Donald Trump's grandfather ran Canadian brothel during gold rush |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/trump-canada-yukon-1.3235254 |publisher=[[CBC News]] |access-date=December 10, 2015 |date=September 19, 2015}}</ref> On a visit to Kallstadt, he met [[Elizabeth Christ Trump|Elisabeth Christ]] and married her in 1902. The couple settled in New York permanently in 1905.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 23–25]}} Frederick died from [[influenza]] during the [[1918 flu pandemic|1918 pandemic]].{{sfn|Blair|2015a|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ig1ZCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 5]}} Trump's father [[Fred Trump|Fred]] was born in 1905 in [[the Bronx]], and started working with his mother in real estate when he was 15, shortly after his father's death. Their company, Elizabeth Trump and Son, was primarily active in the [[Boroughs of New York City|New York boroughs]] of [[Queens]] and [[Brooklyn]]. Fred eventually built and sold thousands of houses, barracks and apartments.{{sfn|Blair|2015a|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ig1ZCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 5]}}<ref name=dad>{{cite news|last=Blair|first=Gwenda|date=August 24, 2015|title=The Man Who Made Trump Who He Is|url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/08/the-man-who-made-trump-who-he-is-121647|newspaper=[[Politico]]|access-date=July 24, 2016}}</ref> The company would later become [[The Trump Organization]] after Donald Trump took over in 1971.{{sfn|Blair|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AiFeQZhakXQC&pg=PA23 23]}} Donald's mother [[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|Mary Anne]] was born in [[Tong, Lewis]], Scotland. At age 18 in 1930, she emigrated to New York where she worked as a maid.<ref name=Pilon>{{cite news|title=Donald Trump's Immigrant Mother|first=Mary|last=Pilon|date=June 24, 2016|work=[[The New Yorker]]|url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/donald-trumps-immigrant-mother|access-date=April 2, 2017}}</ref> Fred and Mary were married in 1936 and raised their family in Queens.<ref name=Pilon /><ref>{{cite news|title=The Ancestral German Home of the Trumps|first=Sally|last=McGrane|date=April 29, 2016|work=The New Yorker|url=http://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-ancestral-german-home-of-the-trumps|access-date=April 2, 2017}}</ref> Fred's brother [[John G. Trump|John]] (Donald's uncle) became a physicist and inventor.<ref>{{cite news|author=Davidson, Amy|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/amy-davidson/donald-trumps-nuclear-uncle/amp|title=Donald Trump's Nuclear Uncle|magazine=The New Yorker|date=April 8, 2016|access-date=April 2, 2017}}</ref> === Early life and education === [[File:Donald Trump NYMA.jpg|upright|thumb|alt=A black-and-white photograph of Donald Trump as a teenager, smiling and wearing a dark uniform with various badges and a light-colored stripe crossing his right shoulder. This image was taken while Trump was in the New York Military Academy in 1964.|Trump at [[New York Military Academy]], 1964<!--18th birthday was in June 1964; graduation was in May 1964; yearbook photo was even earlier-->{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 45]}}<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.classmates.com/yearbooks/New-York-Military-Academy/32008 |title=The 75th Anniversary Shrapnel |publisher=NYMA |date=Spring 1964 |access-date=January 21, 2017 |page=107}}</ref>]] Donald Trump was born on June 14, 1946, at the Jamaica Hospital Medical Center, [[Queens]], New York City. He was the fourth of five children born to [[Fred Trump|Frederick Christ "Fred" Trump]] (1905–1999) and [[Mary Anne Trump]] (née MacLeod, 1912–2000).<ref name="Birth Certificate">[[New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene|New York City Department of Health]] (June 14, 1946). [http://abcnews.go.com/US/page?id=13248168 "Donald Trump Birth Certificate"]. ''[[ABC News]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160512232306/http://abcnews.go.com/US/page?id=13248168 Archived] from the original on May 12, 2016. Retrieved November 26, 2016. <br />Jamaica Hospital (June 14, 1946). [http://www.foxnews.com/projects/pdf/20110328125536753.pdf "Certificate of Birth: Donald John Trump"] (PDF). ''[[Fox News Channel]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110409070650/http://www.foxnews.com/projects/pdf/20110328125536753.pdf Archived] from the original on April 9, 2011. Retrieved May 31, 2016.</ref> His siblings are [[Maryanne Trump Barry|Maryanne]] (born 1937), Fred Jr. (1938–1981), Elizabeth (born 1942), and Robert (born 1948). Trump grew up in the [[Jamaica Estates]] neighborhood of Queens, New York. He attended the [[Kew-Forest School]] from kindergarten through seventh grade. At age 13, Trump's parents enrolled him in the [[New York Military Academy]], after discovering Donald made frequent trips into Manhattan without permission.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 31, 37]}}<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/young-donald-trump-military-school/2016/06/22/f0b3b164-317c-11e6-8758-d58e76e11b12_story.html|title=Confident. Incorrigible. Bully: Little Donny was a lot like candidate Donald Trump|first1=Paul|last1=Schwartzman|first2=Michael E.|last2=Miller|date=June 22, 2016|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=April 2, 2017|url-access=limited}}</ref> In August 1964, Trump entered [[Fordham University]].{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 45]}}<ref name="auto">{{cite news|first=Matt|last=Viser|title=Even in college, Donald Trump was brash|date=August 28, 2015 |newspaper=[[Boston Globe]]|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2015/08/28/donald-trump-was-bombastic-even-wharton-business-school/3FO0j1uS5X6S8156yH3YhL/story.html|access-date=April 2, 2017|archiveurl=https://secure.pqarchiver.com/boston/doc/1787830906.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT|archivedate=August 28, 2015}}</ref> He transferred to the [[Wharton School]] of the [[University of Pennsylvania]] two years later, because it offered one of the few real estate studies departments in United States academia at the time.{{sfn|Blair|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AiFeQZhakXQC&pg=PA16 16]}}<ref name="auto" /> In addition to his father, Trump was inspired by Manhattan developer [[William Zeckendorf]], vowing to be "even bigger and better".{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 47, 50, 104–105]}} While at Wharton, he worked at the family business, Elizabeth Trump and Son,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/09/03/if-donald-trump-followed-this-really-basic-advice-hed-be-a-lot-richer|title=The real reason Donald Trump is so rich|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=September 3, 2015|access-date=January 17, 2016|first=Max|last=Ehrenfreund}}</ref> graduating in May 1968 with a [[Bachelor of Science#North America|Bachelor of Science degree]] in economics.<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite web|title=The Best Known Brand Name in Real Estate|date=Spring 2007|website=[[The Wharton School]] |url=https://www.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/125anniversaryissue/trump.html|access-date=April 2, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.upenn.edu/primdocs/upg/upg7/upg7_1968.pdf|title=Two Hundred and Twelfth Commencement for the Conferring of Degrees|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|date=May 20, 1968|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719213709/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/primdocs/upg/upg7/upg7_1968.pdf|archivedate=July 19, 2016|deadurl=y}}</ref> Trump was not drafted during the [[Vietnam War]].<ref name="defer">{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-avoided-vietnam-with-deferments-records-show|title=Donald Trump avoided Vietnam with deferments, records show|date=April 29, 2011|publisher=[[CBS News]]|author=Montopoli, Brian|access-date=July 17, 2015}}</ref> While in college from 1964 to 1968, he obtained four student deferments.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-donald-trump-military-20160803-snap-htmlstory.html|title=How deferments protected Donald Trump from serving in Vietnam|last=Lee|first=Kurtis|date=August 4, 2016|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|issn=0458-3035|access-date=August 4, 2016}}</ref> In 1966, he was deemed fit for service based upon a military medical examination, and in 1968 was briefly classified as fit by a local draft board, but was given a 1-Y [[Selective Service System|medical deferment]] in October 1968,<ref name="Whitlock21July">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/questions-linger-about-trumps-draft-deferments-during-vietnam-war/2015/07/21/257677bc-2fdd-11e5-8353-1215475949f4_story.html|title=Questions linger about Trump's draft deferments during Vietnam War|last=Whitlock|first=Craig|date=July 21, 2015|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=April 2, 2017|url-access=limited}}</ref> attributed to [[calcaneal spur|heel spurs]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/09/us/politics/donald-trump-likens-his-schooling-to-military-service-in-book.html|title=Donald Trump Likens His Schooling to Military Service in Book|first=Michael|last=Barbaro|date=September 8, 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=April 2, 2017|url-access=limited}}</ref> In 1969, he received a high number in the [[Draft lottery (1969)|draft lottery]], which made him unlikely to be called.<ref name="Whitlock21July" /><ref name="RG">{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/donald-trumps-vietnam-draft-records-secret-documents-deferments/story?id=13492639|title=Donald Trump's Own Secret: Vietnam Draft Records|last=Goldman|first=Russell|date=April 29, 2011|publisher=[[ABC News]]|quote=Nor do the documents categorically suggest it was deferments and not a high draft number that ultimately allowed him to avoid the draft.|access-date=August 1, 2016}}</ref><ref name="SE">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/02/us/politics/donald-trump-draft-record.html|title=Donald Trump's Draft Deferments: Four for College, One for Bad Feet|last=Eder|first=Steve|date=August 1, 2016|last2=Philipps|first2=Dave|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|quote=Because of his medical exemption, his lottery number would have been irrelevant, said Richard Flahavan, a spokesman for the Selective Service System, who has worked for the agency for three decades&nbsp;... Still, Mr. Trump, in the interviews, said he believed he could have been subject to another physical exam to check on his bone spurs, had his draft number been called. 'I would have had to go eventually because that was a minor medical&nbsp;...' But the publicly available draft records of Mr. Trump include the letters 'DISQ' next to his exam date, with no notation indicating that he would be re-examined.|access-date=August 2, 2016|df=mdy-all|url-access=limited}}</ref> === Family === {{Main|Family of Donald Trump}} [[File:Trump Family Hand Up.jpg|left|thumb|At the January 20 [[Inauguration of Donald Trump|swearing-in]]: Trump, wife [[Melania Trump|Melania]], son [[Donald Trump Jr.|Donald Jr.]], son [[Family of Donald Trump#Barron Trump|Barron]], daughter [[Ivanka Trump|Ivanka]], son [[Eric Trump|Eric]], and daughter [[Tiffany Trump|Tiffany]]]] Trump has five children by three marriages, and has eight grandchildren.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://celebritybabies.people.com/2011/10/03/donald-trump-jr-welcomes-son-tristan-milos/ |title=Donald Trump, Jr. Welcomes Son Tristan Milos |access-date=October 5, 2011 |date=October 3, 2011 |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |last=Michaud |first=Sarah}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/03/27/trumps-daughter-ivanka-gives-birth-to-third-child.html |title=Trump's daughter, Ivanka, gives birth to third child |publisher=Fox News Channel |date=March 27, 2016 |access-date=March 28, 2016}}</ref> His first two marriages ended in widely publicized divorces.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/01/fashion/melania-trump-the-silent-partner.html |title=Melania Trump, the Silent Partner |date=October 1, 2015 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Trump married his first wife, Czech model [[Ivana Zelníčková]], on April 7, 1977, at the [[Marble Collegiate Church]] in [[Manhattan]] in a ceremony performed by the Reverend [[Norman Vincent Peale]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/magazine/2015/07/donald-ivana-trump-divorce-prenup-marie-brenner |title=After The Gold Rush |work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |first=Marie |last=Brenner |date=September 1990 |access-date=January 10, 2016}} "They were married in New York during Easter of 1977. Mayor Beame attended the wedding at Marble Collegiate Church. Donald had already made his alliance with Roy Cohn, who would become his lawyer and mentor.</ref><ref name="BarronNYT">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/06/nyregion/donald-trump-marble-collegiate-church-norman-vincent-peale.html |title=Overlooked Influences on Donald Trump: A Famous Minister and His Church |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=James |last=Barron |date=September 5, 2016 |access-date=October 13, 2016}} "Mr. Trump married his first wife, Ivana, at Marble, in a ceremony performed by one of America's most famous ministers, the Rev. Norman Vincent Peale.</ref> They had three children: son [[Donald Trump Jr.|Donald Jr.]] (born December 31, 1977), daughter [[Ivanka Trump|Ivanka]] (born October 30, 1981), and son [[Eric Trump|Eric]] (born January 6, 1984). Ivana became a naturalized United States citizen in 1988.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1899&dat=19880527&id=LiEgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YmYFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5053,3823442&hl=en |title=Ivana Trump becomes U.S. citizen |date=May 27, 1988 |access-date=August 21, 2015}}</ref> The couple divorced in 1992 following Trump's affair with actress [[Marla Maples]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/mar/16/ivana-trump-write-memoir-about-raising-us-presidents-donald-children |title=Ivana Trump to write memoir about raising US president's children |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=March 16, 2017 |access-date=May 6, 2017}}</ref> In October 1993, Maples gave birth to Trump's daughter [[Tiffany Trump|Tiffany]], named after [[Tiffany & Company]].<ref name=Slate07202016>{{cite news |last=Graham |first=Ruth |date=July 20, 2016 |title=Tiffany Trump's Sad, Vague Tribute to Her Distant Father |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2016/07/20/tiffany_trump_s_sad_vague_rnc_speech.html |newspaper= [[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |access-date=July 24, 2016}}</ref> Maples and Trump were married two months later on December 20, 1993.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.philly.com/1993-12-21/news/25943197_1_trump-wedding-marla-maples-richest-man |title=The Donald Bids Hearts For Marla Trump Wedding Draws 1,100 Friends, But Not Many Stars |work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]|location=New York |date=December 21, 1993 |access-date=August 21, 2015}}</ref> They were divorced in 1999,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20723536,00.html |title=Marla Maples Still Loves Donald Trump |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |first=Sheila |last=Cosgrove Baylis |date=August 7, 2013 |access-date=May 6, 2017}}</ref> and Tiffany was raised by her mother in California.<ref name=NYT-20161002>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/02/fashion/tiffany-the-other-trump.html |title=The Other Trump |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |first=Alessandra |last=Stanley |date=October 1, 2016 |access-date=May 6, 2017}}</ref> [[File:Donald Trump and Melania Trump at Liberty Ball Inauguration 2017.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The President and First Lady at the Liberty Ball on [[Inauguration of Donald Trump|Inauguration Day]]]] Trump married [[Slovenia|Slovene]] model [[Melania Knauss]] on January 22, 2005 at [[Bethesda-by-the-Sea]] Episcopal Church in [[Palm Beach, Florida]], followed by a reception at Trump's [[Mar-a-Lago]] estate.<ref name=Post52208>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A40186-2005Jan26.html |title=Donald Trump, Settling Down |work=[[The Washington Post]] |first=Tina |last=Brown |date=January 27, 2005 |deadurl=no |access-date=May 7, 2017}}</ref> In 2006, Melania acquired United States citizenship<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nypost.com/2015/08/16/melania-trump-would-be-a-first-lady-for-the-ages/|title=Melania Trump would be a first lady for the ages|first=Marissa|last=Charles|work=[[The New York Post]]|date=August 16, 2015|access-date=May 4, 2017}}</ref> and she gave birth to their son Barron on March 20.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Choron |first1=Harry |last2=Choron |first2=Sandy |title=Money |date=2011 |publisher=Chronicle Books |isbn=978-1-4521-0559-8 |page=251 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YEdwW78QWj0C&pg=PA251}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Donald Trump Fast Facts |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/04/us/donald-trump-fast-facts/ |access-date=March 10, 2015 |publisher=CNN |date=March 7, 2014}}</ref> Upon Trump's accession to the presidency, Melania became [[First Lady of the United States]]. Prior to his inauguration as president, Trump delegated the management of his real estate business to his two adult sons, Eric and Don Jr.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Lipton, Eric |author2=Craig, Susanne |last-author-amp=yes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/12/us/politics/eric-trump-donald-trump-jr.html|title=Trump Sons Forge Ahead Without Father, Expanding and Navigating Conflicts |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 12, 2017 |deadurl=no |access-date=May 7, 2017}}.</ref> His daughter Ivanka resigned from The Trump Organization and moved to Washington with her husband [[Jared Kushner]]. She serves as assistant to the president,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2017/03/family-affair|author=V.v.B|title=Ivanka Trump's new job|date=March 31, 2017|access-date=April 3, 2017|newspaper=The Economist|publisher=The Economist Newspaper}}</ref> while he is a [[Senior Advisor to the President of the United States|Senior Advisor]] in the White House.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Schmidt, Michael S. |author2=Lipton, Eric |author3=Savage, Charlie |last-author-amp=yes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/21/us/politics/donald-trump-jared-kushner-justice-department.html|title=Jared Kushner, Trump's Son-in-Law, Is Cleared to Serve as Adviser|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 21, 2017 |deadurl=no |access-date=May 7, 2017}}</ref> Trump's elder sister, [[Maryanne Trump Barry]], is an inactive [[Federal Appeals Court]] judge on the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|Third Circuit]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Mannion, Cara|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/888127/3rd-circ-judge-trump-s-sister-stops-hearing-cases|title=3rd Circ. Judge, Trump's Sister, Stops Hearing Cases|newspaper=[[Law360]]|date=February 3, 2017|access-date=April 2, 2017}}</ref> === Religion === Trump's ancestors were [[Lutheran]]s on his father's side in Germany{{sfn|Blair|2015b|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uJifCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 28–29]}} and [[Presbyterian]] on his mother's side in Scotland.<ref>{{cite news|author=Geoghegan, Peter|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/us/few-rooting-for-donald-trump-on-his-mother-s-scottish-island-1.2663636|title=Few rooting for Donald Trump on his mother's Scottish island|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|date=May 28, 2016|access-date=April 3, 2017}}</ref> His parents married in a Manhattan Presbyterian church in 1936.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=29}} As a child, he attended the [[First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica|First Presbyterian Church]] in Jamaica, Queens, and had his [[Confirmation]] there.<ref name="BarronNYT" /><!-- Empty reference <ref name=Shabad29Aug />--> In the 1970s, his family joined the [[Marble Collegiate Church]] (an affiliate of the [[Reformed Church in America]]) in [[Manhattan]].<ref name="WaPo.March.18.17">{{cite news|last1=Schwartzman|first1=Paul|title=How Trump got religion – and why his legendary minister's son now rejects him|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/how-trump-got-religion--and-why-his-legendary-ministers-son-now-rejects-him/2016/01/21/37bae16e-bb02-11e5-829c-26ffb874a18d_story.html|access-date=March 18, 2017|work=The Washington Post|date=January 21, 2016}}</ref> The pastor at that church, [[Norman Vincent Peale]], author of ''[[The Power of Positive Thinking]]'' and ''[[The Art of Living]]'', ministered to Trump's family and mentored him until Peale's death in 1993.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA81 81]}}<ref name="WaPo.March.18.17" /> Trump, who is Presbyterian,<ref>{{cite news|author=Glueck, Katie|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2016/12/trump-religious-dealmaking-dividends-232277|title=Trump's religious dealmaking pays dividends|newspaper=[[Politico]]|date=December 7, 2016|access-date=April 3, 2017|quote=Trump is a Presbyterian, and speculation is already underway over whether, and where, he might go to church regularly in Washington.}}</ref><ref name = unplugged>{{cite web |url=http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=42268 |title=Trump Unplugged |last=Mattera |first=Jason |date=March 14, 2011 |work=[[Human Events]] |quote=I am a Protestant. I am a Presbyterian within the Protestant group and I go to Church as much as I can.|access-date=March 16, 2011}}</ref> has cited Peale and his works during interviews when asked about the role of religion in his personal life.<ref name="WaPo.March.18.17" /> Trump participates in [[Holy Communion]], but has said that he does not ask God for forgiveness. He stated: "I think if I do something wrong, I just try and make it right. I don't bring God into that picture."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/18/politics/trump-has-never-sought-forgiveness/ |title=Trump believes in God, but hasn't sought forgiveness |first=Eugene |last=Scott |date=July 19, 2015 |publisher=CNN|access-date=April 3, 2017}}</ref> On the [[Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016|campaign trail]], Trump has referred to ''[[Trump: The Art of the Deal|The Art of the Deal]]'' as his second favorite book after the Bible, saying "Nothing beats the Bible."<ref name=Weigel11Aug>{{cite news |work=The Washington Post |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/08/11/in-michigan-trump-attacks-china-critiques-auto-bailout-and-judges-bernie-sanders-weak/ |title=In Michigan, Trump attacks China, critiques auto bailout, and judges Bernie Sanders 'weak' |date=August 11, 2015 |access-date=August 22, 2015 |first=David |last=Weigel}}</ref> In a 2016 speech to [[Liberty University]], he referred to "Two Corinthians" instead of "[[Second Corinthians]]", eliciting chuckles from the audience.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Allen |first1=Nick |title=Donald Trump faces questions over 'Two Corinthians' |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/us-election/12107003/Donald-Trump-faces-questions-over-Two-Corinthians.html |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=January 18, 2016|access-date=April 3, 2017}}</ref> Despite this, ''The New York Times'' reported that [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Christians]] nationwide thought "that his heart was in the right place, that his intentions for the country were pure."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://nytimes.com/2016/01/19/us/politics/evangelicals-see-donald-trump-as-man-of-conviction-if-not-faith.html |title=Evangelicals See Donald Trump as Man of Conviction, if Not Faith |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |first1=Maggie |last1=Haberman |first2=Thomas |last2=Kaplan |date=January 18, 2016|access-date=April 3, 2017}}</ref> Trump has had relationships with a number of [[Christian]] spiritual leaders, including Florida pastor [[Paula White]], who has been called his "closest spiritual confidant."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/21/politics/trump-religion-gospel/|title=The guilt-free gospel of Donald Trump|author=Burke, Daniel|publisher=CNN|date=October 24, 2016|access-date=January 17, 2017}}</ref> In 2015, he received a blessing from [[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] priest [[Emmanuel Lemelson]]<ref>{{cite AV media|url=http://video.foxbusiness.com/v/4598495569001/|title=Meet the priest of Wall Street|publisher=Fox Business News|date=November 5, 2015|access-date=January 17, 2017}}</ref> and in 2016, he released a list of his religious advisers, including [[James Dobson]], [[Jerry Falwell Jr.]], [[Ralph Reed]] and others.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/press-releases/trump-campaign-announces-evangelical-executive-advisory-board|title=Trump campaign announces evangelical executive advisory board|date=June 21, 2016|access-date=January 17, 2017|publisher=Donald J. Trump for President, Inc.}}</ref> Referring to his daughter Ivanka's [[Conversion to Judaism|conversion]] to [[Judaism]] before her marriage to [[Jared Kushner]], Trump said: "I have a Jewish daughter; and I am very honored by that."<ref>{{cite news |first=Tzvi Allen |last=Fishman |title=Algemeiner Journal Jewish 100 Gala Honors Donald Trump, Joan Rivers and Yuli Edelsterin |date=February 11, 2015 |website=[[Jewish Voice]] |url=http://www.jewishvoiceny.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10058:algemeiner-journal-jewish-100-gala-honors-donald-trump-joan-rivers-and-yuli-edelsterin&catid=121:special-features&Iteref=&lang=en|access-date=April 3, 2017}}</ref> === Health === A 2016 medical report issued by his doctor, [[Harold Bornstein]] [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]], showed that Trump's [[blood pressure]], liver and thyroid function were in normal ranges.<ref>{{cite news|author=Frizell, Sam|url=http://time.com/4495117/donald-trump-doctors-letter/?xid=homepage|title=Donald Trump's Doctor's Letter Reveals He is Overweight, But 'In Excellent Health'|work=Time|date=September 15, 2016|access-date=April 3, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Bornstein, Harold|url=https://assets.donaldjtrump.com/DJT_Medical_Records_.pdf|format=PDF|title=Donald J. Trump Medical Records|date=September 13, 2016|access-date=April 3, 2017|publisher=Donald J. Trump}}</ref> Trump says that he has never smoked cigarettes or consumed other drugs, including [[marijuana]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Part 2: Donald Trump on 'Watters' World'|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0fN5OLqxNqc|access-date=September 4, 2016|work=Watters' World|publisher=Fox News Channel|date=February 6, 2016|quote=WATTERS: "Have you ever smoked weed?" TRUMP: "No, I have not. I have not. I would tell you 100 percent because everyone else seems to admit it nowadays, so I would actually tell you. This is almost like, it's almost like 'Hey, it's a sign'. No, I have never. I have never smoked a cigarette, either."}}</ref> He also [[Teetotalism|drinks no alcohol]], a decision arising in part from watching his older brother Fred Jr. suffer from [[alcoholism]] until his early death in 1981.<ref name=nytimesalc>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/03/us/politics/for-donald-trump-lessons-from-a-brothers-suffering.html |title=For Donald Trump, Lessons From a Brother's Suffering |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |last=Horowitz |first=Jason |date=January 2, 2016 |access-date=July 24, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=McAfee |first=Tierney |url=http://www.people.com/article/donald-trump-brother-fred-death-alcoholism |title=Donald Trump Opens Up About His Brother's Death from Alcoholism: It Had a "Profound Impact on My Life" |magazine=[[People (magazine)|''People'']] |date=October 8, 2015 |quote=[T]here are a few hard and fast principles that he himself lives by: no drugs, no cigarettes and no alcohol. Trump's abstinence from alcohol was largely shaped by the death of his brother, Fred Jr., from alcoholism in 1981.}}</ref> === Wealth === Trump said that he began his career with "a small loan of one million dollars" from his father.<ref name="small-loan">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/26/donald-trump-my-dad-gave-me-a-small-loan-of-1-million-to-get-started.html |title=Donald Trump: My dad gave me 'a small loan' of $1&nbsp;million to get started |publisher=[[CNBC]] |first=Scott |last=Stump |date=October 26, 2015 |access-date=November 13, 2016}}</ref> He appeared on the initial ''[[The World's Billionaires|Forbes List]]'' of wealthy individuals in 1982 with an estimated $200&nbsp;million fortune, including an "undefined" share of his parents' estate.<ref name=OBrien2005Oct /> During the 1980s he became a billionaire,{{sfn|Light|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mTB6Ip_FW-UC&pg=PA157 157]}} but he was absent from the ''Forbes'' list from 1990 to 1995 following business losses; he reportedly borrowed from his siblings' trusts in 1993.<ref name=OBrien2005Oct>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/23/business/yourmoney/whats-he-really-worth.html |title=What's He Really Worth? |first=Timothy L. |last=O'Brien |access-date=February 25, 2016 |date=October 23, 2005 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> His father's estate, valued at more than $20&nbsp;million, was divided in 1999 among Trump, his three surviving siblings and their children.<ref name=Rozhon26June>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/26/nyregion/fred-c-trump-postwar-master-builder-of-housing-for-middle-class-dies-at-93.html |title=Fred C. Trump, Postwar Master Builder of Housing for Middle Class, Dies at 93 |first=Tracy |last=Rozhon |date=June 26, 1999 |access-date=August 19, 2015 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="For Donald Trump, Lessons From a Brother's Suffering">Horowitz, Jason. [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/03/us/politics/for-donald-trump-lessons-from-a-brothers-suffering.html?_r=0 "For Donald Trump, Lessons From a Brother's Suffering"], ''[[The New York Times]]'' (January 2, 2016): "Then came the unveiling of Fred Sr.'s will, which Donald had helped draft. It divided the bulk of the inheritance, at least $20 million, among his children and their descendants, 'other than my son Fred C. Trump Jr.'"</ref> [[File:Las-Vegas-Trump-Hotel-8480.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=A tall rectangular-shaped tower in Las Vegas with exterior windows reflecting a golden hue. It is a sunny day and the building is higher than many of the surrounding buildings, also towers. There are mountains in the background. This tower is called the Trump Hotel Las Vegas.|[[Trump Hotel Las Vegas]], with gold infused glass<ref>{{cite news |first=Michael J. |last=Mishak |title=Trump's tower a sore spot on the Strip |date=April 30, 2011 |access-date=November 11, 2016 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/apr/30/nation/la-na-0430-trump-vegas-20110430}}</ref>]] When he announced his candidacy on June 16, 2015, Trump released a one-page financial summary that stated a net worth of $8,737,540,000.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Robert |last1=Costa |first2=Matea |last2=Gold |title=Donald Trump will declare $9 billion in assets as he reveals 2016 plans |date=June 15, 2015 |website=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/exclusive-trump-will-declare-9-billion-net-worth-as-he-reveals-2016-plans/2015/06/15/a00e74c0-137c-11e5-9ddc-e3353542100c_story.html}}</ref> The following month, he filed a 92-page [[Federal Election Commission|FEC]] financial disclosure form<ref name="Financial 2015" /> and declared his net worth was "in excess of ten billion dollars".<ref name="financial-pr" /> In his presidential announcement speech, he said "I'm really rich", and stated this would make him less indebted to large campaign donors.<ref name="The 10 best lines from Donald Trump's announcement speech">Lerner, Adam. "The 10 best lines from Donald Trump's announcement speech", ''[[Time]]'' (June 16, 2015).</ref><ref name=NPR17June>{{cite news |url=http://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2015/06/17/415003043/the-problem-with-donald-trumps-one-page-summary-on-his-wealth |title=The Problem With Donald Trump's One-Page Summary on His Wealth |publisher=NPR |first1=Peter |last1=Overby |first2=Domenico |last2=Montanaro |date=June 17, 2015 |access-date=August 17, 2015}}</ref> ''Forbes'' believed his net worth estimate was "a whopper", setting their own estimate at $4.1&nbsp;billion in 2015. Trump valued his "properties under development" at $293 million; ''Forbes'' said they could not evaluate those deals, and booked them for $0.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/donald-trump/ |title=The World's Billionaires – #324 Donald Trump |work=[[Forbes]] |year=2015 |access-date=April 18, 2017 |via=Archive.org |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505203058/https://www.forbes.com/profile/donald-trump/ |archivedate=May 5, 2015}}</ref><ref name=Carlyle16June>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/erincarlyle/2015/06/16/trump-exaggerating-his-net-worth-by-100-in-presidential-bid/ |title=Trump Exaggerating His Net Worth (By 100%) In Presidential Bid |first=Erin |last=Carlyle |access-date=August 17, 2015 |date=June 16, 2015 |work=Forbes}}</ref> Trump's 2015 FEC disclosure reported $362&nbsp;million in total income for the year 2014.<ref name="financial-pr">{{cite web |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/images/uploads/DJT_PFD_Statement_(1).pdf |title=Donald J. Trump Files Personal Financial Disclosure Statement With Federal Election Commission |first1=Corey R. |last1=Lewandowski |first2=Hope |last2=Hicks |date=July 15, 2015 |access-date=March 8, 2016 |archive-date=March 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309043101/https://www.donaldjtrump.com/images/uploads/DJT_PFD_Statement_(1).pdf |dead-url=yes}}</ref> After Trump made controversial remarks about illegal immigrants in 2015, he lost business contracts with several companies, which reduced his ''Forbes'' estimate by $125&nbsp;million.<ref name=Carlyle15July>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/erincarlyle/2015/07/15/donald-trump-says-he-is-worth-10-billion-files-personal-financial-disclosure/ |title=As Trump Files FEC Disclosure, He Raises Claimed Net Worth To $10 Billion; Forbes Disagrees |work=Forbes |first=Erin |last=Carlyle |date=July 15, 2015 |access-date=August 17, 2015}}</ref> Consumer boycotts and reduced bookings may have further affected his brand value during the presidential campaign.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/18/us/politics/donald-trump-brand-reaction.html|title=The New Protesters Defying Donald Trump: His Customers|last=Barbaro|first=Michael|date=October 17, 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=October 18, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://time.com/money/4349354/donald-trump-hurt-hotel-bookings/|title=Hotel Bookings at Donald Trump's Hotels Are Way Down|last=Wolff-Mann|first=Ethan|date=May 26, 2016|work=Money Magazine|access-date=October 18, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnbc.com/2016/08/04/trump-hotels-and-casino-traffic-has-taken-a-huge-hit-since-trump-started-running-for-president-commentary.html |title=Trump hotels and casino traffic has taken a huge hit since Trump started running for president |date=August 4, 2016 |publisher=[[Foursquare]] |via=[[CNBC]] |access-date=October 18, 2016}}</ref> Trump's 104-page FEC disclosure in May 2016<ref name=disclosure /> still claimed a total wealth over $10&nbsp;billion, unchanged from 2015.<ref name="Financial 2015" /> The release of the [[Access Hollywood tape recordings|''Access Hollywood'' tapes]] in October 2016 put further pressure on his brand,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnbc.com/2016/10/10/tape-release-further-erodes-trump-brand-survey.html |title=Tape release further erodes Trump brand: Survey |last=Castillo |first=Michelle |publisher=[[CNBC]] |date=October 10, 2016 |access-date=October 12, 2016}}</ref> but real estate experts predicted a positive rebound after he was elected.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/trump-branded-properties-are-poised-for-a-rebound-2016-11-13 |title= Trump-branded properties are poised for a rebound |work=[[MarketWatch]] |first=Beckie |last=Strum |date=November 13, 2016 |access-date=June 23, 2017}}</ref> In their 2017 billionaires' ranking, ''[[Forbes]]'' estimated Trump's net worth at $3.5&nbsp;billion<!-- DO NOT CHANGE without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 5. --> (544th in the world, 201st in the U.S.)<ref name="forbes-2017-billionaires">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/donald-trump/?list=billionaires |title=The World's Billionaires – #544 Donald Trump |work=[[Forbes]]|year=2017 |access-date=March 20, 2017}}</ref> making him one of the [[List of richest American politicians|richest politicians in American history]]. These estimates fluctuate from year to year, and among various analysts. In July 2016 ''[[Bloomberg News]]'' had pegged his wealth at $3&nbsp;billion, calling it an increase thanks to his presidential nomination,<ref name=Melby19July>{{cite news |work=[[Bloomberg Politics]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2016-07-19/trump-is-richer-in-property-and-deeper-in-debt-in-new-valuation |title=Trump Is Richer in Property and Deeper in Debt in New Valuation |date=July 19, 2016 |first=Caleb |last=Melby |quote=In the year that Donald Trump was transformed&nbsp;... into the presumptive Republican nominee, the value of his golf courses and his namesake Manhattan tower soared&nbsp;... His net worth rose to $3&nbsp;billion on the Bloomberg Billionaires Index&nbsp;...}}</ref> whereas ''Forbes'' had ranked him 324th in the world (113th in the U.S.) with $4.5&nbsp;billion just a few months earlier.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/donald-trump/ |title=The World's Billionaires – #324 Donald Trump |work=[[Forbes]] |year=2016 |access-date=April 18, 2017 |via=Archive.org |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430123534/https://www.forbes.com/profile/donald-trump/ |archivedate=April 30, 2016}}</ref> The discrepancies among these estimates and with Trump's own figures stem from the uncertain values of [[Real estate appraisal|appraised property]] and of his [[personal brand]].<ref name=Melby19July /><ref>{{cite news |first=John |last=Cassidy |title=Just How Rich Is Donald Trump? |date=May 17, 2016 |website=[[The New Yorker]] |url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/just-how-rich-is-donald-trump |quote=[He] has stated that he is worth more than ten billion dollars&nbsp;... Forbes concluded [in 2015] that Trump was worth about $4.5&nbsp;billion, while Bloomberg estimated $2.9&nbsp;billion. The Forbes figure was high enough to put Trump in a tie at No. 324 on the magazine's global ranking of billionaires&nbsp;... The gap between Forbes's $4.5&nbsp;billion figure and Bloomberg's $2.9&nbsp;billion figure is largely attributable to differences in how the two publications appraised individual properties.}}</ref> == Business career == {{Main|Business career of Donald Trump}} [[File:Trump Tower - lower part.jpg|thumb|The distinctive façade of [[Trump Tower]] in [[Midtown Manhattan]]]] === Real estate === Trump started his career at his father's real estate development company, Elizabeth Trump and Son, which focused on middle-class rental housing in the New York City [[borough (New York City)|boroughs]] outside Manhattan, but also had business elsewhere.{{sfn|Trump|Schwartz|2009|p=46}} For example, during his [[undergraduate education|undergraduate study]], Trump joined his father Fred in successfully revitalizing the foreclosed Swifton Village apartment complex in [[Cincinnati]], Ohio, thereby boosting the occupancy rate from 66% to 100%.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Cincinnati summer Donald Trump talks about |newspaper=[[Cincinnati Enquirer]]|date=March 12, 2016|author=Butts, Rebecca|url=http://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2015/08/11/donald-trumps-bond-hill-connection/31465095/}}</ref><ref name="parade">{{cite news|title=Donald Trump (Real-estate mogul)|work=[[Parade (magazine)|Parade]]|author= Brady, James|date=November 14, 2004|url=http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2004/edition_11-14-2004/in_step_with_0|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014022222/http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2004/edition_11-14-2004/in_step_with_0|archivedate=October 14, 2010}}</ref> Trump was promoted to president of the company in 1971 (while his father became chairman of the board), and renamed it [[The Trump Organization]].{{sfn|Blair|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AiFeQZhakXQC&pg=PA23 23]}}<ref>{{cite news|first=Conor|last=Kelly|title=Meet Donald Trump: Everything You Need To Know (And Probably Didn't Know) About The 2016 Republican Presidential Candidate|date=July 27, 2015|publisher=ABC News|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/meet-donald-trump-2016-republican-presidential-candidate/story?id=32108595}}</ref> In 1973, he and his father [[Legal affairs of Donald Trump#Lawsuits 1970–1999|drew wider attention]] when the [[Justice Department (United States)|Justice Department]] contended that the organization systematically discriminated against African Americans wishing to rent apartments, rather than merely screening out people based on low income, as the Trumps stated. Under an agreement reached in 1975, the Trumps made no admission of wrongdoing, and made the [[Urban League]] an intermediary for qualified minority applicants.<ref name="LookingBack">{{cite news|last=Dunlap|first=David|date=July 30, 2015|title=1973: Meet Donald Trump|url=https://www.nytimes.com/times-insider/2015/07/30/1973-meet-donald-trump|deadurl=no|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731123300/http://www.nytimes.com/times-insider/2015/07/30/1973-meet-donald-trump|archivedate=July 31, 2015|quote=Trump Management&nbsp;... was also to allow the league to present qualified applicants for every fifth vacancy&nbsp;... Trump himself said he was satisfied that the agreement did not 'compel the Trump Organization to accept persons on welfare as tenants unless as qualified as any other tenant.'}}</ref><ref name="kranish">{{cite news|last1=Kranish|first1=Michael|last2=O'Harrow|first2=Robert Jr.|date=January 23, 2016|title=Inside the government's racial bias case against Donald Trump's company, and how he fought it|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/inside-the-governments-racial-bias-case-against-donald-trumps-company-and-how-he-fought-it/2016/01/23/fb90163e-bfbe-11e5-bcda-62a36b394160_story.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|quote=Civil rights groups in the city viewed the Trump company as just one example of a nationwide problem of housing discrimination. But targeting the Trumps provided a chance to have an impact, said [[Eleanor Holmes Norton]], who was then chairwoman of the city's human rights commission. 'They were big names.'}}</ref> His adviser and attorney during (and after) that period was [[Roy Cohn]], who responded to attacks by counterattacking with maximum force, and who valued both positive and negative publicity, which were attitudes that Trump appreciated.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 64–69, 104]}} ==== Manhattan developments ==== In 1978, Trump consummated his first major real estate deal in Manhattan, purchasing a half-share in the decrepit Commodore Hotel, largely funded by a $70&nbsp;million construction loan jointly guaranteed by Fred Trump and the [[Hyatt]] hotel chain. Designed by architect [[Der Scutt]], the project was able to proceed by leveraging competing interests and by taking advantage of tax breaks.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA84 84]}} After remodeling, the hotel reopened as the [[Grand Hyatt New York|Grand Hyatt Hotel]], located next to [[Grand Central Terminal]].{{sfn|Wooten|2009|p=32–35}}<ref name=WashingtonPost>{{cite news|first=Glenn|last=Kessler|title=Trump's false claim he built his empire with a 'small loan' from his father|date=March 3, 2016|website=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/03/03/trumps-false-claim-he-built-his-empire-with-a-small-loan-from-his-father}}</ref> [[File:Central Park Wollman Rink.jpg|thumb|right|[[Central Park]]'s [[Wollman Rink]], which was renovated by Trump]] Also in 1978, Trump finished negotiations to develop [[Trump Tower]], a 58-story, 202-meter (663-foot) skyscraper in [[Midtown Manhattan]], which ''The New York Times'' attributed to his "persistence" and "skills as a negotiator".<ref>{{cite news |title=The Expanding Empire of Donald Trump |date=April 8, 1984|author=Geist, William |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/08/magazine/the-expanding-empire-of-donald-trump.html?pagewanted=all}}</ref> To make way for the new building, a crew of undocumented Polish workers demolished an old [[Bonwit Teller]] store including [[art deco]] features that had initially been marked for preservation.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 86–88]}} The building was completed in 1983, and houses both the primary [[penthouse apartment|penthouse]] [[condominium]] residence of Trump and the headquarters of The Trump Organization.<ref name=TrumpTowerResidence>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/30/us/politics/new-york-primary.html |title=With the New York Presidential Primary, the Circus Is Coming Home |first1=Matt |last1=Flegenheimer |first2=Maggie |last2=Haberman |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 29, 2016 |access-date=March 29, 2016}}</ref><ref name=TrumpTowerResidence1>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/09/nyregion/donald-trump-new-york-protests.html |title=Donald Trump Loves New York. But It Doesn't Love Him Back. |first=Alexander |last=Burns |newspaper=The New York Times |date=December 9, 2016 |access-date=December 9, 2016}}</ref> Architectural critic [[Paul Goldberger]] said in 1983 that he was surprised to find the tower's atrium was "the most pleasant interior public space to be completed in New York in some years".{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA95 95]}}<ref name="Architecture: Atrium of Trump Tower is a Pleasant Surprise">Goldberger, Paul. [http://www.nytimes.com/1983/04/04/arts/architecture-atrium-of-trump-tower-is-a-pleasant-surprise.html "Architecture: Atrium of Trump Tower is a Pleasant Surprise"], ''[[The New York Times]]'' (April 4, 1983).</ref> Trump Tower was the setting of the NBC television show ''[[The Apprentice (U.S. TV series)|The Apprentice]]'', and includes a fully functional television studio set.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |date=n.d. |access-date=May 24, 2016 |website=Trump Tower New York |url=http://www.trumptowerny.com/trump-tower-new-york}}</ref> Repairs on the [[Wollman Rink]] (originally opened in 1949 in [[Central Park]]) were started in 1980 by a [[general contractor]] unconnected to Trump. Despite an expected two and one-half&nbsp;year construction schedule, the repairs were not completed by 1986. Trump took over the project, completed it in three months for $775,000 less than the initial budget of $1.95&nbsp;million, and operated the rink for one year with all profits going to charity in exchange for the rink's [[Concession (contract)|concession]] rights.<ref name="Bloomberg L.P">{{cite news|last1=Freedlander|first1=David|title=A 1980s New York City Battle Explains Donald Trump's Candidacy|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/features/2015-09-29/a-1980s-new-york-city-battle-explains-donald-trump-s-candidacy|access-date=October 23, 2016|agency=Bloomberg|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|date=September 29, 2015}}</ref> In 1988 Trump acquired the [[Plaza Hotel]] in Manhattan for a record-setting $407&nbsp;million, and asked his wife Ivana to manage its operation.{{sfn|Wooten|2009|p=65–66}} Trump invested $50&nbsp;million to restore the building, which he called "the Mona Lisa".{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA190 190]}} According to hotel expert Thomas McConnell, the Trumps boosted it from a three-star to a four-star ranking, and sold it in 1995, by which time Ivana was no longer involved.<ref name=NYT-19950412>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/12/business/trump-is-selling-plaza-hotel-to-saudi-and-asian-investors.html |title=Trump Is Selling Plaza Hotel To Saudi and Asian Investors |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |first1=David |last1=Stout |first2=Kenneth |last2=Gilpin |date=April 12, 1995 |access-date=May 6, 2017}}</ref> In 1994, Trump became involved with a building on [[Columbus Circle]] which was swaying in the wind. He began a reconstruction project that stopped the swaying and gave the building a full makeover.<ref name=NYT>{{cite web |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/17/realestate/for-a-troubled-building-a-new-twist.html?pagewanted=all|title= For a Troubled Building, a New Twist|last= Dunlap|first= David W.|date= July 17, 1994|work= The New York Times|access-date=November 18, 2016}}</ref><ref name=Trump-tries>{{cite news|last=Muschamp|first=Herbert|title=Trump Tries to Convert 50's Style Into 90's Gold; Makeover Starts on Columbus Circle Hotel|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/21/nyregion/trump-tries-convert-50-s-style-into-90-s-gold-makeover-starts-columbus-circle.html|access-date=January 18, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=June 21, 1995}}</ref> Trump thereafter owned commercial space in that 44-story mixed-use tower (hotel and condominium), which he named [[Trump International Hotel and Tower (New York)|Trump International Hotel and Tower]].{{sfn|Wooten|2009|p=108}} [[File:Lower part of The Trump Building in New York City IMG 1693.JPG|thumb|left|Lower portion of [[40 Wall Street]]]] In 1996, Trump acquired a vacant seventy-story skyscraper on [[Wall Street]] which had briefly been the [[List of tallest buildings|tallest building in the world]] when it was completed in 1930. After an extensive renovation, the high-rise was renamed the Trump Building at [[40 Wall Street]].{{sfn|Wooten|2009|p=81–82}} In 1997, he began construction on [[Trump Place]], a multi-building development along the [[Hudson River]], and encountered delays the following year because a subcontracter had to replace defective concrete.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/16/nyregion/order-that-halted-work-on-trump-project-is-lifted.html|title=Order That Halted Work On Trump Project Is Lifted|last=Bagli|first=Charles V.|date=January 16, 1998|work=The New York Times|access-date=March 4, 2017|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>Dunlap, David W. [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/25/nyregion/in-trump-revision-highway-stays-and-park-goes.html "In Trump Revision, Highway Stays and Park Goes,"] ''[[The New York Times]]'' (February 25, 1997)</ref> Ultimately, he and the other investors in that project sold their interest in 2005 for $1.8 Billion, in what was then the biggest residential sale in the history of New York City.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/01/nyregion/trump-group-selling-west-side-parcel-for-18-billion.html|title=Trump Group Selling West Side Parcel for $1.8&nbsp;billion|last=Bagli|first=Charles V.|date=June 1, 2005|website=The New York Times|access-date=May 17, 2016}}</ref> From 1994 to 2002, Trump owned a 50% share of the [[Empire State Building]]. He would have renamed it to "Trump Empire State Building Tower Apartments" if he had been able to boost his share.<ref name="Trump Is Selling Plaza Hotel To Saudi and Asian Investors">Elstein, Aaron. [http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20160417/real_estate/160419898/the-deal-that-marked-donald-trumps-turn-from-new-york-real-estate-and-led-him-to-find-other-ways-to-remain-in-the-public-eye "Trump Is Selling Plaza Hotel To Saudi and Asian Investors"], ''[[Crain Communications|Crain's New York Business]]'' (April 17, 2016).</ref>{{sfn|Pacelle|2001|p=18}} In 2001, across from the [[headquarters of the United Nations]], he completed [[Trump World Tower]], which for a while was the [[List of tallest residential buildings in the world|tallest all-residential tower in the world]].<ref name="Emporis">{{cite web |publisher=[[Emporis]] |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=100377 |title=Trump World Tower |access-date=May 22, 2008}}</ref> Trump acquired the former Hotel Delmonico in Manhattan in 2002, which re-opened with 35 stories of luxury condominiums in 2004 as the [[Trump Park Avenue]].{{sfn|Wooten|2009|p=86–87}} Meanwhile, he continued to own millions of square feet of other prime [[Manhattan]] real estate.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/2006/09/20/trump-wealth-biz_06rich400_0921trump.html |title=What is Trump Worth? |access-date=July 4, 2008 |date=September 21, 2006 |first=Stephane |last=Fitch}}</ref>{{Clear}} ==== Palm Beach estate ==== {{Main|Mar-a-Lago}} {{multiple image | width1 = 241| image1 = Maralago1_(4158314102).jpg| caption1 = Mar-a-Lago in 2009 | width2 = 225| image2 = President Trump with President Xi, April 2017 Cropped.jpg| caption2 = The Trumps with Chinese President [[Xi Jinping]] and wife at Mar-a-Lago in 2017 }} Trump acquired the historic [[Mar-a-Lago]] estate in [[Palm Beach, Florida]] in 1985 for $5&nbsp;million, plus $3&nbsp;million for the home's furnishings. It was built in the 1920s by heiress and socialite [[Marjorie Merriweather Post]], who envisioned the house as a future winter retreat for American presidents. Trump's initial offer of $28&nbsp;million had been rejected, and he was able to get the property at the much lower price by purchasing separate beachfront property and threatening to build a house on it that would block Mar-a-Lago's ocean view. In addition to using the estate as a home, Trump also turned it into a private club open to everyone who could afford the initiation fee of $100,000 plus annual dues.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA161 161]}} In 1986, he acquired a foreclosed, 33-story, twin-tower condominium complex in nearby [[West Palm Beach, Florida|West Palm Beach]] for $40&nbsp;million, with automobile manufacturing executive [[Lee Iacocca]] investing in three of the condos.{{sfn|Blair|2015b|p=423}} Despite sprucing up its public areas, and years of heavy promotion, selling the units proved difficult, and the deal turned out to be unprofitable.{{sfn|Wooten|2009|p=62, 73}} ==== Atlantic City casinos ==== [[New Jersey]] legalized gambling in 1977, and the following year Trump was in [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]], New Jersey to explore how he might get involved. Seven years later, [[Harrah's at Trump Plaza]] hotel and casino opened there, built by Trump with financing from [[Holiday Inn|Holiday Corporation]] which also was managing that business.{{sfn|Wooten|2009|p=57–58}} Renamed "Trump Plaza" soon after opening, it was then the tallest building in Atlantic City.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA128 128]}} The casino's poor results exacerbated disagreements between Trump and Holiday Corp., which led to Trump paying $70&nbsp;million in May 1986 to buy out their interest in the property.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump Stake In Holiday|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/05/business/company-news-trump-stake-in-holiday.html|access-date=May 31, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=September 5, 1986}}</ref><ref name="crudele">{{cite news|last1=Crudele|first1=John|title=Holiday Corp. Plans Restructuring|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/13/business/holiday-corp-plans-restructuring.html|access-date=May 31, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=November 13, 1986}}</ref> Trump also acquired a partially completed building in Atlantic City from the [[Hilton Worldwide|Hilton Corporation]] for $320&nbsp;million; when completed in 1985, that hotel and casino became [[Golden Nugget Atlantic City|Trump Castle]], and Trump's wife, [[Ivana Trump|Ivana]], managed that property until Trump transferred her in 1988 to run the Trump Plaza Hotel in New York.{{sfn|Wooten|2009|p=59–60}}{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA137 137]}} [[File:Trump Taj Mahal, 2007.jpg|thumb|left|alt=The entrance of the Trump Taj Mahal, a casino in Atlantic City. It has motifs evocative of the Taj Mahal in India.|Entrance of the [[Trump Taj Mahal]] in [[Atlantic City]]]] Also in 1988, Trump acquired his third casino in Atlantic City, the [[Taj Mahal casino|Taj Mahal]] then halfway through construction, by making a complex transaction with the television host and entertainer [[Merv Griffin]] as well as the resort and casino company [[Resorts International]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Seven Acquisitive Executives Who Made Business News in 1988: Donald Trump&nbsp;– Trump Organization; The Artist of the Deal Turns Sour into Sweet |last=Cuff |first=Daniel |date=December 18, 1988 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/27/business/seven-acquisitive-executives-who-made-business-1988-donald-trump-trump.html |access-date=May 27, 2011 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In October 1989, three of his top Atlantic City executives died in a helicopter accident, which both stymied and delayed the planned opening of the Taj Mahal.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA140 140–151]}} The Taj finally opened in April 1990, and was built at a total cost of $1.1&nbsp;billion, which at the time made it the most expensive casino ever.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/08/business/trump-s-taj-open-at-last-with-a-scary-appetite.html |title=Trump's Taj&nbsp;— Open at Last, With a Scary Appetite |date=April 8, 1990 |last=Glynn |first=Lenny |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=August 14, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/new-owner-of-trumps-taj-mahal-wants-to-make-casino-great-again/ |title=New owner wants to make Trump's Taj Mahal casino great again |date=May 20, 2016 |first=Wayne |last=Parry |agency=[[Associated Press]] |publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]] |access-date=August 14, 2016}}</ref> Financed with $675&nbsp;million in [[junk bonds]],<ref name=UPI9April>{{cite news |url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/04/09/Trump-reaches-agreement-with-bondholders-on-Taj-Mahal/7261671169600/ |title=Trump reaches agreement with bondholders on Taj Mahal |agency=United Press International |date=April 9, 1991 |access-date=March 21, 2016}}</ref> it was a major gamble by Trump.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA135 135]}} The project underwent [[debt restructuring]] the following year,<ref name=abc>{{cite news |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/donald-trump-filed-bankruptcy-times/story?id=13419250 |first=Amy |last=Bingham |title=Donald Trump's Companies Filed for Bankruptcy 4 Times |publisher=[[ABC News]] |date=April 21, 2011 |access-date=February 20, 2015}}</ref> leaving Trump with 50% ownership.<ref name="NYTimes">{{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/05/business/company-news-taj-mahal-is-out-of-bankruptcy.html |title=Taj Mahal is out of Bankruptcy |access-date=May 22, 2008 |date=October 5, 1991}}</ref> He also sold his 282-foot (86&nbsp;m) [[megayacht]], the ''[[Trump Princess]]'', which had been indefinitely docked in Atlantic City while leased to his casinos for use by wealthy gamblers.<ref name=Schneider19May>{{cite news |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20122177,00.html |title=The Donald Ducks Out |date=May 19, 1997 |access-date=September 10, 2015 |work=People |first=Karen S. |last=Schneider}}</ref>{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA132 132–133]}} Trump founded [[Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts]] (THCR) in 1995, which assumed ownership of Trump Plaza, Trump Castle, and the [[Majestic Star II|Trump Casino]] in [[Gary, Indiana]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump Plaza casino stock trades today on Big Board|newspaper=The New York Times|author=Floyd Norris|date=June 7, 1995|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/07/business/trump-plaza-casino-stock-trades-today-on-big-board.html|access-date=December 14, 2014}}</ref> THCR purchased Taj Mahal in 1996, and underwent bankruptcy restructuring in 2004 and 2009, leaving Trump with 10% ownership in the Trump Taj Mahal and other Trump casino properties.<ref name=McQuade16Aug>{{cite news |url=http://www.phillymag.com/news/2015/08/16/donald-trump-atlantic-city-empire/ |title=The Truth About the Rise and Fall of Donald Trump's Atlantic City Empire |work=Philadelphia Magazine |date=August 16, 2015 |access-date=March 21, 2016 |first=Dan |last=McQuade}}</ref> He served as chairman of the [[Public company|publicly-traded]] THCR organization, which was renamed Trump Entertainment Resorts, from mid-1995 until early 2009, and served as CEO from mid-2000 to mid-2005.<ref name=Tully10Mar>{{cite news |url=http://fortune.com/2016/03/10/trump-hotel-casinos-pay-failure/ |title=How Donald Trump Made Millions Off His Biggest Business Failure |work=Fortune |date=March 10, 2016 |access-date=March 21, 2016 |first=Shawn |last=Tully}}</ref> During the 1990s, Trump's casino ventures faced competition from [[Native American gaming]] at the [[Foxwoods Resort Casino|Foxwoods]] casino located on an [[Indian reservation]] in Connecticut (where it was exempt from the state's anti-gambling laws). Trump stated in 1993 that the casino owners did not look like real Indians to him or to other Indians.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/donald-trumps-long-history-of-clashes-with-native-americans/2016/07/25/80ea91ca-3d77-11e6-80bc-d06711fd2125_story.html |title=Donald Trump's long history of clashes with Native Americans|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=July 25, 2016|author=Boburg, Shawn}}</ref>{{sfn|Cramer|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=O_B2hBX1gZEC&pg=PA107 107]}} Subsequent to that well-publicized remark about the [[Mashantucket Pequot Tribe]], Trump became a key investor backing the [[Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation|Paucatuck Eastern Pequots]] who were also seeking state recognition.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.courant.com/politics/hc-trump-connecticut-years-20161013-story.html |title=Casinos And Controversy Marked Donald Trump's Connecticut Years |first=Christopher |last=Keating|work=[[Hartford Courant]]|date=October 28, 2016}}</ref>{{Clear}} ==== Golf courses ==== [[File:Turnberry Hotel Cropped.jpg |thumb |alt= A golf course. In the background is the Turnberry Hotel, a two-story hotel with white façade and a red roof. This picture was taken in Ayrshire, Scotland. | [[Turnberry Hotel]] and golf course, Ayrshire, Scotland]] The Trump Organization operates many [[golf course]]s and resorts in the United States and around the world. According to ''[[Golfweek]]'', Trump owns or manages about 18 golf courses.<ref>{{cite news |first=Brentley |last=Romine |title=Donald Trump announces he will run for president in 2016 |date=July 14, 2015 |website=[[Golfweek]] |url=http://golfweek.com/news/2015/jun/16/donald-trump-us-president-2016-gop-golf-courses/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317081800/http://golfweek.com/news/2015/jun/16/donald-trump-us-president-2016-gop-golf-courses/ |archivedate=March 17, 2016}}</ref> His personal financial disclosure with the [[Federal Elections Commission]] stated that his golf and resort revenue for the year 2015 was roughly $382&nbsp;million,<ref name="Financial 2015">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-stat/graphics/politics/trump-archive/docs/trump-fec-financial-disclosure-2015.pdf |title=Donald Trump Personal Financial Disclosure Form 2015|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=July 15, 2015}}</ref><ref name=disclosure>{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/2016/05/18/news/trump-finances/ |title=A peek at Donald Trump's finances |first1=Cristina |last1=Alesci |first2=Laurie |last2=Frankel |first3=Jeanne |last3=Sahadi |publisher=CNN |date=May 19, 2016 |access-date=May 20, 2016}}</ref> while his three European golf courses did not show a profit.<ref name=Melby19July /> In 2006, Trump bought 1,400&nbsp;acres (570&nbsp;ha) including the [[Balmedie#Menie Estate|Menie Estate]] in [[Balmedie]], [[Aberdeenshire, Scotland|Aberdeenshire]], Scotland and created a golf resort there.<ref name="Trump wins approval for golf resort in Scotland">[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/03/business/worldbusiness/03iht-trump.4.17483178.html "Trump wins approval for golf resort in Scotland"], ''[[The New York Times]]'' (October 3, 2008).</ref> Scottish supporters emphasized potential economic benefits, and opponents emphasized potential environmental harm to a [[Site of Special Scientific Interest]] (SSSI).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://upstart.bizjournals.com/views/columns/the-windup/2008/02/22/Scottish-Clash-Over-Trump-Golf-Plan.html?page=all |title=Landing In The Rough With Trump |date=February 22, 2008 |work=[[Condé Nast]] ''Portfolio'' |first=Franz |last=Lidz |authorlink=Franz Lidz |access-date=March 14, 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405080648/http://upstart.bizjournals.com/views/columns/the-windup/2008/02/22/Scottish-Clash-Over-Trump-Golf-Plan.html?page=all |archivedate=April 5, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Carolyn |last=Churchill |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/first-look-at-trump-plan-for-world-s-best-course-1.1007048?54107 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521014558/http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/first-look-at-trump-plan-for-world-s-best-course-1.1007048?54107 |archivedate=May 21, 2013 |title=First look at Trump plan for world's best course |work=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |location=Glasgow |date=February 16, 2010 |access-date=June 18, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Laurie |last=Tuffrey |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jul/10/donald-trump-scotland-golf-course |title=Trump opens controversial Scottish golf course |access-date=August 9, 2015}}</ref> A spokesperson for the golf course has said 95% of the SSSI is untouched.<ref name="Trump Dissolves Environmental Oversight Group at His Scottish Golf Course">Viegas, Jen. [http://www.seeker.com/amphtml/trump-dissolves-environmental-oversight-group-at-his-scottish-golf-cou-2209063040.html "Trump Dissolves Environmental Oversight Group at His Scottish Golf Course"], ''[[Seeker (media company)|Seeker]]'' (January 23, 2017): "Trump executive Sorial, fired back: 'To date we are the only ones that have studied, preserved and actively managed that site, threatened by years of shooting birds, erosion and ongoing urban pressure. The dunes have now been preserved for generations to enjoy with 95% of the SSSI untouched.'"</ref> A 2011 independent documentary, ''[[You've Been Trumped]]'', chronicled the golf resort's construction and struggles.<ref>{{cite web |first=Roger |last=Ebert |date=October 17, 2012 |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/youve-been-trumped-2012 |title=You've Been Trumped |publisher=Rogerebert.com |access-date=January 19, 2016}}</ref> In 2015, [[Aberdeen Bay Wind Farm|an offshore windfarm]] being built within sight of the golf course prompted a legal challenge by Trump, which [[Trump International Golf Club Scotland Ltd v The Scottish Ministers|was dismissed]] by the [[Supreme Court of the United Kingdom|U.K. Supreme Court]].<ref>{{cite news |first1=Owen |last1=Bowcott |first2=Esther |last2=Addley |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/dec/16/donald-trump-loses-appeal-windfarms-scottish-golf-course |title=Alex Salmond brands Trump 'loser' after judges reject windfarm appeal &#124; Environment |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=December 16, 2015 |access-date=December 16, 2015}}</ref> In the wake of the 2008 recession, Trump greatly scaled back development of this property, and as of December 2016 Scottish officials were pushing for completion of the far larger development as originally approved.<ref name="Planners reject Donald Trump's revised plans for Scottish golf resort">Carrell, Severin. [https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/dec/22/planners-reject-donald-trump-revised-plans-scottish-golf-resort "Planners reject Donald Trump's revised plans for Scottish golf resort"], ''[[The Guardian]]'' (December 22, 2016).</ref> In April 2014, Trump purchased the [[Turnberry (golf course)|Turnberry]] hotel and golf resort in [[Ayrshire]], Scotland, which hosted [[the Open Championship]] four times between 1977 and 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-27203208 |title=US property tycoon Donald Trump buys Turnberry resort |publisher=BBC News |date=April 29, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/golf/27212412 |title=Turnberry: Donald Trump deal should not affect Open status |publisher=BBC News |date=April 29, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |first=Iain |last=Carter}}</ref> After extensive renovations and a remodeling of the course by golf architect Martin Ebert, Turnberry was re-opened in June 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.golfdigest.com/story/donald-trumps-turnberry-a-review-of-the-presidential-nominees-renovated-ayrshire-course |title=Donald Trump's Turnberry: the Presidential Nominee Delivers With his Renovated Ayrshire Course |work=[[Golf Digest]] |first=Geoff |last=Shackelford |date=July 20, 2016}}</ref> ==== Hotel outside New York ==== {{multiple image | width = | footer = | image1 = Trump Tower Chicago 2015-102.jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = [[Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)|Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago]] | image2 = Trump Tower Vancouver, August 2016.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = [[Trump International Hotel and Tower (Vancouver)|Trump International Hotel and Tower in Vancouver]] }} In the late 2000s and early 2010s, The Trump Organization expanded its footprint in the United States beyond New York and into a few other countries, with the co-development and management of [[Trump International Hotel and Tower (disambiguation)|hotel towers]] in [[Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)|Chicago]], [[Trump International Hotel Las Vegas|Las Vegas]], [[Old Post Office Pavilion|Washington D.C.]], [[Trump Ocean Club International Hotel and Tower|Panama City]], [[Trump International Hotel and Tower (Toronto)|Toronto]], and [[Trump International Hotel and Tower (Vancouver)|Vancouver]]. There are also Trump-branded buildings in Dubai, [[Trump International Hotel and Tower (Honolulu)|Honolulu]], Istanbul, Manila, Mumbai and in Indonesia.<ref name="Forbes-20170320">{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jenniferwang/2017/03/20/these-foreign-businessmen-are-paying-donald-trump-the-most-money/ |title=From Manila to Hawaii, Meet The Licensing Partners Who Paid Trump The Most |work=[[Forbes]] |first=Jennifer |last=Wang |date=March 20, 2017 |access-date=May 6, 2017}}</ref> === Branding and licensing === {{Main|List of things named after Donald Trump}} Trump has marketed his name on a large number of building projects that are owned and operated by other people and companies, as well as licensing his name for various commercial products and services. In doing so, he achieved mixed success for himself, his partners, and investors in the projects.<ref name=Trumps_Hollywood_Star /> In 2011, ''[[Forbes]]''' financial experts estimated the value of the Trump [[Brand equity|brand]] at $200&nbsp;million. Trump disputed this valuation, saying his brand was worth about $3&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://blogs.forbes.com/kerenblankfeld/2011/04/28/donald-trump-on-his-brand-value-forbes-numbers-are-ridiculous/ |title=Donald Trump on His Brand Value: Forbes' Numbers Are Ridiculous |work=[[Forbes]] |first=Keren |last=Blankfeld}}</ref> === Legal affairs and bankruptcies === {{Main|Legal affairs of Donald Trump}} As of 2016, Trump and his businesses had been involved in more than 3,500 state and federal legal actions. He or one of his companies was the plaintiff in 1,900 cases and the defendant in 1,450. With Trump or his company as plaintiff, more than half the cases have been against gamblers at his [[casino]]s who had failed to pay off their debts. With Trump or his company as a defendant, the most common type of case involved personal injury cases at his hotels. In cases where there was a clear resolution, Trump's side won 451 times and lost 38.<ref name="USATodayAnalysis">{{cite news |title=Exclusive: Trump's 3,500 lawsuits unprecedented for a presidential nominee |url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2016/06/01/donald-trump-lawsuits-legal-battles/84995854/ |access-date=June 2, 2016 |newspaper=USA Today |date=June 2, 2016 |first1=Nick |last1=Penzenstadler |first2=Susan |last2=Page |quotation=About 100 additional disputes centered on other issues at the casinos. Trump and his enterprises have been named in almost 700 personal-injury claims and about 165 court disputes with government agencies&nbsp;... Due to his branding value, Trump is determined to defend his name and reputation.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/282008-trump-brags-about-winning-record-in-lawsuits |title=Trump brags about winning record in lawsuits |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=June 2, 2016 |last=Savransky |first=Rebecca}}</ref> Trump has never filed for [[personal bankruptcy]], but his hotel and casino businesses have been declared [[Chapter 11 bankruptcy|bankrupt]] six times between 1991 and 2009 in order to re-negotiate debt with banks and owners of stock and bonds.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2015/06/donald-trump-companies-bankruptcy-atlantic-city |title=4 Times Donald Trump's Companies Declared Bankruptcy |publisher=Vanity Fair News |date=June 29, 2015 |access-date=January 17, 2016 |author=Hood, Bryan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/donald-trump-questioned-his-bankruptcies-279717 |first=Hao |last=Li |title=Donald Trump Questioned on His Bankruptcies |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=April 12, 2011 |access-date=February 19, 2015}}</ref> Because the businesses used [[Chapter 11 bankruptcy]], they were allowed to operate while negotiations proceeded. Trump was quoted by ''Newsweek'' in 2011 saying, "I do play with the bankruptcy laws&nbsp;– they're very good for me" as a tool for trimming debt.<ref name=publicintegrity1>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Peter|title=Donald Trump's lawsuits could turn off conservatives who embrace tort reform|url=http://www.publicintegrity.org/2011/05/05/4478/donald-trumps-lawsuits-could-turn-conservatives-who-embrace-tort-reform|access-date=March 14, 2016|work=The Center for Public Integrity|date=May 5, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kurtz|first1=Howard|title=Kurtz: The Trump Backlash|url=http://www.newsweek.com/kurtz-trump-backlash-66503|access-date=March 14, 2016|work=Newsweek|date=April 24, 2011}}</ref> The six bankruptcies were the result of over-leveraged hotel and casino businesses in Atlantic City and New York: [[Trump Taj Mahal]] (1991), [[Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino]] (1992), [[Plaza Hotel]] (1992), [[Trump Castle Hotel and Casino]] (1992), Trump Hotels and Casino Resorts (2004), and [[Trump Entertainment Resorts]] (2009).<ref name=six>{{cite news|last1=Winter|first1=Tom|title=Trump Bankruptcy Math Doesn't Add Up|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/trump-bankruptcy-math-doesn-t-add-n598376|publisher=NBC News|access-date=October 8, 2016}}</ref><ref name="forbes-bankruptcy">{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2011/04/29/fourth-times-a-charm-how-donald-trump-made-bankruptcy-work-for-him/ |first=Clare |last=O'Connor |title=Fourth Time's A Charm: How Donald Trump Made Bankruptcy Work For Him |work=[[Forbes]] |date=April 29, 2011 |access-date=February 19, 2015}}</ref> Trump said, "I've used the laws of this country to pare debt&nbsp;... We'll have the company. We'll throw it into a chapter. We'll negotiate with the banks. We'll make a fantastic deal. You know, it's like on ''The Apprentice''. It's not personal. It's just business."<ref name=abc /> A 2016 analysis of Trump's business career by ''[[The Economist]]'' concluded that his "...&nbsp;performance [from 1985 to 2016] has been mediocre compared with the stock market and property in New York", noting both his successes and bankruptcies.<ref name="econ_From">{{cite news |title=From the Tower to the White House |work=The Economist |date=February 20, 2016 |access-date=February 29, 2016 |url=http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21693230-enigma-presidential-candidates-business-affairs-tower-white |quote=Mr Trump's performance has been mediocre compared with the stockmarket and property in New York.}}</ref> A subsequent analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' concluded that "Trump is a mix of braggadocio, business failures, and real success", calling his casino bankruptcies the "most infamous flop" of his business career.<ref>{{cite news |first=Ana |last=Swanson |title=The myth and the reality of Donald Trump's business empire |date=February 29, 2016 |website=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/02/29/the-myth-and-the-reality-of-donald-trumps-business-empire/}}</ref> === Side ventures === After Trump took charge of the family real estate firm in 1971 and renamed it [[The Trump Organization]], he not only greatly expanded its real estate operations, but also ventured into numerous other business activities. The company eventually became the umbrella organization for several hundred individual business ventures and partnerships.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-33644498 |title=Five take-aways from Donald Trump's financial disclosure |publisher=BBC |date=July 23, 2015 |access-date=January 17, 2016 |first=Anthony |last=Zurcher}}</ref> ==== Sports events ==== In September 1983, Trump purchased the [[New Jersey Generals]]—an [[American Football]] team that played in the [[United States Football League]]—from oil magnate [[J. Walter Duncan]]. The USFL played three seasons during the spring and summer. After the 1985 season, the organization folded due to continuous financial difficulties, despite winning an [[antitrust]] [[United States Football League#USFL v. NFL lawsuit|lawsuit against the NFL]].<ref name=Markazi>{{cite news |first=Arash |last=Markazi |title=5 things to know about Donald Trump's foray into doomed USFL |date=July 14, 2015 |publisher=[[ESPN]] |url=http://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/13255737/five-things-know-donald-trump-usfl-experience}}</ref> Trump remained involved with other sports after the Generals folded, operating golf courses in several countries.<ref name=Markazi /> He hosted several boxing matches in Atlantic City at the [[Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino|Trump Plaza]], including [[Mike Tyson vs. Michael Spinks|Mike Tyson's 1988 heavyweight championship fight]] against [[Michael Spinks]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/25/sports/trump-gets-tyson-fight.html |title=Trump Gets Tyson Fight |access-date=February 11, 2011 |date=February 25, 1988 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> and acted as a financial advisor to [[Mike Tyson|Tyson]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/12/sports/sports-of-the-times-trump-promoter-or-adviser.html |title=Sports of The Times; Trump: Promoter Or Adviser? |access-date=February 11, 2011 |date=July 12, 1988 |work=[[The New York Times]] |author=Anderson, Dave}}</ref> In 1989 and 1990, Trump lent his name to the [[Tour de Trump]] [[cycling stage race]], which was an attempt to create an American equivalent of European races such as the [[Tour de France]] or the [[Giro d'Italia]].<ref name=Hogan>{{cite news|url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/04/donald-trump-2016-tour-de-trump-bike-race-213801|title=The Strange Tale of Donald Trump's 1989 Biking Extravaganza|first=Kevin|last=Hogan|publisher=Politico|date=April 10, 2016|accessdate=April 12, 2016}}</ref> [[File:Miss-universe-2011-leila-lopes.jpg|thumb|alt=Shoulder high portrait of young woman wearing a crown, jeweled gown and a sash spelling "Miss..."|upright=.8|left|[[Miss Universe 2011]], [[Leila Lopes (Miss Universe)|Leila Lopes]]]] ==== Miss Universe ==== {{Main|Miss Universe|Miss USA|Miss Teen USA}} From 1996 to 2015, Trump owned part or all of the [[Miss Universe]] pageants, which were founded in 1952.<ref name=pageantsaleWME>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/15/business/media/trump-sells-miss-universe-organization-to-wme-img-talent-agency.html |title=Trump Sells Miss Universe Organization to WME-IMG Talent Agency |date=September 15, 2015 |work=The New York Times |access-date=January 9, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Donald Trump just sold off the entire Miss Universe Organization |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-sells-miss-universe-img-2015-9 |access-date=May 6, 2016 |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=September 14, 2015}}</ref> The Miss Universe Pageants include [[Miss USA]] and [[Miss Teen USA]], and his management of this business involved his family members; for example, daughter [[Ivanka Trump|Ivanka]] once hosted Miss Teen USA. Trump hired the first female president of the Miss Universe business in 1997.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA164 164]}} He became dissatisfied with how [[CBS]] scheduled the pageants, and took both Miss Universe and Miss USA to [[NBC]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/22/business/three-beauty-pageants-leaving-cbs-for-nbc.html |title=Three Beauty Pageants Leaving CBS for NBC |date=June 22, 2002 |first=Jim |last=Rutenberg |access-date=August 14, 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2002/06/22/there-she-goes-pageants-move-to-nbc/2ba81b9a-bf67-4f3e-b8d6-1c2cc881ed19/ |title=There She Goes: Pageants Move to NBC |date=June 22, 2002 |first=Lisa |last=de Moraes |work=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=August 14, 2016}}</ref> In 2015, after Trump made statements about [[Illegal immigration to the United States|illegal immigrants]] from Mexico in his U.S. presidential campaign kickoff speech, NBC decided to end its business relationship with him and stated that it would no longer air the Miss Universe or Miss USA pageants on its networks.<ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/nbc-cuts-ties-donald-trump-805706?facebook_20150629|title=NBC Cuts Ties With Donald Trump Over "Derogatory Statements," Pulls Miss USA and Miss Universe Pageants|first=Kate|last=Stanhope |date=June 29, 2015|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|accessdate=June 30, 2015}}</ref> In September 2015, Trump bought NBC's share of the Miss Universe Organization, becoming its sole owner for three days, then sold the entire company to the WME/IMG talent agency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/15/business/media/trump-sells-miss-universe-organization-to-wme-img-talent-agency.html|title=Trump Sells Miss Universe Organization to WME-IMG Talent Agency|date=September 15, 2015|work=The New York Times|accessdate=February 5, 2016}}</ref> ==== Trump University ==== [[Trump University]] LLC was a [[for-profit education]] company founded by Trump and his associates, Michael Sexton and Jonathan Spitalny, that ran a real estate training program, charging between $1,500 and $35,000 per course.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gitell |first=Seth |date=March 8, 2016 |title=I Survived Trump University |url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/03/i-survived-trump-university-213710 |newspaper=[[Politico]] |access-date=March 18, 2016}}</ref><ref name=vf>{{cite news |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2014/01/trump-university-fraud-scandal |title=Big Hair on Campus: Did Donald Trump Defraud Thousands of Real-Estate Students? |last=Cohan |first=William D. |website=Vanity Fair|access-date=March 6, 2016}}</ref><ref name=nyt511>{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Barbaro |title=New York Attorney General Is Investigating Trump's For-Profit School |date=May 19, 2011 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/20/nyregion/trumps-for-profit-school-said-to-be-under-investigation.html}}</ref> In 2005 the operation was notified by New York State authorities that its use of the word "university" was misleading and violated state law. After a second such notification in 2010, the name of the company was changed to the "Trump Entrepreneurial Institute".<ref name="AppealsCourt2016" /> Trump was also found personally liable for failing to obtain a business license for the operation.<ref name="reuters.2014">{{cite news |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/16/us-trump-nyag-lawsuit-idUSKCN0I52MW20141016 |first=Karen |last=Freifeld |title=New York judge finds Donald Trump liable for unlicensed school |agency=Reuters |date=October 16, 2014 |access-date=February 20, 2015}}</ref> In 2013, the State of New York filed a $40&nbsp;million civil suit alleging that Trump University made false statements and defrauded consumers.<ref name="AppealsCourt2016">{{cite news |first=David |last=Halperin |title=NY Court Refuses to Dismiss Trump University Case, Describes Fraud Allegations |date=March 3, 2016 |website=[[The Huffington Post]] |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/davidhalperin/ny-court-refuses-to-dismi_b_9358360.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/02/27/donald-trumps-misleading-claim-that-hes-won-most-of-lawsuits-over-trump-university/ |first=Michelle Ye Hee |last=Lee |title=Donald Trump's misleading claim that he's 'won most of' lawsuits over Trump University |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=February 27, 2016 |access-date=February 27, 2016}}</ref> In addition, two class-action civil lawsuits were filed in federal court relating to Trump University; they named Trump personally as well as his companies.<ref name=twofront>{{cite news |url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2013/08/26/trump-entrepreneur-initiative-case/2700811/ |title=Trump faces two-front legal fight over 'university' |work=[[USA Today]] |first=Kevin |last=McCoy |date=August 26, 2013}}</ref> During the [[Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016|presidential campaign]], Trump criticized Judge [[Gonzalo P. Curiel]] who oversaw those two cases, alleging bias in his rulings because of his Mexican heritage.<ref name=RappeportNYT>{{cite news |last=Rappeport |first=Alan |date=June 3, 2016 |title=That Judge Attacked by Donald Trump? He's Faced a Lot Worse |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/04/us/politics/donald-trump-university-judge-gonzalo-curiel.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date= June 4, 2016}}</ref><ref name=Ford>{{cite magazine |last=Ford |first=Matt |date=June 3, 2016 |title=Why Is Donald Trump So Angry at Judge Gonzalo Curiel? |magazine=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/06/donald-trump-gonzalo-curiel/485636/|access-date=June 3, 2016}}</ref> Shortly after Trump won the presidency, the parties agreed to a settlement of all three pending cases, whereby Trump paid a total of $25&nbsp;million and denied any wrongdoing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/19/us/politics/trump-university.html|title=Donald Trump Agrees to Pay $25 Million in Trump University Settlement|last=Eder|first=Steve|date=November 18, 2016|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 18, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/donald-trump-nearing-settlement-trump-university-fraud-case-article-1.2878780|title=Donald Trump Agrees to Pay $25 Million in Trump University Settlement|date=November 18, 2016|work=Daily News|location=New York|access-date=November 18, 2016}}</ref> === Foundation === {{Main|Donald J. Trump Foundation}} The Donald J. Trump Foundation is a U.S.-based [[private foundation]]<ref name=":0b">{{cite news |url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/133404773 |title=Nonprofit Explorer&nbsp;– ProPublica |website=[[ProPublica]] |first1=Mike |last1=Tigas |first2=Sisi |last2=Wei |access-date=September 9, 2016}}</ref> established in 1988 for the initial purpose of giving away proceeds from the book ''[[Trump: The Art of the Deal]]'' by Trump and [[Tony Schwartz (author)|Tony Schwartz]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/13-3404773|title=Donald J Trump Foundation Inc&nbsp;– GuideStar Profile|publisher=[[GuideStar]]|access-date=September 9, 2016}}</ref><ref name=":1b">{{Cite news |first=David A. |last=Fahrenthold |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/09/01/trump-pays-irs-a-penalty-for-his-foundation-violating-rules-with-gift-to-florida-attorney-general/ |title=Trump pays IRS a penalty for his foundation violating rules with gift to aid Florida attorney general |website=The Washington Post |date=September 1, 2016}}</ref> The foundation's funds have mostly come from donors other than Trump,<ref name="WaPoMissing">{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/a-portrait-of-trump-the-donor-free-rounds-of-golf-but-no-personal-cash/2016/04/10/373b9b92-fb40-11e5-9140-e61d062438bb_story.html |title=Missing from Trump's list of charitable giving: His own personal cash |date=April 10, 2016 |last2=Helderman |first2=Rosalind S. |newspaper=The Washington Post |first1=David A. |last1=Fahrenthold}}</ref> who has not given personally to the charity since 2008.<ref name="WaPoMissing" /> The foundation's tax returns show that it has given to health care and sports-related charities, as well as conservative groups.<ref>Solnik, Claude. [http://libn.com/2016/09/15/taking-a-peek-at-trumps-foundation-tax-returns/ "Taking a peek at Trump's (foundation) tax returns"], ''[[Long Island Business News]]'' (September 15, 2016): "charitable giving to conservative political groups, healthcare and sports-related charities."</ref> In 2009, for example, the foundation gave $926,750 to about 40 groups, with the biggest donations going to the [[Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children#Arnold Palmer Medical Center|Arnold Palmer Medical Center Foundation]] ($100,000), the [[New York–Presbyterian Hospital]] ($125,000), the [[Police Athletic League]] ($156,000), and the [[Clinton Foundation]] ($100,000).<ref name="SearchingforEvid">{{Cite news |first1=David A. |last1=Fahrenthold |first2=Danielle |last2=Rindler |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/2016-election/trump-charity-donations/ |title=Searching for evidence of Trump's personal giving |website=The Washington Post |date=August 18, 2016}}</ref><ref>Qiu, Linda (August 28, 2016). [http://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2016/aug/28/david-plouffe/yes-donald-trump-donated-100000-clinton-foundation/ Yes, Donald Trump donated $100,000 to the Clinton Foundation.] PolitiFact.com. Retrieved September 16, 2016.</ref> From 2004 to 2014, the top donors to the foundation were [[Vince McMahon|Vince]] and [[Linda McMahon]] of [[WWE]], who donated $5&nbsp;million to the foundation after Trump appeared at [[WrestleMania]] in 2007.<ref name="WaPoMissing" /> Linda McMahon later became Administrator of the [[Small Business Administration]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnbc.com/2016/12/07/trump-picks-wrestling-magnate-linda-mcmahon-to-lead-small-business-administration.html|title=Trump picks wrestling magnate Linda McMahon to lead Small Business Administration|last=Pramuk|first=Jacob|date=December 7, 2016|publisher=MSNBC}}</ref> In 2016, investigations by ''The Washington Post'' uncovered several potential legal and ethical violations conducted by the charity, including alleged [[self-dealing]] and possible tax evasion.<ref>Cillizza, Chris and Fahrenthold, David. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/amphtml/news/the-fix/wp/2016/09/15/how-the-reporter-behind-the-trump-foundation-stories-does-it/ "Meet the reporter who's giving Donald Trump fits"], ''[[The Washington Post]]'' (September 15, 2016).</ref> After beginning an investigation into the foundation, the [[New York State Attorney General]]'s office notified the Trump Foundation that it was allegedly in violation of New York laws regarding charities, and ordered it to immediately cease its fundraising activities in New York.<ref name="hit">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/09/13/politics/eric-schneiderman-donald-trump-foundation/|title=NY attorney general is investigating Trump Foundation practices|date=September 14, 2016|publisher=CNN|access-date=September 25, 2016 |last1=Bradner |first1=Eric |last2=Frehse |first2=Rob |quotation=The Post had reported that the recipients of five charitable contributions listed by the Trump Foundation had no record of receiving those donations. But the newspaper updated its report after CNN questioned the accuracy of three of the five donations it had cited.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://fortune.com/2016/09/14/donald-trump-foundation/|title=Trump Foundation Falls Under Investigation By New York Attorney General|date=September 14, 2016|access-date=September 27, 2016|website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]}}</ref><ref>Farenthold, David. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-foundation-ordered-to-stop-fundraising-by-ny-attorney-generals-office/2016/10/03/1d4d295a-8987-11e6-bff0-d53f592f176e "Trump Foundation ordered to stop fundraising by N.Y. attorney general's office"], ''[[The Washington Post]]'' (October 3, 2016).</ref> A Trump spokesman called the investigation a "partisan hit job".<ref name="hit" /> In response to mounting complaints, Trump's team announced in late December 2016 that the Trump Foundation would be dissolved to remove "even the appearance of any conflict with [his] role as President."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/24/trump-university-shut-down-conflict-of-interest |title=Donald Trump to dissolve his charitable foundation after mounting complaints |last=Jacobs |first=Ben |date=December 24, 2016 |newspaper=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077 |access-date=December 25, 2016}}</ref> === Resignation === When Trump was elected president in November 2016, questions arose over how he would avoid conflicts of interest between his work in the White House and his business activities. At a press conference on January 10, 2017, Trump said that he and his daughter [[Ivanka Trump|Ivanka]] would resign all roles with The Trump Organization, while his two adult sons [[Donald Trump Jr.|Don Jr.]] and [[Eric Trump|Eric]] would run the business, together with Chief Financial Officer [[Allen Weisselberg]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/business-38587628|title=Trump hands over business empire to sons|date=January 11, 2017|publisher=BBC News|access-date=January 11, 2017}}</ref> Trump retained his financial stake in the business.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/donald-trump-conflict-of-interest_us_587660f3e4b05b7a465cdf13 |title=Donald Trump Won't Divest From His Business Interests, Opening Door To Years Of Ethics Conflicts |last=Blumenthal |first=Paul |date=January 11, 2017 |work=The Huffington Post |access-date=January 11, 2017}}</ref> His attorney Sherri Dillon said that before the January 20 inauguration, Trump would put those business assets into a trust, which would hire an ethics advisor and a compliance counsel. She added that [[The Trump Organization]] would not enter any new foreign business deals, while continuing to pursue domestic opportunities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/01/11/trump-wont-drop-ownership-business/96443170/ |title=Trump won't drop ownership of business |last=Schouten |first=Fredrecka |date=January 11, 2017 |work=USA Today |access-date=January 11, 2017}}</ref> As of April 2017, Trump companies owned more than 400 condo units and home lots in the United States, valued at over $250&nbsp;million in total ($200,000 to $35&nbsp;million each).<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump condos worth $250 million pose potential conflict|last1=Penzenstadler|first1=Nick|last2=Reilly|first2=Steve|last3=Kelly|first3=John|date=April 20, 2017|access-date=April 21, 2017|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/04/20/trump-owns-250m-condos-and-you-could-buy-one/100566302/|newspaper=USA Today}}</ref> == Media career == === ''The Apprentice'' === {{Main|The Apprentice (U.S. TV series)|The Apprentice (TV series)}} [[File:Trump and Rodman 2009.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Donald Trump posing with former basketball player Dennis Rodman in a room with paintings adorning the walls. Trump is wearing a suit with a light-colored tie and dress shirt, while Rodman is wearing a brown t-shirt with a design on it, blue jeans, and a baseball cap that also has a design on it.|Trump posing with former NBA basketball player [[Dennis Rodman]] during Rodman's 2009 participation on ''[[The Apprentice (U.S. TV series)|Celebrity Apprentice]]'']] In 2003, Trump became the [[executive producer]] and host of the NBC [[Reality series|reality show]] ''The Apprentice'', in which a group of competitors battled for a high-level management job in one of Trump's commercial enterprises. Contestants were successively "[[Termination of employment|fired]]" and eliminated from the game. For the first year of the show, Trump earned $50,000 per episode (roughly $700,000 for the first season), but following the show's initial success, he was paid $1&nbsp;million per episode.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jacob |last=Koffler |title=Donald Trump's 16 Biggest Business Failures and Successes |date=August 7, 2015 |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=http://time.com/3988970/donald-trump-business/ |quote=The Apprentice premiered on NBC in 2004 to great ratings. Trump served as not only the host but also the executive producer, raking in $1&nbsp;million per episode. The show was successful enough that it inspired a spinoff, The Celebrity Apprentice.}}</ref> In a July 2015 press release, Trump's campaign manager said that NBCUniversal had paid him $213,606,575 for his 14 seasons hosting the show,<ref name="financial-pr" /> although the network did not verify the statement.<ref>{{cite news |last=Byers |first=Dylan |title=Trump claims $213M payout for 'Apprentice' |url=http://www.politico.com/blogs/media/2015/07/trump-claims-m-payout-for-apprentice-210595.html?ml=tl_4_b |access-date=July 15, 2015 |publisher=Politico.com |date=July 15, 2015}}</ref> In 2007, Trump received a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] for his contribution to television on ''The Apprentice''.<ref name=Trumps_Hollywood_Star>{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=M. Alex |title='The Answer Is No': Bill Cosby's Hollywood Walk of Fame Star Is Staying Put |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/bill-cosby-scandal/answer-no-bill-cosbys-hollywood-walk-fame-star-staying-put-n390836 |access-date=August 1, 2015 |publisher=NBC News |date=July 13, 2015}}</ref><ref name=fifteen>{{cite news |last=Dent |first=Millie |title=15 Facts You Didn't Know About Donald Trump |url=http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/2015/07/10/15-Facts-You-Didn-t-Know-About-Donald-Trump |access-date=August 1, 2015 |work=[[The Fiscal Times]] |date=July 10, 2015}}</ref> Along with British TV producer [[Mark Burnett]], Trump was hired as host of ''[[The Celebrity Apprentice]]'', in which celebrities compete to win money for their charities. While Trump and Burnett co-produced the show, Trump stayed in the forefront, deciding winners and "firing" losers. International versions of [[The Apprentice (TV series)|''The Apprentice'' franchise]] were co-produced by Burnett and Trump. On February 16, 2015, NBC announced that they would be renewing ''The Apprentice'' for a 15th season.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvline.com/2015/02/16/celebrity-apprentice-renewed-season-15/ |title=The Apprentice Renewed for Season 15 |first=Andy |last=Swift |website=[[TVLine]]|date=February 16, 2015 |access-date=July 28, 2015}}</ref> On February 27, Trump stated that he was "not ready" to sign on for another season because of the possibility of a presidential run.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.unionleader.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20150227/NEWS0605/150229334/1010/Art |work=[[New Hampshire Union Leader]]|title=Trump won't renew 'Apprentice' so that he might focus on a presidential run |first=Paul |last=Feeley |date=February 27, 2015 |access-date=July 28, 2015}}</ref> Despite this, on March 18, NBC announced they were going ahead with production.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.politico.com/blogs/media/2015/03/nbc-still-planning-for-apprentice-despite-donald-trumps-204171.html |work=Politico|title=NBC still planning for 'Apprentice,' despite Donald Trump's presidential claims |first=Dylan |last=Byers |date=March 18, 2015 |access-date=July 28, 2015}}</ref> On June 29, after widespread negative reaction stemming from Trump's campaign announcement speech, NBC released a statement saying, "Due to the recent derogatory statements by Donald Trump regarding immigrants, NBCUniversal is ending its business relationship with Mr. Trump."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bgr.com/2015/06/29/nbc-fires-donald-trump-the-apprentice/ |title=NBC Just Fired Presidential Hopeful Donald Trump from 'The Apprentice' |first=Jacob |last=Siegel |date=June 29, 2015|website=[[Boy Genius Report]] |access-date=July 28, 2015}}</ref> After Trump's election campaign and presidential win led to his departure from the program, actor and former [[Governor of California|California Governor]] [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] replaced Trump as host for the fifteenth season.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2015/09/14/arnold-schwarzenegger-replace-donald-Trump-celebrity-apprentice-host |title=Arnold Schwarzenegger to replace Donald Trump as 'Celebrity Apprentice' host |date=September 14, 2015 |newspaper=Entertainment Weekly |access-date=January 10, 2017}}</ref> Trump is still credited as an executive producer for the show.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/donald-trump-mark-burnett-celebrity-apprentice-executive-producer-1201937420/ |title=Donald Trump to Remain Executive Producer on 'Celebrity Apprentice' |last=Littleton |first=Cynthia |date=December 8, 2016 |newspaper=Variety |access-date=January 10, 2017}}</ref> === Professional wrestling === Trump is a [[WWE|World Wrestling Entertainment]] fan and a friend of WWE chairman [[Vince McMahon]]. In 1988–89 Trump hosted [[WrestleMania IV]] and [[WrestleMania V|V]] at [[Boardwalk Hall]] (dubbed "Trump Plaza" for storyline purposes) and has been an active participant in several of the shows.<ref name=wwebio>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/superstars/donald-trump |title=Donald Trump bio |publisher=WWE |access-date=March 14, 2015}}</ref> He also appeared in [[WrestleMania VII]], and was interviewed ringside at [[WrestleMania XX]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/Wrestlemania20/2004/03/15/382633.html |title=WrestleMania XX bombs |author=Powell, John |publisher=SLAM! Wrestling |access-date=March 14, 2015}}</ref> Trump appeared at [[WrestleMania 23]] in a match called "The Battle of the Billionaires".<ref name=wwebio /> He was in [[Bobby Lashley]]'s corner, while Vince McMahon was in the corner of Lashley's opponent [[Umaga (wrestler)|Umaga]], with [[Stone Cold Steve Austin]] as the special guest referee.<ref name=wwebio /> The terms of the match were that either Trump or McMahon would have their head shaved if their competitor lost.<ref name=wwebio /> Lashley won the match, and so McMahon was shaved bald.<ref name=wwebio /> On June 15, 2009, McMahon announced as [[kayfabe|part of a storyline]] on ''[[WWE Raw|Monday Night Raw]]'' that he had "sold" the show to Trump.<ref name=wwebio /> Appearing on screen, Trump declared that he would be at the following commercial-free episode in person and would give a full refund to the people who purchased tickets to the arena for that night's show.<ref name=wwebio /> McMahon "bought back" ''Raw'' the following week for twice the price.<ref name=wwebio /> In 2013, Trump was inducted into the celebrity wing of the [[WWE Hall of Fame]] at [[Madison Square Garden]] for his contributions to the promotion. He made his sixth WrestleMania appearance the following night at [[WrestleMania 29]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/classics/wwe-hall-of-fame/donald-trump-announced-for-wwe-hall-of-fame-26090724 |title=Donald Trump announced for WWE Hall of Fame |first=Ryan |last=Murphy |publisher=[[WWE]]}}</ref> === Acting and public image === {{Main|Filmography of Donald Trump|Donald Trump in popular culture|Donald Trump in music}} Trump has made [[Donald Trump filmography|cameo appearances]] in 12 films and 14 television series, and he was twice nominated for an [[Emmy Award]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slashfilm.com/2009/11/30/casting-notes-donald-trump-cameos-in-wall-street-2-jeremy-piven-and-kate-walsh-go-to-canada/ |title=Casting Notes: Donald Trump Cameos in Wall Street 2; Jeremy Piven and Kate Walsh go to Canada |publisher=[[/Film|Slashfilm.com]] |date=November 30, 2009 |access-date=April 21, 2011}}</ref> He played an oil tycoon in ''[[The Little Rascals (film)|The Little Rascals]]'',<ref name=Atlantic>{{cite news |first=Adrienne |last=LaFrance |title=Three Decades of Donald Trump Film and TV Cameos |date=December 21, 2015 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/12/three-decades-of-donald-trump-film-and-tv-cameos/421257/}}</ref> and had a singing role at the [[58th Primetime Emmy Awards]] in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fox |first1=Emily |title=Donald Trump's Missed Calling: Broadway |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/03/donald-trump-broadway |website=The Hive |access-date=June 8, 2016}}</ref> Trump is a member of the [[Screen Actors Guild]] and receives an annual pension of more than $110,000.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/how-did-donald-trump-get-810566 |title=How Did Donald Trump Get a $110K SAG Pension? |newspaper=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=July 22, 2015 |access-date=January 17, 2016 |author=Handel, Jonathan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2015-07-23/inside-candidate-trump-s-110-000-hollywood-pension-disclosure |title=Inside Donald Trump's $110,000 Hollywood Pension Disclosure |publisher=Bloomberg |date=July 22, 2015 |access-date=January 17, 2016 |first=Christopher |last=Palmeri}}</ref> Trump has been the subject of comedians, [[flash animation|flash cartoon]] artists, and online caricature artists. Starting in the 1990s, he was a guest about 24 times on the nationally syndicated ''[[The Howard Stern Show|Howard Stern Show]]'' on talk radio.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA166 166]}} Trump also had his own daily [[talk radio]] program called ''[[Trumped!]]'', from 2004 to 2008.{{sfn|Payment|2007|p=85}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,632500,00.html |title=The Donald to Get New Wife, Radio Show |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |date=April 29, 2004 |access-date=November 19, 2013 |first=Stephen M. |last=Silverman}}</ref><!--Only sources I find are from 2004 like this: http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20040607005748/en/Trumped!-Donald-Trump-Biggest-Launch-Radio-History--><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trump.com/Donald_J_Trump/Biography.asp |title=Donald Trump Biography |publisher=trump.com |access-date=March 17, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317024527/http://www.trump.com/Donald_J_Trump/Biography.asp |archivedate=March 17, 2009}}</ref> Since the 1980s, Trump's wealth and lifestyle have been a fixture of [[hip hop]] lyrics,<ref name=awm-trump-lyrics>{{cite web |url=http://awm.com/donald-trump-lyrics/ |title=Donald Trump Lyrics in Popular Songs |work=AWM |access-date=November 15, 2016}}</ref> his name being quoted by more than 50 artists.<ref>{{cite video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m3PDW6g1ceU |title=25 years of Donald Trump mentions in hip hop |publisher=[[YouTube]] |author=mantolius |date=February 25, 2016 |access-date=November 15, 2016}}</ref> == Political career up to 2015 == === Early involvement in politics === [[File:TrumpGlobe Sept287.png|upright|thumb|alt=a full-page newspaper advertisement in which Trump placed full-page advertisements critiquing U.S. defense policy|Trump's December 1987 advertisement in ''[[The Boston Globe]]'', criticizing U.S. defense policy]] Trump first vaguely expressed interest in running for office in 1987, when he spent almost $100,000 to place full-page advertisements in several newspapers. In his view at that time, "America should stop paying to defend countries that can afford to defend themselves",<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/02/nyregion/trump-gives-a-vague-hint-of-candidacy.html |title=Trump Gives a Vague Hint of Candidacy |newspaper=The New York Times |first=Michael |last=Oreskes |date=September 2, 1987 |access-date=February 17, 2016}}</ref> and "should present Western Europe and Japan with a bill for America's efforts to safeguard the passage of oil tankers in the Persian Gulf."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1987/09/02/between-the-lines-of-a-millionaires-ad/9c6db9c3-f7d6-4aa4-9ec4-a312feb2639e/ |title=Between the Lines of a Millionaire's Ad |newspaper=The Washington Post |first=Howard |last=Kurtz |date=September 2, 1987 |access-date=February 17, 2016}}</ref> As of December 1988, Trump was the tenth most admired person in America according to a [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] poll.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 3]}}{{sfn|Gallup|1990|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=G7Tf_1GzlHEC&pg=PA3 3]}} Trump considered running for president in [[Republican Party presidential primaries, 1988|1988]], [[#2000 presidential campaign|2000]], [[Republican Party presidential primaries, 2004|2004]], and [[Republican Party presidential primaries, 2012|2012]], and for [[Governor of New York]] in 2006 and 2014, but aside from 2000 did not enter any of those races.<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Kyle |title=Stop pretending&nbsp;– Donald Trump is not running for president |url=http://nypost.com/2015/05/30/stop-pretending-donald-trump-is-not-running-for-president/ |work=New York Post |access-date=June 7, 2015 |date=May 30, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Travis |first=Shannon |title=Was he ever serious? How Trump strung the country along, again |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/05/16/trump.again/ |publisher=CNN |access-date=June 7, 2015 |date=May 17, 2011}}</ref> In February 2009, Trump appeared on the ''[[Late Show with David Letterman]]'', and spoke about the [[automotive industry crisis of 2008–10]]. He said that "instead of asking for money", [[General Motors]] "should go into bankruptcy and work that stuff out in a deal."<ref>{{cite news |first=Richard S. |last=Chang |title=Trump: G.M. Should File for Bankruptcy |date=February 19, 2009 |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/02/19/trump-gm-should-file-for-bankruptcy/}}</ref> Trump publicly speculated about seeking the [[United States presidential election, 2012|2012]] Republican presidential nomination, and a ''Wall Street Journal'' / NBC News poll released in March 2011 found Trump leading among potential contenders; he was one point ahead of former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney.<ref>{{cite news |first=Maggie |last=Haberman |title=Trump Tops Romney, Pawlenty |date=March 7, 2011 |access-date=March 7, 2011 |publisher=[[WNBC-TV]] |location=New York |url=http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/politics/Trump_tops_Romney__Pawlenty-117496043.html}}</ref> A ''Newsweek'' poll conducted in February 2011 showed Trump within a few points of incumbent president Barack Obama, with many voters undecided in the November 2012 general election for president of the United States.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2011-02-21/obama-hits-50-percent-approval-rating-according-to-new-newsweekdaily-beast-poll/ |title=Obama Hits 50&nbsp;Percent Approval Rating, According to New Newsweek/Daily Beast Poll |work=Newsweek / Daily Beast Company LLC |first=Douglas |last=Schoen |date=February 21, 2011 |access-date=April 14, 2011}}</ref> A poll released in April 2011 by [[Public Policy Polling]] showed Trump having a nine-point lead in a potential contest for the Republican nomination for president while he was still actively considering a run.<ref>{{cite news |first=Aliyah |last=Shahid |title=Donald Trump takes lead in GOP primary poll, beats Romney, Huckabee, Palin, Gingrich, Bachmann, Paul |date=April 15, 2011 |access-date=April 17, 2011 |website=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]|location=New York |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/donald-trump-takes-lead-gop-primary-poll-beats-romney-huckabee-palin-gingrich-bachmann-paul-article-1.112460}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/pdf/PPP_Release_US_0510925.pdf |title=Public Policy Polling |format=PDF |access-date=September 25, 2011}}</ref> His moves were interpreted by some media as possible promotional tools for his reality show ''The Apprentice''.<ref name=cnnnotrunning /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/The-Vote/2011/0210/Donald-Trump-says-he-might-run-for-president.-Three-reasons-he-won-t |title=Donald Trump says he might run for president. Three reasons he won't. |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=February 10, 2011 |access-date=April 21, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/11/donald-trump-cpac-president-act_n_821923.html |title=Donald Trump Brings His 'Pretend To Run For President' Act To CPAC |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |access-date=April 21, 2011 |first=Jason |last=Linkins |date=February 11, 2011}}</ref> Trump played a leading role in [[Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories|"birther" conspiracy theories]] that had been circulating since President [[Barack Obama|Obama's]] 2008 presidential campaign.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/09/15/politics/donald-trump-obama-birther-united-states/|title=Trump finally admits it: 'President Barack Obama was born in the United States'|publisher=CNN|date=September 16, 2016|first1=Stephen|last1=Collinson|first2=Jeremy|last2=Diamond}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/donald-trump-perpetuated-birther-movement-years/story?id=42138176|title=How Donald Trump Perpetuated the 'Birther' Movement for Years|publisher=[[ABC News]]|date=September 16, 2016|first=Alana|last=Abramson}}</ref> Beginning in March 2011, Trump publicly questioned Obama's citizenship and eligibility to serve as President.<ref name=NYT2016>{{cite news |last1=Parker |first1=Ashley |last2=Eder |first2=Steve |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/03/us/politics/donald-trump-birther-obama.html |title=Inside the Six Weeks Donald Trump Was a Nonstop 'Birther' |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 2, 2016}}</ref><ref name="nyt-drops">{{cite news |work = The New York Times |title = Trump Drops False 'Birther' Theory, but Floats a New One: Clinton Started It |first1=Maggie |last1= Haberman |first2=Alan |last2=Rappeport |date = September 16, 2016 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/17/us/politics/donald-trump-birther-obama.html}}</ref><ref name="fc-birther">{{cite web |publisher = FactCheck.org |title = Trump Surrogates Spin 'Birther' Narrative |first = Eugene |last = Kiely |date = September 19, 2016 |url = http://www.factcheck.org/2016/09/trump-surrogates-spin-birther-narrative/}}</ref> Although the Obama campaign had released a copy of the short-form birth certificate in 2008,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ac360.blogs.cnn.com/2011/04/25/trump-claims-obama-birth-certificate-missing/ |title=Trump claims Obama birth certificate 'missing' |date=April 25, 2011 |publisher=CNN |access-date=May 14, 2011}}</ref> Trump demanded to see the original "long-form" certificate.<ref name=NYT2016 /> He mentioned having sent investigators to Hawaii to research the question, but he did not follow up with any findings.<ref name="NYT2016" /> He also repeated a debunked allegation that Obama's grandmother said she had witnessed his birth in Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2011/apr/07/donald-trump/donald-trump-says-president-obamas-grandmother-cau/ |title=Donald Trump Says President Obama's grandmother caught on tape saying she witnessed his birth in Kenya |publisher=[[PolitiFact.com]] |last=Farley |first=Robert |date=April 7, 2011 |access-date=August 25, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Affidavit of Reverend Kweli Shuhubia |date=October 30, 2008 |access-date=May 27, 2016 |publisher=[[FactCheck.org]] |url=http://cdn.factcheck.org/UploadedFiles/2011/04/bergtranscriptofmcreacall.pdf}}</ref> When the [[White House]] later released Obama's long-form birth certificate,<ref name="released">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/28/us/politics/28obama.html |title=With Document, Obama Seeks to End 'Birther' Issue |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Shear |first=Michael D. |date=April 27, 2011 |access-date=August 27, 2016}}</ref> Trump took credit for obtaining the document, saying "I hope it checks out."<ref name=Madison27April>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-takes-credit-for-obama-birth-certificate-release-but-wonders-is-it-real/ |title=Trump takes credit for Obama birth certificate release, but wonders 'is it real?' |first=Lucy |last=Madison |publisher=[[CBS News]] |date=April 27, 2011 |access-date=May 9, 2011}}</ref> His official biography mentions his purported role in forcing Obama's hand,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trump.com/biography/ |title=Donald J. Trump&nbsp;– Biography |publisher=[[The Trump Organization]] |access-date=August 27, 2016 |quote=In 2011, after failed attempts by both Senator McCain and Hillary Clinton, Mr. Trump single handedly forced President Obama to release his birth certificate, which was lauded by large segments of the political community.}}</ref> and he has defended his pursuit of the issue when prompted, later saying that his promotion of the conspiracy made him "very popular".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/donald-trumps-history-raising-birther-questions-president-obama/story?id=33861832 |title=Donald Trump's History of Raising Birther Questions About President Obama |publisher=[[ABC News]] |last=Keneally |first=Meghan |date=September 18, 2015 |access-date=August 27, 2016}}</ref> In 2011, Trump had called for Obama to release his student records, questioning whether his grades warranted entry into an [[Ivy League]] school.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-how-did-obama-get-into-the-ivy-league/ |title=Trump: How did Obama get into the Ivy League? |publisher=[[CBS News]] |first=Lucy |last=Madison |date=April 26, 2011 |access-date=August 27, 2016}}</ref> When asked in 2015 whether he believed Obama was born in the United States, Trump said he did not want to discuss the matter further.<ref name=Lee9July>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/08/politics/donald-trump-illegal-immigrant-workers/ |title=Trump says he still doesn't know where Obama was born |first=MJ |last=Lee |publisher=CNN |date=July 9, 2015 |access-date=August 18, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anderson Cooper 360 Degrees: Transcript |date=July 9, 2015 |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1507/09/acd.01.html |quote=I really don't know. I mean, I don't know why he wouldn't release his records. But you know, honestly, I don't want to get into it.}}</ref> In September 2016, Trump publicly acknowledged that Obama was born in the U.S., and said that the rumors had been started by [[Hillary Clinton]] during her [[Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2008|2008 presidential campaign]].<ref name="nyt-drops" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Goldstein|first1=David|title=It's one person's word against another on the birther rumor|url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/election/article102828747.html|access-date=December 7, 2016|date=September 19, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gahr|first1=Evan|title=Media 'Fact-Checkers' Erase Sidney Blumenthal's Key Role in Obama Birther Muck|url=http://observer.com/2016/09/media-fact-checkers-erase-sidney-blumenthal-key-role-in-obama-birther-muck/|access-date=December 7, 2016|work=The New York Observer}}</ref> [[File:Donald Trump (5440995138).jpg||thumb|left|alt=Donald Trump, dressed in a black suit with white shirt, and blue tie. He is facing toward the viewer and speaking at the Conservative Political Action Conference in February 2011.|Trump speaking at the [[Conservative Political Action Conference]] in 2011]] Trump made his first speaking appearance at the [[Conservative Political Action Conference]] (CPAC) in February 2011. His appearance at CPAC was organized by [[GOProud]], an [[LGBT conservatism|LGBT conservative]] organization, in conjunction with GOProud supporter [[Roger Stone]], who was close with Trump. GOProud pushed for a write-in campaign for Trump at CPAC's presidential straw poll. The 2011 CPAC speech Trump gave is credited for helping kick-start his political career within the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.towleroad.com/2011/02/goproud-leads-trump-in-2012-movement-at-cpac/ |title=GOProud Leads 'Trump In 2012' Movement At CPAC |publisher=[[Towleroad.com]] |date=February 10, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/03/politics/donald-trump-first-speech-to-cpac/index.html |title=Gay conservatives who helped kickstart Trump's GOP career have serious regrets |date=March 3, 2016 |first=Chris |last=Moody |publisher=CNN}}</ref> In the [[Republican Party presidential primaries, 2012|2012 Republican primaries]], Trump generally had polled at or below 17 percent among the crowded field of possible candidates.<ref name=Cunion>Cunion, William. "White Knights to the Rescue! The Non-Candidates of 2012" in ''The 2012 Nomination and the Future of the Republican Party'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=TQWaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 pp. 47–48] (William J. Miller, ed., 2013). Cunion writes that Trump never got above 17 percent in polls against the rest of the Republican field, but at least one exception was a PPP poll in April 2011 that put him at 26%. ''See'' Jensen, Tom. [http://publicpolicypolling.blogspot.com/2011/05/trump-collapses.html "Trump collapses"], ''Public Policy Polling Blog'' (May 10, 2011).</ref> On May 16, 2011, Trump announced he would not run for president in the 2012 election, while also saying he would have become the President of the United States, had he run.<ref name=cnnnotrunning>{{cite news |author=CNN Political Unit |title=Trump not running for president |url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2011/05/16/breaking-trump-not-running-for-president/?hpt=T2 |date=May 16, 2011 |publisher=CNN |access-date=May 16, 2011}}</ref> In 2013, Trump was a featured speaker at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC).<ref name="CPAC1">{{cite news |title=Donald Trump to address CPAC |url=https://news.yahoo.com/blogs/ticket/donald-trump-address-cpac-205409450--politics.html |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]] |access-date=March 6, 2013}}</ref> During the lightly attended early-morning speech, Trump spoke out against illegal immigration, then-President Obama's "unprecedented media protection", and advised against harming Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security.<ref>{{cite news |first=Lucy |last=Madison |title=Trump: Immigration reform a "suicide mission" for GOP |date=March 15, 2013 |publisher=[[CBS News]] |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-immigration-reform-a-suicide-mission-for-gop/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Dan |last=Amira |title=Photos of Donald Trump Delivering His Self-Aggrandizing CPAC Speech to a Half-Empty Ballroom |date=March 15, 2013 |website=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] (magazine) |url=http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2013/03/donald-trump-cpac-speech-empty-seat-photos.html}}</ref> Additionally, Trump spent over $1&nbsp;million in 2013 to research a possible run for president of the United States.<ref name="NYPost2016">{{cite news |title=Trump researching 2016 run |date=May 27, 2013 |website=[[Page Six]] |url=http://pagesix.com/2013/05/27/trump-researching-2016-run/}}</ref> In October 2013, New York Republicans circulated a memo suggesting Trump should run for governor of the state in 2014 against [[Andrew Cuomo]]. In response to the memo, Trump said that while New York had problems and that its taxes were too high, running for governor was not of great interest to him.<ref>{{cite news |last=Spector |first=Joseph |title=N.Y. Republicans want Donald Trump to run for governor |url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/10/14/trump-new-york-governor/2979589/ |work=[[USA Today]] |date=October 14, 2013 |access-date=October 31, 2013}}</ref> In January 2014, Trump made statements denying [[global warming|climate change]] that were discordant with the [[Scientific opinion on climate change|opinion of the scientific community]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Mooney |first=Chris |authorlink=Chris Mooney (journalist) |title=Dear Donald Trump: Winter Does Not Disprove Global Warming |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/03/cold-weather-climate-change_n_4537598.html |website=The Huffington Post |access-date=July 12, 2015}}</ref> A February 2014 Quinnipiac poll had shown Trump losing to the more popular Cuomo by 37 points in a hypothetical election.<ref>{{cite news |last=Miller |first=Jake |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-trumped-by-andrew-cuomo-in-new-york-governor-race-poll-finds/ |title=Trump trumped by Cuomo in N.Y. governor race, poll finds |date=February 13, 2014 |publisher=CBS News |access-date=February 9, 2017}}</ref> In February 2015, Trump told NBC that he was not prepared to sign on for another season of ''The Apprentice'', as he mulled his political future.<ref name=Feely1>{{cite news |first=Paul |last=Feely |title=Trump won't renew 'Apprentice' so that he might focus on a presidential run |date=February 27, 2015 |website=[[New Hampshire Union Leader]]}}</ref> === Political affiliations === [[File:Trump Meets Reagan.jpg|thumb|alt=Trump shaking hands with President Ronald Reagan in 1987. Both are standing and facing each other.|Trump meets with President [[Ronald Reagan]] at a 1987 White House reception, 30 years before taking office]] Trump's political party affiliation has changed numerous times over the years. Trump was a Democrat prior to 1987.<ref name="TrumpDem87">{{cite news|last1=Sargent|first1=Hilary|title=The man responsible for Donald Trump's never-ending presidential campaign|url=http://archive.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/blogs/hilary-sargent/2014/01/22/the-man-responsible-for-donald-trump-never-ending-presidential-campaign/95LunCt63n3xKoq5DyJNFI/blog.html|work=Boston Globe|date=January 22, 2014}}</ref> In 1987, Trump registered as a Republican in Manhattan.<ref name="PolitiFact.24.Aug.15">{{cite news|last1=Gillin|first1=Joshua|title=Bush says Trump was a Democrat longer than a Republican 'in the last decade'|url=http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2015/aug/24/jeb-bush/bush-says-trump-was-democrat-longer-republican-las/|access-date=March 18, 2017|work=PolitiFact|date=August 24, 2015}}</ref> In 1999, Trump switched to the Reform Party and ran a [[Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2000|presidential exploratory campaign]] for its nomination. After his run, Trump left the party in 2001, ostensibly due to the involvement of [[David Duke]], [[Pat Buchanan]], and [[Lenora Fulani]].<ref name="NYTimes.Revolution">{{cite news |first=Donald J. |last=Trump |title=What I Saw at the Revolution |date=February 19, 2000 |website=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/19/opinion/what-i-saw-at-the-revolution.html}}</ref> From 2001 to 2008, Trump identified as a Democrat, but in 2008, he endorsed Republican [[John McCain]] for President. In 2009, he officially changed his party registration to Republican.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/09/18/trump-endorses-mccain/ |title=Trump endorses McCain |publisher=CNN |date=September 18, 2008 |access-date=July 12, 2016}}</ref> In December 2011, Trump became an independent for five months before returning to the Republican Party, where he later pledged to stay.<ref>{{cite news |first1=MJ |last1=Lee |first2=Chris |last2=Moody |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/09/03/politics/donald-trump-2016-rnc-pledge-meeting/ |title=Donald Trump signs RNC loyalty pledge |publisher=CNN |date=September 3, 2015 |access-date=July 12, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/buster/donald-trump/donald-trump-voter-history-567920 |title=Donald Trump (NY-R-I-D-R-NP-R) Has Twice Dumped The GOP, But Remains A Republican At Press Time |website=The Smoking Gun |access-date=July 12, 2016}}</ref> Trump has made contributions to campaigns of both Republican Party and Democratic Party candidates, with the top ten recipients of his political contributions being six Democrats and four Republicans.<ref name="trumpsdonations">{{cite web |url=http://www.opensecrets.org/news/2011/02/donald-trumps-donations-to-democrats.html |publisher=Center for Responsive Politics, OpenSecrets.org |title=Donald Trump's Donations to Democrats, Club for Growth's Busy Day and More in Capital Eye Opener |first=Zachary |last=Newkirk |date=February 17, 2011}}</ref> After 2011, his campaign contributions were more favorable to Republicans than to Democrats.<ref>{{cite news |first=Will |last=Cabaniss |title=Donald Trump's campaign contributions to Democrats and Republicans |date=July 9, 2015 |publisher=[[PolitiFact.com]] |url=http://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2015/jul/09/ben-fergurson/donald-trumps-campaign-contributions-democrats-and/}}</ref> In February 2012, Trump openly endorsed Republican Mitt Romney for President.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump endorses Romney, cites tough China position and electability |date=February 2, 2012 |publisher=Fox News Channel |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/02/02/trump-plans-to-endorse-romney-sources-say.html#}}</ref> When asked in 2015 which recent president he prefers, Trump picked Democrat [[Bill Clinton]] over the Republican [[Bush family#President|Bushes]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Adam B. |last=Lerner |title=Donald Trump names his favorite prez: Bill Clinton |date=June 17, 2015 |website=[[Politico]] |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/donald-trump-bill-clinton-favorite-president-119114}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Morning Joe: Trump weighs in on best president |date=June 17, 2015 |publisher=[[MSNBC]] |url=http://www.msnbc.com/morning-joe/watch/trump-weighs-in-on-best-president-466103363535}}</ref> According to a New York state report, Trump circumvented corporate and personal campaign donation limits in the 1980s—although no laws were broken—by donating money to candidates from 18 different business subsidiaries, rather than donating primarily in his own name.<ref name=OHarrow16Oct>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/trump-swam-in-mob-infested-waters-in-early-years-as-an-nyc-developer/2015/10/16/3c75b918-60a3-11e5-b38e-06883aacba64_story.html |title=Trump swam in mob-infested waters in early years as an NYC developer |work=The Washington Post |date=October 16, 2015 |access-date=October 16, 2015 |first=Robert Jr. |last=O'Harrow}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Goldstock|first=Ronald|title=Corruption and Racketeering in the New York City Construction Industry: Final Report to Governor Mario M. Cuomo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2msVCgAAQBAJ|access-date=March 9, 2016|date=January 1, 1991|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-3034-8|page=120}}</ref> Trump told investigators he did so on the advice of his lawyers. He also said the contributions were not to gain favor with business-friendly candidates, but simply to satisfy requests from friends.<ref name=OHarrow16Oct /><ref name="NY_Campaign_Finance">{{cite journal|author1=New York State Commission on Government Integrity|title=Restoring the Public Trust: A Blueprint for Government Integrity|journal=Fordham Urban Law Jour|pages=177–179 |url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ulj/vol18/iss2/3/ |access-date=March 9, 2016}}</ref> === 2000 presidential campaign === {{Main|Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2000}} In 1999, Trump filed an [[exploratory committee]] to seek the presidential nomination of the [[Reform Party of the United States of America|Reform Party]] in 2000.<ref name="NYTimes.Revolution" /><ref>{{cite news |first=Richard |last=Winger |authorlink=Richard Winger |title=Donald Trump Ran For President in 2000 in Several Reform Party Presidential Primaries |date=December 25, 2011 |website=[[Ballot Access News]] |url=http://ballot-access.org/2011/12/25/donald-trump-ran-for-president-in-2000-in-several-reform-party-presidential-primaries/}}</ref> A July 1999 poll matching him against likely Republican nominee [[George W. Bush]] and likely Democratic nominee [[Al Gore]] showed Trump with seven percent support.<ref>{{cite news |title=Donald Trump eyeing a run at the White House |last=Johnson |first=Glen |work=Standard-Speaker |location=Hazelton, Pennsylvania}}</ref> Trump eventually dropped out of the race due to party infighting, but still won the party's California and Michigan primaries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ballot-access.org/2011/12/25/donald-trump-ran-for-president-in-2000-in-several-reform-party-presidential-primaries/ |title=Ballot Access News&nbsp;– Donald Trump Ran For President in 2000 in Several Reform Party Presidential Primaries |publisher=ballot-access.org |access-date=July 1, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://primary2000.sos.ca.gov/returns/pres/00.htm |title=CA Secretary of State&nbsp;– Primary 2000&nbsp;– Statewide Totals |publisher=ca.gov |access-date=July 1, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216145038/http://primary2000.sos.ca.gov/returns/pres/00.htm |archivedate=February 16, 2015 |df=mdy}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Jesse |last=Zwick |title=Donald Trump for President? |date=October 4, 2010 |access-date=October 4, 2010 |website=[[The Washington Independent]] |url=http://washingtonindependent.com/99472/donald-trump-for-president |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008062443/http://washingtonindependent.com/99472/donald-trump-for-president |archivedate=October 8, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == 2016 presidential campaign == {{Main|Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016}} [[File:Donald Trump Laconia Rally, Laconia, NH 4 by Michael Vadon July 16 2015 19.jpg|thumb|alt=Trump speaking behind a brown wooden podium, wearing a dark blue suit and a red tie. The podium sports a blue "TRUMP" sign.|Trump campaigning in [[Laconia, New Hampshire]], on July 16, 2015]] On June 16, 2015, Trump announced his candidacy for President of the United States at [[Trump Tower]] in Manhattan. In the speech, Trump drew attention to domestic issues such as [[Illegal immigration to the United States|illegal immigration]], [[offshoring]] of American jobs, the [[National debt of the United States|U.S. national debt]], and [[Islamic terrorism]], which all remained large priorities during the campaign. He also announced his campaign slogan, "[[Make America Great Again]]".<ref>{{cite speech |url=http://time.com/3923128/donald-trump-announcement-speech/ |title=Here's Donald Trump's Presidential Announcement Speech |via=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |first=Donald |last=Trump |author-link=Donald Trump |date=June 16, 2015 |location=Trump Tower, New York City}}</ref> In his campaign, Trump said that he disdained [[political correctness]]; he also stated that the media had intentionally misinterpreted his words, and he made other claims of adverse [[media bias]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Kenneth T. |last=Walsh |title=Trump: Media Is 'Dishonest and Corrupt' |date=August 15, 2016 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-08-15/trump-media-is-dishonest-and-corrupt |quote='If the disgusting and corrupt media covered me honestly and didn't put false meaning into the words I say, I would be beating Hillary by 20 percent,' Trump also tweeted Sunday. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916083614/https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-08-15/trump-media-is-dishonest-and-corrupt |archivedate=September 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Ted |last=Koppel |title=Trump: "I feel I'm an honest person" |date=July 24, 2016 |publisher=[[CBS News]] |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-i-feel-im-an-honest-person/ |quote='Well, I think that I'm an honest person,' Trump said. 'I feel I'm an honest person. And I don't mind being criticized at all by the media, but I do wanna&nbsp;– you know, I do want them to be straight about it.'}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/07/06/donald-trumps-failing-war-on-political-correctness/ |title=Donald Trump is waging war on political correctness. And he's losing. |first=Aaron |last=Blake |date=July 6, 2015 |work=The Washington Post}}</ref> In part due to his fame, Trump received an unprecedented amount of [[earned media|free media coverage]] during his run for the presidency, which elevated his standing in the Republican primaries.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/06/14/this-harvard-study-is-a-powerful-indictment-of-the-medias-role-in-donald-trumps-rise/ |title=This Harvard study is a powerful indictment of the media's role in Donald Trump's rise |first=Chris |last=Cillizza |date=June 14, 2016 |work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Republican leaders such as [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|House Speaker]] [[Paul Ryan]] were hesitant to support him during his early quest for the presidency. They doubted his chances of winning the [[United States presidential election, 2016|general election]] and feared that he could harm the image of the Republican Party.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/28/us/politics/donald-trump-republican-voters.html |title=How the G.O.P. Elite Lost Its Voters to Donald Trump |first=Nicholas |last=Confessore |date=March 26, 2016 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestreet.com/story/13467863/1/donald-trump-nomination-would-forever-change-the-republican-party.html |title=Donald Trump Nomination Would Forever Change the Republican Party |date=February 24, 2016 |first=Emily |last=Stewart |website=[[TheStreet]]}}</ref> The [[alt-right]] movement coalesced around Trump's candidacy,<ref name="WPechoes">{{cite news|last=Ohlheiser|first=Abby|title=Anti-Semitic Trump supporters made a giant list of people to target with a racist meme|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/06/03/anti-semitic-trump-supporters-made-a-giant-list-of-people-to-target-with-a-racist-meme/|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=June 3, 2016}}</ref> due in part to its [[Criticism of multiculturalism|opposition to multiculturalism]] and [[Opposition to immigration|immigration]].<ref name=CNNexplained>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/08/25/politics/alt-right-explained-hillary-clinton-donald-trump/ |title=Clinton is attacking the 'Alt-Right'&nbsp;– What is it? |first=Gregory |last=Krieg |access-date=August 25, 2016 |date=August 25, 2016 |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref name="ft">{{cite news |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e148d930-6cdb-11e6-9ac1-1055824ca907.html |title='Alt-right' movement makes mark on US presidential election |first=Demetri |last=Sevastopulo |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> The connection of this group to the Trump campaign is controversial; writers such as [[Jon Ronson]] have suggested that the link between Trump and right-wing figures such as [[Alex Jones (radio host)|Alex Jones]] and [[Roger Stone]] is a [[marriage of convenience]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lozada|first1=Carlos|title=Donald Trump and the alt-right: A marriage of convenience|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/book-party/wp/2016/12/30/donald-trump-and-the-alt-right-a-marriage-of-convenience/|access-date=March 18, 2017|work=The Washington Post|date=December 30, 2016}}</ref> During the campaign, Trump was accused of pandering to [[white nationalist]]s,<ref>{{cite web|title=White Nationalists and the Alt-Right Celebrate Trump's Victory|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2016/11/09/white-nationalists-and-alt-right-celebrate-trump%E2%80%99s-victory|website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]]|access-date=November 10, 2016}}</ref> especially in his initial refusal to condemn the support of [[David Duke]], a former [[Grand Wizard|Imperial Wizard]] of the [[Ku Klux Klan]], in a CNN interview with [[Jake Tapper]]. He had previously criticized Duke in 1991, disavowed the 2000 Reform Party due to the support of Duke and others, and disavowed Duke on the campaign trail both before and after the interview.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kessler|first1=Glenn|title=Donald Trump and David Duke: For the record|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/03/01/donald-trump-and-david-duke-for-the-record/|access-date=March 18, 2017|work=The Washington Post|date=March 1, 2016}}</ref> In August, he appointed [[Steve Bannon]]—the executive chairman of [[Breitbart News]]—as his campaign CEO; the website was described by Bannon as "the platform for the alt-right."<ref>{{cite news|title=Clickbait scoops and an engaged alt-right: everything to know about Breitbart News|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/nov/15/breitbart-news-alt-right-stephen-bannon-trump-administration|access-date=November 18, 2016|work=The Guardian|date=November 15, 2016}}</ref> However, Bannon later told the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' that he was an "economic nationalist" but not "a supporter of [[ethno-nationalism]]."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bradner|first1=Eric|title=Bannon rejects white nationalism: 'I'm an economic nationalist'|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/21/politics/steve-bannon-donald-trump-nationalist/|access-date=May 31, 2017|publisher=CNN|date=November 21, 2016}}</ref> Some rallies during the primary season were accompanied by protests or violence, including attacks on Trump supporters and vice-versa both inside and outside the venues.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/03/10/trump-protester-sucker-punched-at-north-carolina-rally-videos-show/ |title=Trump supporter charged after sucker-punching protester at North Carolina rally |date=March 11, 2016 |work=The Washington Post |access-date=August 31, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/06/03/ugly-bloody-scenes-in-san-jose-as-protesters-attack-trump-supporters-outside-rally/ |title=Ugly, bloody scenes in San Jose as protesters attack Trump supporters outside rally |date=June 3, 2016 |work=The Washington Post |access-date=August 31, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/27/politics/donald-trump-san-diego-protesters/ |title=Pro-Trump, anti-Trump groups clash in San Diego |last=Diamond |first=Jeremy |date=May 28, 2016 |publisher=CNN |access-date=August 31, 2016}}</ref> === Campaign rhetoric === Fact-checking organizations have denounced Trump for making a record number of false statements compared to other candidates.<ref name="whoppers">{{cite web |url=http://www.factcheck.org/2015/12/the-king-of-whoppers-donald-trump/ |title=The 'King of Whoppers': Donald Trump |publisher=[[FactCheck.org]] |date=December 21, 2015}}</ref><ref name="year">{{cite web |url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2015/dec/21/2015-lie-year-donald-trump-campaign-misstatements/ |title=2015 Lie of the Year: the campaign misstatements of Donald Trump |publisher=[[PolitiFact.com]] |date=December 21, 2015 |first1=Angie Drobnic |last1=Holan |first2=Linda |last2=Qiu}}</ref><ref name="wapo-false">{{cite news |first=Paul |last=Farhi |title=Think Trump's wrong? Fact checkers can tell you how often. (Hint: A lot.) |date=February 26, 2016 |website=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/the-existential-crisis-of-professional-factcheckers-in-the-year-of-trump/2016/02/25/e994f210-db3e-11e5-81ae-7491b9b9e7df_story.html}}</ref> At least four major publications&nbsp;– ''Politico'', ''The Washington Post'', ''The New York Times'', and the ''Los Angeles Times''&nbsp;– have pointed out lies or falsehoods in his campaign statements.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=CNN |url=http://money.cnn.com/2016/09/25/media/newspapers-donald-trump-hillary-clinton-lies/index.html |title=The weekend America's newspapers called Donald Trump a liar |first=Brian |last=Stelter |date=September 26, 2016}}</ref> ''[[NPR]]'' said that Trump's campaign statements were often opaque or suggestive.<ref>{{cite news |last=McCammon |first=Sarah |title=Donald Trump's controversial speech often walks the line |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=August 10, 2016 |quote=Many of Trump's opaque statements seem to rely on suggestion and innuendo.}}</ref> Lucas Graves, an assistant professor of journalism and mass communication at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://journalism.wisc.edu/sjmc_profile/lucas-graves/ |title=Lucas Graves |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] |date=October 26, 2012 |access-date=December 14, 2016}}</ref> opined that Trump "often speaks in a suggestive way that makes it unclear what exactly he meant, so that fact-checkers "have to be really careful" when picking claims to check, "to pick things that reflect what the speaker was clearly trying to communicate."<ref>{{cite AV media |last1=Wagner|first1=Mike|last2=Graves|first2=Lucas|date=August 10, 2016|title=“Deciding What’s True” With Lucas Graves||medium=Radio broadcast|url=https://www.wortfm.org/lucasgraves/|access-date=June 1, 2017|minutes=50:30|publisher=[[WORT]]}}</ref> Trump's penchant for [[hyperbole]] is believed to have roots in the New York real estate scene, where Trump established his wealth and where [[puffery]] abounds.<ref name=reuters-20150828 /> Trump has called his public speaking style "truthful hyperbole", an effective political tactic which may however backfire for overpromising.<ref name=reuters-20150828>{{cite news |first1=Emily |last1=Flitter |first2=James |last2=Oliphant |title=Best president ever! How Trump's love of hyperbole could backfire |date=August 28, 2015 |agency=[[Reuters]] |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-trump-hyperbole-insight-idUSKCN0QX11X20150828 |quote=Trump's penchant for exaggeration could backfire&nbsp;– he risks promising voters more than he can deliver&nbsp;... Optimistic exaggeration&nbsp;... is a hallmark of the cutthroat New York real estate world where many developers, accustomed to ramming their way into deals, puff up their portfolios. 'A little hyperbole never hurts,' he wrote&nbsp;... For Trump, exaggerating has always been a frequent impulse, especially when the value of his Trump brand is disputed.}}</ref> Martin Medhurst, a [[Baylor University]] professor of communication and political science, analyzed Trump's frequently used [[rhetorical devices]], such as catchy slogans, hyperbole, insinuations and [[preterition]].<ref>{{cite news|author1=Agence France-Presse|authorlink1=Agence France-Presse|title=Trump tics: Making hyperbole great again|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/trump-tics-making-hyperbole-great-again-035009272.html|access-date=June 1, 2017|publisher=[[Yahoo! News]]|date=August 17, 2016}}</ref> === Financial disclosures === {{Further information | Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016#Refusal to release tax returns}} As required of all presidential candidates by [[Federal Election Commission|FEC]] regulations, Trump published a 92-page financial disclosure form that listed all his assets, liabilities, income sources and hundreds of business positions,<ref name="Financial 2015" /> but he declined to release his tax returns,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/05/11/romney-calls-decision-by-trump-not-to-release-tax-returns-disqualifying.html|title=Romney calls decision by Trump not to release tax returns 'disqualifying'|date=May 11, 2016|publisher=Fox News Channel|access-date=July 18, 2016}}</ref> contrary to usual practice by every presidential candidate since [[Gerald Ford]] in 1976.<ref name="Rappeport">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2016/05/11/donald-trump-breaks-with-recent-history-by-not-releasing-tax-returns/?_r=0 |title=Donald Trump Breaks With Recent History by Not Releasing Tax Returns |last=Rappeport |first=Alan |date=May 11, 2016 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 19, 2016}}</ref> Trump's refusal led to speculation that he was hiding something,<ref name=Collinson25Feb>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/24/politics/mitt-romney-donald-trump-taxes/ |title=Donald Trump rejects Mitt Romney's ironic tax attack |publisher=CNN |date=February 25, 2016 |access-date=February 25, 2016 |first1=Stephen |last1=Collinson |first2=Jeremy |last2=Diamond |first3=Hasan |last3=Khan}}</ref> although there is no law that requires presidential candidates to release their returns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/history-mandates-presidential-candidates|title=History mandates presidential candidates release tax returns, but not how many}}</ref> Trump explained that his tax returns are being audited and his lawyers advise against releasing them.<ref name=CNNtax26Feb>{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/2016/02/26/pf/taxes/trump-tax-returns-audit/ |title=Trump says he can't release tax returns because of audits |publisher=CNN |date=February 26, 2016 |access-date=February 26, 2016}}</ref><ref name=Browning26Feb>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2016-02-26/trump-s-12-years-of-audits-very-unusual-ex-irs-agent-says |title=Trump's 12 Years of Audits 'Very Unusual,' Ex-IRS Agent Says |work=Bloomberg |first=Lynnley |last=Browning |date=February 26, 2016 |access-date=February 26, 2016}}</ref> However, no law prohibits release of tax returns during an audit.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fact-Check: Donald Trump Can't Release His Taxes While Being Audited?|url=http://www.npr.org/2016/02/26/468278769/fact-check-donald-trump-cant-release-his-taxes-while-being-audited|author=Zarroli, Jim|date=February 26, 2016|publisher=NPR|accessdate=June 10, 2017|quote=NPR spoke with three tax experts... No law exists barring people from releasing their tax returns during an audit.}}</ref> Tax attorneys differ about whether such a release is wise legal strategy.<ref>{{cite news |first=Emily |last=Stewart |title=Would No Tax Lawyer Advise Trump Release His Tax Returns? It's Complicated |date=August 27, 2016 |publisher=[[TheStreet.com]] |url=https://www.thestreet.com/story/13687015/1/would-no-tax-lawyer-advise-trump-release-his-tax-returns-it-s-complicated.html}}</ref> Trump has told the news media that his tax rate was "none of your business", but added, "I fight very hard to pay as little tax as possible."<ref>{{cite news |first=Tal |last=Kopan |title=Trump on his tax rate: 'None of your business' |date=May 13, 2016 |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/13/politics/donald-trump-tax-rate-none-of-your-business/}}</ref><ref name=Politico24Jan>{{cite news |work=Politico |date=January 24, 2016 |access-date=February 22, 2016 |first=Colin |last=Wilhelm |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2016/01/donald-trump-tax-returns-218160 |title=Trump vows to release his tax returns |quote=It's a little tax}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Jim |last=Zarroli |title=Fact-Check: Donald Trump Can't Release His Taxes While Being Audited? |date=February 26, 2016 |publisher=[[NPR]] |url=http://www.npr.org/2016/02/26/468278769/fact-check-donald-trump-cant-release-his-taxes-while-being-audited}}</ref> On October 1, 2016, three pages of Trump's 1995 tax return were leaked to a reporter from ''[[The New York Times]]'', who said she received the documents in her ''Times'' mailbox. Each of the three pages is one page from Trump's state filings in Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey. They show that using allowed deductions for losses, Trump claimed a loss of $916&nbsp;million that year. During the second presidential debate, Trump acknowledged using the deduction, but declined to provide details such as the specific years it was applied.<ref name="nyt-20161010">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/10/us/politics/donald-trump-taxes.html|title=Donald Trump Acknowledges Not Paying Federal Income Taxes for Years|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 10, 2016|first1=Steve|last1=Eder|first2=Megan|last2=Twohey}}</ref> When asked if he used the tax code to avoid paying taxes, he said, "Of course I did. Of course I did." He then went on to say he paid "hundreds of millions of dollars in taxes", calling it a "simple" thing. "I pay tax, and I pay federal tax, too", he said.<ref name=2debatetranscript>{{cite web|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2016/10/2016-presidential-debate-transcript-229519 |title=Full transcript: Second 2016 presidential debate|last=Politico Staff}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/10/01/us/politics/donald-trump-taxes.html|title=Pages From Donald Trump's 1995 Income Tax Records|last=The New York Times |date=October 1, 2016|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/02/us/politics/donald-trump-taxes.html |title=Donald Trump Tax Records Show He Could Have Avoided Taxes for Nearly Two Decades, The Times Found|first1=David Barstow, Susanne Craig, Russ|last1=Buettner|first2=Megan|last2=Twohey |date=October 1, 2016 |via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> On March 14, 2017, the first two pages of Trump's 2005 federal income tax returns were leaked to [[MSNBC]]'s [[Rachel Maddow]], who unveiled them on [[The Rachel Maddow Show|her show]]. The two pages showed that Trump paid $38&nbsp;million in federal taxes and had a gross adjusted income of $150&nbsp;million.<ref name="nyt-taxes" /><ref name="hill-taxes" /> The White House confirmed the authenticity of the 2005 documents and stated: "Despite this substantial income figure and tax paid, it is totally illegal to steal and publish tax returns."<ref name="nyt-taxes">{{cite web|last1=Baker|first1=Peter|title=Trump Wrote Off $100 Million in Business Losses in 2005|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/14/us/politics/donald-trump-taxes.html?action=Click&contentCollection=BreakingNews&contentID=65028761&pgtype=Homepage|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref><ref name="hill-taxes">{{cite web|last1=Jagoda|first1=Naomi|title=WH releases Trump tax info ahead of MSNBC report: He paid $38M in federal taxes in '05|url=http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/324016-wh-releases-trump-tax-info-ahead-of-msnbc-report-made-150m-in-2005|website=The Hill|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref> === Republican primaries === {{Main|Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016}} [[File:Trump Rally in Cincinnati.jpg|thumb|right|Trump rally in the [[U.S. Bank Arena]], [[Cincinnati, Ohio]], on October 13, 2016]] Trump entered a field of 16 candidates who were vying for the 2016 Republican nomination; this was the largest presidential field in American history.<ref>{{cite news |title=More People Are Running for Presidential Nomination Than Ever |url=http://time.com/3948922/jim-gilmore-virginia-2016/ |website=Time |access-date=February 14, 2016 |date=July 7, 2015 |first=Jack |last=Linshi}}</ref> Trump participated in eleven of the twelve [[Republican Party presidential debates and forums, 2016|Republican debates]], skipping only the seventh debate on January 28 (that was the last debate before primary voting began on February 1). The debates received historically high television ratings, which increased the visibility of Trump's campaign.<ref>{{cite news |title=Donald Trump helps GOP presidential debates break TV ratings records |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/mar/9/donald-trump-helps-gop-presidential-debates-break-/ |website=Time |access-date=October 8, 2016 |date=March 9, 2016 |first=Kellan |last=Howell}}</ref> By early 2016, the race had mostly centered on Trump and [[U.S. Senator]] Ted Cruz.<ref name="fortune1">{{cite news |url=http://fortune.com/2016/03/06/cruz-trump-republican-race/ |title=Donald Trump, Ted Cruz Angling For One-On-One Republican Race |date=March 6, 2016 |work=Fortune}}</ref> On [[Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016#March 1, 2016: Super Tuesday|Super Tuesday]], Trump won the plurality of the vote and remained the front-runner throughout the remainder of the primaries. By March 2016, Trump became poised to win the Republican nomination.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/03/23/why-donald-trump-is-poised-to-win-the-nomination-and-lose-the-general-election-in-one-poll/ |title=Why Donald Trump is poised to win the nomination and lose the general election, in one poll |work=The Washington Post |first=Philip |last=Bump |date=March 23, 2016}}</ref> After a landslide win in [[Indiana Republican primary, 2016|Indiana]] on May 3, 2016, which prompted the remaining candidates Ted Cruz and [[John Kasich]] to suspend their presidential campaigns, [[Republican National Committee|RNC]] Chairman [[Reince Priebus]] declared Trump the presumptive Republican nominee.<ref name="politico_priebus">{{cite news |url=http://www.politico.com/blogs/2016-gop-primary-live-updates-and-results/2016/05/reince-priebus-donald-trump-is-nominee-222767 |title=RNC Chairman: Trump is our nominee |last=Nussbaum |first=Matthew |date=May 3, 2016 |publisher=Politico.com |access-date=May 4, 2016}}</ref> With nearly 14&nbsp;million votes, Trump broke the all-time record for winning the most primary votes in the history of the Republican Party. He also set the record for the largest number of votes against the front runner.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bump |first=Philip |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/06/08/donald-trump-got-the-most-votes-in-gop-primary-history-a-historic-number-of-people-voted-against-him-too/ |title=Trump got the most GOP votes ever&nbsp;— both for and against him&nbsp;— and other fun facts |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=July 12, 2016}}</ref> === General election campaign === {{Main|United States presidential election, 2016}} [[File:Donald Trump and Mike Pence RNC July 2016.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Donald Trump and his running mate for vice president, Mike Pence, at the Republican National Convention in July 2016. They appear to be standing in front of a huge screen with the colors of the American flag displayed on it. Trump is at left, facing toward the viewer and making "thumbs-up" gestures with both hands. Pence is at right, facing toward Trump and clapping.|Trump with his running mate [[Mike Pence]] at the [[Republican National Convention]] on July 20, 2016]] [[File:Trump-Pence 2016.svg|right|thumb|Trump–Pence 2016 campaign logo]] After becoming the presumptive Republican nominee, Trump's focus shifted to the [[United States presidential election, 2016|general election]], urging remaining primary voters to "save [their] vote for the general election."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://time.com/4320484/donald-trump-west-virginia-primary-stay-home/ |title=Donald Trump Tells West Virginia Primary Voters to Stay Home |first=Tessa |last=Berenson |date=May 5, 2016 |work=Time}}</ref> Trump began campaigning against [[Hillary Clinton]], who became the presumptive [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee on June 6, 2016, and continued to campaign across the country. Clinton had established a significant lead in [[Nationwide opinion polling for the United States presidential election, 2016|national polls]] over Trump throughout most of 2016. In early July, Clinton's lead narrowed in national polling averages following the [[FBI]]'s re-opening of its investigation into her ongoing [[Hillary Clinton email controversy|email controversy]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/amp/poll-clinton-trump-now-tied-gop-convention-kicks-n611936 |title=Poll: Clinton and Trump Now Tied as GOP Convention Kicks Off |publisher=[[NBC News]] |first1=Hannah |last1=Hartig |first2=John |last2=Lapinski |first3=Stephanie |last3=Psyllos |date=July 19, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://elections.huffingtonpost.com/pollster/2016-general-election-trump-vs-clinton |title=2016 General Election: Trump vs. Clinton |access-date=October 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2016/president/us/general_election_trump_vs_clinton-5491.html |title=General Election: Trump vs. Clinton |website=RealClearPolitics |access-date=October 3, 2016}}</ref> On July 15, 2016, Trump announced his selection of [[Indiana]] [[United States Governor|Governor]] [[Mike Pence]] as his [[running mate]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnbc.com/2016/07/15/donald-trump-officially-names-mike-pence-as-his-vp.html |date=July 15, 2016 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |title=Donald Trump officially names Mike Pence for VP |last=Levingston |first=Ivan}}</ref> Trump and Pence were officially nominated by the Republican Party on July 19, 2016, at the Republican National Convention.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/07/19/republicans-start-process-to-nominate-trump-for-president.html |date=July 19, 2016 |publisher=[[Fox News Channel]] |title=Trump closes the deal, becomes Republican nominee for president}}</ref> The list of convention speakers and attendees included former presidential nominee [[Bob Dole]], but the other prior nominees did not attend.<ref name="missing">{{cite news |first=Jane C. |last=Timm |title=9 Elephants in the Room at RNC: Who's Missing From the Speakers List |date=July 17, 2016 |access-date=August 16, 2016 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/2016-conventions/9-elephants-room-rnc-what-s-missing-speakers-list-n609471}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Manu |last=Raju |title=Flake, McCain split over backing Trump |date=May 5, 2016 |access-date=May 7, 2016 |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/05/politics/john-mccain-jeff-flake-donald-trump/}}</ref> Two days later, Trump officially accepted the nomination in a 76-minute speech inspired by [[Richard Nixon]]'s 1968 acceptance speech.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/trump-inspired-by-nixon |title=Trump, Inspired by Nixon? |last=Frank |first=Jeffrey |date=July 20, 2016 |work=The New Yorker |access-date=July 23, 2016}}</ref> The historically long speech was watched by nearly 35&nbsp;million people and received mixed reviews, with net negative viewer reactions according to CNN and Gallup polls.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-ct-rnc-ratings-20160722-snap-story.html |title=35 million TV viewers watch Donald Trump's acceptance speech at GOP convention |last=Battaglio |first=Stephen |date=July 22, 2016 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=July 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/25/politics/donald-trump-hillary-clinton-poll/index.html |title=Trump bounces into the lead |first=Jennifer |last=Agiesta |publisher=CNN |access-date=August 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.gallup.com/opinion/polling-matters/194000/first-time-trump-image-par-clinton.aspx |title=For First Time, Trump's Image on Par With Clinton's |access-date=August 3, 2016}}</ref> On September 26, 2016, Donald Trump and [[Hillary Clinton]] faced off in [[United States presidential election debates, 2016#First presidential debate (Hofstra University)|the first presidential debate]] at [[Hofstra University]] in [[Hempstead, New York]]. [[Lester Holt]], an anchor with [[NBC News]], was the moderator.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uspresidentialelectionnews.com/2016-debate-schedule/2016-presidential-debate-schedule/|title=2016 Presidential Debate Schedule|last=Central|first=2016 Election|date=September 23, 2015|access-date=September 30, 2016}}</ref> This was the most watched presidential debate in United States history.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/2016/09/27/media/debate-ratings-record-viewership/index.html |title=Debate breaks record as most-watched in U.S. history |last=Stelter |first=Brian |date=September 27, 2016 |website=CNNMoney |access-date=September 30, 2016}}</ref> The [[United States presidential election debates, 2016#Second presidential debate (Washington University in St. Louis)|second presidential debate]] was held at [[Washington University in Saint Louis|Washington University]] in [[Saint Louis, Missouri]]. The beginning narrative of that debate was dominated by a [[Donald Trump and Billy Bush recording|leaked tape of Trump making lewd comments]], and counter-accusations by Trump of sexual misconduct by [[Bill Clinton]]. Trump had invited four women who had accused Clinton of impropriety to a press conference prior to the debate. The [[United States presidential election debates, 2016#Third presidential debate (University of Nevada, Las Vegas)|final presidential debate]] was held at the [[University of Nevada, Las Vegas]] on October 19. Trump's refusal to say whether he would accept the result of the election, regardless of the outcome, drew particular press attention.<ref>{{cite news|title=US presidential debate: Trump won't commit to accept election result|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-us-2016-37706499|access-date=October 27, 2016|publisher=BBC News|date=October 20, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=How US media reacted to the third presidential debate|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-10-20/how-the-us-media-viewed-the-third-presidential-debate/7950418|access-date=October 27, 2016|publisher=ABC News|date=October 20, 2016}}</ref> === Political positions === {{Main|Political positions of Donald Trump}} [[Political positions of Donald Trump|Trump's campaign platform]] emphasized renegotiating [[U.S.–China relations]] and [[free trade]] agreements such as [[NAFTA]] and the [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]], strongly enforcing [[Illegal immigration to the United States|immigration laws]], and building a [[Mexico–United States barrier|new wall]] along the [[U.S.–Mexico border]]. His other campaign positions included pursuing [[energy independence]] while opposing [[climate change]] regulations such as the [[Clean Power Plan]] and the [[Paris Agreement]], modernizing and expediting [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|services for veterans]], repealing and replacing the [[Affordable Care Act]], abolishing [[Common Core]] education standards, [[Infrastructure-based development|investing in infrastructure]], simplifying the [[Internal Revenue Code|tax code]] while reducing taxes for all economic classes, and imposing [[tariff]]s on [[import]]s by companies that [[offshoring|offshore]] jobs. During the campaign, he also advocated a largely [[United States non-interventionism|non-interventionist]] approach to [[Foreign policy of the United States|foreign policy]] while increasing [[Military budget of the United States|military spending]], [[extreme vetting]] of immigrants from [[Muslim-majority countries]] to pre-empt domestic [[Islamic terrorism]], and aggressive military action against [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL, also known as ISIS or IS). Media have described Trump's political positions as "[[Populism|populist]]",<ref>{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Kazin |title=How Can Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders Both Be 'Populist'? |date=March 22, 2016 |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/27/magazine/how-can-donald-trump-and-bernie-sanders-both-be-populist.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Bernie |last=Becker |title=Trump's 6 populist positions |date=February 13, 2016 |website=[[Politico]] |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2016/02/donald-trump-working-class-voters-219231}}</ref> and some of his views cross party lines. For example, his economic campaign plan calls for large reductions in [[Corporate tax in the United States#Tax rates|income taxes]] and deregulation,<ref name="Donaldjtrump.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/positions/tax-reform |title=Tax Reform &#124; Donald J Trump for President |publisher=Donaldjtrump.com |access-date=January 6, 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104052211/https://www.donaldjtrump.com/positions/tax-reform |archivedate=January 4, 2016 |df=mdy}}</ref> consistent with Republican Party policies, along with significant infrastructure investment,<ref>{{cite news |first=Max |last=Ehrenfreund |title=Liberals will love something Donald Trump said last night |date=December 16, 2015 |website=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/12/16/one-thing-donald-trump-got-right-about-how-the-u-s-is-spending-its-money/}}</ref> usually considered a liberal (Democratic Party) policy.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-democrats-support-infrastructure-overhaul-pledge-1-trillion-rebuild-president-elect-a7488396.html |title=Democrats can finally agree with Donald Trump on something |date=December 21, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/01/trump-infrastructure-cities/512432/|title=Would Trump's Infrastructure Plan Fix America's Cities? |first=Mason B. |last=Williams}}</ref> According to political writer [[Jack Shafer]], Trump may be a "fairly conventional American populist when it comes to his policy views", but he attracts [[earned media|free media attention]], sometimes by making outrageous comments.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jack |last=Shafer |title=Did We Create Trump? |date=May 2016 |website=[[Politico]] |quote=...&nbsp;Trump's outrageous comments about John McCain, Muslims, the 14th Amendment and all the rest&nbsp;... |url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/04/did-media-reporters-create-trump-2016-campaign-213840}}</ref>{{sfn|Trump|Schwartz|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ye6e_VxM00kC&pg=PA56 56]}} Trump has supported or leaned toward varying political positions over time.<ref name="davida.fahrenthold">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/08/17/20-times-donald-trump-has-changed-his-mind-since-june/ |title=20 times Donald Trump has changed his mind since June |first=David A. |last=Fahrenthold |date=August 17, 2015 |work=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref name="thehillFLIP">{{cite news |url=http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/247643-meet-the-press-tracks-trumps-flip-flops |title='Meet the Press' tracks Trump's flip-flops |work=The Hill |first=Mark |last=Hensch |date=July 12, 2015}}</ref><ref name="real Donald">{{cite news |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2015/07/will-the-real-donald-trump-please-stand-up-120607 |first=Timothy |last=Noah |title=Will the real Donald Trump please stand up? |newspaper=Politico |date=July 26, 2015}}</ref> ''[[Politico]]'' has described his positions as "eclectic, improvisational and often contradictory",<ref name="real Donald" /> while [[NBC News]] counted "141 distinct shifts on 23 major issues" during his campaign.<ref name="nbcnews.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/full-list-donald-trump-s-rapidly-changing-policy-positions-n547801 |title=A Full List of Donald Trump's Rapidly Changing Policy Positions |last=Timm |first=Jane C. |publisher=NBC News |access-date=July 12, 2016}}</ref> ===Russian interference in election=== {{Main|Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections}} In January 2017, American intelligence agencies – the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] and [[National Security Agency|NSA]], represented by the [[Director of National Intelligence]] – jointly stated with "[[Analytic confidence#Levels of analytic confidence in national security reports|high confidence]]" that the Russian government [[Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections|attempted to intervene]] in the 2016 presidential election to favor the election of Trump.<ref name="Declassified Report">{{cite news|title=Intelligence Report on Russian Hacking|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/01/06/us/politics/document-russia-hacking-report-intelligence-agencies.html|access-date=January 8, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=January 6, 2017|page=11 | quote="We assess Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered an influence campaign in 2016 aimed at the US presidential election. Russia's goals were to undermine public faith in the US democratic process, denigrate Secretary Clinton, and harm her electability and potential presidency. We further assess Putin and the Russian Government developed a clear preference for President-elect Trump. We have high confidence in these judgments."}}</ref> In testimony to the Senate Intelligence Committee on June 8, former FBI Director James Comey affirmed he has "no doubt" that Russia interfered in the 2016 election, adding "they did it with purpose and sophistication".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/james-comey-no-doubt-russia-interfered-in-2016-election/|title=James Comey: "No doubt" Russia interfered in 2016 election|date=June 8, 2017|publisher=CBS News|access-date=June 8, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Politico_Staff_6/8/2017">{{cite web | title=Full text: James Comey testimony transcript on Trump and Russia | website=Politico Magazine | date=June 8, 2017 | url=http://politi.co/2rae37O | access-date=June 9, 2017 | quote=<p>SEN. MARTIN HEINRICH (D-NM): The president has repeatedly talked about ... Russia's involvement in the U.S. election cycle as "a hoax" and as "fake news." ...<p>JAMES COMEY: Yes, sir. There should be no fuzz on this whatsoever. The Russians interfered in our election during the 2016 cycle. They did it with purpose. They did it with sophistication. They did it with overwhelming technical efforts. And it was an active measures campaign driven from the top of that government. There is no fuzz on that. It is a high-confidence judgment of the entire intelligence community, and the members of this committee have seen the intelligence. It's not a close call. That happened. That's about as unfake as you can possibly get and is very, very serious, which is why it's so refreshing to see a bipartisan focus on that because this is about America, not about any particular party.<p>HEINRICH: So that was a hostile act by the Russian government against this country?<p>COMEY: Yes, sir.}}</ref> As of May 2017, Trump believed investigation of Russian interference in the U.S. election to be pursuit of a false narrative. He tweeted it is the "single greatest witch hunt of a politician in American history!"<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump decries 'witch hunt' after special counsel appointed in Russia investigation|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-responds-special-counsel-calls-russia-probe-single/story?id=47485403|author=Stracqualursi, Veronica|date=May 18, 2017|access-date=May 31, 2017|publisher=ABC News}}</ref> Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] echoed Trump's opinion, saying that Democrats cling to this fictitious explanation to avoid confronting their election loss.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rt.com/news/390253-putin-us-election-trump-russia/|date=May 31, 2017|access-date=May 31, 2017|title=Anti-Russia spin pushed by those who lost US election & can't face reality – Putin to Le Figaro|publisher=RT: TV-Novosti}}</ref> ===Interactions with Russia=== {{Main| Links between Trump associates and Russian officials}} There has been intensive media scrutiny of Trump's relationship to Russia.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/13/donald-trump-russia-vladimir-putin-us-election-hack |title=Trump's relationship with Russia – what we know and what comes next |last=McCarthy |first=Tom |date=December 13, 2016 |work=The Guardian |access-date=March 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/politics/wp/2017/03/03/the-web-of-relationships-between-team-trump-and-russia/ |title=The web of relationships between Team Trump and Russia |last=Bump |first=Philip |date=March 3, 2017 |work=The Washington Post |access-date=March 11, 2017}}</ref> During the campaign, Trump repeatedly praised Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] as a strong leader.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Viebeck |first1=Elise |last2=Markon |first2=Jerry |last3=DeYoung |first3=Karen |title=Trump, Putin agree in phone call to improve 'unsatisfactory' relations between their countries, Kremlin says |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2016/11/14/trump-faces-backlash-over-appointing-bannon-as-a-top-aide-a-choice-critics-say-will-empower-white-nationalists/ |access-date=March 14, 2017 |work=The Washington Post |date=November 14, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/trump-putin-bromance |title=Trump and Putin's Bromance Could Change the World |last=Conrad |first=Peter |date=January 13, 2017 |work=GQ |access-date=May 29, 2017}}</ref> One of his campaign managers, [[Paul Manafort]], had worked for several years to help pro-Russian politician [[Viktor Yanukovich]] win the Ukrainian presidency.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/08/19/paul-manaforts-complicated-ties-to-ukraine-explained/ |title=Paul Manafort’s complicated ties to Ukraine, explained |work=[[The Washington Post]] |first=Amber |last=Phillips |date=August 19, 2016 |access-date=June 14, 2017}}</ref> Other Trump associates, including former National Security Advisor [[Michael T. Flynn]] and political consultant [[Roger Stone]], have been connected to Russian officials.<ref name=many>{{cite web |last1=Nesbit |first1=Jeff |title=Donald Trump's Many, Many, Many, Many Ties to Russia |url=http://time.com/4433880/donald-trump-ties-to-russia/ |work=Time |access-date=February 28, 2017 |date=August 15, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/21/us/roger-stone-donald-trump-russia.html|title=Roger Stone, the ‘Trickster’ on Trump’s Side, Is Under F.B.I. Scrutiny|first=Maggie|last=Haberman|date=March 21, 2017|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> Russian agents were overheard during the campaign saying they could use Manafort and Flynn to influence Trump.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thehill.com/policy/national-security/335035-nyt-russians-discussed-using-manafort-flynn-to-influence-trump|title=NYT: Russians discussed using Manafort, Flynn to influence Trump|last=Williams|first=Katie Bo|date=May 24, 2017|work=The Hill|access-date=May 28, 2017}}</ref> Members of Trump's campaign and later his White House staff, particularly Flynn, were in contact with Russian officials both before and after the November election.<ref name = "Reuters2">{{cite news |title=Exclusive: Trump campaign had at least 18 undisclosed contacts with Russians: sources |date=May 18, 2017 |last1=Parker |first1=Ned |last2=Landay |first2=Jonathan |last3=Strobel |first3=Warren |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia-contacts-idUSKCN18E106|agency=Reuters|access-date=May 19, 2017}}</ref> In a December 29, 2016 conversation, Flynn and Kislyak discussed the recently imposed sanctions against Russia; Trump later fired Flynn for falsely claiming he had not discussed the sanctions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/13/politics/michael-flynn-white-house-national-security-adviser/ |title=Flynn resigns amid controversy over Russia contacts|last1=Murray|first1=Sara|last2=Borger|first2=Gloria|last3=Diamond|first3=Jeremy|date=February 14, 2017|publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=March 2, 2017}}</ref> In March 2017, [[Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI Director]] [[James Comey]] told Congress that "the FBI, as part of our counterintelligence mission, is investigating the Russian government's efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential election. That includes investigating the nature of any links between individuals associated with the Trump campaign and the Russian government, and whether there was any coordination between the campaign and Russia’s efforts.”<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/03/its-official-the-fbi-is-investigating-trumps-links-to-russia/520134/|title=It's Official: The FBI Is Investigating Trump's Links to Russia|last=Berman|first=Russell|date=March 20, 2017|work=The Atlantic|access-date=June 7, 2017}}</ref> In 2017, Trump and other senior White House officials asked the Director of National Intelligence, the NSA director, the FBI director, and two chairs of congressional committees to publicly dispute the news reports about contacts between Trump associates and Russia.<ref>The author cites ''The Guardian'', ''The Washington Post'' and ''The New York Times'' in: {{cite news|title=How the Trump White House Has Tried to Interfere With the Russia Investigations|magazine=Mother Jones|publisher=Mother Jones and the Foundation for National Progress|date=May 26, 2017|author=Buzenberg, Bill|access-date=May 31, 2017|url=http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2017/05/trump-white-house-interference-russia-investigations}}</ref> === Sexual misconduct allegations === {{Main|Donald Trump and Billy Bush recording|Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegations}} Two days before the [[United States presidential election debates, 2016#Second presidential debate (Washington University in St. Louis)|second presidential debate]], a [[Donald Trump Access Hollywood controversy|2005 recording]] surfaced in which Trump was heard bragging about forcibly kissing and groping women.<ref>{{cite news |first=Amanda |last=Sakuma |title=Donald Trump Surrogates Have Their Own Baggage With Women Voters |date=October 26, 2016 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/donald-trump-surrogates-have-their-own-baggage-women-voters-n673056 |quote=...&nbsp;newly unearthed audio recordings showed Trump bragging about forcibly kissing women and grabbing them by the genitals.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Tracy |last=Jan |title=More women accuse Trump of aggressive sexual behavior |date=October 14, 2016 |website=[[Boston Globe]] |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/politics/2016/10/14/more-women-accuse-donald-trump-aggressive-sexual-behavior/Dq1F8bLwre4dOAgEeFazxN/story.html |quote=Trump has been confronted with a slew of allegations of sexual misconduct over the past week, starting with a report in ''The Washington Post'' of a 2005 tape featuring him bragging about forcibly kissing women and grabbing them by the genitals.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=David |last1=Lawler |first2=Barney |last2=Henderson |first3=Nick |last3=Allen |first4=Ruth |last4=Sherlock |title=US presidential debate recap: Polls split on whether Donald Trump or Hillary Clinton won poisonous argument |date=October 13, 2016 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/10/09/us-election-donald-trump-calls-republican-leaders-traitors-and-h/ |quote=...&nbsp;it was a matter of minutes before the lewd tape, in which Mr Trump brags about 'grabbing p----' and forcibly kissing women, was brought up.}}</ref> The [[Microphone gaffe|hot mic]] recording was captured on a studio bus in which Trump and [[Billy Bush]] were preparing to film an episode of ''[[Access Hollywood]].'' "I just start kissing them," Trump said, "I don't even wait. And when you're a star, they let you do it, you can do anything&nbsp;... grab them by the pussy."<ref name="auto3">{{cite news |first=David A. |last=Fahrenthold |title=Trump recorded having extremely lewd conversation about women in 2005 |date=October 8, 2016 |website=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-recorded-having-extremely-lewd-conversation-about-women-in-2005/2016/10/07/3b9ce776-8cb4-11e6-bf8a-3d26847eeed4_story.html}}</ref> During the recording, Trump also spoke of his efforts to seduce a married woman, saying he "moved on her very heavily."<ref name="auto3" /> These statements were recorded several months after Trump married his third and current wife, Melania, who was pregnant at the time.<ref name="auto3" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/donald-trump-lewd-comments-melania-pregnant_us_57f8f457e4b068ecb5decba1 |work=The Huffington Post |title=Donald Trump Made Lewd Comments While Melania Was Pregnant |date=October 8, 2016 |access-date=December 27, 2016 |first=Daniel |last=Marans}}</ref> Trump's language on the tape was described by the media as "vulgar", "sexist", and descriptive of [[sexual assault]]. The incident prompted him to make his first public apology during the campaign,<ref>{{cite news |first1=Alexander |last1=Burns |first2=Maggie |last2=Haberman |first3=Jonathan |last3=Martin |title=Donald Trump Apology Caps Day of Outrage Over Lewd Tape |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/08/us/politics/donald-trump-women.html |access-date=October 8, 2016 |work=The New York Times |date=October 7, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Salvatore |last=Jensen |title=Donald Trump's vulgar conversation about women caught on hot mic |url=http://crcconnection.com/2016/10/08/donald-trumps-vulgar-conversation-about-women-caught-on-hot.html |access-date=October 8, 2016 |work=Cosumnes Connection |date=October 8, 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009190958/http://crcconnection.com/2016/10/08/donald-trumps-vulgar-conversation-about-women-caught-on-hot.html |archivedate=October 9, 2016}}</ref> and caused outrage across the political spectrum,<ref>{{cite news |first=Lisa |last=Hagen |title=Kaine on lewd Trump tapes: 'Makes me sick to my stomach' |url=http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/299895-kaine-on-lewd-trump-tapes-makes-me-sick-to-my-stomach |access-date=October 8, 2016 |work=The New York Times |date=October 7, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Madison |last=Stacey |title=Pence to fill in for Donald Trump Saturday following video leak |url=http://fox59.com/2016/10/08/pence-to-fill-in-for-donald-trump-saturday-following-video-leak/ |access-date=October 8, 2016 |publisher=[[WXIN-TV]] |location=Indianapolis, Indiana |date=October 8, 2016}}</ref> with many Republicans withdrawing their endorsements of his candidacy and some urging him to quit the race.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/10/07/the-gops-brutal-responses-to-the-new-trump-video-broken-down/?tid=pm_politics_pop_b|title=Here's the fast-growing list of Republicans calling for Donald Trump to drop out|last=Blake|first=Aaron|date=October 8, 2016|work=The Washington Post|access-date=October 8, 2016}}</ref> Subsequently, at least 15 women<!-- The source says 17, but 2 of them were preexisting, and this section has separated the new allegations from the preexisting ones. --><ref name="Vox">{{cite news|last1=Nelson|first1=Libby|last2=Frostenson|first2=Sarah|title=A brief guide to the 17 women Trump has allegedly assaulted, groped or harassed|url=https://www.vox.com/2016/10/13/13269448/trump-sexual-assault-allegations|access-date=October 21, 2016|agency=Vox|date=October 20, 2016<!--, 3:14 pm-->}}</ref> came forward with new accusations of sexual misconduct, including unwanted kissing and groping, resulting in widespread media coverage.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Helderman |first1=Rosiland |title=The growing list of women who have stepped forward to accuse Trump of touching them inappropriately |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/the-growing-list-of-women-who-have-stepped-forward-to-accuse-trump-of-touching-them-inappropriately/2016/10/15/a65ddf1c-92df-11e6-9c85-ac42097b8cc0_story.html |work=The Washington Post |access-date=October 16, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/trump-accusers-sexual-assault-153559631.html|title=The women who have accused Donald Trump|last=Stableford|first=Dylan|date=October 17, 2016|work=Yahoo News|access-date=October 18, 2016}}</ref> Trump and his campaign have denied all of the sexual misconduct accusations, which Trump has called "false smears", and alleged a conspiracy against him.<ref>{{cite news |last=Byers |first=Dylan |url=http://money.cnn.com/2016/10/12/media/new-york-times-donald-trump-lawsuit-threat/ |title=Donald Trump threatens to sue New York Times over sexual harassment report |publisher=[[CNNMoney]] |date=October 12, 2016 |access-date=October 13, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Fox Trump demands retraction">{{ cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/10/13/trump-demands-nyt-retracts-libelous-article-about-alleged-assault-as-new-claims-emerge.html |title=Trump demands NYT retracts 'libelous article' about alleged assault as new claims emerge |publisher=[[Fox News Channel]] |date=October 13, 2016 |access-date=October 13, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Patrick |last1=Healy |first2=Alan |last2=Rappeport |title=Donald Trump Calls Allegations by Women 'False Smears' |date=October 13, 2016 |access-date=October 13, 2016 |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/14/us/politics/donald-trump-women.html}}</ref> In his two public statements in response to the controversy, [[Donald Trump and Billy Bush recording#Trump response|Trump responded]] by alleging that Bill Clinton, former President of the United States and husband of Trump's Democratic rival Hillary Clinton, had "abused women" and that Hillary had bullied her husband's victims.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-defends-lewd-2005-conversation-about-women-as-locker-room-banter/|title="I never said I'm a perfect person," Trump says about lewd comments|publisher=CBS News|agency=Associated Press|date=October 7, 2016|access-date=December 11, 2016}}</ref> === Election to the presidency === {{Main|United States presidential election, 2016}} [[File:ElectoralCollege2016.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|2016 electoral vote results]] On Election Day, November 8, 2016, Trump received 306 [[Electoral College (United States)|electoral votes]] to Clinton's 232 votes. The counts were later adjusted to 304 and 227 respectively, after [[Faithless electors in the United States presidential election, 2016|defections on both sides]], formalizing Trump's election to the presidency.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Kiersten |last1=Schmidt |first2=Wilson |last2=Andrews |title=A Historic Number of Electors Defected, and Most Were Supposed to Vote for Clinton |date=December 19, 2016 |access-date=January 31, 2017 |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/12/19/us/elections/electoral-college-results.html}}</ref> In the early hours of November 9, Clinton called Trump to concede the election. Trump then delivered his victory speech before hundreds of supporters in the [[New York Hilton Midtown|New York Hilton]] hotel. The speech was in contrast with some of his previous rhetoric, with Trump promising to heal the division caused by the election, thanking Clinton for her service to the country, and promising to be a president to all Americans.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/trump-victory-speech-transcript-2016-11?r=US&IR=T |title='It's time for us to come together': Trump strikes conciliatory tone in victory speech |publisher=[[Business Insider]] |date=November 9, 2016 |first=Oliver |last=Darcy |access-date=November 9, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.yahoo.com/tv/donald-trump-makes-first-speech-080352428.html |title=Donald Trump Makes First Speech as President-Elect, Thanks Hillary Clinton for Her 'Service' – Watch Video |publisher=[[Yahoo]] |first=Andy |last=Swift |date=November 9, 2016 |access-date=November 9, 2016}}</ref> Trump received a smaller share of the popular vote than Clinton, making him the [[United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote|fifth person to be elected president after losing the popular vote]]. Records on this matter date from the year 1824.<ref>Desilver, Drew. "[http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/12/20/why-electoral-college-landslides-are-easier-to-win-than-popular-vote-ones/ Trump's victory another example of how Electoral College wins are bigger than popular vote ones]", [[Pew Research Center]] (December 20, 2017).</ref>{{refn|group=nb|The number "five" includes the elections of 1824, 1876, 1888, 2000, and 2016. Despite their similarities, some of these five elections had peculiar results; e.g. [[John Quincy Adams]] trailed in ''both'' the national popular vote and the electoral college in 1824 (since no-one had a majority in the electoral college, Adams was chosen by the House of Representatives), and [[Samuel Tilden]] in 1876 remains the only losing candidate to win an actual majority of the popular vote (rather than just a [[Plurality (voting)|plurality]]).<ref>Thomas, G. Scott. ''Counting the Votes: A New Way to Analyze America's Presidential Elections'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=XvxPCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA125 p. 125] (ABC-CLIO, 2015).</ref><ref>Cheney, Kyle. [http://www.politico.com/story/2016/12/donald-trump-electoral-college-232665 "Trump lawyer cites 1876 crisis to rebuke Electoral College suit"], ''[[Politico]]'' (December 14, 2016).</ref>}} Clinton finished ahead by 2.86&nbsp;million votes or 2.1 percentage points, 48.04% to 46.09%, with neither candidate reaching a [[Majority rule|majority]] nationwide.<ref>{{cite news |first=Greg |last=Price |title=Popular Vote Update: Why Hillary Clinton Didn't Win A Majority Of The Electorate |date=November 17, 2016 |website=[[International Business Times]] |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/popular-vote-update-why-hillary-clinton-didnt-win-majority-electorate-2447571}}</ref><ref name="LeipAtlas2016PrezResults">{{cite news |last=Leip |first=David |date=December 20, 2016 |title=2016 Presidential General Election Results |url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/index.html |newspaper=[[Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections]]|location=Newton, Massachusetts |access-date=December 20, 2016}}</ref> Trump's victory was considered a stunning political upset, as polls consistently showed Hillary Clinton leading nationwide (where she did win) and in most battleground states, while Trump's support had been underestimated throughout his campaign.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2016/11/election-results-2016-clinton-trump-231070 |title=Trump pulls off biggest upset in U.S. history |publisher=[[Politico]] |date=November 9, 2016 |first=Maxwell |last=Tani |access-date=November 9, 2016}}</ref> The errors in some state polls were later partially attributed to pollsters overestimating Clinton's support among well-educated and nonwhite voters, while underestimating Trump's support among white working-class voters.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/10/upshot/why-trump-won-working-class-whites.html |title=Why Trump Won: Working-Class Whites |work=The New York Times |date=November 9, 2016 |first=Nate |last=Cohn |access-date=November 9, 2016}}</ref><!-- Likely a combination of multiple factors, don't simplify with just one explanation. --> Trump won the perennial [[swing state]]s of [[Florida]], [[Iowa]] and [[Ohio]], and flipped Clinton's "[[Blue wall (politics)|blue wall]]" states of [[Michigan]], [[Pennsylvania]] and [[Wisconsin]], which had been Democratic strongholds since the 1990s. Trump's victory marked the return of a Republican White House combined with [[United States Presidents and control of Congress|control of]] both chambers of [[United States Congress|Congress]], as was the case during parts of [[George W. Bush]]'s presidency from [[108th United States Congress|2003]] to [[109th United States Congress|2007]]. Trump became the first president without prior governmental or military experience.<ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Weber |title=Donald Trump will be the first U.S. president with no government or military experience |date=November 9, 2016 |website=[[The Week]] |url=http://theweek.com/speedreads/660840/donald-trump-first-president-no-government-military-experience}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Jesse |last=Yomtov |title=Where Trump ranks among least experienced presidents |date=November 8, 2016 |website=[[USA Today]] |url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2016/11/08/donald-trump-experience-president/93504134/}}</ref><ref name=voxexp>{{cite news |url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2016/11/11/13587532/donald-trump-no-experience |title=Donald Trump will be the only US president ever with no political or military experience |last=Crockett |first=Zachary |date=November 11, 2016 |work=Vox |access-date=January 3, 2017}}</ref> Of the 43{{refn|group=nb|[[Grover Cleveland]] was the [[List of Presidents of the United States|22nd and 24th president]].<ref name="Will Trump Be The 44th Or 45th President? Yes And Yes NPR Ethics Handbook">{{cite web|title=Will Trump Be The 44th Or 45th President? Yes And Yes NPR Ethics Handbook|url=http://ethics.npr.org/memos-from-memmott/will-trump-be-the-44th-or-45th-president-yes-and-yes/|work=npr ethics handbook|access-date=June 4, 2017|archiveurl=http://archive.is/2017.06.04-141151/http://ethics.npr.org/memos-from-memmott/will-trump-be-the-44th-or-45th-president-yes-and-yes/|archivedate=June 4, 2017|deadurl=no|language=en|date=November 10, 2016}}</ref>}} previous presidents, 38 had held prior elective office; two had not held elective office but had served in the Cabinet; and three had never held public office but had been commanding generals.<ref name=voxexp /> He lost his home state of [[New York (state)|New York]], becoming the fourth candidate to win the presidency without his home state. The others were [[James Polk]] ([[Tennessee]]) in [[United States presidential election, 1844|1844]], [[Woodrow Wilson]] ([[New Jersey]]) in [[United States presidential election, 1916|1916]], and [[Richard Nixon]] ([[New York (state)|New York]]) in [[United States presidential election, 1968|1968]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-hillary-clinton-home-state-new-york-presidential-election-night-2016 |title=Donald Trump could win election without his home state, and that's pretty rare |first=Cydney |last=Adams |publisher=[[CBS News]] |date=November 8, 2016}}</ref> === Protests === {{Main|Protests against Donald Trump}} Trump's victory sparked protests across the United States. Trump opponents took to the streets to amplify their opposition to Trump's views and denounce his inflammatory statements. Some argued that Clinton's popular vote victory meant Trump was not the [[Democracy|democratically]] elected president and should be considered illegitimate.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/13/us/protests-elections-trump/index.html |title=Anti-Trump protests move through fifth day |publisher=CNN |date=November 14, 2016 |access-date=November 14, 2016}}</ref> Trump initially said on [[Twitter]] that the protests consisted of "professional protesters, incited by the media", and were "unfair", but he later stated that he loves their passion for the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2016/11/10/trump-tweet-professional-protesters-media/93624612/|title=Trump calls protests 'unfair' in first controversial tweet as president-elect|last=Cummings|first=William|date=November 11, 2016|work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=November 27, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/trump-tweets-that-protesters-have-passion-for-our-great-country-2016-11?r=US&IR=T |title=Trump says protesters have 'passion for our great country' after calling demonstrations 'very unfair' |newspaper=[[Business Insider]] |first=Thomas |last=Colson |date=November 11, 2016 |access-date=November 14, 2016}}</ref> In contrast, after Obama's re-election in 2012, Trump had tweeted "We can't let this happen. We should march on Washington and stop this travesty. Our nation is totally divided!"<ref name=verge1111>{{cite news|url=http://www.theverge.com/2016/11/11/13596932/trump-protestors-electoral-college-tweets|title=Trump complains about 'unfair' protestors, deletes his tweets calling for revolution in 2012|work=[[The Verge]]|date=November 11, 2016|last=Vincent|first=James|access-date=December 22, 2016}}</ref> On the Saturday following Trump's inauguration there were massive demonstrations protesting Trump in the United States and worldwide, with approximately 2,600,000 taking part in Women's Marches worldwide.<ref name=USAToday01a>{{cite news |url = http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/01/21/womens-march-aims-start-movement-trump-inauguration/96864158/ |title = At 2.6&nbsp;million strong, Women's Marches crush expectations |last1 = Przybyla |first1 = Heidi M. |last2 = Schouten |first2 = Fredreka |work = [[USA Today]] |edition = online |date = January 22, 2017 |access-date = January 22, 2017}}</ref> The most notable of these marches was the [[Women's March on Washington]] (in [[Washington, D.C.]]), where over 500,000 people marched in opposition to Trump.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Buncombe|first1=Andrew|title=We asked ten people why they felt empowered wearing a pink 'pussy' hat|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/womens-march-on-washington-pink-pussy-hat-500000-donald-trump-resist-latest-a7540396.html|access-date=January 15, 2017|work=[[The Independent]]|date=January 22, 2017}}</ref> This was more than three times the number of people who were at Trump's inaugural speech, according to crowd scientists at the [[Manchester Metropolitan University]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Women's March on Washington: Historic Protest Three Times Larger Than Trump's Inaugural Crowd|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2017/1/23/womens_march_millions_take_to_streets|access-date=January 25, 2017|work=[[Democracy Now!]]|date=January 23, 2017}}</ref> === Electoral history === {{Election box begin no change |title=[[Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016]]}} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Donald Trump |votes = 14,015,993&nbsp;votes<br />1,441&nbsp;delegates<br />(41&nbsp;contests) |percentage = Votes:&nbsp;44.9%<br />Delegates:&nbsp;58.3% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = [[Ted Cruz]] |votes = 7,822,100&nbsp;votes<br />551&nbsp;delegates<br />(11&nbsp;contests) |percentage = Votes:&nbsp;25.1%<br />Delegates:&nbsp;22.3% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = [[Marco Rubio]] |votes = 3,515,576&nbsp;votes<br />173&nbsp;delegates<br />(3&nbsp;contests) |percentage = Votes:&nbsp;11.3%<br />Delegates:&nbsp;7% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = [[John Kasich]] |votes = 4,290,448&nbsp;votes<br />161&nbsp;delegates<br />(1&nbsp;contest) |percentage = Votes:&nbsp;13.8%<br />Delegates:&nbsp;6.5% }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change |title=[[United States presidential election, 2016]]}} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Donald Trump |votes = 62,979,879&nbsp;votes<br />304&nbsp;[[Electoral College (United States)|electors]]<br />(30&nbsp;states + [[Maine's 2nd congressional district|ME-02]]) |percentage = Votes:&nbsp;46.0%<br />Electors:&nbsp;56.5% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = [[Hillary Clinton]] |votes = 65,844,954&nbsp;votes<br />227&nbsp;electors<br />(20&nbsp;states + [[United States presidential election in the District of Columbia, 2016|DC]]) |percentage = Votes:&nbsp;48.1%<br />Electors:&nbsp;42.2% }} {{Election box end}} == Presidency == {{Main|Presidency of Donald Trump}} {{for timeline|Timeline of the presidency of Donald Trump}} === Transition === {{Main|Presidential transition of Donald Trump}} [[File:JANUS-Tête-à-Tête- Sitting President & President-elect, Barack Obama & Donald Trump squatting next to each other on arm-chairs in the Oval Office on November 10th 2016. (31196987133).jpg|thumb|right|President Obama and President-elect Trump meet in the [[Oval Office]] on November 10, 2016, two days after the election.]] On November 10, President-elect Trump had his first ever meeting with President Obama to discuss plans for a peaceful [[Presidential transition of Donald Trump|transition of power]]. ''The New York Times'' stated that "It was an extraordinary show of cordiality and respect between two men who have been political enemies and are stylistic opposites."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/11/us/politics/white-house-transition-obama-trump.html |title=Trump and Obama Hold Cordial 90-Minute Meeting in Oval Office |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |first=Julie |last=Davis |date=November 10, 2016 |access-date=November 10, 2016}}</ref> The BBC stated that "their antipathy was barely concealed" in "awkward photos" of the meeting.<ref>{{cite news |title=Donald Trump meets Barack Obama – five awkward photos |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-us-2016-37945225 |access-date=January 7, 2017 |publisher=BBC |date=November 10, 2016}}</ref> ==== White House appointments ==== {{Main list|Political appointments of Donald Trump}} Trump's transition team was led by [[Chris Christie]] until November 11, 2016, when Vice President-elect Mike Pence took over.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/donald-trump-replaces-chris-christie-mike-pence-head/story?id=43474352 |title=Donald Trump Replaces Chris Christie With Mike Pence as Head of Transition Team |author1=Keneally, Meghan |author2=Santucci, John |author3=Margolin, Josh |publisher=ABC News |date=November 11, 2016 |access-date=November 17, 2016}}</ref> Since then, Trump has chosen [[Republican National Committee|RNC]] chairman [[Reince Priebus]] as [[White House Chief of Staff]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/14/us/politics/reince-priebus-chief-of-staff-donald-trump.html |title=Donald Trump Picks Reince Priebus as Chief of Staff |first=Michael D. |last1=Shear |first2=Maggie |last2=Haberman |first3=Alan |last3=Rappeport |date=November 13, 2016 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=November 13, 2016}}</ref> and businessman and media executive [[Steve Bannon]] as [[White House Chief Strategist]].<ref>{{cite news |title=President-elect Trump names Steve Bannon and Reince Priebus to his senior White House leadership team |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/president-elect-trumps-choice-for-chief-of-staff-said-to-be-imminent-210448401.html |access-date=November 13, 2016 |website=Yahoo News}}</ref> ==== Cabinet-level nominations ==== Trump's [[Formation of Donald Trump's cabinet|cabinet nominations]] included Alabama Senator [[Jeff Sessions]] as [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]],<ref name=nominations-20161118>{{cite pr |url=https://www.greatagain.gov/news/president-elect-donald-j-trump-selects-us-senator-jeff-sessions-attorney-general-lt-gen-michael.html |title=President Donald J. Trump Selects U.S. Senator Jeff Sessions for Attorney General, Lt. Gen. Michael Flynn as Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and U.S. Rep. Mike Pompeo as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency |location=New York City |publisher=Office of the President Elect and of the Vice President Elect |date=November 18, 2016 |accessdate=November 18, 2016}}</ref> financier [[Steve Mnuchin]] as [[Secretary of the Treasury]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-38141686 |title=Former US banker Steve Mnuchin confirms he will be US treasury secretary |date=November 30, 2016 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=November 30, 2016}}</ref> retired Marine Corps General [[James Mattis]] as [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Lamothe |first=Dan |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/trump-has-chosen-retired-marine-gen-james-mattis-for-secretary-of-defense/2016/12/01/6c6b3b74-aff9-11e6-be1c-8cec35b1ad25_story.html |title=Trump has chosen retired Marine Gen. James Mattis for secretary of defense |work=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=December 1, 2016}}</ref> and [[ExxonMobil]] CEO [[Rex Tillerson]] as [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/12/us/politics/rex-tillerson-secretary-of-state-trump.html|title=Rex Tillerson, Exxon C.E.O., chosen as Secretary of State|date=December 12, 2016|access-date=December 26, 2016}}</ref> Trump also brought on board politicians who had opposed him during the presidential campaign, notably neurosurgeon [[Ben Carson]] as [[Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]],<ref>{{cite news |first=Trip |last=Gabriel |title=Trump Chooses Ben Carson to Lead HUD |date=December 5, 2016 |access-date=December 5, 2016 |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/05/us/politics/ben-carson-housing-urban-development-trump.html}}</ref> and South Carolina Governor [[Nikki Haley]] as [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations|Ambassador to the United Nations]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/sc-gov-nikki-haley-tapped-to-be-trumps-un-ambassador/2016/11/23/c1395cb6-b144-11e6-8616-52b15787add0_story.html |work=[[The Washington Post]] |title=Gov. Nikki Haley tapped to be Trump's U.N. ambassador |date=November 23, 2016 |access-date=November 23, 2016 |first=Robert |last=Costa}}</ref> While most of Trump's nominees were approved by the GOP majority in the Senate, the confirmation of education reform activist [[Betsy DeVos]] as [[United States Secretary of Education|Secretary of Education]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=David |title=Betsy Devos, billionaire philanthropist, picked as Trump education secretary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/23/betsy-devos-education-secretary-trump-administration |access-date=November 23, 2016 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> required Vice President Pence to cast a rare [[List of tie-breaking votes cast by vice presidents of the United States|tie-breaking vote]].<ref>{{cite web | title=DeVos Confirmed as Education Secretary, Pence Casts Historic Tie-Breaking Vote | url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/02/07/devos-confirmed-as-education-secretary-pence-casts-historic-tie-breaking-vote.html | date=February 7, 2017 | publisher=[[Fox News Channel]] | accessdate=February 8, 2017}}</ref> Most cabinet members were unable to take office on [[Inauguration of Donald Trump|Inauguration Day]] because of delays in the formal [[Cabinet of Donald Trump#Confirmation process timeline|confirmation process]]. Part of the lateness was ascribed to delays in submitting background-check paperwork, part to [[obstructionism]] by Senate Democrats.<ref name="zurcher">{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38913709 | title=Reality check: Is Donald Trump's cabinet facing historic obstruction? | last=Zurcher | first=Anthony | date=February 9, 2017 | access-date=February 9, 2017 | publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> The last Cabinet member, [[Robert Lighthizer]], took office as [[U.S. Trade Representative]] on May 11, 2017, more than four months after his nomination.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://thehill.com/policy/finance/332977-lighthizer-confirmed-as-chief-trade-negotiator |title=Senate confirms Trump's chief trade negotiator |last=Needham |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |first=Vicki |date=May 11, 2017 |access-date=May 11, 2017}}</ref> ==== Pre-inauguration events ==== On November 22, Trump outlined his plan for [[First 100 days of Donald Trump's presidency|his first 100 days in office]] in a video posted on [[YouTube]]. The plan included the United States' withdrawal from the [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]] and asking the [[Department of Defense]] to develop a plan to protect the U.S. from [[cyber-attack]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump outlines plan for first 100 days in YouTube video |date=November 22, 2016 |access-date=December 1, 2016 |publisher=[[Fox News Channel]] |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/11/22/trump-outlines-plan-for-first-100-days-in-youtube-video.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DK8lVrcIP-0|title=Donald Trump outlines policy plan for first 100 days – Trump's latest Video Update on Transition|last=Real Entertainment Tube|date=November 21, 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref> On December 7, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' named Trump as its "[[Time Person of the Year|Person of the Year]]".<ref name=PersonYear>{{cite news |last1=Gibbs |first1=Nancy |title=Why Donald Trump is TIME's Person of the Year |url=http://time.com/time-person-of-the-year-2016-donald-trump-choice/ |access-date=December 7, 2016 |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=December 7, 2016}}</ref> In an interview on ''[[The Today Show]]'', he said he was honored by the award, but he took issue with the magazine for referring to him as the "President of the Divided States of America."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kim |first1=Eun Kyung |title=Donald Trump: Mitt Romney is still in the running for secretary of state |url=http://www.today.com/news/donald-trump-mitt-romney-still-running-secretary-state-t105685 |access-date=December 7, 2016 |publisher=TODAY.com |date=December 7, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Davis |first1=Julie Hirschfeld |title=Mitt Romney Still in the Running for Secretary of State, Trump Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/07/us/politics/mitt-romney-donald-trump-secretary-of-state.html |access-date=December 7, 2016 |work=The New York Times|date=December 7, 2016}}</ref> He also opposed ''Time'''s decision to change its "Man of the Year" title to "Person of the Year" in 1999, describing the action as too "politically correct".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Horton|first1=Helena|title=Donald Trump says he would rather be Man of The Year because Person of The Year is 'politically correct'|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/12/10/donald-trump-says-would-rather-man-year-person-year-politically/|access-date=February 3, 2017|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=December 10, 2016}}</ref> On December 13 he was named ''[[Financial Times]]'' [[Financial Times Person of the Year|Person of the Year]].<ref name="FT 2016">{{cite web|last1=Shrimsley|first1=Robert|title=Person of the year: Donald Trump|url=https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/video/person-of-the-year-donald-trump/vp-AAltx27|publisher=MSN|access-date=May 31, 2017|date=December 12, 2016}}</ref> In December 2016, ''[[Forbes]]'' ranked Trump the [[Forbes list of The World's Most Powerful People|second most powerful person in the world]], after [[Vladimir Putin]] and before [[Angela Merkel]].<ref>{{cite news |title= The World's Most Powerful People|url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2016/12/14/the-worlds-most-powerful-people-2016/|newspaper= Forbes|date= December 2016|access-date=December 14, 2016}}</ref> Based on intelligence reports issued from October 2016 to January 2017, the Obama administration [[Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections|accused the Russian government of trying to influence the U.S. presidential election]] in favor of Trump, by supplying the [[2016 Democratic National Committee email leak|DNC emails]] to [[WikiLeaks]] for publication.<ref name="reutersputin">{{cite web|title=Putin turned Russia election hacks in Trump's favor: U.S. officials|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-cyber-idUSKBN1441RS|agency=[[Reuters]]|access-date=December 16, 2016|date=December 15, 2016}}</ref> Trump,<ref>{{cite web |last=Flores |first=Reena |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-weighs-in-on-russia-hacking-election-cia-intelligence/ |title=Donald Trump weighs in on Russia hacking election, CIA intelligence |publisher=CBS News |date=December 11, 2016 |access-date=December 13, 2016}}</ref> WikiLeaks<ref name=assangedenies>{{cite web|title=WikiLeaks' Assange denies Russia behind Podesta hack|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2016/11/julian-assange-russia-john-podesta-wikileaks-230676|website=Politico|date=November 3, 2016|access-date=December 10, 2016}}</ref> and Russian officials<ref name=russiarejects>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-12-15/russia-rejects-as-rubbish-claims-putin-directed-u-s-hacking |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |access-date=December 16, 2016 |date=December 15, 2016 |title=Russia Rejects as 'Rubbish' Claims Putin Directed U.S. Hacking |first1=Henry |last1=Meyer |first2=Stepan |last2=Kravchenko}}</ref> have denied the allegations. === First 100 days === {{Main|First 100 days of Donald Trump's presidency}} [[File:Donald Trump swearing in ceremony.jpg|thumb|right|Trump taking the [[Oath of office of the President of the United States|oath of office]] from Chief Justice [[John Roberts]]]] [[inauguration of Donald Trump|Trump's inauguration]] as the 45th President of the United States was held on Friday, January 20, 2017. In his first week as president, Trump signed six [[List of executive actions by Donald Trump|executive orders]]. His [[Executive Order 13765|first order]] as president set out interim procedures in anticipation of repeal of the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] (Obamacare). That same week, Trump withdrew the United States from the [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]], re-instated the [[Mexico City Policy]], reopened the [[Keystone XL]] and [[Dakota Access Pipeline]] construction projects and signed an executive order to begin planning, designing and constructing a new [[Mexico–United States barrier|Mexico border wall]] and reinforce border security.<ref name=exec-summary>{{cite news|last1=Quigley|first1=Aidan|title=All of Trump's executive actions so far|url=http://www.politico.com/agenda/story/2017/01/all-trump-executive-actions-000288|access-date=January 28, 2017|publisher=Politico|date=January 25, 2017}}</ref> On January 31, Trump [[Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination|nominated]] U.S. Appeals Court judge [[Neil Gorsuch]] to fill the vacancy left on the [[United States Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] by the death of Justice [[Antonin Scalia]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-picks-colo-appeals-court-judge-neil-gorsuch-for-supreme-court/2017/01/31/2b08a226-e55e-11e6-a547-5fb9411d332c_story.html |title=Trump picks Colo. appeals court judge Neil Gorsuch for Supreme Court |last=Barnes |first=Robert |date=January 31, 2017 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=February 1, 2017}}</ref> The Senate confirmed the nomination on April 7, with a 54–45 vote.<ref name="JUST IN: Senate Votes to Confirm Neil Gorsuch to Supreme Court">{{cite web|title=JUST IN: Senate Votes to Confirm Neil Gorsuch to Supreme Court|url=http://insider.foxnews.com/2017/04/07/neil-gorsuch-confirmation-vote-count-how-senators-voted-supreme-court-justice|website=[[Fox News|FOX News Insider]]|publisher=FOX News Network, LLC.|access-date=April 18, 2017|date=April 7, 2017|archiveurl=http://archive.is/2017.06.06-001655/http://insider.foxnews.com/2017/04/07/neil-gorsuch-confirmation-vote-count-how-senators-voted-supreme-court-justice|archivedate=June 6, 2017|deadurl=no}}</ref> ==== Immigration orders ==== {{Main|Executive Order 13769|Executive Order 13780}} [[File:Trump signing order January 27.jpg|thumb|left|Trump signing [[Executive Order 13769]] at [[the Pentagon]] as the Vice President and Secretary of Defense look on]] On January 27, President Trump signed an executive order that suspended admission of refugees for 120 days and denied entry to citizens of [[Iraq]], [[Iran]], [[Libya]], [[Somalia]], [[Sudan]], [[Syria]], and [[Yemen]] for 90 days, citing security concerns about terrorism. The following day, thousands of protesters gathered at airports and other locations throughout the United States to protest the signing of the order and detainment of the foreign nationals.<ref>{{cite news |last=Powell |first=Rebeka |date=January 29, 2017 |title=Protesters descend on US airports rallying against Trump's immigration policies |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-29/protesters-descend-on-us-aiports-to-protest-immigration-policies/8221070 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Sydney, Australia |access-date=January 30, 2017}}</ref> Later, the administration seemed to reverse a portion of part of the order, effectively exempting visitors with a [[Permanent residence (United States)|green card]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=D. Shear|first1=Michael|last2=Cooper|first2=Helene|title=Trump Bars Refugees and Citizens of 7 Muslim Countries|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/27/us/politics/trump-syrian-refugees.html|access-date=January 28, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=January 27, 2017}}</ref><ref name=Shear>Shear, Michael. [https://mobile.nytimes.com/2017/01/29/us/politics/white-house-official-in-reversal-says-green-card-holders-wont-be-barred.html "White House Official, in Reversal, Says Green Card Holders Won't Be Barred"], ''[[The New York Times]]'' (January 29, 2017).</ref> Two Iraqi nationals detained upon arrival filed a complaint.<ref>{{cite news|last1=de Vogue|first1=Ariane|title=Judge halts implementation of Trump's immigration order|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/28/politics/2-iraqis-file-lawsuit-after-being-detained-in-ny-due-to-travel-ban/index.html|access-date=January 29, 2017|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=January 28, 2017}}</ref> Several federal judges issued rulings that curtailed parts of the immigration order, stopping the federal government from deporting visitors already affected.<ref name=Shear /> On March 6, 2017, Trump issued a [[Executive Order 13780|revised executive order]], that, among other differences with the original order, excluded Iraq, visa-holders, and [[Permanent residence (United States)|permanent residents]] from the temporary suspension and did not differentiate Syrian refugees from refugees from other countries.<ref name="Chakraborty3/6/17">{{cite web | last1=Chakraborty | first1=Barnini | title=Trump Signs New Immigration Order, Narrows Scope of Travel Ban | url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/03/06/trump-signs-new-immigration-order-narrows-scope-travel-ban.html | date=March 6, 2017 | publisher=[[Fox News Channel]] | access-date=March 6, 2017}}</ref> === Dismissal of James Comey === {{Main|Dismissal of James Comey|Comey memos}} On May 9, 2017, Trump dismissed FBI Director [[James Comey]], attributing the action to recommendations from Attorney General [[Jeff Sessions]] and [[United States Deputy Attorney General|Deputy AG]] [[Rod Rosenstein]],<ref name=Apuzzo>{{cite news|last1=Michael D. Shear|last2=[[Matt Apuzzo]]|title=TRUMP FIRES COMEY AMID RUSSIA INQUIRY — Clinton Email Investigation Cited — Democrats Seek Special Counsel|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/09/us/politics/james-comey-fired-fbi.html|access-date=May 10, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=May 10, 2017|page=A1}}</ref> which criticized Comey's conduct in the investigation about [[Hillary Clinton email controversy#October 2016 – Additional investigation|Hillary Clinton's emails]].<ref name=Guardian-20170509>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/may/09/james-comey-fbi-fired-donald-trump|title=Donald Trump fires FBI director Comey over handling of Clinton investigation|last=Smith|first=David|date=May 9, 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=May 9, 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> On May 11, Trump stated that he was concerned with the ongoing "Russia thing"<ref name=Barrett-20170511>{{cite news |last1=Barrett |first1=Devlin |last2=Rucker |first2=Philip |title=Trump said he was thinking of Russia controversy when he decided to fire Comey |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/trump-says-fbi-director-comey-told-him-three-times-he-wasnt-under-investigation-once-in-a-phone-call-initiated-by-the-president/2017/05/11/2b384c9a-3669-11e7-b4ee-434b6d506b37_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=May 11, 2017 |access-date=May 12, 2017}}</ref> and that he had intended to fire Comey earlier.<ref name=theweek-20170511>{{cite news|url=http://theweek.com/speedreads/698368/president-trump-just-completely-contradicted-official-white-house-account-comey-firing|title=President Trump just completely contradicted the official White House account of the Comey firing|date=May 11, 2017|work=The Week|access-date=May 11, 2017}}</ref> According to a [[Comey memo]] of a private conversation on February 14, 2017, Trump said he "hoped" Comey would drop the investigation into [[Michael Flynn]],<ref name="Wilber">{{cite web |last1=Wilber |first1=Del Quentin |last2=Viswanatha |first2=Aruna |title=Trump Asked Comey to Drop Flynn Investigation, According to Memo Written by Former FBI Director |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-asked-comey-to-drop-flynn-investigation-according-to-memo-written-by-former-fbi-director-1494974774 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=May 16, 2017 |access-date=May 16, 2017}}</ref> who had been forced to resign as [[National Security Advisor]] after it was discovered that he had misled the Vice President about communications with Russian ambassador [[Sergey Kislyak]]. In March and April, Trump had told Comey that the ongoing suspicions formed a "cloud" impairing his presidency,<ref name="comeytestimony">{{cite web|last1=Comey|first1=James|title=Statement for the Record Senate Select Committee on Intelligence|url=https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/os-jcomey-060817.pdf|website=United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence|publisher=United States Government|accessdate=June 7, 2017|pages=7|format=pdf|date=June 8, 2017}}</ref> and asked him to tell the public that he was not personally under investigation.<ref name="schmidt">{{cite news |last1=Schmidt|first1=Michael S.|last2=Goldman|first2=Adam|title=Comey to Testify Trump Pressured Him to Say He Wasn't Under Investigation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/07/us/politics/james-comey-statement-testimony.html|accessdate=June 7, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=June 7, 2017}}</ref> He also asked [[Director of National Intelligence|DNI]] [[Dan Coats]] and [[Director of the National Security Agency|NSA Director]] [[Michael S. Rogers|Michael Rogers]] to issue statements saying there was no evidence that his campaign colluded with Russia during the 2016 election.<ref name=Sciutto>{{cite news|last1=Sciutto|first1=Jim|last2=Watkins|first2=Eli|title=Trump asked DNI, NSA to deny evidence of Russia collusion|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/22/politics/donald-trump-intelligence-community/index.html|work=CNN|date=May 23, 2017}}</ref> Both refused, considering this an inappropriate request, although not illegal.<ref name=Dilanian>{{cite news|last1=Dilanian|first1=Ken|last2=Windrem|first2=Robert|title=Trump Asked Top Intel Officials to Push Back Publicly on Russia Probe|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/trump-asked-top-intel-officials-push-back-publicly-russia-probe-n763336|work=NBC News|date=May 22, 2017}}</ref> Comey eventually testified on June 8 that while he was director, the FBI investigations did not target Trump himself.<ref name="comeytestimony" /><ref name=nyt-20110608>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/08/us/politics/trump-speech-faith-freedom-coalition.html |title=‘I Was Right’: As Trump Watches Comey on TV, Anxiety Yields to Relief |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |first1=Glenn |last1=Thrush |first2=Maggie |last2=Haberman |date=8 June 2017 |accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref> ''The Washington Post'' later reported that within days of Comey's dismissal, the FBI started investigating whether Trump had obstructed justice.<ref name=Vitkovskaya>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2017/06/15/the-president-is-under-investigation-for-obstruction-of-justice-how-did-we-get-here/ |title=Trump Is Officially under Investigation. How Did We Get Here? |work=[[The Washington Post]] |last=Vitkovskaya |first=Julie |date=June 16, 2017 |accessdate=June 16, 2017 |quote=Trump is officially under investigation... Special counsel investigating Trump for possible obstruction of justice... The president is being investigated...}}</ref> Trump's lawyer [[Jay Sekulow]] stated that he had not been notified of any such investigation.<ref>{{cite interview |last=Sekulow |first=Jay |author-link=Jay Sekulow |interviewer=[[John Dickerson (journalist)|John Dickerson]] |title=Transcript: Jay Sekulow on "Face the Nation," June 18, 2017 |work=[[Face the Nation]] |publisher=[[CBS News]] |date=June 18, 2017 |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/transcript-jay-sekulow-on-face-the-nation-june-18-2017/ |access-date=June 19, 2017 | quote= SEKULOW: The president is not and has not been under investigation. <br/> DICKERSON: How do you know? <br/> SEKULOW: Because we've received no notice of investigation. There has been no notification from the special counsel's office that the president is under investigation.}}</ref> ''ABC News'' later reported that the special counsel is gathering preliminary information about possible obstruction of justice but has not launched a full-scale investigation.<ref name="thomas17">{{cite news |last=Thomas |first=Pierre |date=June 19, 2017 |title=Where Things Stand with Special Counsel Mueller’s Russia Probe |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/things-stand-special-counsel-muellers-russia-probe/story?id=48142304 |newspaper=ABC News |quote=According to sources familiar with the process ... [a]n assessment of evidence and circumstances will be completed before a final decision is made to launch an investigation of the president of the United States regarding potential obstruction of justice.}}</ref> === Domestic policy === ==== Energy ==== Trump's energy policy advocates domestic industrial support for both fossil and renewable energy sources in order to curb reliance on Middle-Eastern oil and possibly turn the U.S. into a net energy exporter.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/press-releases/an-america-first-energy-plan |title=An America first energy plan |date=May 26, 2016 |access-date=December 3, 2016}}</ref> [[Political appointments of Donald Trump|His appointed advisers]] favor a less regulated energy market and, because they do not consider [[climate change]] a threat, see no need for immediate action.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/trumps-energy-policy-team-includes-climate-change-skeptic-free-market-advocate/2016/11/29/86e52004-b5a4-11e6-b8df-600bd9d38a02_story.html |title=Trump's energy policy team includes climate change skeptic, free-market advocate |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |first=Steven |last=Mufson |date=November 29, 2016 |access-date=December 3, 2016}}</ref> ====Climate change==== {{Main|Environmental policy under the Trump administration}} Trump does not accept the [[scientific consensus on climate change]].<ref name="ParkerDavenport">{{cite news |first1=Ashley |last1=Parker |first2=Coral |last2=Davenport |title=Donald Trump's Energy Plan: More Fossil Fuels and Fewer Rules |date=May 26, 2016 |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/27/us/politics/donald-trump-global-warming-energy-policy.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Jason |last=Samenow |title=Donald Trump's unsettling nonsense on weather and climate |date=March 22, 2016 |website=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/03/22/donald-trumps-unsettling-nonsense-on-weather-and-climate/}}</ref> In 2012, he said that [[global warming]] was a hoax invented by the Chinese, but later said that he was joking.<ref name="MEhren2" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/jan/24/bernie-s/yes-donald-trump-really-did-tweet-climate-change-h/ |title=What Donald Trump said about the Chinese inventing the 'hoax' of climate change |publisher=[[PolitiFact.com]] |access-date=May 16, 2016}}</ref> He has called the [[EPA|Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)]] a "disgrace" and has threatened to cut its budget.<ref>{{cite news|first=Nelson D.|last=Schwartz|date=May 21, 2016|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/22/business/economic-promises-a-president-trump-could-and-couldnt-keep.html|title=Economic Promises a President Trump Could (and Couldn't) Keep|work=The New York Times|access-date=May 22, 2016}}</ref> Trump pledged to eliminate the [[Clean Power Plan]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rivkin |first1=David B. Jr. |last2=Grossman |first2=Andrew M. |title=Trump Can Ax the Clean Power Plan by Executive Order |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-can-ax-the-clean-power-plan-by-executive-order-1479679923 |access-date=November 25, 2016 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=November 20, 2016}}</ref> and withdraw from the [[Paris Agreement|Paris Climate Agreement]], which calls for reductions in carbon emissions in more than 170 countries.<ref name=autogeneratedlcv>{{cite web |url=http://www.lcv.org/assets/docs/presidential-candidates-on.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018073305/http://www.lcv.org/assets/docs/presidential-candidates-on.pdf | archivedate=October 18, 2016 |title=In Their Own Words: 2016 Presidential Candidates on Climate Change |format=PDF |access-date=July 12, 2016}}</ref> After winning the presidency, Trump said he had an "open mind" towards the Paris agreement,<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/11/what-does-trump-think-about-climate-change-he-doesnt-know-either/508541/ |title=What Does Trump Think About Climate Change? He Doesn't Know Either |work=[[The Atlantic]] |first=Robinson |last=Meyer |date=November 22, 2016 |access-date=November 26, 2016}}</ref> but on June 1, 2017, he announced that [[United States Withdraw From Paris Agreement|the United States would withdraw from the Paris agreement]], making the United States one of only three nations, including Syria and Nicaragua, to do so.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/01/politics/trump-paris-climate-decision/index.html|title=Trump on Paris accord: 'We're getting out'|last1=Liptak|first1=Kevin|last2=Acosta|first2=Jim|date=June 1, 2017|publisher=CNN|access-date=June 1, 2017}}</ref> ==== Immigration ==== {{Main|Immigration policy of Donald Trump}} [[File:POTUS visits DHS (31741970743).jpg|thumb|Trump speaking with Vice President Mike Pence and Secretary of Homeland Security [[John F. Kelly]] on January 25, 2017]] Trump's immigration policies were intensely discussed during the campaign. Trump vowed to build a more substantial [[Mexico–United States barrier|wall]] on the [[Mexico–United States border]] to keep out [[illegal immigrants]], a wall which Trump promised Mexico would pay for.<ref name="Jenna Johnson">{{cite news |first=Jenna |last=Johnson |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/05/13/trump-all-policy-proposals-are-just-flexible-suggestions/ |title=Trump: All policy proposals are just flexible suggestions |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=May 13, 2016}}</ref><ref>Hamilton, Keegan. "[https://news.vice.com/story/the-us-already-has-a-border-wall-and-its-basically-useless The US already has a border wall and it's basically useless]", [[Vice News]] (November 3, 2016).</ref><ref>Maachi, Victoria et al. [http://www.voanews.com/a/donald-trump-shifting-from-campaign-promises/3609139.html "President-elect Trump Shifts Positions on Some Campaign Promises"], [[Voice of America]] (November 24, 2016): "Nearly a third of the 3,200-kilometer (2,000-mile) border between the U.S. and Mexico already has a border wall of some type."</ref> He pledged to massively deport [[Illegal immigrant population of the United States|illegal immigrants residing in the United States]],<ref name="CBC_August29_2015">{{cite web|title=Donald Trump emphasizes plans to build 'real' wall at Mexico border|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/donald-trump-emphasizes-plans-to-build-real-wall-at-mexico-border-1.3196807|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=September 29, 2015|date=August 19, 2015}}</ref> and criticized [[Birthright citizenship in the United States|birthright citizenship]] as it creates "[[anchor babies]]".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2015/08/donald-trump-has-some-thoughts-about-the-constitution |title=Donald Trump: The 14th Amendment is Unconstitutional |work=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] |date=August 19, 2015 |access-date=November 22, 2015 |first=Inae |last=Oh}}</ref> He said the focus of deportation would be criminals, those who have overstayed their visas, and other "security threats".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://abc13.com/politics/trump-vows-no-amnesty-in-immigration-speech/1493776/|title=Trump retreats on deportations, vows no amnesty|date=September 1, 2016|agency=Associated Press|access-date=September 2, 2016}}</ref> Following the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]], Trump made a controversial proposal to completely ban Muslim non-citizens from entering the United States until stronger vetting systems could be implemented.<ref>{{cite news |first=Eugene |last=Scott |title=Trump: My Muslim friends don't support my immigration ban |date=December 13, 2015 |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/13/politics/donald-trump-muslim-ban-state-of-the-union/}}</ref><ref name=Barro>{{cite news |first=Josh |last=Barro |title=How Unpopular Is Trump's Muslim Ban? Depends How You Ask |date=December 15, 2015 |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/16/upshot/how-unpopular-is-trumps-muslim-ban-depends-how-you-ask.html |quote=Donald J. Trump's proposal to bar Muslim noncitizens from entering the United States&nbsp;...}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Jill |last1=Colvin |first2=Bill |last2=Barrow |title=Donald Trump's supporters see plenty of sense in views that his critics denounce |date=December 14, 2015 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2015-12-14/trump-supporters-shrug-off-the-fuss-say-he-gets-it |quote=He said American citizens, including Muslim members of the military, would be exempt, as would certain world leaders and athletes coming to the U.S. to compete. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605135824/https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2015-12-14/trump-supporters-shrug-off-the-fuss-say-he-gets-it |archivedate=June 5, 2016}}</ref> Later in 2016 he stated that the ban would apply only to people originating from countries with a "proven history of terrorism against the United States or its allies", or countries "compromised by terrorism".<ref name=Scots>Johnson, Jenna. [http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/ct-donald-trump-muslim-ban-20160625-story.html "Trump now says Muslim ban only applies to those from terrorism-heavy countries"], ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' (June 25, 2016): "[A] reporter asked Trump if [he] would be OK with a Muslim from Scotland coming into the United States and he said it 'wouldn't bother me.' Afterward, [spokeswoman] Hicks said in an email that Trump's ban would now just apply to Muslims in terror states&nbsp;..."</ref><ref>Detrow, Scott. [http://www.npr.org/2016/06/13/481910989/trump-expands-immigration-ban-to-countries-with-proven-history-of-terrorism Trump Calls To Ban Immigration From Countries With 'Proven History Of Terrorism'], [[NPR]] (June 13, 2016): "I will suspend immigration from areas of the world where there's a proven history of terrorism against the United States, Europe or our allies until we fully understand how to end these threats."</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/07/22/us/politics/trump-immigration-ban-how-could-it-work.html |title=Trump Vows to Stop Immigration From Nations 'Compromised' by Terrorism. How Could It Work? |last=Park |first=Haeyoun |date=July 22, 2016 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331|access-date=July 25, 2016}}</ref> In late January 2017, Trump issued [[Executive Order 13769|an executive order]] banning the admission of immigrants from seven predominantly Muslim countries.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Sabrina|title=Trump signs 'extreme vetting' executive order for people entering the US|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/27/donald-trump-muslim-refugee-ban-executive-action|access-date=March 18, 2017|work=The Guardian|date=January 27, 2017}}</ref> The order was imposed without warning and took effect immediately;<ref name="BBC.March.6.17">{{cite news|title=Trump signs new travel ban directive|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-39183153|access-date=March 18, 2017|publisher=BBC News|date=March 6, 2017}}</ref> the measure caused chaos at many airports, with consecutive days of mass protest afflicting major airports in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Grinberg|first1=Emanuella|last2=Park|first2=Madison|title=2nd day of protests over Trump's immigration policies|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/01/29/politics/us-immigration-protests/|access-date=March 18, 2017|publisher=CNN|date=January 30, 2017}}</ref> Multiple legal challenges were filed against the order, and a federal court blocked its implementation.<ref name="BBC.March.6.17" /> In early March 2017, Trump issued a [[Executive Order 13780|revised order]] into law, which excluded [[Iraq]], gave specific exemptions for [[Permanent residence (United States)|permanent residents]], no priorities for religious minorities (e.g. Christian refugees) and a week was given to implement legislation.<ref name="Chakraborty3/6/17" /><ref name="BBC.March.6.17" /> ==== Social issues ==== {{Main|Social policy of Donald Trump}} Trump is conservative, describes himself as [[pro-life]] and generally opposes [[abortion]]; exceptions are made in cases of [[rape]], [[incest]], and circumstances endangering the health of the mother.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/04/21/politics/donald-trump-republican-platform-abortion/ |title=Trump: I would change GOP platform on abortion |last=Wright |first=David |date=April 21, 2016 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> He has said that he is committed to [[Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates|appointing justices]] who would try to overturn the ruling in ''[[Roe v. Wade]]''.<ref name="60min" /> He personally supports "traditional marriage"<ref name="MEhren2">{{cite news |first=Max |last=Ehrenfreund |title=Here's what Donald Trump really believes |date=July 22, 2015 |website=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/07/22/heres-what-donald-trump-really-believes/}}</ref> but considers the nationwide legality of [[Same-sex marriage in the United States|same-sex marriage]] a "settled" issue.<ref name="60min">{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/14/politics/trump-gay-marriage-abortion-supreme-court/ |title=Trump: Same-sex marriage is 'settled,' but Roe v Wade can be changed |work=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]] |via=[[CNN]] |first=Ariane |last=de Vogue |date=November 15, 2016 |access-date=November 30, 2016}}</ref> Trump supports a broad interpretation of the [[Second Amendment to the United States Constitution|Second Amendment]] and says he is opposed to [[gun control]] in general,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newsweek.com/brief-history-donald-trumps-stance-gun-rights-461705 |title=A brief history of Donald Trump's stance on gun rights |work=Newsweek |last=Gorman |first=Michele |date=May 20, 2016}}</ref><ref name="OWSAR">{{cite web|title=Second Amendment Rights|url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/positions/second-amendment-rights|website=Donald J. Trump for President|access-date=May 22, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107050849/https://www.donaldjtrump.com/positions/second-amendment-rights|archivedate=January 7, 2016|quote=There has been a national background check system in place since 1998&nbsp;... Too many states are failing to put criminal and mental health records into the system&nbsp;... What we need to do is fix the system we have and make it work as intended.}}</ref> although his views have shifted over time.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/06/20/politics/donald-trump-gun-positions-nra-orlando/ |title=The times Trump changed his positions on guns |publisher=CNN |date=June 20, 2016 |first=Gregory |last=Krieg}}</ref> Trump opposes [[Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction|legalizing recreational marijuana]] but supports legalizing [[medical cannabis|medical marijuana]].<ref name="Cannabis">February 27, 2015. (Excerpt from Donald Trump Remarks at CPAC). [http://www.c-span.org/video/?c4541840/donald-trump-marijuana Donald Trump on Marijuana.] ''C-Span''. Retrieved October 21, 2015.</ref> He favors [[Capital punishment in the United States|capital punishment]],<ref name="Cop_killers">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/10/politics/donald-trump-police-officers-death-penalty/ |title=Trump: Death penalty for cop killers |date=December 11, 2015 |publisher=CNN |last1=Diamond |first1=Jeremy |access-date=March 15, 2016}}</ref><ref name="FullPageAd1989">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/01/nyregion/angered-by-attack-trump-urges-return-of-the-death-penalty.html |title=Angered by Attack, Trump Urges Return Of the Death Penalty |date=May 1, 1989 |work=The New York Times |last1=Foderaro |first1=Lisa |access-date=March 15, 2016}}</ref> as well as the use of [[waterboarding]].<ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite news |last1=McCarthy |first1=Tom |title=Donald Trump: I'd bring back 'a hell of a lot worse than waterboarding' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/feb/06/donald-trump-waterboarding-republican-debate-torture |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=February 8, 2016}}</ref><ref name="ABC News">{{cite news |title=Ted Cruz, Donald Trump Advocate Bringing Back Waterboarding |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/video/ted-cruz-donald-trump-advocate-bringing-back-waterboarding-36764410 |publisher=ABC News |date=February 6, 2016 |access-date=February 9, 2016}}</ref> ==== Health care ==== In 1999, Trump told ''[[Larry King Live]]'' that "I believe in universal healthcare."<ref name="Kertscher">{{cite web |last1=Kertscher |first1=Tom |title=Donald Trump wants to replace Obamacare with a single-payer health care system, GOP congressman says |url=http://www.politifact.com/wisconsin/statements/2015/sep/11/reid-ribble/donald-trump-wants-replace-obamacare-single-payer-/ |website=Politifact Wisconsin |access-date=January 12, 2017 |date=September 11, 2015}}</ref> Trump's 2000 book, ''The America We Deserve'', argued strongly for a [[single-payer healthcare]] system based on the [[Comparison of the healthcare systems in Canada and the United States|Canadian model]],<ref name="AWD2000">{{cite book |last1=Trump |first1=Donald |title=The America We Deserve |date=2000 |publisher=Renaissance Books |location=Los Angeles, California |isbn=978-1-58063-131-0 |pages=258–278 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PV6qZU_xev8C&pg=PT258 |access-date=January 12, 2017}}</ref> and has voiced admiration for the [[NHS Scotland|Scottish National Health Service]].<ref name="Kertscher" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Millward|first1=David|title=Trump under attack as he praises NHS care|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/11789000/Trump-under-attack-as-praises-NHS-care.html|access-date=January 25, 2017|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=August 7, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Learmonth|first1=Andrew|title=US presidential hope Donald Trump hails the NHS in Scotland|url=http://www.thenational.scot/news/14898942.US_presidential_hope_Donald_Trump_hails_the_NHS_in_Scotland/|access-date=January 25, 2017|work=The National|date=August 8, 2015}}</ref> However, Trump has repeatedly vowed to repeal and replace [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act|Obamacare]].<ref name="Kodjak">{{cite news |last1=Kodjak |first1=Alison |title=Trump Can Kill Obamacare With Or Without Help From Congress |url=http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/11/09/501203831/trump-can-kill-obamacare-with-or-without-help-from-congress |access-date=January 12, 2017 |work=All Things Considered |publisher=NPR |date=November 9, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Walsh">{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Deirdre |last2=Lee |first2=MJ |title=Trump wants Obamacare repeal 'quickly,' but Republicans aren't ready |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/10/politics/paul-ryan-obamacare-repeal-and-replace/index.html |access-date=January 12, 2017 |publisher=CNN |date=January 10, 2017}}</ref> In March 2016, Trump's campaign released a platform summary which included a variety of [[Free market healthcare|free-market health reforms]] including provisions to allow health insurance to be sold across state lines, enable individuals to deduct health insurance premiums, expand health savings accounts, and give more control of Medicaid to the states.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Levey |first1=Noam |title=Trump promised a 'beautiful' healthcare plan, but it's pretty basic |url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-trump-healthcare-20160303-story.html |access-date=June 4, 2016 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=March 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Healthcare Reform to Make America Great Again |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/positions/healthcare-reform |website=Donald J. Trump for President |access-date=January 13, 2017 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113005945/https://www.donaldjtrump.com/positions/healthcare-reform |archivedate=January 13, 2017 |df=mdy}}</ref> Trump aims to streamline the [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|Department of Veterans Affairs]], getting rid of [[Veterans Health Administration scandal of 2014|backlogs and waitlists]], and upgrading relevant facilities.<ref name="Veterans Administration Reforms">Shane, Leo. [http://www.militarytimes.com/articles/2017-watch-trump-va-reforms "New in 2017: Trump takes on veterans health care reform"], ''[[Sightline Media Group|Military Times]]'' (December 29, 2016).</ref> On his first Monday in office, Trump issued a federal hiring freeze on the VA.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Slack|first1=Donovan|title=Trump hiring freeze includes the short-staffed VA|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/01/24/trump-hiring-freeze-includes-veterans-affairs/96999464/|access-date=January 25, 2017|work=[[USA TODAY]]|date=January 24, 2017}}</ref> ==== Education ==== Trump has stated his support for [[school choice]] and local control for primary and secondary schools.<ref>{{cite web |title=Donald Trump on School Choice |url=http://www.americanprinciplesinaction.org/apia-education/education/school-choice/donald-trump-on-school-choice/ |website=American Principles in Action |access-date=November 25, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125105242/http://www.americanprinciplesinaction.org/apia-education/education/school-choice/donald-trump-on-school-choice/ |archivedate=November 25, 2015}}</ref> He opposes the [[Common Core State Standards Initiative]] for primary and secondary schools,<ref name="Announcement1">[http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/06/16/trump-sets-record-for-longest-2016-gop-announcement-speech/ Trump sets record for longest 2016 GOP announcement speech]. Fox News Channel, June 16, 2015</ref> and has called Common Core "a disaster" that must be ended.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/schooled/2016/01/26/donald_trump_releases_education_video_condemns_common_core.html |title=Trump Releases Video Airing His Completely Vague Views on Education and Common Core |last=Moser |first=Laura |work=Slate |date=January 26, 2016}}</ref> He has stated he would abolish all or part of the [[United States Department of Education|Department of Education]].<ref>Richwine, Jason (October 23, 2015). [http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/425991/why-not-abolish-department-education-jason-richwine Why Not Abolish the Department of Education?] ''National Review''. Retrieved July 27, 2016.</ref> ==== Economy and trade ==== {{Main|Economic policy of Donald Trump}} [[File:Donald Trump in Ypsilanti (33998674940) (cropped2).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Trump speaking to automobile workers in Michigan in March 2017]] Trump's campaign tax plan called for levelling the [[Corporate tax in the United States#Tax rates|corporate tax]] rate to 15%, eliminating various business loopholes and deductions,<ref name="Donaldjtrump.com" /> and reducing the number of brackets for personal income tax: the top rate would be reduced from 39.6% to 25%, a large "zero bracket" would be created, and the [[alternative minimum tax]] and [[estate tax]] (which currently applies to individual estates over $5.45&nbsp;million or $10.9&nbsp;million per married couple) would both be eliminated.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://taxfoundation.org/article/details-and-analysis-donald-trump-s-tax-plan |title=Details and Analysis of Donald Trump's Tax Plan |publisher=The Tax Foundation |access-date=July 17, 2016}}</ref> His comments about the [[Minimum wage in the United States|minimum wage]] have been inconsistent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/may/19/donald-trump/donald-trump-wrong-elizabeth-warren-lied-saying-he/ |title=Elizabeth Warren gets better of Donald Trump on his stance on abolishing federal minimum wage |last=Jacobson |first=Louis |date=May 19, 2016 |publisher=[[PolitiFact.com]] |access-date=May 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/jul/26/bernie-s/sanders-trump-would-allow-states-lower-minimum-wag/ |title=Sanders: Trump would allow states to lower the minimum wage |last=Greenberg |first=Jon |date=July 26, 2016 |publisher=[[PolitiFact.com]] |access-date=July 27, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/jul/28/donald-trump/donald-trump-gets-full-flop-stance-minimum-wage/ |title=Donald Trump gets a Full Flop for stance on minimum wage |last=Jacobson |first=Louis |date=July 28, 2016 |publisher=[[PolitiFact.com]] |access-date=July 30, 2016}}</ref> Trump identifies as a "[[free trade]]r", but says that trade must be "reasonably fair".<ref name="Haberman">{{cite news |first=Maggie |last=Haberman |title=Donald Trump Says He Favors Big Tariffs on Chinese Exports |date=January 7, 2016 |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2016/01/07/donald-trump-says-he-favors-big-tariffs-on-chinese-exports/}}</ref> He has often been called a "[[protectionist]]",<ref>{{cite news |url=http://business.financialpost.com/fp-comment/lawrence-solomon-donald-trumps-protectionism-fits-right-in-with-republicans |title=Lawrence Solomon: Donald Trump's protectionism fits right in with Republicans |access-date=July 22, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/donald-trump-lays-out-protectionist-views-in-trade-speech-1467145538 |title=Donald Trump Lays Out Protectionist Views in Trade Speech |last=Epstein |first=Reid J. |date=June 28, 2016 |last2=Nelson |first2=Colleen McCain |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660|access-date=July 22, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/11/us/politics/-trade-donald-trump-breaks-200-years-economic-orthodoxy-mercantilism.html |title=On Trade, Donald Trump Breaks With 200 Years of Economic Orthodoxy |last=Appelbaum |first=Binyamin |date=March 10, 2016 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331|access-date=July 22, 2016}}</ref> because of his criticism of [[NAFTA]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-calls-nafta-a-disaster/ |title=Trump calls NAFTA a "disaster" |date=September 25, 2015 |work=60 Minutes, CBS}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/2016/07/06/news/economy/trump-nafta/|title=Election 2016: Your money, your vote. Yes, 'President Trump' really could kill NAFTA&nbsp;– but it wouldn't be pretty |date=July 6, 2016 |access-date=September 1, 2016 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> the [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]] (TPP),<ref name="latimes.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-japan-trump-president-20160625-snap-story.html |title=President Trump? Among U.S. allies, Japan may be one of the most anxious about that idea |date=June 26, 2016 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=July 12, 2016}}</ref> and his proposal to raise tariffs on [[List of the largest trading partners of the United States|Chinese and Mexican exports to the United States]] significantly.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/trumps-contempt-for-the-free-market/2015/10/21/2f61d87c-7815-11e5-bc80-9091021aeb69_story.html |title=Donald Trump's contempt for the free market |last=Lane |first=Charles |date=October 21, 2015 |newspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286|access-date=July 22, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2016/01/07/donald-trump-says-he-favors-big-tariffs-on-chinese-exports/ |title=Donald Trump Says He Favors Big Tariffs on Chinese Exports |last=Haberman |first=Maggie |date=January 7, 2016 |website=The New York Times&nbsp;— First Draft|access-date=July 22, 2016}}</ref> He has also been critical of the [[World Trade Organization]], threatening to leave unless his proposed tariffs are accepted.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/2016-conventions/trump-i-m-running-against-hillary-not-rest-world-n615581 |title=Trump: I'm Running Against Clinton, Not 'Rest of the World' |access-date=July 31, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://thehill.com/policy/finance/289005-trump-suggests-leaving-wto-over-import-tax-proposal |title=Trump suggests leaving WTO over import tax proposal |last=Needham |first=Vicki |date=July 24, 2016 |access-date=July 31, 2016}}</ref> However, Trump has been very keen to support a "fair" post-[[Brexit]] trade deal with the [[United Kingdom]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stelloh|first1=Tim|title=Donald Trump promises post-Brexit Britain a 'fair' trade deal|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/brexit-referendum/donald-trump-promises-post-brexit-britain-fair-trade-deal-n707176|access-date=May 31, 2017|publisher=NBC News|date=January 15, 2017}}</ref> which Trump says would be "good for both sides".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shaw|first1=Adam|title=Trump vows to strike post-Brexit deal with UK, rips EU as 'vehicle for Germany'|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/01/16/trump-vows-to-strike-post-brexit-deal-with-uk-rips-eu-as-vehicle-for-germany.html|access-date=May 31, 2017|publisher=Fox News Channel|date=January 16, 2017}}</ref> ====Government size and deregulation==== Trump's early policies have favored [[deregulation]] and a smaller federal government. He became the first president in sixteen years to sign a [[Congressional Review Act]] disapproval resolution; the law had been used only once before.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Adriance | first1=Sam | title=President Trump Signs First Congressional Review Act Disapproval Resolution in 16 Years | url=http://www.natlawreview.com/article/president-trump-signs-first-congressional-review-act-disapproval-resolution-16-years | date=February 16, 2017 | publisher=[[The National Law Review]] | access-date=March 8, 2017}}</ref> During his first six weeks in office, he abolished ninety federal regulations.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Farand | first1=Chloe | title=Donald Trump Disassembles 90 Federal State Regulations in Just Over a Month in White House | url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-federal-state-regulations-month-oval-office-white-house-us-president-deregulate-a7614031.html | date=March 6, 2017 | work=[[The Independent]] | access-date=March 7, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Trump-Era Trend: Industries Protest. Regulations Rolled Back. A Dozen Examples | url=https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3480299-10-Examples-Industries-Push-Followed-by-Trump.html#document/p60/a341284 | publisher=''[[The New York Times]]'' (via [[DocumentCloud]]) | access-date=March 7, 2017 | date=March 5, 2017 |quotation=More than 90 Obama-era federal regulations have been revoked or delayed or enforcement has been suspended, in many cases based on requests from the industries the rules target.}}</ref> On January 23, 2017, Trump ordered a [[2017 United States federal hiring freeze|temporary government-wide hiring freeze]], which allows for exceptions, primarily for jobs deemed vital for national security or public safety reasons.<ref name="NYT_federal-hiring-freeze_2017">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/23/us/politics/federal-hiring-freeze.html |title=Trump Orders Broad Hiring Freeze for Federal Government |author=Michael D. Shear |date=January 23, 2017 |access-date=January 23, 2017 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="Fox_News_2017_hiring-freeze">{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/01/24/trump-orders-hiring-freeze-for-much-federal-government.html |publisher=[[Fox News Channel]] |title=Trump Orders Hiring Freeze for Much of Federal Government |date=January 24, 2017 |access-date=March 6, 2017}}</ref> The [[Comptroller General of the United States|Comptroller General]] of the [[Government Accountability Office]] told a [[United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform|House committee]] that hiring freezes have not proven to be effective in reducing costs.<ref name="eyoder">{{cite news |last=Yoder |first=Eric |title=Hiring freeze could add to government's risk, GAO chief warns |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=February 16, 2017 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2017/02/16/hiring-freeze-could-add-to-governments-risk-gao-chief-warns/ |quotation='We've looked at hiring freezes in the past by prior administrations and they haven't proven to be effective in reducing costs and they cause some problems if they're in effect for a long period of time,' Comptroller General Gene Dodaro told a House Oversight and Government Reform Committee hearing.}}</ref> Unlike some past freezes, the current freeze bars agencies from adding contractors to make up for employees leaving.<ref name="eyoder" /> A week later Trump signed [[Executive Order 13771]], directing administrative agencies to repeal two existing regulations for every new regulation they issue.<ref>{{cite web | title=Trump Signs Executive Order to Drastically Cut Federal Regs | url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/01/30/trump-signs-executive-order-to-drastically-cut-federal-regs.html | date=January 30, 2017 | publisher=[[Fox News Channel]] | access-date=March 6, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=The White House, Office of the Press Secretary|authorlink1=White House Office of the Press Secretary|title=Presidential Executive Order on Reducing Regulation and Controlling Regulatory Costs|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/30/presidential-executive-order-reducing-regulation-and-controlling|access-date=May 16, 2017|date=January 30, 2017}}</ref> [[Harvard Law School|Harvard Law]] professor [[Jody Freeman]] said that the order would do no more than slow the regulatory process, because it did not block rules required by statute.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2017/1/30/14441430/trump-executive-order-regulations | title=Trump wants to kill two old regulations for every new one issued. Sort of. | last=Plumer | first=Brad | date=January 30, 2017 | access-date=March 10, 2017 | work=Vox Media | quotation='It is primarily an instrument for&nbsp;... slowing the regulatory process,' says Freeman&nbsp;... Trump's order does include a caveat that agencies can only act 'to the extent permitted by law'. 'So, in the end, this order may not block rules that are legally required by statute,' explains Freeman.}}</ref> On February 24, 2017, Trump ordered the agencies to create task forces to determine which regulations are deemed burdensome to the U.S. economy.<ref name="Reuters2/24/17">{{cite web | last1=Shepardson | first1=David | last2=Holland | first2=Steve | title=In Sweeping Move, Trump Puts Regulation Monitors in U.S. Agencies | url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-regulations-idUSKBN1631NV | date=February 24, 2017 | agency=[[Reuters]] | access-date=March 6, 2017 | quotation=Trump signed an executive order on Friday to place 'regulatory reform' task forces and officers within federal agencies in what may be the most far reaching effort to pare back U.S. red tape in recent decades.}}</ref> Agency defenders expressed opposition to Trump's criticisms, saying that the bureaucracy exists to protect people against well-organized, well-funded interest groups.<ref name="mcalabresi">{{cite news |last=Calabresi |first=Massimo |title=Inside Donald Trump's War against the State |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=March 9, 2017 |url=http://time.com/4696428/donald-trump-war-state-government/ |quotation=Staffed by experts who oversee an open governmental process, they say, the federal bureaucracy exists to protect those who would otherwise be at the mercy of better-organized, better-funded interests.}}</ref> === Foreign policy === {{Main|Foreign policy of the Donald Trump administration|Foreign policy of Donald Trump}} [[File:G7 Taormina family photo 2017-05-26.jpg|thumb|President Trump together with other leaders at the [[43rd G7 summit]] in Italy, May 2017]] Trump has been described as [[Non-interventionism|non-interventionist]]<ref name="Cassidy">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/donald-trump-is-transforming-the-g-o-p-into-a-populist-nativist-party |title=Donald Trump Is Transforming the G.O.P. Into a Populist, Nativist Party |last=Cassidy |first=John |work=[[The New Yorker]] |date=February 29, 2016 |access-date=March 5, 2016}}</ref><ref name="rucker">{{cite news |first1=Philip |last1=Rucker |first2=Robert |last2=Costa |title=Trump questions need for NATO, outlines noninterventionist foreign policy |date=March 21, 2016 |website=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/03/21/donald-trump-reveals-foreign-policy-team-in-meeting-with-the-washington-post/}}</ref> and nationalist.<ref name="nationalinterest.org">{{cite news |url=http://nationalinterest.org/feature/donald-trump-american-nationalist-14237 |title=Donald Trump, American Nationalist |newspaper=[[The National Interest]] |date=November 3, 2015}}</ref> He repeatedly stated that he supports "[[America First (policy)|America First]]" foreign policy.<ref>{{cite news |first=Christiane |last=Amanpour |title=Donald Trump's speech: 'America first,' but an America absent from the world |date=July 22, 2016 |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/22/opinions/donald-trump-speech-amanpour/}}</ref> He supports increasing United States military defense spending,<ref name="nationalinterest.org" /> but favors decreasing United States spending on [[NATO]] and in the Pacific region.<ref>{{cite news |title=Donald Trump reveals his isolationist foreign-policy instincts |date=May 22, 2016 |website=[[The Economist]] |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2016/03/aipac-and-foreign-policy}}</ref> He says America should look inward, stop "nation building", and re-orient its resources toward domestic needs.<ref name="rucker" /> As a candidate he questioned whether he, as president, would automatically extend [[North Atlantic Treaty|security guarantees to NATO members]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/21/us/politics/donald-trump-issues.html |title=Donald Trump Sets Conditions for Defending NATO Allies Against Attack |last=Sanger |first=David E. |date=July 20, 2016 |last2=Haberman |first2=Maggie |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331|access-date=July 31, 2016}}</ref> and suggested that he might leave NATO unless changes are made to the alliance.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.factcheck.org/2016/05/whats-trumps-position-on-nato/ |title=What's Trump's Position on NATO? |publisher=factcheck.org |access-date=July 31, 2016}}</ref> But as president he has re-affirmed the U.S. commitment to NATO.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-senate-nato-russia-republicans-562655|title=Trump supports NATO, but Senate holds up expansion|date=March 1, 2017|agency=Reuters|work=Newsweek|access-date=May 2, 2017}}</ref> In order to confront the [[Islamic State of Iraq and Syria]] (ISIS), Trump in 2015 called for seizing the oil in ISIS-occupied areas, using U.S. air power and ground troops.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/11/trump-secret-plan-combat-troops-isis-oil-iraq-syria |title=Trump once called for sending US ground troops to fight ISIS and 'take that oil' |work=Mother Jones}}</ref> In 2016, Trump advocated sending 20,000 to 30,000 U.S. troops to the region,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/11/politics/donald-trump-30000-troops-isis/ |title=Trump wants 30,000 troops. Would that defeat ISIS? |last=Gaouette |first=Nicole |date=March 11, 2016 |publisher=CNN |access-date=July 12, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/trump-calls-for-20000-30000-troops-to-fight-isis/article/2001505 |title=Trump Calls for 20,000–30,000 Troops to Fight ISIS |date=March 10, 2016 |work=The Weekly Standard |access-date=July 12, 2016}}</ref> a position he later retracted.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2016-03-21/the-latest-early-voting-begins-ahead-of-wisconsin-primary |title=The Latest: Trump backtracks on US forces to fight militants |date=March 21, 2016 |work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |agency=Associated Press |access-date=July 12, 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814153830/https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2016-03-21/the-latest-early-voting-begins-ahead-of-wisconsin-primary |archivedate=August 14, 2016}}</ref> Regarding the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]], Trump has stated the importance of being a neutral party during potential negotiations, while also having stated that he is "a big fan of Israel".<ref name="consol">Sherman, Amy (March 1, 2016). [http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2016/mar/01/conservative-solutions-pac/would-donald-trump-be-neutral-between-israel-and-i/ Would Donald Trump be 'neutral' between Israel and its enemies?] ''Tampa Bay Times''. Retrieved April 10, 2016.</ref> During the campaign he said he would relocate [[Embassy of the United States, Tel Aviv|the U.S. embassy in Israel]] to [[Jerusalem]] from its current location, [[Tel Aviv]], although he has not pursued that proposal as president.<ref>{{cite news|title=Moving US embassy to Jerusalem may be slipping down Trump's agenda|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/23/us-embassy-jerusalem-trump-israel|access-date=February 4, 2017|work=The Guardian|agency=Reuters|date=January 23, 2017}}</ref> On May 22, 2017, Trump was the first U.S. president to visit the [[Western Wall]] in Jerusalem, during his first foreign trip, visiting Israel, [[Italy]], the [[Vatican City|Vatican]], and [[Belgium]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Rafferty |first=Andrew |date=May 23, 2017 |title=Trump Becomes First Sitting U.S. President to Visit Western Wall |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/trumps-first-foreign-trip/trump-becomes-first-sitting-u-s-president-visit-western-wall-n762891 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |location=New York City |access-date=May 24, 2017}}<br>{{cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Luke |last2=Holland |first2=Steve |date=May 23, 2017 |title= In U.S. presidential first, Trump prays at Jerusalem's Western Wall |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-israel-wall-idUSKBN18I1V6 |agency=[[Reuters]]|location=London, England|access-date=May 24, 2017}}<br>{{cite news |last=Diamond |first=Jeremy |date=May 23, 2017 |title=Trump makes historic visit to Western Wall |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/05/22/politics/trump-israel-western-wall/ |publisher=[[CNN]]|location=Atlanta, Georgia |access-date=May 24, 2017 }}</ref> Both as a candidate and as president, Trump repeatedly said he wants a good relationship with Russia.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-urges-good-relationship-with-russia-in-tweets/|title=Donald Trump urges 'good relationship' with Russia in tweets|last=Flores|first=Reena|date=January 7, 2017|publisher=CBS News|access-date=May 2, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/trump-gop-russia-sanctions/|title=GOP warns Trump not to lift Russia sanctions after call with Putin|last=Berry|first=Lynn|date=January 29, 2017|agency=Associated Press|publisher=PBS|access-date=May 2, 2017}}</ref> Trump has pledged to hold a summit meeting with [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Oliphant|first1=Roland|last2=Millward|first2=David|title=Donald Trump and Vladimir Putin ready to hold summit following historic phone call|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/28/donald-trump-vladimir-putin-hold-historic-telephone-call/|access-date=May 31, 2017|work=The Telegraph|date=January 28, 2017}}</ref> He added that Russia could help the U.S. in [[Military intervention against ISIL|fighting ISIS militants]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/trump-suggests-us-accept-russias-annexation-crimea/ |title=Trump suggests U.S. accept Russia's annexation of Crimea |date=August 1, 2016 |newspaper=[[PBS]] |agency=Associated Press |access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref> On April 7, 2017, Trump ordered a [[2017 Shayrat missile strike|missile strike]] against a Syrian airfield in retaliation for the [[Khan Shaykhun chemical attack]].<ref name="bbcnewssyriawartrumpsmissilestrike">{{cite news|title=Syria war: Trump's missile strike attracts US praise – and barbs|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-39529605|access-date=April 8, 2017|publisher=BBC News|date=April 7, 2017}}</ref> === 2020 presidential campaign === {{Main|Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2020}} Trump signaled his intention to run for a second term by filing with the FEC within hours of assuming the presidency.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/trump-hints-at-re-election-bid-vowing-eight-years-of-great-things/article/2612632|title=Trump hints at re-election bid, vowing 'eight years' of 'great things'|last=Westwood|first=Sarah|work=Washington Examiner|date=January 22, 2017|access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://docquery.fec.gov/cgi-bin/fecimg?_201701209041436569+0|title=PAGE BY PAGE REPORT DISPLAY FOR 201701209041436569 (Page 1 of 1)|publisher=Federal Election Commission|date=January 20, 2017|access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref> This transformed his 2016 election committee into a 2020 reelection one.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.azfamily.com/story/34380443/trump-breaks-precedent-files-on-first-day-as-candidate-for-re-election|title=Trump breaks precedent, files as candidate for re-election on first day|publisher=Azfamily.com|date=January 31, 2017|access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref> Trump marked the official start of the campaign with a campaign rally in [[Melbourne, Florida]], on February 18, 2017, less than a month after taking office.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/02/trump-kicks-off-his-2020-reelection-campaign-on-saturday/516909/|title=Trump Kicks Off His 2020 Reelection Campaign on Saturday|last=Graham|first=David A.|work=The Atlantic|date=February 15, 2017|access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref> By February 1, 2017, the campaign had already raised over $7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2017/01/31/president-trump-has-already-socked-away-more-than-7-million-for-his-2020-reelection/|title=Trump already has socked away more than $7 million for his 2020 reelection|website=The Washington Post|access-date=February 17, 2017}}</ref> == Awards, honors, and distinctions == ===Honorary degrees=== * [[Honorary degree|Honorary]] Doctor of Laws from [[Lehigh University]] in [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania]] (1988)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://honorary.lehigh.edu/commencement#prior-honorees|title=Commencement Speaker - University Nominations|website=honorary.lehigh.edu|access-date=May 18, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2017/05/13/trump-has-now-been-awarded-five-honorary-doctorates-and-stripped-of-one/|title=Trump has now been awarded five honorary doctorates — and stripped of one|website=The Washington Post|access-date=May 18, 2017}}</ref> * Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from [[Wagner College]] in [[Staten Island]], New York (2004)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/dr-trump-pal-article-1.658166|title=IT'S DR. TRUMP TO YOU, PAL!|website=Daily News|location=New York|access-date=May 18, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=October 12, 2012 |title=The Guarasci Decade |url=http://wagner.edu/newsroom/files/2013/01/Guarasci-Wagnerian.pdf |work=The Wagnerian |location=[[Staten Island]], [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] |access-date=June 21, 2017 }}</ref> * Honorary Doctor of Business Administration from [[Robert Gordon University]] in [[Aberdeen]], Scotland (2010)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rgu.ac.uk/news/donald-trump-doctor-of-business-administration-/|title=Donald Trump Honoured by Robert Gordon University|website=rgu.ac.uk|access-date=May 18, 2017}}</ref><ref name="RGU1">{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Pauline|last2=Youngson|first2=Andrew|title=Donald Trump Honoured by Robert Gordon University|url=https://www.rgu.ac.uk/news/donald-trump-doctor-of-business-administration-|publisher=Robert Gordon University|access-date=May 22, 2017|date=September 16, 2010}}</ref> (revoked in 2015)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-trump-britain-idUKKBN0TS0PG20151209 |title=More than 250,000 Britons petition to ban Trump from UK |agency=Reuters |first=Kate |last=Holton |date=December 9, 2015}}</ref> * Honorary Doctor of Business Administration from [[Liberty University]] in [[Lynchburg, Virginia]] (2012)<ref name=LU1>Bible, Mitzi (September 24, 2012).[http://www.liberty.edu/news/index.cfm?PID=18495&MID=65182 Donald Trump addresses largest Convocation crowd, praises Liberty's growth]. Liberty University News Service, September. Liberty University News Service.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/donald-trump-to-talk-politics-business-and-faith-at-liberty-university-convocation-81973/ |title=Donald Trump to Talk Politics, Business and Faith at Liberty University Convocation |website=The Christian Post|access-date=March 9, 2016}}</ref> * Honorary Doctor of Laws from Liberty University in Lynchburg, Virginia (2017)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liberty.edu/news/index.cfm?PID=18495&MID=234393|title=LU confers seven honorary doctorates to world changers, including President Trump|last=Liberty University News Service|date=May 13, 2017|access-date=May 14, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tD_TWRrM9NQ&t=1h5m20s|title=President Trump Makes Remarks at the Liberty University Commencement Ceremony|last=White House|date=May 13, 2017|access-date=May 13, 2017}}</ref> ===Organizational recognitions=== [[File:Trump MarineCorpsFoundation April22 2015.JPG|thumb|right|alt=A ceremony in which Trump receiving the 2015 Marine Corps–Law Enforcement Foundation's annual Commandant's Leadership Award. Four men are standing, all wearing black suits; Trump is second from the right. The two center men (Trump and another man) are holding the award.|Trump receiving the 2015 Marine Corps–Law Enforcement Foundation's annual Commandant's Leadership Award in recognition of his contributions to American military education programs]]<!-- Don't restore Hollywood Walk of Fame star without consensus. --> * The [[Jewish National Fund]]'s [[Jewish National Fund Tree of Life Award|Tree of Life Award]] for contributions to Israel–United States relations. (1983)<ref>Jewish National Fund Tree of Life Award Presentation to Donald J. Trump: Tuesday Evening March 1, 1983, Gala Dinner Dance, Grand Hyatt Hotel, New York</ref> * [[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor]] for his role in ''[[Ghosts Can't Do It]]'' (1990)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-won-razzie-worst-supporting-actor-ghosts-cant-do-it-2015-8|title=Donald Trump won a 'worst supporting actor' Razzie award for his role in this 1989 film|date=September 1, 2015|work=Business Insider|last1=Weisman|first1=Aly|access-date=April 23, 2016}}</ref> * [[Gaming Hall of Fame]] (1995)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gaming.unlv.edu/hof/index.html|title=The Gaming Hall of Fame|publisher=[[University of Nevada Las Vegas]]|access-date=August 30, 2009}}</ref> * Star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] (2007)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walkoffame.com/donald-trump|title=Donald Trump|publisher=[[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2016/04/donald-trump-star-vandalism-defecation-hollywood-walk-of-fame|title=People Can't Stop Vandalizing Donald Trump's Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame|date=April 3, 2016|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|author=Robinson, Joanna}}</ref> * [[Muhammad Ali]] Entrepreneur Award (2007)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.blacktie-arizona.com/photos/photoevent.cfm?id=187|title=March 24, 2007 Muhammad Ali's Celebrity Fight Night XIII|date=March 24, 2007|publisher=Blacktie|access-date=July 12, 2016}}</ref> * [[WWE Hall of Fame]] (2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/videos/donald-trump-cements-his-wwe-legacy-2013-wwe-hall-of-fame-induction-ceremony|title=Donald Trump cements his WWE legacy: 2013 WWE Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony|year=2013|publisher=[[WWE]]}}</ref> * ''[[Algemeiner Journal|The Algemeiner]]'' Liberty Award for contributions to Israel–United States relations. (2015)<ref>{{cite news |date=February 5, 2015 |title=Algemeiner Honors Joan Rivers, Donald Trump, Yuli Edelstein at Second Annual 'Jewish 100' Gala |url=http://www.algemeiner.com/2015/02/05/algemeiner-honors-joan-rivers-donald-trump-yuli-edelstein-at-second-annual-jewish-100-gala/ |magazine=[[Algemeiner Journal]] |location=Brooklyn, NY}}</ref> * Marine Corps–Law Enforcement Foundation Commandant's Leadership Award. (2015)<ref>{{cite web |title=MC–LEF Events |year=2015 |publisher=Marine Corps–Law Enforcement Foundation |quote=Donald Trump received our Commandant's Leadership Award. |url=http://www.mc-lef.org/events/ |deadurl=y |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819164943/http://www.mc-lef.org/events/|archivedate=August 19, 2015}}</ref> * ''[[Time Magazine|Time]]'' [[Time Person of the Year|Person of the Year]] (2016) * ''[[Financial Times]]'' [[Financial Times Person of the Year|Person of the Year]] (2016) ===State orders and awards=== *{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[Kentucky Colonel|Honorary Colonel]] from [[Kentucky]] (2012)<ref>{{cite news|title=Donald Trump is a Kentucky Colonel|url=http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-897141|publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> *{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Order of King Abdulaziz|Collar of Abdulaziz al Saud]] from [[Saudi Arabia]] (2017)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wilts |first1=Alexandra |title=Donald Trump awarded with Saudi Arabia's highest civilian honour within hours of landing in the country |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/donald-trump-latest-saudi-arabia-highest-civilian-honour-king-abdulaziz-al-saud-collar-gold-a7746566.html |access-date=May 20, 2017 |work=[[The Independent]] |date=May 20, 2017}}</ref> == See also == * [[List of richest American politicians]] * [[Donald Trump on social media]] * [[Covfefe Law]] == Notes == {{Reflist|group="nb"}} == References == {{reflist|25em}} ==Bibliography== {{See also|Bibliography of Donald Trump}} <!--This section is ONLY for books that are cited in footnotes of this Wikipedia article.--> {{refbegin}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AiFeQZhakXQC|title=Donald Trump: Master Apprentice|last=Blair|first=Gwenda|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7432-7510-1|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ig1ZCgAAQBAJ|title=Donald Trump: The Candidate|last=Blair|first=Gwenda|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2015a|isbn=978-1-4391-2937-1|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJifCgAAQBAJ|title=The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire|last=Blair|first=Gwenda|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2015b|orig-year=First published 2001|isbn=978-1-5011-3936-9|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_B2hBX1gZEC|title=Cash, Color, and Colonialism: The Politics of Tribal Acknowledgment|last=Cramer|first=Renee|authorlink=Renee Cramer|publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8061-3671-4|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7Tf_1GzlHEC|title=The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1989|last=Gallup|first=George, Jr.|authorlink=George Gallup Jr.|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|year=1990|isbn=978-0-8420-2344-3|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Xjp3R1PqO4C|title=Empire: A Tale of Obsession, Betrayal, and the Battle for an American Icon|last=Pacelle|first=Mitchell|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|year=2001|isbn=978-0-471-23865-2|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=[[Trump Revealed|Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President]]|last1=Kranish|first1=Michael|authorlink=Michael Kranish|last2=Fisher|first2=Marc|authorlink2=Marc Fisher|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2017|orig-year=First published 2016|isbn=978-1-5011-5652-6|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTB6Ip_FW-UC|title=Taming the Beast: Wall Street's Imperfect Answers to Making Money|last=Light|first=Larry|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-1-118-08420-5|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JsdGYlTm2nsC|title=Donald Trump: Profile of a Real Estate Tycoon|last=Payment|first=Simone|publisher=[[Rosen Publishing]]|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4042-1909-0|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ye6e_VxM00kC|title=Trump: The Art of the Deal|first1=Donald J.|last1=Trump|first2=Tony|last2=Schwartz|authorlink2=Tony Schwartz (author)|publisher=[[Random House]]|year=2009|orig-year=First published 1987|isbn=978-0-446-35325-0|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NIPOonZnkDEC|title=Donald Trump: From Real Estate to Reality TV|last=Wooten|first=Sara|publisher=[[Enslow Publishers]]|year=2009|isbn= 978-0-7660-2890-6|ref=harv}} {{refend}} == External links == {{Library resources box|by=yes}} <!--Please don't convert any external links to templates because this will exceed the template limit for this page. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_limits#Post-expand_include_size for more details. Thank you.--> <!-- No more links Please be cautious adding more external links. Wikipedia is not a collection of links and should not be used for advertising. Excessive or inappropriate links will be removed. See Wikipedia:External links and Wikipedia:Spam for details. If there are already suitable links, propose additions or replacements on the article's talk page, or submit your link to the relevant category at DMOZ (dmoz.org) and link there using {{Dmoz}}. --> * [https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-trump Presidential website] * [https://www.donaldjtrump.com/ Donald J. Trump for President campaign website] * [https://twitter.com/POTUS President Trump] on [[Twitter]] (official) * [https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump Donald Trump] on [[Twitter]] (personal)<!-- DO NOT CHANGE without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 9. --> * [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0874339/ Donald Trump] at the [[Internet Movie Database]] * [https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/donald-trump "Donald Trump collected news and commentary"]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. * [http://topics.wsj.com/person/T/donald-trump/159 "Donald Trump collected news and commentary"]. ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''. * [https://www.c-span.org/person/?donaldtrump Appearances] on [[C-SPAN]] * [https://archive.org/details/trumparchive Donald Trump] on the [[Internet Archive]] <!--Please don't convert any external links to templates because this will exceed the template limit for this page. 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Thank you.--> {{Donald Trump|state=expanded}} {{Navboxes |title = Offices and distinctions/Articles related to Donald Trump |list1 = {{s-start}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-bef|before=[[Mitt Romney]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] [[List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets|nominee]] for President of the United States|years=[[United States presidential election, 2016|2016]]}} {{s-inc|recent}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Barack Obama]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[President of the United States]]|years=2017–present}} {{s-inc}} {{s-end}} {{Trump presidency|state=collapsed}} {{US Presidents|state=collapsed}} {{Current G8 Leaders|state=collapsed}} {{Current G20 Leaders|state=collapsed}} {{Current APEC Leaders|state=collapsed}} {{Current NATO leaders|state=collapsed}} {{Current U.S. Cabinet|state=collapsed}} {{Trump cabinet|state=collapsed}} {{Trump Executive Office|state=collapsed}} {{United States presidential election, 2000|state=collapsed}} {{United States 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Football League executives]] [[Category:United States presidential candidates, 2000]] [[Category:United States presidential candidates, 2016]] [[Category:Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni]] [[Category:Writers from New York City]] [[Category:WWE Hall of Fame]] dhwa8xp5xx6wjcwe74u64raknh6eur8 17 16 2017-06-23T15:40:09Z Admin 1 1 revision imported wikitext text/x-wiki {{other uses}}<!-- DO NOT CHANGE without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 17. --> {{pp-move-indef}} {{pp-30-500|small=yes}} {{Use American English|date=March 2016}} {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2017}} {{Infobox president |name = Donald Trump<!-- DO NOT CHANGE the name without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 12. --> |image = Donald Trump Pentagon 2017.jpg<!-- DO NOT CHANGE without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 19. --> |order = [[List of Presidents of the United States|45th]] |office = President of the United States |vicepresident = [[Mike Pence]] |term_start = January 20, 2017 |term_end = |predecessor = [[Barack Obama]] |successor = |birth_name = Donald John Trump |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|6|14}} |birth_place = [[New York City]]<!-- DO NOT CHANGE this location without prior consensus, do not add Jamaica, Queens, NY state or US, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 2. --> |party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] (1987–1999, 2009–2011, 2012–present) |otherparty = {{plainlist| * [[Independent politician|Independent]] (2011–2012) * [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] (until 1987, 2001–2009) * [[Reform Party of the United States of America|Reform]] (1999–2001)}} |spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|[[Ivana Trump|Ivana Zelníčková]]|1977|1992}} * {{marriage|[[Marla Maples]]|1993|1999}} * {{marriage|[[Melania Trump|Melania Knauss]]|2005}}}} |children = {{flatlist| * [[Donald Trump Jr.|Donald Jr.]] * [[Ivanka Trump|Ivanka]] * [[Eric Trump|Eric]] * [[Tiffany Trump|Tiffany]] * [[Barron Trump|Barron]]<!-- DO NOT CHANGE without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 10. -->}} |relatives = ''See [[Family of Donald Trump]]'' |awards = <!-- For civilian awards - appears as "Awards" if |awards= is not set --> |residence = [[White House]] |alma_mater = [[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania|The Wharton School]] ([[Bachelor of Science|B.S.]] in [[Economics|Econ.]])<!-- DO NOT CHANGE without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 18. --> |occupation = {{plainlist| * {{unbulleted list|[[Real estate developer]]|([[The Trump Organization]])}} * {{unbulleted list|[[Television producer]]|([[The Apprentice (U.S. TV series)|''The Apprentice'']])}}}} |net_worth = {{decrease}} [[US$]]3.5&nbsp;billion (May 2017)<!-- DO NOT CHANGE without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 5. --><ref name="forbes-2017-billionaires" /> |signature = Donald Trump Signature.svg |signature_alt = Donald J Trump stylized autograph, in ink |website = {{plainlist| * {{URL|https://whitehouse.gov/administration/president-trump|White House website}} * {{URL|https://twitter.com/POTUS|Presidential Twitter}} * {{URL|https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump|Personal Twitter}}}}<!-- DO NOT CHANGE without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 9. --> }} {{Donald Trump series}} <!-- NOTE: Changes to the lede have recently been actively discussed on the talk page. Rough consensus was obtained, but things can still evolve. PLEASE DO NOT EDIT WAR. If you make a change which is reverted, please open a discussion or contribute to an existing one, per [[WP:BRD]]. Consensus items marked DO NOT CHANGE require prior discussion. --> '''Donald John Trump''' (born June 14, 1946) is the [[List of Presidents of the United States|45th]] and current [[President of the United States]], in office since [[Inauguration of Donald Trump|January 20, 2017]]. Before entering politics, he was a businessman and television personality.<!-- DO NOT CHANGE any word in the first paragraph without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 17. --> Trump was born in [[Queens]], [[New York City]], and earned an [[economics]] degree from the [[Wharton School]]. For 45 years, he managed [[The Trump Organization]], the real estate development firm founded by [[Elizabeth Christ Trump|his paternal grandmother]]. [[#Real estate business|His career]] focused on building or renovating office towers, hotels, casinos, and golf courses. He started [[#Side ventures|several side ventures]] and [[#Branding and licensing|branded various products]] with his name. He produced and hosted ''[[The Apprentice (U.S. TV series)|The Apprentice]]'' television show for 12 years. {{As of|2017}}, he was the 544th richest person in the world with an estimated net worth of $3.5&nbsp;billion.<!-- DO NOT CHANGE net worth without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 5. --> Trump had long [[#Early involvement in politics|expressed interest in politics]]; he eventually entered the [[United States presidential election, 2016|2016 presidential race]] as a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] and defeated sixteen opponents in the [[Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016|primaries]]. Scholars and commentators described [[#Political positions|his political positions]] as [[populist]], [[Protectionism in the United States|protectionist]], and [[American nationalism|nationalist]]. His campaign received extensive [[earned media|free media coverage]]. Many of his public statements were [[Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016#Controversies|controversial or false]].<!-- DO NOT CHANGE this sentence without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 7. --> Trump won the general election on November 8, 2016, in a surprise victory against [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] candidate [[Hillary Clinton]]. He became [[List of Presidents of the United States by age|the oldest]] and [[List of Presidents of the United States by net worth|wealthiest]] person ever to assume the presidency, the first without [[List of Presidents of the United States by previous experience|prior military or government service]],<!-- DO NOT CHANGE "prior military or government service" without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 8. --> and [[United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote|the fifth]] to have won the election despite losing the [[Popular vote (representative democracy)|popular vote]]. Russia was accused of [[Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections|interfering in the election]] to support his candidacy. In the first months of his [[Presidency of Donald Trump|presidency]], Trump started to reverse several policies of former President [[Barack Obama]], withdrawing the United States from the [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]] and the [[Paris Climate Agreement]], undoing parts of the [[Cuban Thaw]], and urging Congress to replace the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act|Affordable Care Act]] with the [[American Health Care Act of 2017|American Health Care Act]]. Trump appointed [[Neil Gorsuch]] to the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]]. He ordered a [[Executive Order 13769|travel ban]] on citizens from seven Muslim-majority countries, but several federal courts issued [[preliminary injunction]]s preventing its implementation. U.S. war efforts expanded in Afghanistan{{Citation needed lead|date=June 2017}}, Syria, and Yemen{{Citation needed lead|date=June 2017}}. Trump's election and certain policies were opposed in [[Protests against Donald Trump|numerous protests]]. Trump [[Dismissal of James Comey|dismissed FBI Director James Comey]], and [[Robert Mueller]] was appointed [[Special Counsel]] to investigate Russian meddling and [[Links between Trump associates and Russian officials|potential links with the Trump campaign]]. {{TOC limit|3}} == Family and personal life == === Ancestry === {{Further information|Trump family}} Trump's ancestors originated from the German village of [[Kallstadt]], [[Palatinate (region)|Palatinate]], on his father's side, and from the [[Outer Hebrides]] isles of Scotland on his mother's side. All his grandparents, and his mother, were born in Europe. His mother's grandfather was also christened "Donald".{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 19]}} Trump's paternal grandfather, [[Frederick Trump|Friedrich Trump]] (later Frederick), first emigrated to the United States in 1885 at the age of 16, and became a citizen in 1892. He amassed a fortune operating boom-town restaurants and boarding houses in the Seattle area and the [[Klondike, Yukon|Klondike]] region of Canada, during the [[Klondike Gold Rush|gold rush]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Alexander |last=Panetta |title=Donald Trump's grandfather ran Canadian brothel during gold rush |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/trump-canada-yukon-1.3235254 |publisher=[[CBC News]] |access-date=December 10, 2015 |date=September 19, 2015}}</ref> On a visit to Kallstadt, he met [[Elizabeth Christ Trump|Elisabeth Christ]] and married her in 1902. The couple settled in New York permanently in 1905.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 23–25]}} Frederick died from [[influenza]] during the [[1918 flu pandemic|1918 pandemic]].{{sfn|Blair|2015a|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ig1ZCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 5]}} Trump's father [[Fred Trump|Fred]] was born in 1905 in [[the Bronx]], and started working with his mother in real estate when he was 15, shortly after his father's death. Their company, Elizabeth Trump and Son, was primarily active in the [[Boroughs of New York City|New York boroughs]] of [[Queens]] and [[Brooklyn]]. Fred eventually built and sold thousands of houses, barracks and apartments.{{sfn|Blair|2015a|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ig1ZCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 5]}}<ref name=dad>{{cite news|last=Blair|first=Gwenda|date=August 24, 2015|title=The Man Who Made Trump Who He Is|url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/08/the-man-who-made-trump-who-he-is-121647|newspaper=[[Politico]]|access-date=July 24, 2016}}</ref> The company would later become [[The Trump Organization]] after Donald Trump took over in 1971.{{sfn|Blair|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AiFeQZhakXQC&pg=PA23 23]}} Donald's mother [[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|Mary Anne]] was born in [[Tong, Lewis]], Scotland. At age 18 in 1930, she emigrated to New York where she worked as a maid.<ref name=Pilon>{{cite news|title=Donald Trump's Immigrant Mother|first=Mary|last=Pilon|date=June 24, 2016|work=[[The New Yorker]]|url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/donald-trumps-immigrant-mother|access-date=April 2, 2017}}</ref> Fred and Mary were married in 1936 and raised their family in Queens.<ref name=Pilon /><ref>{{cite news|title=The Ancestral German Home of the Trumps|first=Sally|last=McGrane|date=April 29, 2016|work=The New Yorker|url=http://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-ancestral-german-home-of-the-trumps|access-date=April 2, 2017}}</ref> Fred's brother [[John G. Trump|John]] (Donald's uncle) became a physicist and inventor.<ref>{{cite news|author=Davidson, Amy|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/amy-davidson/donald-trumps-nuclear-uncle/amp|title=Donald Trump's Nuclear Uncle|magazine=The New Yorker|date=April 8, 2016|access-date=April 2, 2017}}</ref> === Early life and education === [[File:Donald Trump NYMA.jpg|upright|thumb|alt=A black-and-white photograph of Donald Trump as a teenager, smiling and wearing a dark uniform with various badges and a light-colored stripe crossing his right shoulder. This image was taken while Trump was in the New York Military Academy in 1964.|Trump at [[New York Military Academy]], 1964<!--18th birthday was in June 1964; graduation was in May 1964; yearbook photo was even earlier-->{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 45]}}<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.classmates.com/yearbooks/New-York-Military-Academy/32008 |title=The 75th Anniversary Shrapnel |publisher=NYMA |date=Spring 1964 |access-date=January 21, 2017 |page=107}}</ref>]] Donald Trump was born on June 14, 1946, at the Jamaica Hospital Medical Center, [[Queens]], New York City. He was the fourth of five children born to [[Fred Trump|Frederick Christ "Fred" Trump]] (1905–1999) and [[Mary Anne Trump]] (née MacLeod, 1912–2000).<ref name="Birth Certificate">[[New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene|New York City Department of Health]] (June 14, 1946). [http://abcnews.go.com/US/page?id=13248168 "Donald Trump Birth Certificate"]. ''[[ABC News]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160512232306/http://abcnews.go.com/US/page?id=13248168 Archived] from the original on May 12, 2016. Retrieved November 26, 2016. <br />Jamaica Hospital (June 14, 1946). [http://www.foxnews.com/projects/pdf/20110328125536753.pdf "Certificate of Birth: Donald John Trump"] (PDF). ''[[Fox News Channel]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110409070650/http://www.foxnews.com/projects/pdf/20110328125536753.pdf Archived] from the original on April 9, 2011. Retrieved May 31, 2016.</ref> His siblings are [[Maryanne Trump Barry|Maryanne]] (born 1937), Fred Jr. (1938–1981), Elizabeth (born 1942), and Robert (born 1948). Trump grew up in the [[Jamaica Estates]] neighborhood of Queens, New York. He attended the [[Kew-Forest School]] from kindergarten through seventh grade. At age 13, Trump's parents enrolled him in the [[New York Military Academy]], after discovering Donald made frequent trips into Manhattan without permission.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 31, 37]}}<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/young-donald-trump-military-school/2016/06/22/f0b3b164-317c-11e6-8758-d58e76e11b12_story.html|title=Confident. Incorrigible. Bully: Little Donny was a lot like candidate Donald Trump|first1=Paul|last1=Schwartzman|first2=Michael E.|last2=Miller|date=June 22, 2016|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=April 2, 2017|url-access=limited}}</ref> In August 1964, Trump entered [[Fordham University]].{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 45]}}<ref name="auto">{{cite news|first=Matt|last=Viser|title=Even in college, Donald Trump was brash|date=August 28, 2015 |newspaper=[[Boston Globe]]|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2015/08/28/donald-trump-was-bombastic-even-wharton-business-school/3FO0j1uS5X6S8156yH3YhL/story.html|access-date=April 2, 2017|archiveurl=https://secure.pqarchiver.com/boston/doc/1787830906.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT|archivedate=August 28, 2015}}</ref> He transferred to the [[Wharton School]] of the [[University of Pennsylvania]] two years later, because it offered one of the few real estate studies departments in United States academia at the time.{{sfn|Blair|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AiFeQZhakXQC&pg=PA16 16]}}<ref name="auto" /> In addition to his father, Trump was inspired by Manhattan developer [[William Zeckendorf]], vowing to be "even bigger and better".{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 47, 50, 104–105]}} While at Wharton, he worked at the family business, Elizabeth Trump and Son,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/09/03/if-donald-trump-followed-this-really-basic-advice-hed-be-a-lot-richer|title=The real reason Donald Trump is so rich|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=September 3, 2015|access-date=January 17, 2016|first=Max|last=Ehrenfreund}}</ref> graduating in May 1968 with a [[Bachelor of Science#North America|Bachelor of Science degree]] in economics.<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite web|title=The Best Known Brand Name in Real Estate|date=Spring 2007|website=[[The Wharton School]] |url=https://www.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/125anniversaryissue/trump.html|access-date=April 2, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.upenn.edu/primdocs/upg/upg7/upg7_1968.pdf|title=Two Hundred and Twelfth Commencement for the Conferring of Degrees|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|date=May 20, 1968|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719213709/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/primdocs/upg/upg7/upg7_1968.pdf|archivedate=July 19, 2016|deadurl=y}}</ref> Trump was not drafted during the [[Vietnam War]].<ref name="defer">{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-avoided-vietnam-with-deferments-records-show|title=Donald Trump avoided Vietnam with deferments, records show|date=April 29, 2011|publisher=[[CBS News]]|author=Montopoli, Brian|access-date=July 17, 2015}}</ref> While in college from 1964 to 1968, he obtained four student deferments.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-donald-trump-military-20160803-snap-htmlstory.html|title=How deferments protected Donald Trump from serving in Vietnam|last=Lee|first=Kurtis|date=August 4, 2016|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|issn=0458-3035|access-date=August 4, 2016}}</ref> In 1966, he was deemed fit for service based upon a military medical examination, and in 1968 was briefly classified as fit by a local draft board, but was given a 1-Y [[Selective Service System|medical deferment]] in October 1968,<ref name="Whitlock21July">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/questions-linger-about-trumps-draft-deferments-during-vietnam-war/2015/07/21/257677bc-2fdd-11e5-8353-1215475949f4_story.html|title=Questions linger about Trump's draft deferments during Vietnam War|last=Whitlock|first=Craig|date=July 21, 2015|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=April 2, 2017|url-access=limited}}</ref> attributed to [[calcaneal spur|heel spurs]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/09/us/politics/donald-trump-likens-his-schooling-to-military-service-in-book.html|title=Donald Trump Likens His Schooling to Military Service in Book|first=Michael|last=Barbaro|date=September 8, 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=April 2, 2017|url-access=limited}}</ref> In 1969, he received a high number in the [[Draft lottery (1969)|draft lottery]], which made him unlikely to be called.<ref name="Whitlock21July" /><ref name="RG">{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/donald-trumps-vietnam-draft-records-secret-documents-deferments/story?id=13492639|title=Donald Trump's Own Secret: Vietnam Draft Records|last=Goldman|first=Russell|date=April 29, 2011|publisher=[[ABC News]]|quote=Nor do the documents categorically suggest it was deferments and not a high draft number that ultimately allowed him to avoid the draft.|access-date=August 1, 2016}}</ref><ref name="SE">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/02/us/politics/donald-trump-draft-record.html|title=Donald Trump's Draft Deferments: Four for College, One for Bad Feet|last=Eder|first=Steve|date=August 1, 2016|last2=Philipps|first2=Dave|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|quote=Because of his medical exemption, his lottery number would have been irrelevant, said Richard Flahavan, a spokesman for the Selective Service System, who has worked for the agency for three decades&nbsp;... Still, Mr. Trump, in the interviews, said he believed he could have been subject to another physical exam to check on his bone spurs, had his draft number been called. 'I would have had to go eventually because that was a minor medical&nbsp;...' But the publicly available draft records of Mr. Trump include the letters 'DISQ' next to his exam date, with no notation indicating that he would be re-examined.|access-date=August 2, 2016|df=mdy-all|url-access=limited}}</ref> === Family === {{Main|Family of Donald Trump}} [[File:Trump Family Hand Up.jpg|left|thumb|At the January 20 [[Inauguration of Donald Trump|swearing-in]]: Trump, wife [[Melania Trump|Melania]], son [[Donald Trump Jr.|Donald Jr.]], son [[Family of Donald Trump#Barron Trump|Barron]], daughter [[Ivanka Trump|Ivanka]], son [[Eric Trump|Eric]], and daughter [[Tiffany Trump|Tiffany]]]] Trump has five children by three marriages, and has eight grandchildren.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://celebritybabies.people.com/2011/10/03/donald-trump-jr-welcomes-son-tristan-milos/ |title=Donald Trump, Jr. Welcomes Son Tristan Milos |access-date=October 5, 2011 |date=October 3, 2011 |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |last=Michaud |first=Sarah}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/03/27/trumps-daughter-ivanka-gives-birth-to-third-child.html |title=Trump's daughter, Ivanka, gives birth to third child |publisher=Fox News Channel |date=March 27, 2016 |access-date=March 28, 2016}}</ref> His first two marriages ended in widely publicized divorces.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/01/fashion/melania-trump-the-silent-partner.html |title=Melania Trump, the Silent Partner |date=October 1, 2015 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Trump married his first wife, Czech model [[Ivana Zelníčková]], on April 7, 1977, at the [[Marble Collegiate Church]] in [[Manhattan]] in a ceremony performed by the Reverend [[Norman Vincent Peale]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/magazine/2015/07/donald-ivana-trump-divorce-prenup-marie-brenner |title=After The Gold Rush |work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |first=Marie |last=Brenner |date=September 1990 |access-date=January 10, 2016}} "They were married in New York during Easter of 1977. Mayor Beame attended the wedding at Marble Collegiate Church. Donald had already made his alliance with Roy Cohn, who would become his lawyer and mentor.</ref><ref name="BarronNYT">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/06/nyregion/donald-trump-marble-collegiate-church-norman-vincent-peale.html |title=Overlooked Influences on Donald Trump: A Famous Minister and His Church |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=James |last=Barron |date=September 5, 2016 |access-date=October 13, 2016}} "Mr. Trump married his first wife, Ivana, at Marble, in a ceremony performed by one of America's most famous ministers, the Rev. Norman Vincent Peale.</ref> They had three children: son [[Donald Trump Jr.|Donald Jr.]] (born December 31, 1977), daughter [[Ivanka Trump|Ivanka]] (born October 30, 1981), and son [[Eric Trump|Eric]] (born January 6, 1984). Ivana became a naturalized United States citizen in 1988.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1899&dat=19880527&id=LiEgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YmYFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5053,3823442&hl=en |title=Ivana Trump becomes U.S. citizen |date=May 27, 1988 |access-date=August 21, 2015}}</ref> The couple divorced in 1992 following Trump's affair with actress [[Marla Maples]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/mar/16/ivana-trump-write-memoir-about-raising-us-presidents-donald-children |title=Ivana Trump to write memoir about raising US president's children |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=March 16, 2017 |access-date=May 6, 2017}}</ref> In October 1993, Maples gave birth to Trump's daughter [[Tiffany Trump|Tiffany]], named after [[Tiffany & Company]].<ref name=Slate07202016>{{cite news |last=Graham |first=Ruth |date=July 20, 2016 |title=Tiffany Trump's Sad, Vague Tribute to Her Distant Father |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2016/07/20/tiffany_trump_s_sad_vague_rnc_speech.html |newspaper= [[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |access-date=July 24, 2016}}</ref> Maples and Trump were married two months later on December 20, 1993.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.philly.com/1993-12-21/news/25943197_1_trump-wedding-marla-maples-richest-man |title=The Donald Bids Hearts For Marla Trump Wedding Draws 1,100 Friends, But Not Many Stars |work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]|location=New York |date=December 21, 1993 |access-date=August 21, 2015}}</ref> They were divorced in 1999,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20723536,00.html |title=Marla Maples Still Loves Donald Trump |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |first=Sheila |last=Cosgrove Baylis |date=August 7, 2013 |access-date=May 6, 2017}}</ref> and Tiffany was raised by her mother in California.<ref name=NYT-20161002>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/02/fashion/tiffany-the-other-trump.html |title=The Other Trump |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |first=Alessandra |last=Stanley |date=October 1, 2016 |access-date=May 6, 2017}}</ref> [[File:Donald Trump and Melania Trump at Liberty Ball Inauguration 2017.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The President and First Lady at the Liberty Ball on [[Inauguration of Donald Trump|Inauguration Day]]]] Trump married [[Slovenia|Slovene]] model [[Melania Knauss]] on January 22, 2005 at [[Bethesda-by-the-Sea]] Episcopal Church in [[Palm Beach, Florida]], followed by a reception at Trump's [[Mar-a-Lago]] estate.<ref name=Post52208>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A40186-2005Jan26.html |title=Donald Trump, Settling Down |work=[[The Washington Post]] |first=Tina |last=Brown |date=January 27, 2005 |deadurl=no |access-date=May 7, 2017}}</ref> In 2006, Melania acquired United States citizenship<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nypost.com/2015/08/16/melania-trump-would-be-a-first-lady-for-the-ages/|title=Melania Trump would be a first lady for the ages|first=Marissa|last=Charles|work=[[The New York Post]]|date=August 16, 2015|access-date=May 4, 2017}}</ref> and she gave birth to their son Barron on March 20.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Choron |first1=Harry |last2=Choron |first2=Sandy |title=Money |date=2011 |publisher=Chronicle Books |isbn=978-1-4521-0559-8 |page=251 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YEdwW78QWj0C&pg=PA251}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Donald Trump Fast Facts |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/04/us/donald-trump-fast-facts/ |access-date=March 10, 2015 |publisher=CNN |date=March 7, 2014}}</ref> Upon Trump's accession to the presidency, Melania became [[First Lady of the United States]]. Prior to his inauguration as president, Trump delegated the management of his real estate business to his two adult sons, Eric and Don Jr.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Lipton, Eric |author2=Craig, Susanne |last-author-amp=yes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/12/us/politics/eric-trump-donald-trump-jr.html|title=Trump Sons Forge Ahead Without Father, Expanding and Navigating Conflicts |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 12, 2017 |deadurl=no |access-date=May 7, 2017}}.</ref> His daughter Ivanka resigned from The Trump Organization and moved to Washington with her husband [[Jared Kushner]]. She serves as assistant to the president,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2017/03/family-affair|author=V.v.B|title=Ivanka Trump's new job|date=March 31, 2017|access-date=April 3, 2017|newspaper=The Economist|publisher=The Economist Newspaper}}</ref> while he is a [[Senior Advisor to the President of the United States|Senior Advisor]] in the White House.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Schmidt, Michael S. |author2=Lipton, Eric |author3=Savage, Charlie |last-author-amp=yes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/21/us/politics/donald-trump-jared-kushner-justice-department.html|title=Jared Kushner, Trump's Son-in-Law, Is Cleared to Serve as Adviser|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 21, 2017 |deadurl=no |access-date=May 7, 2017}}</ref> Trump's elder sister, [[Maryanne Trump Barry]], is an inactive [[Federal Appeals Court]] judge on the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|Third Circuit]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Mannion, Cara|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/888127/3rd-circ-judge-trump-s-sister-stops-hearing-cases|title=3rd Circ. Judge, Trump's Sister, Stops Hearing Cases|newspaper=[[Law360]]|date=February 3, 2017|access-date=April 2, 2017}}</ref> === Religion === Trump's ancestors were [[Lutheran]]s on his father's side in Germany{{sfn|Blair|2015b|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uJifCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 28–29]}} and [[Presbyterian]] on his mother's side in Scotland.<ref>{{cite news|author=Geoghegan, Peter|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/us/few-rooting-for-donald-trump-on-his-mother-s-scottish-island-1.2663636|title=Few rooting for Donald Trump on his mother's Scottish island|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|date=May 28, 2016|access-date=April 3, 2017}}</ref> His parents married in a Manhattan Presbyterian church in 1936.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=29}} As a child, he attended the [[First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica|First Presbyterian Church]] in Jamaica, Queens, and had his [[Confirmation]] there.<ref name="BarronNYT" /><!-- Empty reference <ref name=Shabad29Aug />--> In the 1970s, his family joined the [[Marble Collegiate Church]] (an affiliate of the [[Reformed Church in America]]) in [[Manhattan]].<ref name="WaPo.March.18.17">{{cite news|last1=Schwartzman|first1=Paul|title=How Trump got religion – and why his legendary minister's son now rejects him|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/how-trump-got-religion--and-why-his-legendary-ministers-son-now-rejects-him/2016/01/21/37bae16e-bb02-11e5-829c-26ffb874a18d_story.html|access-date=March 18, 2017|work=The Washington Post|date=January 21, 2016}}</ref> The pastor at that church, [[Norman Vincent Peale]], author of ''[[The Power of Positive Thinking]]'' and ''[[The Art of Living]]'', ministered to Trump's family and mentored him until Peale's death in 1993.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA81 81]}}<ref name="WaPo.March.18.17" /> Trump, who is Presbyterian,<ref>{{cite news|author=Glueck, Katie|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2016/12/trump-religious-dealmaking-dividends-232277|title=Trump's religious dealmaking pays dividends|newspaper=[[Politico]]|date=December 7, 2016|access-date=April 3, 2017|quote=Trump is a Presbyterian, and speculation is already underway over whether, and where, he might go to church regularly in Washington.}}</ref><ref name = unplugged>{{cite web |url=http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=42268 |title=Trump Unplugged |last=Mattera |first=Jason |date=March 14, 2011 |work=[[Human Events]] |quote=I am a Protestant. I am a Presbyterian within the Protestant group and I go to Church as much as I can.|access-date=March 16, 2011}}</ref> has cited Peale and his works during interviews when asked about the role of religion in his personal life.<ref name="WaPo.March.18.17" /> Trump participates in [[Holy Communion]], but has said that he does not ask God for forgiveness. He stated: "I think if I do something wrong, I just try and make it right. I don't bring God into that picture."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/18/politics/trump-has-never-sought-forgiveness/ |title=Trump believes in God, but hasn't sought forgiveness |first=Eugene |last=Scott |date=July 19, 2015 |publisher=CNN|access-date=April 3, 2017}}</ref> On the [[Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016|campaign trail]], Trump has referred to ''[[Trump: The Art of the Deal|The Art of the Deal]]'' as his second favorite book after the Bible, saying "Nothing beats the Bible."<ref name=Weigel11Aug>{{cite news |work=The Washington Post |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/08/11/in-michigan-trump-attacks-china-critiques-auto-bailout-and-judges-bernie-sanders-weak/ |title=In Michigan, Trump attacks China, critiques auto bailout, and judges Bernie Sanders 'weak' |date=August 11, 2015 |access-date=August 22, 2015 |first=David |last=Weigel}}</ref> In a 2016 speech to [[Liberty University]], he referred to "Two Corinthians" instead of "[[Second Corinthians]]", eliciting chuckles from the audience.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Allen |first1=Nick |title=Donald Trump faces questions over 'Two Corinthians' |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/us-election/12107003/Donald-Trump-faces-questions-over-Two-Corinthians.html |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=January 18, 2016|access-date=April 3, 2017}}</ref> Despite this, ''The New York Times'' reported that [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Christians]] nationwide thought "that his heart was in the right place, that his intentions for the country were pure."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://nytimes.com/2016/01/19/us/politics/evangelicals-see-donald-trump-as-man-of-conviction-if-not-faith.html |title=Evangelicals See Donald Trump as Man of Conviction, if Not Faith |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |first1=Maggie |last1=Haberman |first2=Thomas |last2=Kaplan |date=January 18, 2016|access-date=April 3, 2017}}</ref> Trump has had relationships with a number of [[Christian]] spiritual leaders, including Florida pastor [[Paula White]], who has been called his "closest spiritual confidant."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/21/politics/trump-religion-gospel/|title=The guilt-free gospel of Donald Trump|author=Burke, Daniel|publisher=CNN|date=October 24, 2016|access-date=January 17, 2017}}</ref> In 2015, he received a blessing from [[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] priest [[Emmanuel Lemelson]]<ref>{{cite AV media|url=http://video.foxbusiness.com/v/4598495569001/|title=Meet the priest of Wall Street|publisher=Fox Business News|date=November 5, 2015|access-date=January 17, 2017}}</ref> and in 2016, he released a list of his religious advisers, including [[James Dobson]], [[Jerry Falwell Jr.]], [[Ralph Reed]] and others.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/press-releases/trump-campaign-announces-evangelical-executive-advisory-board|title=Trump campaign announces evangelical executive advisory board|date=June 21, 2016|access-date=January 17, 2017|publisher=Donald J. Trump for President, Inc.}}</ref> Referring to his daughter Ivanka's [[Conversion to Judaism|conversion]] to [[Judaism]] before her marriage to [[Jared Kushner]], Trump said: "I have a Jewish daughter; and I am very honored by that."<ref>{{cite news |first=Tzvi Allen |last=Fishman |title=Algemeiner Journal Jewish 100 Gala Honors Donald Trump, Joan Rivers and Yuli Edelsterin |date=February 11, 2015 |website=[[Jewish Voice]] |url=http://www.jewishvoiceny.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10058:algemeiner-journal-jewish-100-gala-honors-donald-trump-joan-rivers-and-yuli-edelsterin&catid=121:special-features&Iteref=&lang=en|access-date=April 3, 2017}}</ref> === Health === A 2016 medical report issued by his doctor, [[Harold Bornstein]] [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]], showed that Trump's [[blood pressure]], liver and thyroid function were in normal ranges.<ref>{{cite news|author=Frizell, Sam|url=http://time.com/4495117/donald-trump-doctors-letter/?xid=homepage|title=Donald Trump's Doctor's Letter Reveals He is Overweight, But 'In Excellent Health'|work=Time|date=September 15, 2016|access-date=April 3, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Bornstein, Harold|url=https://assets.donaldjtrump.com/DJT_Medical_Records_.pdf|format=PDF|title=Donald J. Trump Medical Records|date=September 13, 2016|access-date=April 3, 2017|publisher=Donald J. Trump}}</ref> Trump says that he has never smoked cigarettes or consumed other drugs, including [[marijuana]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Part 2: Donald Trump on 'Watters' World'|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0fN5OLqxNqc|access-date=September 4, 2016|work=Watters' World|publisher=Fox News Channel|date=February 6, 2016|quote=WATTERS: "Have you ever smoked weed?" TRUMP: "No, I have not. I have not. I would tell you 100 percent because everyone else seems to admit it nowadays, so I would actually tell you. This is almost like, it's almost like 'Hey, it's a sign'. No, I have never. I have never smoked a cigarette, either."}}</ref> He also [[Teetotalism|drinks no alcohol]], a decision arising in part from watching his older brother Fred Jr. suffer from [[alcoholism]] until his early death in 1981.<ref name=nytimesalc>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/03/us/politics/for-donald-trump-lessons-from-a-brothers-suffering.html |title=For Donald Trump, Lessons From a Brother's Suffering |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |last=Horowitz |first=Jason |date=January 2, 2016 |access-date=July 24, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=McAfee |first=Tierney |url=http://www.people.com/article/donald-trump-brother-fred-death-alcoholism |title=Donald Trump Opens Up About His Brother's Death from Alcoholism: It Had a "Profound Impact on My Life" |magazine=[[People (magazine)|''People'']] |date=October 8, 2015 |quote=[T]here are a few hard and fast principles that he himself lives by: no drugs, no cigarettes and no alcohol. Trump's abstinence from alcohol was largely shaped by the death of his brother, Fred Jr., from alcoholism in 1981.}}</ref> === Wealth === Trump said that he began his career with "a small loan of one million dollars" from his father.<ref name="small-loan">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/26/donald-trump-my-dad-gave-me-a-small-loan-of-1-million-to-get-started.html |title=Donald Trump: My dad gave me 'a small loan' of $1&nbsp;million to get started |publisher=[[CNBC]] |first=Scott |last=Stump |date=October 26, 2015 |access-date=November 13, 2016}}</ref> He appeared on the initial ''[[The World's Billionaires|Forbes List]]'' of wealthy individuals in 1982 with an estimated $200&nbsp;million fortune, including an "undefined" share of his parents' estate.<ref name=OBrien2005Oct /> During the 1980s he became a billionaire,{{sfn|Light|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mTB6Ip_FW-UC&pg=PA157 157]}} but he was absent from the ''Forbes'' list from 1990 to 1995 following business losses; he reportedly borrowed from his siblings' trusts in 1993.<ref name=OBrien2005Oct>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/23/business/yourmoney/whats-he-really-worth.html |title=What's He Really Worth? |first=Timothy L. |last=O'Brien |access-date=February 25, 2016 |date=October 23, 2005 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> His father's estate, valued at more than $20&nbsp;million, was divided in 1999 among Trump, his three surviving siblings and their children.<ref name=Rozhon26June>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/26/nyregion/fred-c-trump-postwar-master-builder-of-housing-for-middle-class-dies-at-93.html |title=Fred C. Trump, Postwar Master Builder of Housing for Middle Class, Dies at 93 |first=Tracy |last=Rozhon |date=June 26, 1999 |access-date=August 19, 2015 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="For Donald Trump, Lessons From a Brother's Suffering">Horowitz, Jason. [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/03/us/politics/for-donald-trump-lessons-from-a-brothers-suffering.html?_r=0 "For Donald Trump, Lessons From a Brother's Suffering"], ''[[The New York Times]]'' (January 2, 2016): "Then came the unveiling of Fred Sr.'s will, which Donald had helped draft. It divided the bulk of the inheritance, at least $20 million, among his children and their descendants, 'other than my son Fred C. Trump Jr.'"</ref> [[File:Las-Vegas-Trump-Hotel-8480.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=A tall rectangular-shaped tower in Las Vegas with exterior windows reflecting a golden hue. It is a sunny day and the building is higher than many of the surrounding buildings, also towers. There are mountains in the background. This tower is called the Trump Hotel Las Vegas.|[[Trump Hotel Las Vegas]], with gold infused glass<ref>{{cite news |first=Michael J. |last=Mishak |title=Trump's tower a sore spot on the Strip |date=April 30, 2011 |access-date=November 11, 2016 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/apr/30/nation/la-na-0430-trump-vegas-20110430}}</ref>]] When he announced his candidacy on June 16, 2015, Trump released a one-page financial summary that stated a net worth of $8,737,540,000.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Robert |last1=Costa |first2=Matea |last2=Gold |title=Donald Trump will declare $9 billion in assets as he reveals 2016 plans |date=June 15, 2015 |website=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/exclusive-trump-will-declare-9-billion-net-worth-as-he-reveals-2016-plans/2015/06/15/a00e74c0-137c-11e5-9ddc-e3353542100c_story.html}}</ref> The following month, he filed a 92-page [[Federal Election Commission|FEC]] financial disclosure form<ref name="Financial 2015" /> and declared his net worth was "in excess of ten billion dollars".<ref name="financial-pr" /> In his presidential announcement speech, he said "I'm really rich", and stated this would make him less indebted to large campaign donors.<ref name="The 10 best lines from Donald Trump's announcement speech">Lerner, Adam. "The 10 best lines from Donald Trump's announcement speech", ''[[Time]]'' (June 16, 2015).</ref><ref name=NPR17June>{{cite news |url=http://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2015/06/17/415003043/the-problem-with-donald-trumps-one-page-summary-on-his-wealth |title=The Problem With Donald Trump's One-Page Summary on His Wealth |publisher=NPR |first1=Peter |last1=Overby |first2=Domenico |last2=Montanaro |date=June 17, 2015 |access-date=August 17, 2015}}</ref> ''Forbes'' believed his net worth estimate was "a whopper", setting their own estimate at $4.1&nbsp;billion in 2015. Trump valued his "properties under development" at $293 million; ''Forbes'' said they could not evaluate those deals, and booked them for $0.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/donald-trump/ |title=The World's Billionaires – #324 Donald Trump |work=[[Forbes]] |year=2015 |access-date=April 18, 2017 |via=Archive.org |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505203058/https://www.forbes.com/profile/donald-trump/ |archivedate=May 5, 2015}}</ref><ref name=Carlyle16June>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/erincarlyle/2015/06/16/trump-exaggerating-his-net-worth-by-100-in-presidential-bid/ |title=Trump Exaggerating His Net Worth (By 100%) In Presidential Bid |first=Erin |last=Carlyle |access-date=August 17, 2015 |date=June 16, 2015 |work=Forbes}}</ref> Trump's 2015 FEC disclosure reported $362&nbsp;million in total income for the year 2014.<ref name="financial-pr">{{cite web |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/images/uploads/DJT_PFD_Statement_(1).pdf |title=Donald J. Trump Files Personal Financial Disclosure Statement With Federal Election Commission |first1=Corey R. |last1=Lewandowski |first2=Hope |last2=Hicks |date=July 15, 2015 |access-date=March 8, 2016 |archive-date=March 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309043101/https://www.donaldjtrump.com/images/uploads/DJT_PFD_Statement_(1).pdf |dead-url=yes}}</ref> After Trump made controversial remarks about illegal immigrants in 2015, he lost business contracts with several companies, which reduced his ''Forbes'' estimate by $125&nbsp;million.<ref name=Carlyle15July>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/erincarlyle/2015/07/15/donald-trump-says-he-is-worth-10-billion-files-personal-financial-disclosure/ |title=As Trump Files FEC Disclosure, He Raises Claimed Net Worth To $10 Billion; Forbes Disagrees |work=Forbes |first=Erin |last=Carlyle |date=July 15, 2015 |access-date=August 17, 2015}}</ref> Consumer boycotts and reduced bookings may have further affected his brand value during the presidential campaign.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/18/us/politics/donald-trump-brand-reaction.html|title=The New Protesters Defying Donald Trump: His Customers|last=Barbaro|first=Michael|date=October 17, 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=October 18, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://time.com/money/4349354/donald-trump-hurt-hotel-bookings/|title=Hotel Bookings at Donald Trump's Hotels Are Way Down|last=Wolff-Mann|first=Ethan|date=May 26, 2016|work=Money Magazine|access-date=October 18, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnbc.com/2016/08/04/trump-hotels-and-casino-traffic-has-taken-a-huge-hit-since-trump-started-running-for-president-commentary.html |title=Trump hotels and casino traffic has taken a huge hit since Trump started running for president |date=August 4, 2016 |publisher=[[Foursquare]] |via=[[CNBC]] |access-date=October 18, 2016}}</ref> Trump's 104-page FEC disclosure in May 2016<ref name=disclosure /> still claimed a total wealth over $10&nbsp;billion, unchanged from 2015.<ref name="Financial 2015" /> The release of the [[Access Hollywood tape recordings|''Access Hollywood'' tapes]] in October 2016 put further pressure on his brand,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnbc.com/2016/10/10/tape-release-further-erodes-trump-brand-survey.html |title=Tape release further erodes Trump brand: Survey |last=Castillo |first=Michelle |publisher=[[CNBC]] |date=October 10, 2016 |access-date=October 12, 2016}}</ref> but real estate experts predicted a positive rebound after he was elected.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/trump-branded-properties-are-poised-for-a-rebound-2016-11-13 |title= Trump-branded properties are poised for a rebound |work=[[MarketWatch]] |first=Beckie |last=Strum |date=November 13, 2016 |access-date=June 23, 2017}}</ref> In their 2017 billionaires' ranking, ''[[Forbes]]'' estimated Trump's net worth at $3.5&nbsp;billion<!-- DO NOT CHANGE without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 5. --> (544th in the world, 201st in the U.S.)<ref name="forbes-2017-billionaires">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/donald-trump/?list=billionaires |title=The World's Billionaires – #544 Donald Trump |work=[[Forbes]]|year=2017 |access-date=March 20, 2017}}</ref> making him one of the [[List of richest American politicians|richest politicians in American history]]. These estimates fluctuate from year to year, and among various analysts. In July 2016 ''[[Bloomberg News]]'' had pegged his wealth at $3&nbsp;billion, calling it an increase thanks to his presidential nomination,<ref name=Melby19July>{{cite news |work=[[Bloomberg Politics]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2016-07-19/trump-is-richer-in-property-and-deeper-in-debt-in-new-valuation |title=Trump Is Richer in Property and Deeper in Debt in New Valuation |date=July 19, 2016 |first=Caleb |last=Melby |quote=In the year that Donald Trump was transformed&nbsp;... into the presumptive Republican nominee, the value of his golf courses and his namesake Manhattan tower soared&nbsp;... His net worth rose to $3&nbsp;billion on the Bloomberg Billionaires Index&nbsp;...}}</ref> whereas ''Forbes'' had ranked him 324th in the world (113th in the U.S.) with $4.5&nbsp;billion just a few months earlier.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/donald-trump/ |title=The World's Billionaires – #324 Donald Trump |work=[[Forbes]] |year=2016 |access-date=April 18, 2017 |via=Archive.org |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430123534/https://www.forbes.com/profile/donald-trump/ |archivedate=April 30, 2016}}</ref> The discrepancies among these estimates and with Trump's own figures stem from the uncertain values of [[Real estate appraisal|appraised property]] and of his [[personal brand]].<ref name=Melby19July /><ref>{{cite news |first=John |last=Cassidy |title=Just How Rich Is Donald Trump? |date=May 17, 2016 |website=[[The New Yorker]] |url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/just-how-rich-is-donald-trump |quote=[He] has stated that he is worth more than ten billion dollars&nbsp;... Forbes concluded [in 2015] that Trump was worth about $4.5&nbsp;billion, while Bloomberg estimated $2.9&nbsp;billion. The Forbes figure was high enough to put Trump in a tie at No. 324 on the magazine's global ranking of billionaires&nbsp;... The gap between Forbes's $4.5&nbsp;billion figure and Bloomberg's $2.9&nbsp;billion figure is largely attributable to differences in how the two publications appraised individual properties.}}</ref> == Business career == {{Main|Business career of Donald Trump}} [[File:Trump Tower - lower part.jpg|thumb|The distinctive façade of [[Trump Tower]] in [[Midtown Manhattan]]]] === Real estate === Trump started his career at his father's real estate development company, Elizabeth Trump and Son, which focused on middle-class rental housing in the New York City [[borough (New York City)|boroughs]] outside Manhattan, but also had business elsewhere.{{sfn|Trump|Schwartz|2009|p=46}} For example, during his [[undergraduate education|undergraduate study]], Trump joined his father Fred in successfully revitalizing the foreclosed Swifton Village apartment complex in [[Cincinnati]], Ohio, thereby boosting the occupancy rate from 66% to 100%.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Cincinnati summer Donald Trump talks about |newspaper=[[Cincinnati Enquirer]]|date=March 12, 2016|author=Butts, Rebecca|url=http://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2015/08/11/donald-trumps-bond-hill-connection/31465095/}}</ref><ref name="parade">{{cite news|title=Donald Trump (Real-estate mogul)|work=[[Parade (magazine)|Parade]]|author= Brady, James|date=November 14, 2004|url=http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2004/edition_11-14-2004/in_step_with_0|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014022222/http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2004/edition_11-14-2004/in_step_with_0|archivedate=October 14, 2010}}</ref> Trump was promoted to president of the company in 1971 (while his father became chairman of the board), and renamed it [[The Trump Organization]].{{sfn|Blair|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AiFeQZhakXQC&pg=PA23 23]}}<ref>{{cite news|first=Conor|last=Kelly|title=Meet Donald Trump: Everything You Need To Know (And Probably Didn't Know) About The 2016 Republican Presidential Candidate|date=July 27, 2015|publisher=ABC News|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/meet-donald-trump-2016-republican-presidential-candidate/story?id=32108595}}</ref> In 1973, he and his father [[Legal affairs of Donald Trump#Lawsuits 1970–1999|drew wider attention]] when the [[Justice Department (United States)|Justice Department]] contended that the organization systematically discriminated against African Americans wishing to rent apartments, rather than merely screening out people based on low income, as the Trumps stated. Under an agreement reached in 1975, the Trumps made no admission of wrongdoing, and made the [[Urban League]] an intermediary for qualified minority applicants.<ref name="LookingBack">{{cite news|last=Dunlap|first=David|date=July 30, 2015|title=1973: Meet Donald Trump|url=https://www.nytimes.com/times-insider/2015/07/30/1973-meet-donald-trump|deadurl=no|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731123300/http://www.nytimes.com/times-insider/2015/07/30/1973-meet-donald-trump|archivedate=July 31, 2015|quote=Trump Management&nbsp;... was also to allow the league to present qualified applicants for every fifth vacancy&nbsp;... Trump himself said he was satisfied that the agreement did not 'compel the Trump Organization to accept persons on welfare as tenants unless as qualified as any other tenant.'}}</ref><ref name="kranish">{{cite news|last1=Kranish|first1=Michael|last2=O'Harrow|first2=Robert Jr.|date=January 23, 2016|title=Inside the government's racial bias case against Donald Trump's company, and how he fought it|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/inside-the-governments-racial-bias-case-against-donald-trumps-company-and-how-he-fought-it/2016/01/23/fb90163e-bfbe-11e5-bcda-62a36b394160_story.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|quote=Civil rights groups in the city viewed the Trump company as just one example of a nationwide problem of housing discrimination. But targeting the Trumps provided a chance to have an impact, said [[Eleanor Holmes Norton]], who was then chairwoman of the city's human rights commission. 'They were big names.'}}</ref> His adviser and attorney during (and after) that period was [[Roy Cohn]], who responded to attacks by counterattacking with maximum force, and who valued both positive and negative publicity, which were attitudes that Trump appreciated.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 64–69, 104]}} ==== Manhattan developments ==== In 1978, Trump consummated his first major real estate deal in Manhattan, purchasing a half-share in the decrepit Commodore Hotel, largely funded by a $70&nbsp;million construction loan jointly guaranteed by Fred Trump and the [[Hyatt]] hotel chain. Designed by architect [[Der Scutt]], the project was able to proceed by leveraging competing interests and by taking advantage of tax breaks.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA84 84]}} After remodeling, the hotel reopened as the [[Grand Hyatt New York|Grand Hyatt Hotel]], located next to [[Grand Central Terminal]].{{sfn|Wooten|2009|p=32–35}}<ref name=WashingtonPost>{{cite news|first=Glenn|last=Kessler|title=Trump's false claim he built his empire with a 'small loan' from his father|date=March 3, 2016|website=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/03/03/trumps-false-claim-he-built-his-empire-with-a-small-loan-from-his-father}}</ref> [[File:Central Park Wollman Rink.jpg|thumb|right|[[Central Park]]'s [[Wollman Rink]], which was renovated by Trump]] Also in 1978, Trump finished negotiations to develop [[Trump Tower]], a 58-story, 202-meter (663-foot) skyscraper in [[Midtown Manhattan]], which ''The New York Times'' attributed to his "persistence" and "skills as a negotiator".<ref>{{cite news |title=The Expanding Empire of Donald Trump |date=April 8, 1984|author=Geist, William |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/08/magazine/the-expanding-empire-of-donald-trump.html?pagewanted=all}}</ref> To make way for the new building, a crew of undocumented Polish workers demolished an old [[Bonwit Teller]] store including [[art deco]] features that had initially been marked for preservation.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 86–88]}} The building was completed in 1983, and houses both the primary [[penthouse apartment|penthouse]] [[condominium]] residence of Trump and the headquarters of The Trump Organization.<ref name=TrumpTowerResidence>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/30/us/politics/new-york-primary.html |title=With the New York Presidential Primary, the Circus Is Coming Home |first1=Matt |last1=Flegenheimer |first2=Maggie |last2=Haberman |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 29, 2016 |access-date=March 29, 2016}}</ref><ref name=TrumpTowerResidence1>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/09/nyregion/donald-trump-new-york-protests.html |title=Donald Trump Loves New York. But It Doesn't Love Him Back. |first=Alexander |last=Burns |newspaper=The New York Times |date=December 9, 2016 |access-date=December 9, 2016}}</ref> Architectural critic [[Paul Goldberger]] said in 1983 that he was surprised to find the tower's atrium was "the most pleasant interior public space to be completed in New York in some years".{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA95 95]}}<ref name="Architecture: Atrium of Trump Tower is a Pleasant Surprise">Goldberger, Paul. [http://www.nytimes.com/1983/04/04/arts/architecture-atrium-of-trump-tower-is-a-pleasant-surprise.html "Architecture: Atrium of Trump Tower is a Pleasant Surprise"], ''[[The New York Times]]'' (April 4, 1983).</ref> Trump Tower was the setting of the NBC television show ''[[The Apprentice (U.S. TV series)|The Apprentice]]'', and includes a fully functional television studio set.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |date=n.d. |access-date=May 24, 2016 |website=Trump Tower New York |url=http://www.trumptowerny.com/trump-tower-new-york}}</ref> Repairs on the [[Wollman Rink]] (originally opened in 1949 in [[Central Park]]) were started in 1980 by a [[general contractor]] unconnected to Trump. Despite an expected two and one-half&nbsp;year construction schedule, the repairs were not completed by 1986. Trump took over the project, completed it in three months for $775,000 less than the initial budget of $1.95&nbsp;million, and operated the rink for one year with all profits going to charity in exchange for the rink's [[Concession (contract)|concession]] rights.<ref name="Bloomberg L.P">{{cite news|last1=Freedlander|first1=David|title=A 1980s New York City Battle Explains Donald Trump's Candidacy|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/features/2015-09-29/a-1980s-new-york-city-battle-explains-donald-trump-s-candidacy|access-date=October 23, 2016|agency=Bloomberg|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|date=September 29, 2015}}</ref> In 1988 Trump acquired the [[Plaza Hotel]] in Manhattan for a record-setting $407&nbsp;million, and asked his wife Ivana to manage its operation.{{sfn|Wooten|2009|p=65–66}} Trump invested $50&nbsp;million to restore the building, which he called "the Mona Lisa".{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA190 190]}} According to hotel expert Thomas McConnell, the Trumps boosted it from a three-star to a four-star ranking, and sold it in 1995, by which time Ivana was no longer involved.<ref name=NYT-19950412>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/12/business/trump-is-selling-plaza-hotel-to-saudi-and-asian-investors.html |title=Trump Is Selling Plaza Hotel To Saudi and Asian Investors |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |first1=David |last1=Stout |first2=Kenneth |last2=Gilpin |date=April 12, 1995 |access-date=May 6, 2017}}</ref> In 1994, Trump became involved with a building on [[Columbus Circle]] which was swaying in the wind. He began a reconstruction project that stopped the swaying and gave the building a full makeover.<ref name=NYT>{{cite web |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/17/realestate/for-a-troubled-building-a-new-twist.html?pagewanted=all|title= For a Troubled Building, a New Twist|last= Dunlap|first= David W.|date= July 17, 1994|work= The New York Times|access-date=November 18, 2016}}</ref><ref name=Trump-tries>{{cite news|last=Muschamp|first=Herbert|title=Trump Tries to Convert 50's Style Into 90's Gold; Makeover Starts on Columbus Circle Hotel|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/21/nyregion/trump-tries-convert-50-s-style-into-90-s-gold-makeover-starts-columbus-circle.html|access-date=January 18, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=June 21, 1995}}</ref> Trump thereafter owned commercial space in that 44-story mixed-use tower (hotel and condominium), which he named [[Trump International Hotel and Tower (New York)|Trump International Hotel and Tower]].{{sfn|Wooten|2009|p=108}} [[File:Lower part of The Trump Building in New York City IMG 1693.JPG|thumb|left|Lower portion of [[40 Wall Street]]]] In 1996, Trump acquired a vacant seventy-story skyscraper on [[Wall Street]] which had briefly been the [[List of tallest buildings|tallest building in the world]] when it was completed in 1930. After an extensive renovation, the high-rise was renamed the Trump Building at [[40 Wall Street]].{{sfn|Wooten|2009|p=81–82}} In 1997, he began construction on [[Trump Place]], a multi-building development along the [[Hudson River]], and encountered delays the following year because a subcontracter had to replace defective concrete.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/16/nyregion/order-that-halted-work-on-trump-project-is-lifted.html|title=Order That Halted Work On Trump Project Is Lifted|last=Bagli|first=Charles V.|date=January 16, 1998|work=The New York Times|access-date=March 4, 2017|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>Dunlap, David W. [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/25/nyregion/in-trump-revision-highway-stays-and-park-goes.html "In Trump Revision, Highway Stays and Park Goes,"] ''[[The New York Times]]'' (February 25, 1997)</ref> Ultimately, he and the other investors in that project sold their interest in 2005 for $1.8 Billion, in what was then the biggest residential sale in the history of New York City.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/01/nyregion/trump-group-selling-west-side-parcel-for-18-billion.html|title=Trump Group Selling West Side Parcel for $1.8&nbsp;billion|last=Bagli|first=Charles V.|date=June 1, 2005|website=The New York Times|access-date=May 17, 2016}}</ref> From 1994 to 2002, Trump owned a 50% share of the [[Empire State Building]]. He would have renamed it to "Trump Empire State Building Tower Apartments" if he had been able to boost his share.<ref name="Trump Is Selling Plaza Hotel To Saudi and Asian Investors">Elstein, Aaron. [http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20160417/real_estate/160419898/the-deal-that-marked-donald-trumps-turn-from-new-york-real-estate-and-led-him-to-find-other-ways-to-remain-in-the-public-eye "Trump Is Selling Plaza Hotel To Saudi and Asian Investors"], ''[[Crain Communications|Crain's New York Business]]'' (April 17, 2016).</ref>{{sfn|Pacelle|2001|p=18}} In 2001, across from the [[headquarters of the United Nations]], he completed [[Trump World Tower]], which for a while was the [[List of tallest residential buildings in the world|tallest all-residential tower in the world]].<ref name="Emporis">{{cite web |publisher=[[Emporis]] |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=100377 |title=Trump World Tower |access-date=May 22, 2008}}</ref> Trump acquired the former Hotel Delmonico in Manhattan in 2002, which re-opened with 35 stories of luxury condominiums in 2004 as the [[Trump Park Avenue]].{{sfn|Wooten|2009|p=86–87}} Meanwhile, he continued to own millions of square feet of other prime [[Manhattan]] real estate.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/2006/09/20/trump-wealth-biz_06rich400_0921trump.html |title=What is Trump Worth? |access-date=July 4, 2008 |date=September 21, 2006 |first=Stephane |last=Fitch}}</ref>{{Clear}} ==== Palm Beach estate ==== {{Main|Mar-a-Lago}} {{multiple image | width1 = 241| image1 = Maralago1_(4158314102).jpg| caption1 = Mar-a-Lago in 2009 | width2 = 225| image2 = President Trump with President Xi, April 2017 Cropped.jpg| caption2 = The Trumps with Chinese President [[Xi Jinping]] and wife at Mar-a-Lago in 2017 }} Trump acquired the historic [[Mar-a-Lago]] estate in [[Palm Beach, Florida]] in 1985 for $5&nbsp;million, plus $3&nbsp;million for the home's furnishings. It was built in the 1920s by heiress and socialite [[Marjorie Merriweather Post]], who envisioned the house as a future winter retreat for American presidents. Trump's initial offer of $28&nbsp;million had been rejected, and he was able to get the property at the much lower price by purchasing separate beachfront property and threatening to build a house on it that would block Mar-a-Lago's ocean view. In addition to using the estate as a home, Trump also turned it into a private club open to everyone who could afford the initiation fee of $100,000 plus annual dues.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA161 161]}} In 1986, he acquired a foreclosed, 33-story, twin-tower condominium complex in nearby [[West Palm Beach, Florida|West Palm Beach]] for $40&nbsp;million, with automobile manufacturing executive [[Lee Iacocca]] investing in three of the condos.{{sfn|Blair|2015b|p=423}} Despite sprucing up its public areas, and years of heavy promotion, selling the units proved difficult, and the deal turned out to be unprofitable.{{sfn|Wooten|2009|p=62, 73}} ==== Atlantic City casinos ==== [[New Jersey]] legalized gambling in 1977, and the following year Trump was in [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]], New Jersey to explore how he might get involved. Seven years later, [[Harrah's at Trump Plaza]] hotel and casino opened there, built by Trump with financing from [[Holiday Inn|Holiday Corporation]] which also was managing that business.{{sfn|Wooten|2009|p=57–58}} Renamed "Trump Plaza" soon after opening, it was then the tallest building in Atlantic City.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA128 128]}} The casino's poor results exacerbated disagreements between Trump and Holiday Corp., which led to Trump paying $70&nbsp;million in May 1986 to buy out their interest in the property.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump Stake In Holiday|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/05/business/company-news-trump-stake-in-holiday.html|access-date=May 31, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=September 5, 1986}}</ref><ref name="crudele">{{cite news|last1=Crudele|first1=John|title=Holiday Corp. Plans Restructuring|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/13/business/holiday-corp-plans-restructuring.html|access-date=May 31, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=November 13, 1986}}</ref> Trump also acquired a partially completed building in Atlantic City from the [[Hilton Worldwide|Hilton Corporation]] for $320&nbsp;million; when completed in 1985, that hotel and casino became [[Golden Nugget Atlantic City|Trump Castle]], and Trump's wife, [[Ivana Trump|Ivana]], managed that property until Trump transferred her in 1988 to run the Trump Plaza Hotel in New York.{{sfn|Wooten|2009|p=59–60}}{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA137 137]}} [[File:Trump Taj Mahal, 2007.jpg|thumb|left|alt=The entrance of the Trump Taj Mahal, a casino in Atlantic City. It has motifs evocative of the Taj Mahal in India.|Entrance of the [[Trump Taj Mahal]] in [[Atlantic City]]]] Also in 1988, Trump acquired his third casino in Atlantic City, the [[Taj Mahal casino|Taj Mahal]] then halfway through construction, by making a complex transaction with the television host and entertainer [[Merv Griffin]] as well as the resort and casino company [[Resorts International]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Seven Acquisitive Executives Who Made Business News in 1988: Donald Trump&nbsp;– Trump Organization; The Artist of the Deal Turns Sour into Sweet |last=Cuff |first=Daniel |date=December 18, 1988 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/27/business/seven-acquisitive-executives-who-made-business-1988-donald-trump-trump.html |access-date=May 27, 2011 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In October 1989, three of his top Atlantic City executives died in a helicopter accident, which both stymied and delayed the planned opening of the Taj Mahal.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA140 140–151]}} The Taj finally opened in April 1990, and was built at a total cost of $1.1&nbsp;billion, which at the time made it the most expensive casino ever.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/08/business/trump-s-taj-open-at-last-with-a-scary-appetite.html |title=Trump's Taj&nbsp;— Open at Last, With a Scary Appetite |date=April 8, 1990 |last=Glynn |first=Lenny |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=August 14, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/new-owner-of-trumps-taj-mahal-wants-to-make-casino-great-again/ |title=New owner wants to make Trump's Taj Mahal casino great again |date=May 20, 2016 |first=Wayne |last=Parry |agency=[[Associated Press]] |publisher=[[PBS NewsHour]] |access-date=August 14, 2016}}</ref> Financed with $675&nbsp;million in [[junk bonds]],<ref name=UPI9April>{{cite news |url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/04/09/Trump-reaches-agreement-with-bondholders-on-Taj-Mahal/7261671169600/ |title=Trump reaches agreement with bondholders on Taj Mahal |agency=United Press International |date=April 9, 1991 |access-date=March 21, 2016}}</ref> it was a major gamble by Trump.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA135 135]}} The project underwent [[debt restructuring]] the following year,<ref name=abc>{{cite news |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/donald-trump-filed-bankruptcy-times/story?id=13419250 |first=Amy |last=Bingham |title=Donald Trump's Companies Filed for Bankruptcy 4 Times |publisher=[[ABC News]] |date=April 21, 2011 |access-date=February 20, 2015}}</ref> leaving Trump with 50% ownership.<ref name="NYTimes">{{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/05/business/company-news-taj-mahal-is-out-of-bankruptcy.html |title=Taj Mahal is out of Bankruptcy |access-date=May 22, 2008 |date=October 5, 1991}}</ref> He also sold his 282-foot (86&nbsp;m) [[megayacht]], the ''[[Trump Princess]]'', which had been indefinitely docked in Atlantic City while leased to his casinos for use by wealthy gamblers.<ref name=Schneider19May>{{cite news |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20122177,00.html |title=The Donald Ducks Out |date=May 19, 1997 |access-date=September 10, 2015 |work=People |first=Karen S. |last=Schneider}}</ref>{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA132 132–133]}} Trump founded [[Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts]] (THCR) in 1995, which assumed ownership of Trump Plaza, Trump Castle, and the [[Majestic Star II|Trump Casino]] in [[Gary, Indiana]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump Plaza casino stock trades today on Big Board|newspaper=The New York Times|author=Floyd Norris|date=June 7, 1995|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/07/business/trump-plaza-casino-stock-trades-today-on-big-board.html|access-date=December 14, 2014}}</ref> THCR purchased Taj Mahal in 1996, and underwent bankruptcy restructuring in 2004 and 2009, leaving Trump with 10% ownership in the Trump Taj Mahal and other Trump casino properties.<ref name=McQuade16Aug>{{cite news |url=http://www.phillymag.com/news/2015/08/16/donald-trump-atlantic-city-empire/ |title=The Truth About the Rise and Fall of Donald Trump's Atlantic City Empire |work=Philadelphia Magazine |date=August 16, 2015 |access-date=March 21, 2016 |first=Dan |last=McQuade}}</ref> He served as chairman of the [[Public company|publicly-traded]] THCR organization, which was renamed Trump Entertainment Resorts, from mid-1995 until early 2009, and served as CEO from mid-2000 to mid-2005.<ref name=Tully10Mar>{{cite news |url=http://fortune.com/2016/03/10/trump-hotel-casinos-pay-failure/ |title=How Donald Trump Made Millions Off His Biggest Business Failure |work=Fortune |date=March 10, 2016 |access-date=March 21, 2016 |first=Shawn |last=Tully}}</ref> During the 1990s, Trump's casino ventures faced competition from [[Native American gaming]] at the [[Foxwoods Resort Casino|Foxwoods]] casino located on an [[Indian reservation]] in Connecticut (where it was exempt from the state's anti-gambling laws). Trump stated in 1993 that the casino owners did not look like real Indians to him or to other Indians.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/donald-trumps-long-history-of-clashes-with-native-americans/2016/07/25/80ea91ca-3d77-11e6-80bc-d06711fd2125_story.html |title=Donald Trump's long history of clashes with Native Americans|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=July 25, 2016|author=Boburg, Shawn}}</ref>{{sfn|Cramer|2005|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=O_B2hBX1gZEC&pg=PA107 107]}} Subsequent to that well-publicized remark about the [[Mashantucket Pequot Tribe]], Trump became a key investor backing the [[Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation|Paucatuck Eastern Pequots]] who were also seeking state recognition.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.courant.com/politics/hc-trump-connecticut-years-20161013-story.html |title=Casinos And Controversy Marked Donald Trump's Connecticut Years |first=Christopher |last=Keating|work=[[Hartford Courant]]|date=October 28, 2016}}</ref>{{Clear}} ==== Golf courses ==== [[File:Turnberry Hotel Cropped.jpg |thumb |alt= A golf course. In the background is the Turnberry Hotel, a two-story hotel with white façade and a red roof. This picture was taken in Ayrshire, Scotland. | [[Turnberry Hotel]] and golf course, Ayrshire, Scotland]] The Trump Organization operates many [[golf course]]s and resorts in the United States and around the world. According to ''[[Golfweek]]'', Trump owns or manages about 18 golf courses.<ref>{{cite news |first=Brentley |last=Romine |title=Donald Trump announces he will run for president in 2016 |date=July 14, 2015 |website=[[Golfweek]] |url=http://golfweek.com/news/2015/jun/16/donald-trump-us-president-2016-gop-golf-courses/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317081800/http://golfweek.com/news/2015/jun/16/donald-trump-us-president-2016-gop-golf-courses/ |archivedate=March 17, 2016}}</ref> His personal financial disclosure with the [[Federal Elections Commission]] stated that his golf and resort revenue for the year 2015 was roughly $382&nbsp;million,<ref name="Financial 2015">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-stat/graphics/politics/trump-archive/docs/trump-fec-financial-disclosure-2015.pdf |title=Donald Trump Personal Financial Disclosure Form 2015|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=July 15, 2015}}</ref><ref name=disclosure>{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/2016/05/18/news/trump-finances/ |title=A peek at Donald Trump's finances |first1=Cristina |last1=Alesci |first2=Laurie |last2=Frankel |first3=Jeanne |last3=Sahadi |publisher=CNN |date=May 19, 2016 |access-date=May 20, 2016}}</ref> while his three European golf courses did not show a profit.<ref name=Melby19July /> In 2006, Trump bought 1,400&nbsp;acres (570&nbsp;ha) including the [[Balmedie#Menie Estate|Menie Estate]] in [[Balmedie]], [[Aberdeenshire, Scotland|Aberdeenshire]], Scotland and created a golf resort there.<ref name="Trump wins approval for golf resort in Scotland">[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/03/business/worldbusiness/03iht-trump.4.17483178.html "Trump wins approval for golf resort in Scotland"], ''[[The New York Times]]'' (October 3, 2008).</ref> Scottish supporters emphasized potential economic benefits, and opponents emphasized potential environmental harm to a [[Site of Special Scientific Interest]] (SSSI).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://upstart.bizjournals.com/views/columns/the-windup/2008/02/22/Scottish-Clash-Over-Trump-Golf-Plan.html?page=all |title=Landing In The Rough With Trump |date=February 22, 2008 |work=[[Condé Nast]] ''Portfolio'' |first=Franz |last=Lidz |authorlink=Franz Lidz |access-date=March 14, 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405080648/http://upstart.bizjournals.com/views/columns/the-windup/2008/02/22/Scottish-Clash-Over-Trump-Golf-Plan.html?page=all |archivedate=April 5, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Carolyn |last=Churchill |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/first-look-at-trump-plan-for-world-s-best-course-1.1007048?54107 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521014558/http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/first-look-at-trump-plan-for-world-s-best-course-1.1007048?54107 |archivedate=May 21, 2013 |title=First look at Trump plan for world's best course |work=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |location=Glasgow |date=February 16, 2010 |access-date=June 18, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Laurie |last=Tuffrey |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jul/10/donald-trump-scotland-golf-course |title=Trump opens controversial Scottish golf course |access-date=August 9, 2015}}</ref> A spokesperson for the golf course has said 95% of the SSSI is untouched.<ref name="Trump Dissolves Environmental Oversight Group at His Scottish Golf Course">Viegas, Jen. [http://www.seeker.com/amphtml/trump-dissolves-environmental-oversight-group-at-his-scottish-golf-cou-2209063040.html "Trump Dissolves Environmental Oversight Group at His Scottish Golf Course"], ''[[Seeker (media company)|Seeker]]'' (January 23, 2017): "Trump executive Sorial, fired back: 'To date we are the only ones that have studied, preserved and actively managed that site, threatened by years of shooting birds, erosion and ongoing urban pressure. The dunes have now been preserved for generations to enjoy with 95% of the SSSI untouched.'"</ref> A 2011 independent documentary, ''[[You've Been Trumped]]'', chronicled the golf resort's construction and struggles.<ref>{{cite web |first=Roger |last=Ebert |date=October 17, 2012 |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/youve-been-trumped-2012 |title=You've Been Trumped |publisher=Rogerebert.com |access-date=January 19, 2016}}</ref> In 2015, [[Aberdeen Bay Wind Farm|an offshore windfarm]] being built within sight of the golf course prompted a legal challenge by Trump, which [[Trump International Golf Club Scotland Ltd v The Scottish Ministers|was dismissed]] by the [[Supreme Court of the United Kingdom|U.K. Supreme Court]].<ref>{{cite news |first1=Owen |last1=Bowcott |first2=Esther |last2=Addley |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/dec/16/donald-trump-loses-appeal-windfarms-scottish-golf-course |title=Alex Salmond brands Trump 'loser' after judges reject windfarm appeal &#124; Environment |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=December 16, 2015 |access-date=December 16, 2015}}</ref> In the wake of the 2008 recession, Trump greatly scaled back development of this property, and as of December 2016 Scottish officials were pushing for completion of the far larger development as originally approved.<ref name="Planners reject Donald Trump's revised plans for Scottish golf resort">Carrell, Severin. [https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/dec/22/planners-reject-donald-trump-revised-plans-scottish-golf-resort "Planners reject Donald Trump's revised plans for Scottish golf resort"], ''[[The Guardian]]'' (December 22, 2016).</ref> In April 2014, Trump purchased the [[Turnberry (golf course)|Turnberry]] hotel and golf resort in [[Ayrshire]], Scotland, which hosted [[the Open Championship]] four times between 1977 and 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-27203208 |title=US property tycoon Donald Trump buys Turnberry resort |publisher=BBC News |date=April 29, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/golf/27212412 |title=Turnberry: Donald Trump deal should not affect Open status |publisher=BBC News |date=April 29, 2014 |access-date=April 29, 2014 |first=Iain |last=Carter}}</ref> After extensive renovations and a remodeling of the course by golf architect Martin Ebert, Turnberry was re-opened in June 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.golfdigest.com/story/donald-trumps-turnberry-a-review-of-the-presidential-nominees-renovated-ayrshire-course |title=Donald Trump's Turnberry: the Presidential Nominee Delivers With his Renovated Ayrshire Course |work=[[Golf Digest]] |first=Geoff |last=Shackelford |date=July 20, 2016}}</ref> ==== Hotel outside New York ==== {{multiple image | width = | footer = | image1 = Trump Tower Chicago 2015-102.jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = [[Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)|Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago]] | image2 = Trump Tower Vancouver, August 2016.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = [[Trump International Hotel and Tower (Vancouver)|Trump International Hotel and Tower in Vancouver]] }} In the late 2000s and early 2010s, The Trump Organization expanded its footprint in the United States beyond New York and into a few other countries, with the co-development and management of [[Trump International Hotel and Tower (disambiguation)|hotel towers]] in [[Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)|Chicago]], [[Trump International Hotel Las Vegas|Las Vegas]], [[Old Post Office Pavilion|Washington D.C.]], [[Trump Ocean Club International Hotel and Tower|Panama City]], [[Trump International Hotel and Tower (Toronto)|Toronto]], and [[Trump International Hotel and Tower (Vancouver)|Vancouver]]. There are also Trump-branded buildings in Dubai, [[Trump International Hotel and Tower (Honolulu)|Honolulu]], Istanbul, Manila, Mumbai and in Indonesia.<ref name="Forbes-20170320">{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jenniferwang/2017/03/20/these-foreign-businessmen-are-paying-donald-trump-the-most-money/ |title=From Manila to Hawaii, Meet The Licensing Partners Who Paid Trump The Most |work=[[Forbes]] |first=Jennifer |last=Wang |date=March 20, 2017 |access-date=May 6, 2017}}</ref> === Branding and licensing === {{Main|List of things named after Donald Trump}} Trump has marketed his name on a large number of building projects that are owned and operated by other people and companies, as well as licensing his name for various commercial products and services. In doing so, he achieved mixed success for himself, his partners, and investors in the projects.<ref name=Trumps_Hollywood_Star /> In 2011, ''[[Forbes]]''' financial experts estimated the value of the Trump [[Brand equity|brand]] at $200&nbsp;million. Trump disputed this valuation, saying his brand was worth about $3&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://blogs.forbes.com/kerenblankfeld/2011/04/28/donald-trump-on-his-brand-value-forbes-numbers-are-ridiculous/ |title=Donald Trump on His Brand Value: Forbes' Numbers Are Ridiculous |work=[[Forbes]] |first=Keren |last=Blankfeld}}</ref> === Legal affairs and bankruptcies === {{Main|Legal affairs of Donald Trump}} As of 2016, Trump and his businesses had been involved in more than 3,500 state and federal legal actions. He or one of his companies was the plaintiff in 1,900 cases and the defendant in 1,450. With Trump or his company as plaintiff, more than half the cases have been against gamblers at his [[casino]]s who had failed to pay off their debts. With Trump or his company as a defendant, the most common type of case involved personal injury cases at his hotels. In cases where there was a clear resolution, Trump's side won 451 times and lost 38.<ref name="USATodayAnalysis">{{cite news |title=Exclusive: Trump's 3,500 lawsuits unprecedented for a presidential nominee |url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2016/06/01/donald-trump-lawsuits-legal-battles/84995854/ |access-date=June 2, 2016 |newspaper=USA Today |date=June 2, 2016 |first1=Nick |last1=Penzenstadler |first2=Susan |last2=Page |quotation=About 100 additional disputes centered on other issues at the casinos. Trump and his enterprises have been named in almost 700 personal-injury claims and about 165 court disputes with government agencies&nbsp;... Due to his branding value, Trump is determined to defend his name and reputation.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/282008-trump-brags-about-winning-record-in-lawsuits |title=Trump brags about winning record in lawsuits |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=June 2, 2016 |last=Savransky |first=Rebecca}}</ref> Trump has never filed for [[personal bankruptcy]], but his hotel and casino businesses have been declared [[Chapter 11 bankruptcy|bankrupt]] six times between 1991 and 2009 in order to re-negotiate debt with banks and owners of stock and bonds.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2015/06/donald-trump-companies-bankruptcy-atlantic-city |title=4 Times Donald Trump's Companies Declared Bankruptcy |publisher=Vanity Fair News |date=June 29, 2015 |access-date=January 17, 2016 |author=Hood, Bryan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/donald-trump-questioned-his-bankruptcies-279717 |first=Hao |last=Li |title=Donald Trump Questioned on His Bankruptcies |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=April 12, 2011 |access-date=February 19, 2015}}</ref> Because the businesses used [[Chapter 11 bankruptcy]], they were allowed to operate while negotiations proceeded. Trump was quoted by ''Newsweek'' in 2011 saying, "I do play with the bankruptcy laws&nbsp;– they're very good for me" as a tool for trimming debt.<ref name=publicintegrity1>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Peter|title=Donald Trump's lawsuits could turn off conservatives who embrace tort reform|url=http://www.publicintegrity.org/2011/05/05/4478/donald-trumps-lawsuits-could-turn-conservatives-who-embrace-tort-reform|access-date=March 14, 2016|work=The Center for Public Integrity|date=May 5, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kurtz|first1=Howard|title=Kurtz: The Trump Backlash|url=http://www.newsweek.com/kurtz-trump-backlash-66503|access-date=March 14, 2016|work=Newsweek|date=April 24, 2011}}</ref> The six bankruptcies were the result of over-leveraged hotel and casino businesses in Atlantic City and New York: [[Trump Taj Mahal]] (1991), [[Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino]] (1992), [[Plaza Hotel]] (1992), [[Trump Castle Hotel and Casino]] (1992), Trump Hotels and Casino Resorts (2004), and [[Trump Entertainment Resorts]] (2009).<ref name=six>{{cite news|last1=Winter|first1=Tom|title=Trump Bankruptcy Math Doesn't Add Up|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/trump-bankruptcy-math-doesn-t-add-n598376|publisher=NBC News|access-date=October 8, 2016}}</ref><ref name="forbes-bankruptcy">{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2011/04/29/fourth-times-a-charm-how-donald-trump-made-bankruptcy-work-for-him/ |first=Clare |last=O'Connor |title=Fourth Time's A Charm: How Donald Trump Made Bankruptcy Work For Him |work=[[Forbes]] |date=April 29, 2011 |access-date=February 19, 2015}}</ref> Trump said, "I've used the laws of this country to pare debt&nbsp;... We'll have the company. We'll throw it into a chapter. We'll negotiate with the banks. We'll make a fantastic deal. You know, it's like on ''The Apprentice''. It's not personal. It's just business."<ref name=abc /> A 2016 analysis of Trump's business career by ''[[The Economist]]'' concluded that his "...&nbsp;performance [from 1985 to 2016] has been mediocre compared with the stock market and property in New York", noting both his successes and bankruptcies.<ref name="econ_From">{{cite news |title=From the Tower to the White House |work=The Economist |date=February 20, 2016 |access-date=February 29, 2016 |url=http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21693230-enigma-presidential-candidates-business-affairs-tower-white |quote=Mr Trump's performance has been mediocre compared with the stockmarket and property in New York.}}</ref> A subsequent analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' concluded that "Trump is a mix of braggadocio, business failures, and real success", calling his casino bankruptcies the "most infamous flop" of his business career.<ref>{{cite news |first=Ana |last=Swanson |title=The myth and the reality of Donald Trump's business empire |date=February 29, 2016 |website=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/02/29/the-myth-and-the-reality-of-donald-trumps-business-empire/}}</ref> === Side ventures === After Trump took charge of the family real estate firm in 1971 and renamed it [[The Trump Organization]], he not only greatly expanded its real estate operations, but also ventured into numerous other business activities. The company eventually became the umbrella organization for several hundred individual business ventures and partnerships.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-33644498 |title=Five take-aways from Donald Trump's financial disclosure |publisher=BBC |date=July 23, 2015 |access-date=January 17, 2016 |first=Anthony |last=Zurcher}}</ref> ==== Sports events ==== In September 1983, Trump purchased the [[New Jersey Generals]]—an [[American Football]] team that played in the [[United States Football League]]—from oil magnate [[J. Walter Duncan]]. The USFL played three seasons during the spring and summer. After the 1985 season, the organization folded due to continuous financial difficulties, despite winning an [[antitrust]] [[United States Football League#USFL v. NFL lawsuit|lawsuit against the NFL]].<ref name=Markazi>{{cite news |first=Arash |last=Markazi |title=5 things to know about Donald Trump's foray into doomed USFL |date=July 14, 2015 |publisher=[[ESPN]] |url=http://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/13255737/five-things-know-donald-trump-usfl-experience}}</ref> Trump remained involved with other sports after the Generals folded, operating golf courses in several countries.<ref name=Markazi /> He hosted several boxing matches in Atlantic City at the [[Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino|Trump Plaza]], including [[Mike Tyson vs. Michael Spinks|Mike Tyson's 1988 heavyweight championship fight]] against [[Michael Spinks]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/25/sports/trump-gets-tyson-fight.html |title=Trump Gets Tyson Fight |access-date=February 11, 2011 |date=February 25, 1988 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> and acted as a financial advisor to [[Mike Tyson|Tyson]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/12/sports/sports-of-the-times-trump-promoter-or-adviser.html |title=Sports of The Times; Trump: Promoter Or Adviser? |access-date=February 11, 2011 |date=July 12, 1988 |work=[[The New York Times]] |author=Anderson, Dave}}</ref> In 1989 and 1990, Trump lent his name to the [[Tour de Trump]] [[cycling stage race]], which was an attempt to create an American equivalent of European races such as the [[Tour de France]] or the [[Giro d'Italia]].<ref name=Hogan>{{cite news|url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/04/donald-trump-2016-tour-de-trump-bike-race-213801|title=The Strange Tale of Donald Trump's 1989 Biking Extravaganza|first=Kevin|last=Hogan|publisher=Politico|date=April 10, 2016|accessdate=April 12, 2016}}</ref> [[File:Miss-universe-2011-leila-lopes.jpg|thumb|alt=Shoulder high portrait of young woman wearing a crown, jeweled gown and a sash spelling "Miss..."|upright=.8|left|[[Miss Universe 2011]], [[Leila Lopes (Miss Universe)|Leila Lopes]]]] ==== Miss Universe ==== {{Main|Miss Universe|Miss USA|Miss Teen USA}} From 1996 to 2015, Trump owned part or all of the [[Miss Universe]] pageants, which were founded in 1952.<ref name=pageantsaleWME>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/15/business/media/trump-sells-miss-universe-organization-to-wme-img-talent-agency.html |title=Trump Sells Miss Universe Organization to WME-IMG Talent Agency |date=September 15, 2015 |work=The New York Times |access-date=January 9, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Donald Trump just sold off the entire Miss Universe Organization |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-sells-miss-universe-img-2015-9 |access-date=May 6, 2016 |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=September 14, 2015}}</ref> The Miss Universe Pageants include [[Miss USA]] and [[Miss Teen USA]], and his management of this business involved his family members; for example, daughter [[Ivanka Trump|Ivanka]] once hosted Miss Teen USA. Trump hired the first female president of the Miss Universe business in 1997.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA164 164]}} He became dissatisfied with how [[CBS]] scheduled the pageants, and took both Miss Universe and Miss USA to [[NBC]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/22/business/three-beauty-pageants-leaving-cbs-for-nbc.html |title=Three Beauty Pageants Leaving CBS for NBC |date=June 22, 2002 |first=Jim |last=Rutenberg |access-date=August 14, 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2002/06/22/there-she-goes-pageants-move-to-nbc/2ba81b9a-bf67-4f3e-b8d6-1c2cc881ed19/ |title=There She Goes: Pageants Move to NBC |date=June 22, 2002 |first=Lisa |last=de Moraes |work=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=August 14, 2016}}</ref> In 2015, after Trump made statements about [[Illegal immigration to the United States|illegal immigrants]] from Mexico in his U.S. presidential campaign kickoff speech, NBC decided to end its business relationship with him and stated that it would no longer air the Miss Universe or Miss USA pageants on its networks.<ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/nbc-cuts-ties-donald-trump-805706?facebook_20150629|title=NBC Cuts Ties With Donald Trump Over "Derogatory Statements," Pulls Miss USA and Miss Universe Pageants|first=Kate|last=Stanhope |date=June 29, 2015|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|accessdate=June 30, 2015}}</ref> In September 2015, Trump bought NBC's share of the Miss Universe Organization, becoming its sole owner for three days, then sold the entire company to the WME/IMG talent agency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/15/business/media/trump-sells-miss-universe-organization-to-wme-img-talent-agency.html|title=Trump Sells Miss Universe Organization to WME-IMG Talent Agency|date=September 15, 2015|work=The New York Times|accessdate=February 5, 2016}}</ref> ==== Trump University ==== [[Trump University]] LLC was a [[for-profit education]] company founded by Trump and his associates, Michael Sexton and Jonathan Spitalny, that ran a real estate training program, charging between $1,500 and $35,000 per course.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gitell |first=Seth |date=March 8, 2016 |title=I Survived Trump University |url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/03/i-survived-trump-university-213710 |newspaper=[[Politico]] |access-date=March 18, 2016}}</ref><ref name=vf>{{cite news |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2014/01/trump-university-fraud-scandal |title=Big Hair on Campus: Did Donald Trump Defraud Thousands of Real-Estate Students? |last=Cohan |first=William D. |website=Vanity Fair|access-date=March 6, 2016}}</ref><ref name=nyt511>{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Barbaro |title=New York Attorney General Is Investigating Trump's For-Profit School |date=May 19, 2011 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/20/nyregion/trumps-for-profit-school-said-to-be-under-investigation.html}}</ref> In 2005 the operation was notified by New York State authorities that its use of the word "university" was misleading and violated state law. After a second such notification in 2010, the name of the company was changed to the "Trump Entrepreneurial Institute".<ref name="AppealsCourt2016" /> Trump was also found personally liable for failing to obtain a business license for the operation.<ref name="reuters.2014">{{cite news |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/16/us-trump-nyag-lawsuit-idUSKCN0I52MW20141016 |first=Karen |last=Freifeld |title=New York judge finds Donald Trump liable for unlicensed school |agency=Reuters |date=October 16, 2014 |access-date=February 20, 2015}}</ref> In 2013, the State of New York filed a $40&nbsp;million civil suit alleging that Trump University made false statements and defrauded consumers.<ref name="AppealsCourt2016">{{cite news |first=David |last=Halperin |title=NY Court Refuses to Dismiss Trump University Case, Describes Fraud Allegations |date=March 3, 2016 |website=[[The Huffington Post]] |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/davidhalperin/ny-court-refuses-to-dismi_b_9358360.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/02/27/donald-trumps-misleading-claim-that-hes-won-most-of-lawsuits-over-trump-university/ |first=Michelle Ye Hee |last=Lee |title=Donald Trump's misleading claim that he's 'won most of' lawsuits over Trump University |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=February 27, 2016 |access-date=February 27, 2016}}</ref> In addition, two class-action civil lawsuits were filed in federal court relating to Trump University; they named Trump personally as well as his companies.<ref name=twofront>{{cite news |url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2013/08/26/trump-entrepreneur-initiative-case/2700811/ |title=Trump faces two-front legal fight over 'university' |work=[[USA Today]] |first=Kevin |last=McCoy |date=August 26, 2013}}</ref> During the [[Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016|presidential campaign]], Trump criticized Judge [[Gonzalo P. Curiel]] who oversaw those two cases, alleging bias in his rulings because of his Mexican heritage.<ref name=RappeportNYT>{{cite news |last=Rappeport |first=Alan |date=June 3, 2016 |title=That Judge Attacked by Donald Trump? He's Faced a Lot Worse |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/04/us/politics/donald-trump-university-judge-gonzalo-curiel.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date= June 4, 2016}}</ref><ref name=Ford>{{cite magazine |last=Ford |first=Matt |date=June 3, 2016 |title=Why Is Donald Trump So Angry at Judge Gonzalo Curiel? |magazine=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/06/donald-trump-gonzalo-curiel/485636/|access-date=June 3, 2016}}</ref> Shortly after Trump won the presidency, the parties agreed to a settlement of all three pending cases, whereby Trump paid a total of $25&nbsp;million and denied any wrongdoing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/19/us/politics/trump-university.html|title=Donald Trump Agrees to Pay $25 Million in Trump University Settlement|last=Eder|first=Steve|date=November 18, 2016|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 18, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/donald-trump-nearing-settlement-trump-university-fraud-case-article-1.2878780|title=Donald Trump Agrees to Pay $25 Million in Trump University Settlement|date=November 18, 2016|work=Daily News|location=New York|access-date=November 18, 2016}}</ref> === Foundation === {{Main|Donald J. Trump Foundation}} The Donald J. Trump Foundation is a U.S.-based [[private foundation]]<ref name=":0b">{{cite news |url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/133404773 |title=Nonprofit Explorer&nbsp;– ProPublica |website=[[ProPublica]] |first1=Mike |last1=Tigas |first2=Sisi |last2=Wei |access-date=September 9, 2016}}</ref> established in 1988 for the initial purpose of giving away proceeds from the book ''[[Trump: The Art of the Deal]]'' by Trump and [[Tony Schwartz (author)|Tony Schwartz]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/13-3404773|title=Donald J Trump Foundation Inc&nbsp;– GuideStar Profile|publisher=[[GuideStar]]|access-date=September 9, 2016}}</ref><ref name=":1b">{{Cite news |first=David A. |last=Fahrenthold |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/09/01/trump-pays-irs-a-penalty-for-his-foundation-violating-rules-with-gift-to-florida-attorney-general/ |title=Trump pays IRS a penalty for his foundation violating rules with gift to aid Florida attorney general |website=The Washington Post |date=September 1, 2016}}</ref> The foundation's funds have mostly come from donors other than Trump,<ref name="WaPoMissing">{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/a-portrait-of-trump-the-donor-free-rounds-of-golf-but-no-personal-cash/2016/04/10/373b9b92-fb40-11e5-9140-e61d062438bb_story.html |title=Missing from Trump's list of charitable giving: His own personal cash |date=April 10, 2016 |last2=Helderman |first2=Rosalind S. |newspaper=The Washington Post |first1=David A. |last1=Fahrenthold}}</ref> who has not given personally to the charity since 2008.<ref name="WaPoMissing" /> The foundation's tax returns show that it has given to health care and sports-related charities, as well as conservative groups.<ref>Solnik, Claude. [http://libn.com/2016/09/15/taking-a-peek-at-trumps-foundation-tax-returns/ "Taking a peek at Trump's (foundation) tax returns"], ''[[Long Island Business News]]'' (September 15, 2016): "charitable giving to conservative political groups, healthcare and sports-related charities."</ref> In 2009, for example, the foundation gave $926,750 to about 40 groups, with the biggest donations going to the [[Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children#Arnold Palmer Medical Center|Arnold Palmer Medical Center Foundation]] ($100,000), the [[New York–Presbyterian Hospital]] ($125,000), the [[Police Athletic League]] ($156,000), and the [[Clinton Foundation]] ($100,000).<ref name="SearchingforEvid">{{Cite news |first1=David A. |last1=Fahrenthold |first2=Danielle |last2=Rindler |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/2016-election/trump-charity-donations/ |title=Searching for evidence of Trump's personal giving |website=The Washington Post |date=August 18, 2016}}</ref><ref>Qiu, Linda (August 28, 2016). [http://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2016/aug/28/david-plouffe/yes-donald-trump-donated-100000-clinton-foundation/ Yes, Donald Trump donated $100,000 to the Clinton Foundation.] PolitiFact.com. Retrieved September 16, 2016.</ref> From 2004 to 2014, the top donors to the foundation were [[Vince McMahon|Vince]] and [[Linda McMahon]] of [[WWE]], who donated $5&nbsp;million to the foundation after Trump appeared at [[WrestleMania]] in 2007.<ref name="WaPoMissing" /> Linda McMahon later became Administrator of the [[Small Business Administration]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnbc.com/2016/12/07/trump-picks-wrestling-magnate-linda-mcmahon-to-lead-small-business-administration.html|title=Trump picks wrestling magnate Linda McMahon to lead Small Business Administration|last=Pramuk|first=Jacob|date=December 7, 2016|publisher=MSNBC}}</ref> In 2016, investigations by ''The Washington Post'' uncovered several potential legal and ethical violations conducted by the charity, including alleged [[self-dealing]] and possible tax evasion.<ref>Cillizza, Chris and Fahrenthold, David. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/amphtml/news/the-fix/wp/2016/09/15/how-the-reporter-behind-the-trump-foundation-stories-does-it/ "Meet the reporter who's giving Donald Trump fits"], ''[[The Washington Post]]'' (September 15, 2016).</ref> After beginning an investigation into the foundation, the [[New York State Attorney General]]'s office notified the Trump Foundation that it was allegedly in violation of New York laws regarding charities, and ordered it to immediately cease its fundraising activities in New York.<ref name="hit">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/09/13/politics/eric-schneiderman-donald-trump-foundation/|title=NY attorney general is investigating Trump Foundation practices|date=September 14, 2016|publisher=CNN|access-date=September 25, 2016 |last1=Bradner |first1=Eric |last2=Frehse |first2=Rob |quotation=The Post had reported that the recipients of five charitable contributions listed by the Trump Foundation had no record of receiving those donations. But the newspaper updated its report after CNN questioned the accuracy of three of the five donations it had cited.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://fortune.com/2016/09/14/donald-trump-foundation/|title=Trump Foundation Falls Under Investigation By New York Attorney General|date=September 14, 2016|access-date=September 27, 2016|website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]}}</ref><ref>Farenthold, David. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-foundation-ordered-to-stop-fundraising-by-ny-attorney-generals-office/2016/10/03/1d4d295a-8987-11e6-bff0-d53f592f176e "Trump Foundation ordered to stop fundraising by N.Y. attorney general's office"], ''[[The Washington Post]]'' (October 3, 2016).</ref> A Trump spokesman called the investigation a "partisan hit job".<ref name="hit" /> In response to mounting complaints, Trump's team announced in late December 2016 that the Trump Foundation would be dissolved to remove "even the appearance of any conflict with [his] role as President."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/24/trump-university-shut-down-conflict-of-interest |title=Donald Trump to dissolve his charitable foundation after mounting complaints |last=Jacobs |first=Ben |date=December 24, 2016 |newspaper=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077 |access-date=December 25, 2016}}</ref> === Resignation === When Trump was elected president in November 2016, questions arose over how he would avoid conflicts of interest between his work in the White House and his business activities. At a press conference on January 10, 2017, Trump said that he and his daughter [[Ivanka Trump|Ivanka]] would resign all roles with The Trump Organization, while his two adult sons [[Donald Trump Jr.|Don Jr.]] and [[Eric Trump|Eric]] would run the business, together with Chief Financial Officer [[Allen Weisselberg]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/business-38587628|title=Trump hands over business empire to sons|date=January 11, 2017|publisher=BBC News|access-date=January 11, 2017}}</ref> Trump retained his financial stake in the business.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/donald-trump-conflict-of-interest_us_587660f3e4b05b7a465cdf13 |title=Donald Trump Won't Divest From His Business Interests, Opening Door To Years Of Ethics Conflicts |last=Blumenthal |first=Paul |date=January 11, 2017 |work=The Huffington Post |access-date=January 11, 2017}}</ref> His attorney Sherri Dillon said that before the January 20 inauguration, Trump would put those business assets into a trust, which would hire an ethics advisor and a compliance counsel. She added that [[The Trump Organization]] would not enter any new foreign business deals, while continuing to pursue domestic opportunities.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/01/11/trump-wont-drop-ownership-business/96443170/ |title=Trump won't drop ownership of business |last=Schouten |first=Fredrecka |date=January 11, 2017 |work=USA Today |access-date=January 11, 2017}}</ref> As of April 2017, Trump companies owned more than 400 condo units and home lots in the United States, valued at over $250&nbsp;million in total ($200,000 to $35&nbsp;million each).<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump condos worth $250 million pose potential conflict|last1=Penzenstadler|first1=Nick|last2=Reilly|first2=Steve|last3=Kelly|first3=John|date=April 20, 2017|access-date=April 21, 2017|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/04/20/trump-owns-250m-condos-and-you-could-buy-one/100566302/|newspaper=USA Today}}</ref> == Media career == === ''The Apprentice'' === {{Main|The Apprentice (U.S. TV series)|The Apprentice (TV series)}} [[File:Trump and Rodman 2009.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Donald Trump posing with former basketball player Dennis Rodman in a room with paintings adorning the walls. Trump is wearing a suit with a light-colored tie and dress shirt, while Rodman is wearing a brown t-shirt with a design on it, blue jeans, and a baseball cap that also has a design on it.|Trump posing with former NBA basketball player [[Dennis Rodman]] during Rodman's 2009 participation on ''[[The Apprentice (U.S. TV series)|Celebrity Apprentice]]'']] In 2003, Trump became the [[executive producer]] and host of the NBC [[Reality series|reality show]] ''The Apprentice'', in which a group of competitors battled for a high-level management job in one of Trump's commercial enterprises. Contestants were successively "[[Termination of employment|fired]]" and eliminated from the game. For the first year of the show, Trump earned $50,000 per episode (roughly $700,000 for the first season), but following the show's initial success, he was paid $1&nbsp;million per episode.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jacob |last=Koffler |title=Donald Trump's 16 Biggest Business Failures and Successes |date=August 7, 2015 |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=http://time.com/3988970/donald-trump-business/ |quote=The Apprentice premiered on NBC in 2004 to great ratings. Trump served as not only the host but also the executive producer, raking in $1&nbsp;million per episode. The show was successful enough that it inspired a spinoff, The Celebrity Apprentice.}}</ref> In a July 2015 press release, Trump's campaign manager said that NBCUniversal had paid him $213,606,575 for his 14 seasons hosting the show,<ref name="financial-pr" /> although the network did not verify the statement.<ref>{{cite news |last=Byers |first=Dylan |title=Trump claims $213M payout for 'Apprentice' |url=http://www.politico.com/blogs/media/2015/07/trump-claims-m-payout-for-apprentice-210595.html?ml=tl_4_b |access-date=July 15, 2015 |publisher=Politico.com |date=July 15, 2015}}</ref> In 2007, Trump received a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] for his contribution to television on ''The Apprentice''.<ref name=Trumps_Hollywood_Star>{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=M. Alex |title='The Answer Is No': Bill Cosby's Hollywood Walk of Fame Star Is Staying Put |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/bill-cosby-scandal/answer-no-bill-cosbys-hollywood-walk-fame-star-staying-put-n390836 |access-date=August 1, 2015 |publisher=NBC News |date=July 13, 2015}}</ref><ref name=fifteen>{{cite news |last=Dent |first=Millie |title=15 Facts You Didn't Know About Donald Trump |url=http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/2015/07/10/15-Facts-You-Didn-t-Know-About-Donald-Trump |access-date=August 1, 2015 |work=[[The Fiscal Times]] |date=July 10, 2015}}</ref> Along with British TV producer [[Mark Burnett]], Trump was hired as host of ''[[The Celebrity Apprentice]]'', in which celebrities compete to win money for their charities. While Trump and Burnett co-produced the show, Trump stayed in the forefront, deciding winners and "firing" losers. International versions of [[The Apprentice (TV series)|''The Apprentice'' franchise]] were co-produced by Burnett and Trump. On February 16, 2015, NBC announced that they would be renewing ''The Apprentice'' for a 15th season.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tvline.com/2015/02/16/celebrity-apprentice-renewed-season-15/ |title=The Apprentice Renewed for Season 15 |first=Andy |last=Swift |website=[[TVLine]]|date=February 16, 2015 |access-date=July 28, 2015}}</ref> On February 27, Trump stated that he was "not ready" to sign on for another season because of the possibility of a presidential run.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.unionleader.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20150227/NEWS0605/150229334/1010/Art |work=[[New Hampshire Union Leader]]|title=Trump won't renew 'Apprentice' so that he might focus on a presidential run |first=Paul |last=Feeley |date=February 27, 2015 |access-date=July 28, 2015}}</ref> Despite this, on March 18, NBC announced they were going ahead with production.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.politico.com/blogs/media/2015/03/nbc-still-planning-for-apprentice-despite-donald-trumps-204171.html |work=Politico|title=NBC still planning for 'Apprentice,' despite Donald Trump's presidential claims |first=Dylan |last=Byers |date=March 18, 2015 |access-date=July 28, 2015}}</ref> On June 29, after widespread negative reaction stemming from Trump's campaign announcement speech, NBC released a statement saying, "Due to the recent derogatory statements by Donald Trump regarding immigrants, NBCUniversal is ending its business relationship with Mr. Trump."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bgr.com/2015/06/29/nbc-fires-donald-trump-the-apprentice/ |title=NBC Just Fired Presidential Hopeful Donald Trump from 'The Apprentice' |first=Jacob |last=Siegel |date=June 29, 2015|website=[[Boy Genius Report]] |access-date=July 28, 2015}}</ref> After Trump's election campaign and presidential win led to his departure from the program, actor and former [[Governor of California|California Governor]] [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] replaced Trump as host for the fifteenth season.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2015/09/14/arnold-schwarzenegger-replace-donald-Trump-celebrity-apprentice-host |title=Arnold Schwarzenegger to replace Donald Trump as 'Celebrity Apprentice' host |date=September 14, 2015 |newspaper=Entertainment Weekly |access-date=January 10, 2017}}</ref> Trump is still credited as an executive producer for the show.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/donald-trump-mark-burnett-celebrity-apprentice-executive-producer-1201937420/ |title=Donald Trump to Remain Executive Producer on 'Celebrity Apprentice' |last=Littleton |first=Cynthia |date=December 8, 2016 |newspaper=Variety |access-date=January 10, 2017}}</ref> === Professional wrestling === Trump is a [[WWE|World Wrestling Entertainment]] fan and a friend of WWE chairman [[Vince McMahon]]. In 1988–89 Trump hosted [[WrestleMania IV]] and [[WrestleMania V|V]] at [[Boardwalk Hall]] (dubbed "Trump Plaza" for storyline purposes) and has been an active participant in several of the shows.<ref name=wwebio>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/superstars/donald-trump |title=Donald Trump bio |publisher=WWE |access-date=March 14, 2015}}</ref> He also appeared in [[WrestleMania VII]], and was interviewed ringside at [[WrestleMania XX]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/Wrestlemania20/2004/03/15/382633.html |title=WrestleMania XX bombs |author=Powell, John |publisher=SLAM! Wrestling |access-date=March 14, 2015}}</ref> Trump appeared at [[WrestleMania 23]] in a match called "The Battle of the Billionaires".<ref name=wwebio /> He was in [[Bobby Lashley]]'s corner, while Vince McMahon was in the corner of Lashley's opponent [[Umaga (wrestler)|Umaga]], with [[Stone Cold Steve Austin]] as the special guest referee.<ref name=wwebio /> The terms of the match were that either Trump or McMahon would have their head shaved if their competitor lost.<ref name=wwebio /> Lashley won the match, and so McMahon was shaved bald.<ref name=wwebio /> On June 15, 2009, McMahon announced as [[kayfabe|part of a storyline]] on ''[[WWE Raw|Monday Night Raw]]'' that he had "sold" the show to Trump.<ref name=wwebio /> Appearing on screen, Trump declared that he would be at the following commercial-free episode in person and would give a full refund to the people who purchased tickets to the arena for that night's show.<ref name=wwebio /> McMahon "bought back" ''Raw'' the following week for twice the price.<ref name=wwebio /> In 2013, Trump was inducted into the celebrity wing of the [[WWE Hall of Fame]] at [[Madison Square Garden]] for his contributions to the promotion. He made his sixth WrestleMania appearance the following night at [[WrestleMania 29]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/classics/wwe-hall-of-fame/donald-trump-announced-for-wwe-hall-of-fame-26090724 |title=Donald Trump announced for WWE Hall of Fame |first=Ryan |last=Murphy |publisher=[[WWE]]}}</ref> === Acting and public image === {{Main|Filmography of Donald Trump|Donald Trump in popular culture|Donald Trump in music}} Trump has made [[Donald Trump filmography|cameo appearances]] in 12 films and 14 television series, and he was twice nominated for an [[Emmy Award]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slashfilm.com/2009/11/30/casting-notes-donald-trump-cameos-in-wall-street-2-jeremy-piven-and-kate-walsh-go-to-canada/ |title=Casting Notes: Donald Trump Cameos in Wall Street 2; Jeremy Piven and Kate Walsh go to Canada |publisher=[[/Film|Slashfilm.com]] |date=November 30, 2009 |access-date=April 21, 2011}}</ref> He played an oil tycoon in ''[[The Little Rascals (film)|The Little Rascals]]'',<ref name=Atlantic>{{cite news |first=Adrienne |last=LaFrance |title=Three Decades of Donald Trump Film and TV Cameos |date=December 21, 2015 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/12/three-decades-of-donald-trump-film-and-tv-cameos/421257/}}</ref> and had a singing role at the [[58th Primetime Emmy Awards]] in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fox |first1=Emily |title=Donald Trump's Missed Calling: Broadway |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/03/donald-trump-broadway |website=The Hive |access-date=June 8, 2016}}</ref> Trump is a member of the [[Screen Actors Guild]] and receives an annual pension of more than $110,000.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/how-did-donald-trump-get-810566 |title=How Did Donald Trump Get a $110K SAG Pension? |newspaper=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=July 22, 2015 |access-date=January 17, 2016 |author=Handel, Jonathan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2015-07-23/inside-candidate-trump-s-110-000-hollywood-pension-disclosure |title=Inside Donald Trump's $110,000 Hollywood Pension Disclosure |publisher=Bloomberg |date=July 22, 2015 |access-date=January 17, 2016 |first=Christopher |last=Palmeri}}</ref> Trump has been the subject of comedians, [[flash animation|flash cartoon]] artists, and online caricature artists. Starting in the 1990s, he was a guest about 24 times on the nationally syndicated ''[[The Howard Stern Show|Howard Stern Show]]'' on talk radio.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA166 166]}} Trump also had his own daily [[talk radio]] program called ''[[Trumped!]]'', from 2004 to 2008.{{sfn|Payment|2007|p=85}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,632500,00.html |title=The Donald to Get New Wife, Radio Show |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |date=April 29, 2004 |access-date=November 19, 2013 |first=Stephen M. |last=Silverman}}</ref><!--Only sources I find are from 2004 like this: http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20040607005748/en/Trumped!-Donald-Trump-Biggest-Launch-Radio-History--><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trump.com/Donald_J_Trump/Biography.asp |title=Donald Trump Biography |publisher=trump.com |access-date=March 17, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317024527/http://www.trump.com/Donald_J_Trump/Biography.asp |archivedate=March 17, 2009}}</ref> Since the 1980s, Trump's wealth and lifestyle have been a fixture of [[hip hop]] lyrics,<ref name=awm-trump-lyrics>{{cite web |url=http://awm.com/donald-trump-lyrics/ |title=Donald Trump Lyrics in Popular Songs |work=AWM |access-date=November 15, 2016}}</ref> his name being quoted by more than 50 artists.<ref>{{cite video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m3PDW6g1ceU |title=25 years of Donald Trump mentions in hip hop |publisher=[[YouTube]] |author=mantolius |date=February 25, 2016 |access-date=November 15, 2016}}</ref> == Political career up to 2015 == === Early involvement in politics === [[File:TrumpGlobe Sept287.png|upright|thumb|alt=a full-page newspaper advertisement in which Trump placed full-page advertisements critiquing U.S. defense policy|Trump's December 1987 advertisement in ''[[The Boston Globe]]'', criticizing U.S. defense policy]] Trump first vaguely expressed interest in running for office in 1987, when he spent almost $100,000 to place full-page advertisements in several newspapers. In his view at that time, "America should stop paying to defend countries that can afford to defend themselves",<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/02/nyregion/trump-gives-a-vague-hint-of-candidacy.html |title=Trump Gives a Vague Hint of Candidacy |newspaper=The New York Times |first=Michael |last=Oreskes |date=September 2, 1987 |access-date=February 17, 2016}}</ref> and "should present Western Europe and Japan with a bill for America's efforts to safeguard the passage of oil tankers in the Persian Gulf."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1987/09/02/between-the-lines-of-a-millionaires-ad/9c6db9c3-f7d6-4aa4-9ec4-a312feb2639e/ |title=Between the Lines of a Millionaire's Ad |newspaper=The Washington Post |first=Howard |last=Kurtz |date=September 2, 1987 |access-date=February 17, 2016}}</ref> As of December 1988, Trump was the tenth most admired person in America according to a [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] poll.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 3]}}{{sfn|Gallup|1990|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=G7Tf_1GzlHEC&pg=PA3 3]}} Trump considered running for president in [[Republican Party presidential primaries, 1988|1988]], [[#2000 presidential campaign|2000]], [[Republican Party presidential primaries, 2004|2004]], and [[Republican Party presidential primaries, 2012|2012]], and for [[Governor of New York]] in 2006 and 2014, but aside from 2000 did not enter any of those races.<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Kyle |title=Stop pretending&nbsp;– Donald Trump is not running for president |url=http://nypost.com/2015/05/30/stop-pretending-donald-trump-is-not-running-for-president/ |work=New York Post |access-date=June 7, 2015 |date=May 30, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Travis |first=Shannon |title=Was he ever serious? How Trump strung the country along, again |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/05/16/trump.again/ |publisher=CNN |access-date=June 7, 2015 |date=May 17, 2011}}</ref> In February 2009, Trump appeared on the ''[[Late Show with David Letterman]]'', and spoke about the [[automotive industry crisis of 2008–10]]. He said that "instead of asking for money", [[General Motors]] "should go into bankruptcy and work that stuff out in a deal."<ref>{{cite news |first=Richard S. |last=Chang |title=Trump: G.M. Should File for Bankruptcy |date=February 19, 2009 |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/02/19/trump-gm-should-file-for-bankruptcy/}}</ref> Trump publicly speculated about seeking the [[United States presidential election, 2012|2012]] Republican presidential nomination, and a ''Wall Street Journal'' / NBC News poll released in March 2011 found Trump leading among potential contenders; he was one point ahead of former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney.<ref>{{cite news |first=Maggie |last=Haberman |title=Trump Tops Romney, Pawlenty |date=March 7, 2011 |access-date=March 7, 2011 |publisher=[[WNBC-TV]] |location=New York |url=http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/politics/Trump_tops_Romney__Pawlenty-117496043.html}}</ref> A ''Newsweek'' poll conducted in February 2011 showed Trump within a few points of incumbent president Barack Obama, with many voters undecided in the November 2012 general election for president of the United States.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2011-02-21/obama-hits-50-percent-approval-rating-according-to-new-newsweekdaily-beast-poll/ |title=Obama Hits 50&nbsp;Percent Approval Rating, According to New Newsweek/Daily Beast Poll |work=Newsweek / Daily Beast Company LLC |first=Douglas |last=Schoen |date=February 21, 2011 |access-date=April 14, 2011}}</ref> A poll released in April 2011 by [[Public Policy Polling]] showed Trump having a nine-point lead in a potential contest for the Republican nomination for president while he was still actively considering a run.<ref>{{cite news |first=Aliyah |last=Shahid |title=Donald Trump takes lead in GOP primary poll, beats Romney, Huckabee, Palin, Gingrich, Bachmann, Paul |date=April 15, 2011 |access-date=April 17, 2011 |website=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]|location=New York |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/donald-trump-takes-lead-gop-primary-poll-beats-romney-huckabee-palin-gingrich-bachmann-paul-article-1.112460}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/pdf/PPP_Release_US_0510925.pdf |title=Public Policy Polling |format=PDF |access-date=September 25, 2011}}</ref> His moves were interpreted by some media as possible promotional tools for his reality show ''The Apprentice''.<ref name=cnnnotrunning /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/The-Vote/2011/0210/Donald-Trump-says-he-might-run-for-president.-Three-reasons-he-won-t |title=Donald Trump says he might run for president. Three reasons he won't. |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=February 10, 2011 |access-date=April 21, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/11/donald-trump-cpac-president-act_n_821923.html |title=Donald Trump Brings His 'Pretend To Run For President' Act To CPAC |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |access-date=April 21, 2011 |first=Jason |last=Linkins |date=February 11, 2011}}</ref> Trump played a leading role in [[Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories|"birther" conspiracy theories]] that had been circulating since President [[Barack Obama|Obama's]] 2008 presidential campaign.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/09/15/politics/donald-trump-obama-birther-united-states/|title=Trump finally admits it: 'President Barack Obama was born in the United States'|publisher=CNN|date=September 16, 2016|first1=Stephen|last1=Collinson|first2=Jeremy|last2=Diamond}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/donald-trump-perpetuated-birther-movement-years/story?id=42138176|title=How Donald Trump Perpetuated the 'Birther' Movement for Years|publisher=[[ABC News]]|date=September 16, 2016|first=Alana|last=Abramson}}</ref> Beginning in March 2011, Trump publicly questioned Obama's citizenship and eligibility to serve as President.<ref name=NYT2016>{{cite news |last1=Parker |first1=Ashley |last2=Eder |first2=Steve |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/03/us/politics/donald-trump-birther-obama.html |title=Inside the Six Weeks Donald Trump Was a Nonstop 'Birther' |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 2, 2016}}</ref><ref name="nyt-drops">{{cite news |work = The New York Times |title = Trump Drops False 'Birther' Theory, but Floats a New One: Clinton Started It |first1=Maggie |last1= Haberman |first2=Alan |last2=Rappeport |date = September 16, 2016 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/17/us/politics/donald-trump-birther-obama.html}}</ref><ref name="fc-birther">{{cite web |publisher = FactCheck.org |title = Trump Surrogates Spin 'Birther' Narrative |first = Eugene |last = Kiely |date = September 19, 2016 |url = http://www.factcheck.org/2016/09/trump-surrogates-spin-birther-narrative/}}</ref> Although the Obama campaign had released a copy of the short-form birth certificate in 2008,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ac360.blogs.cnn.com/2011/04/25/trump-claims-obama-birth-certificate-missing/ |title=Trump claims Obama birth certificate 'missing' |date=April 25, 2011 |publisher=CNN |access-date=May 14, 2011}}</ref> Trump demanded to see the original "long-form" certificate.<ref name=NYT2016 /> He mentioned having sent investigators to Hawaii to research the question, but he did not follow up with any findings.<ref name="NYT2016" /> He also repeated a debunked allegation that Obama's grandmother said she had witnessed his birth in Kenya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2011/apr/07/donald-trump/donald-trump-says-president-obamas-grandmother-cau/ |title=Donald Trump Says President Obama's grandmother caught on tape saying she witnessed his birth in Kenya |publisher=[[PolitiFact.com]] |last=Farley |first=Robert |date=April 7, 2011 |access-date=August 25, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Affidavit of Reverend Kweli Shuhubia |date=October 30, 2008 |access-date=May 27, 2016 |publisher=[[FactCheck.org]] |url=http://cdn.factcheck.org/UploadedFiles/2011/04/bergtranscriptofmcreacall.pdf}}</ref> When the [[White House]] later released Obama's long-form birth certificate,<ref name="released">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/28/us/politics/28obama.html |title=With Document, Obama Seeks to End 'Birther' Issue |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Shear |first=Michael D. |date=April 27, 2011 |access-date=August 27, 2016}}</ref> Trump took credit for obtaining the document, saying "I hope it checks out."<ref name=Madison27April>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-takes-credit-for-obama-birth-certificate-release-but-wonders-is-it-real/ |title=Trump takes credit for Obama birth certificate release, but wonders 'is it real?' |first=Lucy |last=Madison |publisher=[[CBS News]] |date=April 27, 2011 |access-date=May 9, 2011}}</ref> His official biography mentions his purported role in forcing Obama's hand,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trump.com/biography/ |title=Donald J. Trump&nbsp;– Biography |publisher=[[The Trump Organization]] |access-date=August 27, 2016 |quote=In 2011, after failed attempts by both Senator McCain and Hillary Clinton, Mr. Trump single handedly forced President Obama to release his birth certificate, which was lauded by large segments of the political community.}}</ref> and he has defended his pursuit of the issue when prompted, later saying that his promotion of the conspiracy made him "very popular".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/donald-trumps-history-raising-birther-questions-president-obama/story?id=33861832 |title=Donald Trump's History of Raising Birther Questions About President Obama |publisher=[[ABC News]] |last=Keneally |first=Meghan |date=September 18, 2015 |access-date=August 27, 2016}}</ref> In 2011, Trump had called for Obama to release his student records, questioning whether his grades warranted entry into an [[Ivy League]] school.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-how-did-obama-get-into-the-ivy-league/ |title=Trump: How did Obama get into the Ivy League? |publisher=[[CBS News]] |first=Lucy |last=Madison |date=April 26, 2011 |access-date=August 27, 2016}}</ref> When asked in 2015 whether he believed Obama was born in the United States, Trump said he did not want to discuss the matter further.<ref name=Lee9July>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/08/politics/donald-trump-illegal-immigrant-workers/ |title=Trump says he still doesn't know where Obama was born |first=MJ |last=Lee |publisher=CNN |date=July 9, 2015 |access-date=August 18, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anderson Cooper 360 Degrees: Transcript |date=July 9, 2015 |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1507/09/acd.01.html |quote=I really don't know. I mean, I don't know why he wouldn't release his records. But you know, honestly, I don't want to get into it.}}</ref> In September 2016, Trump publicly acknowledged that Obama was born in the U.S., and said that the rumors had been started by [[Hillary Clinton]] during her [[Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2008|2008 presidential campaign]].<ref name="nyt-drops" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Goldstein|first1=David|title=It's one person's word against another on the birther rumor|url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/election/article102828747.html|access-date=December 7, 2016|date=September 19, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gahr|first1=Evan|title=Media 'Fact-Checkers' Erase Sidney Blumenthal's Key Role in Obama Birther Muck|url=http://observer.com/2016/09/media-fact-checkers-erase-sidney-blumenthal-key-role-in-obama-birther-muck/|access-date=December 7, 2016|work=The New York Observer}}</ref> [[File:Donald Trump (5440995138).jpg||thumb|left|alt=Donald Trump, dressed in a black suit with white shirt, and blue tie. He is facing toward the viewer and speaking at the Conservative Political Action Conference in February 2011.|Trump speaking at the [[Conservative Political Action Conference]] in 2011]] Trump made his first speaking appearance at the [[Conservative Political Action Conference]] (CPAC) in February 2011. His appearance at CPAC was organized by [[GOProud]], an [[LGBT conservatism|LGBT conservative]] organization, in conjunction with GOProud supporter [[Roger Stone]], who was close with Trump. GOProud pushed for a write-in campaign for Trump at CPAC's presidential straw poll. The 2011 CPAC speech Trump gave is credited for helping kick-start his political career within the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.towleroad.com/2011/02/goproud-leads-trump-in-2012-movement-at-cpac/ |title=GOProud Leads 'Trump In 2012' Movement At CPAC |publisher=[[Towleroad.com]] |date=February 10, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/03/politics/donald-trump-first-speech-to-cpac/index.html |title=Gay conservatives who helped kickstart Trump's GOP career have serious regrets |date=March 3, 2016 |first=Chris |last=Moody |publisher=CNN}}</ref> In the [[Republican Party presidential primaries, 2012|2012 Republican primaries]], Trump generally had polled at or below 17 percent among the crowded field of possible candidates.<ref name=Cunion>Cunion, William. "White Knights to the Rescue! The Non-Candidates of 2012" in ''The 2012 Nomination and the Future of the Republican Party'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=TQWaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 pp. 47–48] (William J. Miller, ed., 2013). Cunion writes that Trump never got above 17 percent in polls against the rest of the Republican field, but at least one exception was a PPP poll in April 2011 that put him at 26%. ''See'' Jensen, Tom. [http://publicpolicypolling.blogspot.com/2011/05/trump-collapses.html "Trump collapses"], ''Public Policy Polling Blog'' (May 10, 2011).</ref> On May 16, 2011, Trump announced he would not run for president in the 2012 election, while also saying he would have become the President of the United States, had he run.<ref name=cnnnotrunning>{{cite news |author=CNN Political Unit |title=Trump not running for president |url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2011/05/16/breaking-trump-not-running-for-president/?hpt=T2 |date=May 16, 2011 |publisher=CNN |access-date=May 16, 2011}}</ref> In 2013, Trump was a featured speaker at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC).<ref name="CPAC1">{{cite news |title=Donald Trump to address CPAC |url=https://news.yahoo.com/blogs/ticket/donald-trump-address-cpac-205409450--politics.html |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]] |access-date=March 6, 2013}}</ref> During the lightly attended early-morning speech, Trump spoke out against illegal immigration, then-President Obama's "unprecedented media protection", and advised against harming Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security.<ref>{{cite news |first=Lucy |last=Madison |title=Trump: Immigration reform a "suicide mission" for GOP |date=March 15, 2013 |publisher=[[CBS News]] |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-immigration-reform-a-suicide-mission-for-gop/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Dan |last=Amira |title=Photos of Donald Trump Delivering His Self-Aggrandizing CPAC Speech to a Half-Empty Ballroom |date=March 15, 2013 |website=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] (magazine) |url=http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2013/03/donald-trump-cpac-speech-empty-seat-photos.html}}</ref> Additionally, Trump spent over $1&nbsp;million in 2013 to research a possible run for president of the United States.<ref name="NYPost2016">{{cite news |title=Trump researching 2016 run |date=May 27, 2013 |website=[[Page Six]] |url=http://pagesix.com/2013/05/27/trump-researching-2016-run/}}</ref> In October 2013, New York Republicans circulated a memo suggesting Trump should run for governor of the state in 2014 against [[Andrew Cuomo]]. In response to the memo, Trump said that while New York had problems and that its taxes were too high, running for governor was not of great interest to him.<ref>{{cite news |last=Spector |first=Joseph |title=N.Y. Republicans want Donald Trump to run for governor |url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/10/14/trump-new-york-governor/2979589/ |work=[[USA Today]] |date=October 14, 2013 |access-date=October 31, 2013}}</ref> In January 2014, Trump made statements denying [[global warming|climate change]] that were discordant with the [[Scientific opinion on climate change|opinion of the scientific community]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Mooney |first=Chris |authorlink=Chris Mooney (journalist) |title=Dear Donald Trump: Winter Does Not Disprove Global Warming |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/03/cold-weather-climate-change_n_4537598.html |website=The Huffington Post |access-date=July 12, 2015}}</ref> A February 2014 Quinnipiac poll had shown Trump losing to the more popular Cuomo by 37 points in a hypothetical election.<ref>{{cite news |last=Miller |first=Jake |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-trumped-by-andrew-cuomo-in-new-york-governor-race-poll-finds/ |title=Trump trumped by Cuomo in N.Y. governor race, poll finds |date=February 13, 2014 |publisher=CBS News |access-date=February 9, 2017}}</ref> In February 2015, Trump told NBC that he was not prepared to sign on for another season of ''The Apprentice'', as he mulled his political future.<ref name=Feely1>{{cite news |first=Paul |last=Feely |title=Trump won't renew 'Apprentice' so that he might focus on a presidential run |date=February 27, 2015 |website=[[New Hampshire Union Leader]]}}</ref> === Political affiliations === [[File:Trump Meets Reagan.jpg|thumb|alt=Trump shaking hands with President Ronald Reagan in 1987. Both are standing and facing each other.|Trump meets with President [[Ronald Reagan]] at a 1987 White House reception, 30 years before taking office]] Trump's political party affiliation has changed numerous times over the years. Trump was a Democrat prior to 1987.<ref name="TrumpDem87">{{cite news|last1=Sargent|first1=Hilary|title=The man responsible for Donald Trump's never-ending presidential campaign|url=http://archive.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/blogs/hilary-sargent/2014/01/22/the-man-responsible-for-donald-trump-never-ending-presidential-campaign/95LunCt63n3xKoq5DyJNFI/blog.html|work=Boston Globe|date=January 22, 2014}}</ref> In 1987, Trump registered as a Republican in Manhattan.<ref name="PolitiFact.24.Aug.15">{{cite news|last1=Gillin|first1=Joshua|title=Bush says Trump was a Democrat longer than a Republican 'in the last decade'|url=http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2015/aug/24/jeb-bush/bush-says-trump-was-democrat-longer-republican-las/|access-date=March 18, 2017|work=PolitiFact|date=August 24, 2015}}</ref> In 1999, Trump switched to the Reform Party and ran a [[Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2000|presidential exploratory campaign]] for its nomination. After his run, Trump left the party in 2001, ostensibly due to the involvement of [[David Duke]], [[Pat Buchanan]], and [[Lenora Fulani]].<ref name="NYTimes.Revolution">{{cite news |first=Donald J. |last=Trump |title=What I Saw at the Revolution |date=February 19, 2000 |website=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/19/opinion/what-i-saw-at-the-revolution.html}}</ref> From 2001 to 2008, Trump identified as a Democrat, but in 2008, he endorsed Republican [[John McCain]] for President. In 2009, he officially changed his party registration to Republican.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/09/18/trump-endorses-mccain/ |title=Trump endorses McCain |publisher=CNN |date=September 18, 2008 |access-date=July 12, 2016}}</ref> In December 2011, Trump became an independent for five months before returning to the Republican Party, where he later pledged to stay.<ref>{{cite news |first1=MJ |last1=Lee |first2=Chris |last2=Moody |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/09/03/politics/donald-trump-2016-rnc-pledge-meeting/ |title=Donald Trump signs RNC loyalty pledge |publisher=CNN |date=September 3, 2015 |access-date=July 12, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/buster/donald-trump/donald-trump-voter-history-567920 |title=Donald Trump (NY-R-I-D-R-NP-R) Has Twice Dumped The GOP, But Remains A Republican At Press Time |website=The Smoking Gun |access-date=July 12, 2016}}</ref> Trump has made contributions to campaigns of both Republican Party and Democratic Party candidates, with the top ten recipients of his political contributions being six Democrats and four Republicans.<ref name="trumpsdonations">{{cite web |url=http://www.opensecrets.org/news/2011/02/donald-trumps-donations-to-democrats.html |publisher=Center for Responsive Politics, OpenSecrets.org |title=Donald Trump's Donations to Democrats, Club for Growth's Busy Day and More in Capital Eye Opener |first=Zachary |last=Newkirk |date=February 17, 2011}}</ref> After 2011, his campaign contributions were more favorable to Republicans than to Democrats.<ref>{{cite news |first=Will |last=Cabaniss |title=Donald Trump's campaign contributions to Democrats and Republicans |date=July 9, 2015 |publisher=[[PolitiFact.com]] |url=http://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2015/jul/09/ben-fergurson/donald-trumps-campaign-contributions-democrats-and/}}</ref> In February 2012, Trump openly endorsed Republican Mitt Romney for President.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump endorses Romney, cites tough China position and electability |date=February 2, 2012 |publisher=Fox News Channel |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/02/02/trump-plans-to-endorse-romney-sources-say.html#}}</ref> When asked in 2015 which recent president he prefers, Trump picked Democrat [[Bill Clinton]] over the Republican [[Bush family#President|Bushes]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Adam B. |last=Lerner |title=Donald Trump names his favorite prez: Bill Clinton |date=June 17, 2015 |website=[[Politico]] |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/donald-trump-bill-clinton-favorite-president-119114}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Morning Joe: Trump weighs in on best president |date=June 17, 2015 |publisher=[[MSNBC]] |url=http://www.msnbc.com/morning-joe/watch/trump-weighs-in-on-best-president-466103363535}}</ref> According to a New York state report, Trump circumvented corporate and personal campaign donation limits in the 1980s—although no laws were broken—by donating money to candidates from 18 different business subsidiaries, rather than donating primarily in his own name.<ref name=OHarrow16Oct>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/trump-swam-in-mob-infested-waters-in-early-years-as-an-nyc-developer/2015/10/16/3c75b918-60a3-11e5-b38e-06883aacba64_story.html |title=Trump swam in mob-infested waters in early years as an NYC developer |work=The Washington Post |date=October 16, 2015 |access-date=October 16, 2015 |first=Robert Jr. |last=O'Harrow}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Goldstock|first=Ronald|title=Corruption and Racketeering in the New York City Construction Industry: Final Report to Governor Mario M. Cuomo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2msVCgAAQBAJ|access-date=March 9, 2016|date=January 1, 1991|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-3034-8|page=120}}</ref> Trump told investigators he did so on the advice of his lawyers. He also said the contributions were not to gain favor with business-friendly candidates, but simply to satisfy requests from friends.<ref name=OHarrow16Oct /><ref name="NY_Campaign_Finance">{{cite journal|author1=New York State Commission on Government Integrity|title=Restoring the Public Trust: A Blueprint for Government Integrity|journal=Fordham Urban Law Jour|pages=177–179 |url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ulj/vol18/iss2/3/ |access-date=March 9, 2016}}</ref> === 2000 presidential campaign === {{Main|Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2000}} In 1999, Trump filed an [[exploratory committee]] to seek the presidential nomination of the [[Reform Party of the United States of America|Reform Party]] in 2000.<ref name="NYTimes.Revolution" /><ref>{{cite news |first=Richard |last=Winger |authorlink=Richard Winger |title=Donald Trump Ran For President in 2000 in Several Reform Party Presidential Primaries |date=December 25, 2011 |website=[[Ballot Access News]] |url=http://ballot-access.org/2011/12/25/donald-trump-ran-for-president-in-2000-in-several-reform-party-presidential-primaries/}}</ref> A July 1999 poll matching him against likely Republican nominee [[George W. Bush]] and likely Democratic nominee [[Al Gore]] showed Trump with seven percent support.<ref>{{cite news |title=Donald Trump eyeing a run at the White House |last=Johnson |first=Glen |work=Standard-Speaker |location=Hazelton, Pennsylvania}}</ref> Trump eventually dropped out of the race due to party infighting, but still won the party's California and Michigan primaries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ballot-access.org/2011/12/25/donald-trump-ran-for-president-in-2000-in-several-reform-party-presidential-primaries/ |title=Ballot Access News&nbsp;– Donald Trump Ran For President in 2000 in Several Reform Party Presidential Primaries |publisher=ballot-access.org |access-date=July 1, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://primary2000.sos.ca.gov/returns/pres/00.htm |title=CA Secretary of State&nbsp;– Primary 2000&nbsp;– Statewide Totals |publisher=ca.gov |access-date=July 1, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216145038/http://primary2000.sos.ca.gov/returns/pres/00.htm |archivedate=February 16, 2015 |df=mdy}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Jesse |last=Zwick |title=Donald Trump for President? |date=October 4, 2010 |access-date=October 4, 2010 |website=[[The Washington Independent]] |url=http://washingtonindependent.com/99472/donald-trump-for-president |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008062443/http://washingtonindependent.com/99472/donald-trump-for-president |archivedate=October 8, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> == 2016 presidential campaign == {{Main|Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016}} [[File:Donald Trump Laconia Rally, Laconia, NH 4 by Michael Vadon July 16 2015 19.jpg|thumb|alt=Trump speaking behind a brown wooden podium, wearing a dark blue suit and a red tie. The podium sports a blue "TRUMP" sign.|Trump campaigning in [[Laconia, New Hampshire]], on July 16, 2015]] On June 16, 2015, Trump announced his candidacy for President of the United States at [[Trump Tower]] in Manhattan. In the speech, Trump drew attention to domestic issues such as [[Illegal immigration to the United States|illegal immigration]], [[offshoring]] of American jobs, the [[National debt of the United States|U.S. national debt]], and [[Islamic terrorism]], which all remained large priorities during the campaign. He also announced his campaign slogan, "[[Make America Great Again]]".<ref>{{cite speech |url=http://time.com/3923128/donald-trump-announcement-speech/ |title=Here's Donald Trump's Presidential Announcement Speech |via=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |first=Donald |last=Trump |author-link=Donald Trump |date=June 16, 2015 |location=Trump Tower, New York City}}</ref> In his campaign, Trump said that he disdained [[political correctness]]; he also stated that the media had intentionally misinterpreted his words, and he made other claims of adverse [[media bias]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Kenneth T. |last=Walsh |title=Trump: Media Is 'Dishonest and Corrupt' |date=August 15, 2016 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-08-15/trump-media-is-dishonest-and-corrupt |quote='If the disgusting and corrupt media covered me honestly and didn't put false meaning into the words I say, I would be beating Hillary by 20 percent,' Trump also tweeted Sunday. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916083614/https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-08-15/trump-media-is-dishonest-and-corrupt |archivedate=September 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Ted |last=Koppel |title=Trump: "I feel I'm an honest person" |date=July 24, 2016 |publisher=[[CBS News]] |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-i-feel-im-an-honest-person/ |quote='Well, I think that I'm an honest person,' Trump said. 'I feel I'm an honest person. And I don't mind being criticized at all by the media, but I do wanna&nbsp;– you know, I do want them to be straight about it.'}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/07/06/donald-trumps-failing-war-on-political-correctness/ |title=Donald Trump is waging war on political correctness. And he's losing. |first=Aaron |last=Blake |date=July 6, 2015 |work=The Washington Post}}</ref> In part due to his fame, Trump received an unprecedented amount of [[earned media|free media coverage]] during his run for the presidency, which elevated his standing in the Republican primaries.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/06/14/this-harvard-study-is-a-powerful-indictment-of-the-medias-role-in-donald-trumps-rise/ |title=This Harvard study is a powerful indictment of the media's role in Donald Trump's rise |first=Chris |last=Cillizza |date=June 14, 2016 |work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Republican leaders such as [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|House Speaker]] [[Paul Ryan]] were hesitant to support him during his early quest for the presidency. They doubted his chances of winning the [[United States presidential election, 2016|general election]] and feared that he could harm the image of the Republican Party.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/28/us/politics/donald-trump-republican-voters.html |title=How the G.O.P. Elite Lost Its Voters to Donald Trump |first=Nicholas |last=Confessore |date=March 26, 2016 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestreet.com/story/13467863/1/donald-trump-nomination-would-forever-change-the-republican-party.html |title=Donald Trump Nomination Would Forever Change the Republican Party |date=February 24, 2016 |first=Emily |last=Stewart |website=[[TheStreet]]}}</ref> The [[alt-right]] movement coalesced around Trump's candidacy,<ref name="WPechoes">{{cite news|last=Ohlheiser|first=Abby|title=Anti-Semitic Trump supporters made a giant list of people to target with a racist meme|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/06/03/anti-semitic-trump-supporters-made-a-giant-list-of-people-to-target-with-a-racist-meme/|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=June 3, 2016}}</ref> due in part to its [[Criticism of multiculturalism|opposition to multiculturalism]] and [[Opposition to immigration|immigration]].<ref name=CNNexplained>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/08/25/politics/alt-right-explained-hillary-clinton-donald-trump/ |title=Clinton is attacking the 'Alt-Right'&nbsp;– What is it? |first=Gregory |last=Krieg |access-date=August 25, 2016 |date=August 25, 2016 |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref name="ft">{{cite news |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e148d930-6cdb-11e6-9ac1-1055824ca907.html |title='Alt-right' movement makes mark on US presidential election |first=Demetri |last=Sevastopulo |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> The connection of this group to the Trump campaign is controversial; writers such as [[Jon Ronson]] have suggested that the link between Trump and right-wing figures such as [[Alex Jones (radio host)|Alex Jones]] and [[Roger Stone]] is a [[marriage of convenience]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lozada|first1=Carlos|title=Donald Trump and the alt-right: A marriage of convenience|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/book-party/wp/2016/12/30/donald-trump-and-the-alt-right-a-marriage-of-convenience/|access-date=March 18, 2017|work=The Washington Post|date=December 30, 2016}}</ref> During the campaign, Trump was accused of pandering to [[white nationalist]]s,<ref>{{cite web|title=White Nationalists and the Alt-Right Celebrate Trump's Victory|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2016/11/09/white-nationalists-and-alt-right-celebrate-trump%E2%80%99s-victory|website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]]|access-date=November 10, 2016}}</ref> especially in his initial refusal to condemn the support of [[David Duke]], a former [[Grand Wizard|Imperial Wizard]] of the [[Ku Klux Klan]], in a CNN interview with [[Jake Tapper]]. He had previously criticized Duke in 1991, disavowed the 2000 Reform Party due to the support of Duke and others, and disavowed Duke on the campaign trail both before and after the interview.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kessler|first1=Glenn|title=Donald Trump and David Duke: For the record|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/03/01/donald-trump-and-david-duke-for-the-record/|access-date=March 18, 2017|work=The Washington Post|date=March 1, 2016}}</ref> In August, he appointed [[Steve Bannon]]—the executive chairman of [[Breitbart News]]—as his campaign CEO; the website was described by Bannon as "the platform for the alt-right."<ref>{{cite news|title=Clickbait scoops and an engaged alt-right: everything to know about Breitbart News|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/nov/15/breitbart-news-alt-right-stephen-bannon-trump-administration|access-date=November 18, 2016|work=The Guardian|date=November 15, 2016}}</ref> However, Bannon later told the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' that he was an "economic nationalist" but not "a supporter of [[ethno-nationalism]]."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bradner|first1=Eric|title=Bannon rejects white nationalism: 'I'm an economic nationalist'|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/21/politics/steve-bannon-donald-trump-nationalist/|access-date=May 31, 2017|publisher=CNN|date=November 21, 2016}}</ref> Some rallies during the primary season were accompanied by protests or violence, including attacks on Trump supporters and vice-versa both inside and outside the venues.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/03/10/trump-protester-sucker-punched-at-north-carolina-rally-videos-show/ |title=Trump supporter charged after sucker-punching protester at North Carolina rally |date=March 11, 2016 |work=The Washington Post |access-date=August 31, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/06/03/ugly-bloody-scenes-in-san-jose-as-protesters-attack-trump-supporters-outside-rally/ |title=Ugly, bloody scenes in San Jose as protesters attack Trump supporters outside rally |date=June 3, 2016 |work=The Washington Post |access-date=August 31, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/27/politics/donald-trump-san-diego-protesters/ |title=Pro-Trump, anti-Trump groups clash in San Diego |last=Diamond |first=Jeremy |date=May 28, 2016 |publisher=CNN |access-date=August 31, 2016}}</ref> === Campaign rhetoric === Fact-checking organizations have denounced Trump for making a record number of false statements compared to other candidates.<ref name="whoppers">{{cite web |url=http://www.factcheck.org/2015/12/the-king-of-whoppers-donald-trump/ |title=The 'King of Whoppers': Donald Trump |publisher=[[FactCheck.org]] |date=December 21, 2015}}</ref><ref name="year">{{cite web |url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2015/dec/21/2015-lie-year-donald-trump-campaign-misstatements/ |title=2015 Lie of the Year: the campaign misstatements of Donald Trump |publisher=[[PolitiFact.com]] |date=December 21, 2015 |first1=Angie Drobnic |last1=Holan |first2=Linda |last2=Qiu}}</ref><ref name="wapo-false">{{cite news |first=Paul |last=Farhi |title=Think Trump's wrong? Fact checkers can tell you how often. (Hint: A lot.) |date=February 26, 2016 |website=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/the-existential-crisis-of-professional-factcheckers-in-the-year-of-trump/2016/02/25/e994f210-db3e-11e5-81ae-7491b9b9e7df_story.html}}</ref> At least four major publications&nbsp;– ''Politico'', ''The Washington Post'', ''The New York Times'', and the ''Los Angeles Times''&nbsp;– have pointed out lies or falsehoods in his campaign statements.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=CNN |url=http://money.cnn.com/2016/09/25/media/newspapers-donald-trump-hillary-clinton-lies/index.html |title=The weekend America's newspapers called Donald Trump a liar |first=Brian |last=Stelter |date=September 26, 2016}}</ref> ''[[NPR]]'' said that Trump's campaign statements were often opaque or suggestive.<ref>{{cite news |last=McCammon |first=Sarah |title=Donald Trump's controversial speech often walks the line |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=August 10, 2016 |quote=Many of Trump's opaque statements seem to rely on suggestion and innuendo.}}</ref> Lucas Graves, an assistant professor of journalism and mass communication at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://journalism.wisc.edu/sjmc_profile/lucas-graves/ |title=Lucas Graves |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] |date=October 26, 2012 |access-date=December 14, 2016}}</ref> opined that Trump "often speaks in a suggestive way that makes it unclear what exactly he meant, so that fact-checkers "have to be really careful" when picking claims to check, "to pick things that reflect what the speaker was clearly trying to communicate."<ref>{{cite AV media |last1=Wagner|first1=Mike|last2=Graves|first2=Lucas|date=August 10, 2016|title=“Deciding What’s True” With Lucas Graves||medium=Radio broadcast|url=https://www.wortfm.org/lucasgraves/|access-date=June 1, 2017|minutes=50:30|publisher=[[WORT]]}}</ref> Trump's penchant for [[hyperbole]] is believed to have roots in the New York real estate scene, where Trump established his wealth and where [[puffery]] abounds.<ref name=reuters-20150828 /> Trump has called his public speaking style "truthful hyperbole", an effective political tactic which may however backfire for overpromising.<ref name=reuters-20150828>{{cite news |first1=Emily |last1=Flitter |first2=James |last2=Oliphant |title=Best president ever! How Trump's love of hyperbole could backfire |date=August 28, 2015 |agency=[[Reuters]] |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-trump-hyperbole-insight-idUSKCN0QX11X20150828 |quote=Trump's penchant for exaggeration could backfire&nbsp;– he risks promising voters more than he can deliver&nbsp;... Optimistic exaggeration&nbsp;... is a hallmark of the cutthroat New York real estate world where many developers, accustomed to ramming their way into deals, puff up their portfolios. 'A little hyperbole never hurts,' he wrote&nbsp;... For Trump, exaggerating has always been a frequent impulse, especially when the value of his Trump brand is disputed.}}</ref> Martin Medhurst, a [[Baylor University]] professor of communication and political science, analyzed Trump's frequently used [[rhetorical devices]], such as catchy slogans, hyperbole, insinuations and [[preterition]].<ref>{{cite news|author1=Agence France-Presse|authorlink1=Agence France-Presse|title=Trump tics: Making hyperbole great again|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/trump-tics-making-hyperbole-great-again-035009272.html|access-date=June 1, 2017|publisher=[[Yahoo! News]]|date=August 17, 2016}}</ref> === Financial disclosures === {{Further information | Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016#Refusal to release tax returns}} As required of all presidential candidates by [[Federal Election Commission|FEC]] regulations, Trump published a 92-page financial disclosure form that listed all his assets, liabilities, income sources and hundreds of business positions,<ref name="Financial 2015" /> but he declined to release his tax returns,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/05/11/romney-calls-decision-by-trump-not-to-release-tax-returns-disqualifying.html|title=Romney calls decision by Trump not to release tax returns 'disqualifying'|date=May 11, 2016|publisher=Fox News Channel|access-date=July 18, 2016}}</ref> contrary to usual practice by every presidential candidate since [[Gerald Ford]] in 1976.<ref name="Rappeport">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2016/05/11/donald-trump-breaks-with-recent-history-by-not-releasing-tax-returns/?_r=0 |title=Donald Trump Breaks With Recent History by Not Releasing Tax Returns |last=Rappeport |first=Alan |date=May 11, 2016 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 19, 2016}}</ref> Trump's refusal led to speculation that he was hiding something,<ref name=Collinson25Feb>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/24/politics/mitt-romney-donald-trump-taxes/ |title=Donald Trump rejects Mitt Romney's ironic tax attack |publisher=CNN |date=February 25, 2016 |access-date=February 25, 2016 |first1=Stephen |last1=Collinson |first2=Jeremy |last2=Diamond |first3=Hasan |last3=Khan}}</ref> although there is no law that requires presidential candidates to release their returns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/history-mandates-presidential-candidates|title=History mandates presidential candidates release tax returns, but not how many}}</ref> Trump explained that his tax returns are being audited and his lawyers advise against releasing them.<ref name=CNNtax26Feb>{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/2016/02/26/pf/taxes/trump-tax-returns-audit/ |title=Trump says he can't release tax returns because of audits |publisher=CNN |date=February 26, 2016 |access-date=February 26, 2016}}</ref><ref name=Browning26Feb>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2016-02-26/trump-s-12-years-of-audits-very-unusual-ex-irs-agent-says |title=Trump's 12 Years of Audits 'Very Unusual,' Ex-IRS Agent Says |work=Bloomberg |first=Lynnley |last=Browning |date=February 26, 2016 |access-date=February 26, 2016}}</ref> However, no law prohibits release of tax returns during an audit.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fact-Check: Donald Trump Can't Release His Taxes While Being Audited?|url=http://www.npr.org/2016/02/26/468278769/fact-check-donald-trump-cant-release-his-taxes-while-being-audited|author=Zarroli, Jim|date=February 26, 2016|publisher=NPR|accessdate=June 10, 2017|quote=NPR spoke with three tax experts... No law exists barring people from releasing their tax returns during an audit.}}</ref> Tax attorneys differ about whether such a release is wise legal strategy.<ref>{{cite news |first=Emily |last=Stewart |title=Would No Tax Lawyer Advise Trump Release His Tax Returns? It's Complicated |date=August 27, 2016 |publisher=[[TheStreet.com]] |url=https://www.thestreet.com/story/13687015/1/would-no-tax-lawyer-advise-trump-release-his-tax-returns-it-s-complicated.html}}</ref> Trump has told the news media that his tax rate was "none of your business", but added, "I fight very hard to pay as little tax as possible."<ref>{{cite news |first=Tal |last=Kopan |title=Trump on his tax rate: 'None of your business' |date=May 13, 2016 |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/13/politics/donald-trump-tax-rate-none-of-your-business/}}</ref><ref name=Politico24Jan>{{cite news |work=Politico |date=January 24, 2016 |access-date=February 22, 2016 |first=Colin |last=Wilhelm |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2016/01/donald-trump-tax-returns-218160 |title=Trump vows to release his tax returns |quote=It's a little tax}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Jim |last=Zarroli |title=Fact-Check: Donald Trump Can't Release His Taxes While Being Audited? |date=February 26, 2016 |publisher=[[NPR]] |url=http://www.npr.org/2016/02/26/468278769/fact-check-donald-trump-cant-release-his-taxes-while-being-audited}}</ref> On October 1, 2016, three pages of Trump's 1995 tax return were leaked to a reporter from ''[[The New York Times]]'', who said she received the documents in her ''Times'' mailbox. Each of the three pages is one page from Trump's state filings in Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey. They show that using allowed deductions for losses, Trump claimed a loss of $916&nbsp;million that year. During the second presidential debate, Trump acknowledged using the deduction, but declined to provide details such as the specific years it was applied.<ref name="nyt-20161010">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/10/us/politics/donald-trump-taxes.html|title=Donald Trump Acknowledges Not Paying Federal Income Taxes for Years|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 10, 2016|first1=Steve|last1=Eder|first2=Megan|last2=Twohey}}</ref> When asked if he used the tax code to avoid paying taxes, he said, "Of course I did. Of course I did." He then went on to say he paid "hundreds of millions of dollars in taxes", calling it a "simple" thing. "I pay tax, and I pay federal tax, too", he said.<ref name=2debatetranscript>{{cite web|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2016/10/2016-presidential-debate-transcript-229519 |title=Full transcript: Second 2016 presidential debate|last=Politico Staff}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/10/01/us/politics/donald-trump-taxes.html|title=Pages From Donald Trump's 1995 Income Tax Records|last=The New York Times |date=October 1, 2016|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/02/us/politics/donald-trump-taxes.html |title=Donald Trump Tax Records Show He Could Have Avoided Taxes for Nearly Two Decades, The Times Found|first1=David Barstow, Susanne Craig, Russ|last1=Buettner|first2=Megan|last2=Twohey |date=October 1, 2016 |via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> On March 14, 2017, the first two pages of Trump's 2005 federal income tax returns were leaked to [[MSNBC]]'s [[Rachel Maddow]], who unveiled them on [[The Rachel Maddow Show|her show]]. The two pages showed that Trump paid $38&nbsp;million in federal taxes and had a gross adjusted income of $150&nbsp;million.<ref name="nyt-taxes" /><ref name="hill-taxes" /> The White House confirmed the authenticity of the 2005 documents and stated: "Despite this substantial income figure and tax paid, it is totally illegal to steal and publish tax returns."<ref name="nyt-taxes">{{cite web|last1=Baker|first1=Peter|title=Trump Wrote Off $100 Million in Business Losses in 2005|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/14/us/politics/donald-trump-taxes.html?action=Click&contentCollection=BreakingNews&contentID=65028761&pgtype=Homepage|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref><ref name="hill-taxes">{{cite web|last1=Jagoda|first1=Naomi|title=WH releases Trump tax info ahead of MSNBC report: He paid $38M in federal taxes in '05|url=http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/324016-wh-releases-trump-tax-info-ahead-of-msnbc-report-made-150m-in-2005|website=The Hill|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref> === Republican primaries === {{Main|Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016}} [[File:Trump Rally in Cincinnati.jpg|thumb|right|Trump rally in the [[U.S. Bank Arena]], [[Cincinnati, Ohio]], on October 13, 2016]] Trump entered a field of 16 candidates who were vying for the 2016 Republican nomination; this was the largest presidential field in American history.<ref>{{cite news |title=More People Are Running for Presidential Nomination Than Ever |url=http://time.com/3948922/jim-gilmore-virginia-2016/ |website=Time |access-date=February 14, 2016 |date=July 7, 2015 |first=Jack |last=Linshi}}</ref> Trump participated in eleven of the twelve [[Republican Party presidential debates and forums, 2016|Republican debates]], skipping only the seventh debate on January 28 (that was the last debate before primary voting began on February 1). The debates received historically high television ratings, which increased the visibility of Trump's campaign.<ref>{{cite news |title=Donald Trump helps GOP presidential debates break TV ratings records |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/mar/9/donald-trump-helps-gop-presidential-debates-break-/ |website=Time |access-date=October 8, 2016 |date=March 9, 2016 |first=Kellan |last=Howell}}</ref> By early 2016, the race had mostly centered on Trump and [[U.S. Senator]] Ted Cruz.<ref name="fortune1">{{cite news |url=http://fortune.com/2016/03/06/cruz-trump-republican-race/ |title=Donald Trump, Ted Cruz Angling For One-On-One Republican Race |date=March 6, 2016 |work=Fortune}}</ref> On [[Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016#March 1, 2016: Super Tuesday|Super Tuesday]], Trump won the plurality of the vote and remained the front-runner throughout the remainder of the primaries. By March 2016, Trump became poised to win the Republican nomination.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/03/23/why-donald-trump-is-poised-to-win-the-nomination-and-lose-the-general-election-in-one-poll/ |title=Why Donald Trump is poised to win the nomination and lose the general election, in one poll |work=The Washington Post |first=Philip |last=Bump |date=March 23, 2016}}</ref> After a landslide win in [[Indiana Republican primary, 2016|Indiana]] on May 3, 2016, which prompted the remaining candidates Ted Cruz and [[John Kasich]] to suspend their presidential campaigns, [[Republican National Committee|RNC]] Chairman [[Reince Priebus]] declared Trump the presumptive Republican nominee.<ref name="politico_priebus">{{cite news |url=http://www.politico.com/blogs/2016-gop-primary-live-updates-and-results/2016/05/reince-priebus-donald-trump-is-nominee-222767 |title=RNC Chairman: Trump is our nominee |last=Nussbaum |first=Matthew |date=May 3, 2016 |publisher=Politico.com |access-date=May 4, 2016}}</ref> With nearly 14&nbsp;million votes, Trump broke the all-time record for winning the most primary votes in the history of the Republican Party. He also set the record for the largest number of votes against the front runner.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bump |first=Philip |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/06/08/donald-trump-got-the-most-votes-in-gop-primary-history-a-historic-number-of-people-voted-against-him-too/ |title=Trump got the most GOP votes ever&nbsp;— both for and against him&nbsp;— and other fun facts |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=July 12, 2016}}</ref> === General election campaign === {{Main|United States presidential election, 2016}} [[File:Donald Trump and Mike Pence RNC July 2016.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Donald Trump and his running mate for vice president, Mike Pence, at the Republican National Convention in July 2016. They appear to be standing in front of a huge screen with the colors of the American flag displayed on it. Trump is at left, facing toward the viewer and making "thumbs-up" gestures with both hands. Pence is at right, facing toward Trump and clapping.|Trump with his running mate [[Mike Pence]] at the [[Republican National Convention]] on July 20, 2016]] [[File:Trump-Pence 2016.svg|right|thumb|Trump–Pence 2016 campaign logo]] After becoming the presumptive Republican nominee, Trump's focus shifted to the [[United States presidential election, 2016|general election]], urging remaining primary voters to "save [their] vote for the general election."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://time.com/4320484/donald-trump-west-virginia-primary-stay-home/ |title=Donald Trump Tells West Virginia Primary Voters to Stay Home |first=Tessa |last=Berenson |date=May 5, 2016 |work=Time}}</ref> Trump began campaigning against [[Hillary Clinton]], who became the presumptive [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee on June 6, 2016, and continued to campaign across the country. Clinton had established a significant lead in [[Nationwide opinion polling for the United States presidential election, 2016|national polls]] over Trump throughout most of 2016. In early July, Clinton's lead narrowed in national polling averages following the [[FBI]]'s re-opening of its investigation into her ongoing [[Hillary Clinton email controversy|email controversy]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/amp/poll-clinton-trump-now-tied-gop-convention-kicks-n611936 |title=Poll: Clinton and Trump Now Tied as GOP Convention Kicks Off |publisher=[[NBC News]] |first1=Hannah |last1=Hartig |first2=John |last2=Lapinski |first3=Stephanie |last3=Psyllos |date=July 19, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://elections.huffingtonpost.com/pollster/2016-general-election-trump-vs-clinton |title=2016 General Election: Trump vs. Clinton |access-date=October 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2016/president/us/general_election_trump_vs_clinton-5491.html |title=General Election: Trump vs. Clinton |website=RealClearPolitics |access-date=October 3, 2016}}</ref> On July 15, 2016, Trump announced his selection of [[Indiana]] [[United States Governor|Governor]] [[Mike Pence]] as his [[running mate]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnbc.com/2016/07/15/donald-trump-officially-names-mike-pence-as-his-vp.html |date=July 15, 2016 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |title=Donald Trump officially names Mike Pence for VP |last=Levingston |first=Ivan}}</ref> Trump and Pence were officially nominated by the Republican Party on July 19, 2016, at the Republican National Convention.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/07/19/republicans-start-process-to-nominate-trump-for-president.html |date=July 19, 2016 |publisher=[[Fox News Channel]] |title=Trump closes the deal, becomes Republican nominee for president}}</ref> The list of convention speakers and attendees included former presidential nominee [[Bob Dole]], but the other prior nominees did not attend.<ref name="missing">{{cite news |first=Jane C. |last=Timm |title=9 Elephants in the Room at RNC: Who's Missing From the Speakers List |date=July 17, 2016 |access-date=August 16, 2016 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/2016-conventions/9-elephants-room-rnc-what-s-missing-speakers-list-n609471}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Manu |last=Raju |title=Flake, McCain split over backing Trump |date=May 5, 2016 |access-date=May 7, 2016 |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/05/politics/john-mccain-jeff-flake-donald-trump/}}</ref> Two days later, Trump officially accepted the nomination in a 76-minute speech inspired by [[Richard Nixon]]'s 1968 acceptance speech.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/trump-inspired-by-nixon |title=Trump, Inspired by Nixon? |last=Frank |first=Jeffrey |date=July 20, 2016 |work=The New Yorker |access-date=July 23, 2016}}</ref> The historically long speech was watched by nearly 35&nbsp;million people and received mixed reviews, with net negative viewer reactions according to CNN and Gallup polls.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-ct-rnc-ratings-20160722-snap-story.html |title=35 million TV viewers watch Donald Trump's acceptance speech at GOP convention |last=Battaglio |first=Stephen |date=July 22, 2016 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=July 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/25/politics/donald-trump-hillary-clinton-poll/index.html |title=Trump bounces into the lead |first=Jennifer |last=Agiesta |publisher=CNN |access-date=August 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.gallup.com/opinion/polling-matters/194000/first-time-trump-image-par-clinton.aspx |title=For First Time, Trump's Image on Par With Clinton's |access-date=August 3, 2016}}</ref> On September 26, 2016, Donald Trump and [[Hillary Clinton]] faced off in [[United States presidential election debates, 2016#First presidential debate (Hofstra University)|the first presidential debate]] at [[Hofstra University]] in [[Hempstead, New York]]. [[Lester Holt]], an anchor with [[NBC News]], was the moderator.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uspresidentialelectionnews.com/2016-debate-schedule/2016-presidential-debate-schedule/|title=2016 Presidential Debate Schedule|last=Central|first=2016 Election|date=September 23, 2015|access-date=September 30, 2016}}</ref> This was the most watched presidential debate in United States history.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/2016/09/27/media/debate-ratings-record-viewership/index.html |title=Debate breaks record as most-watched in U.S. history |last=Stelter |first=Brian |date=September 27, 2016 |website=CNNMoney |access-date=September 30, 2016}}</ref> The [[United States presidential election debates, 2016#Second presidential debate (Washington University in St. Louis)|second presidential debate]] was held at [[Washington University in Saint Louis|Washington University]] in [[Saint Louis, Missouri]]. The beginning narrative of that debate was dominated by a [[Donald Trump and Billy Bush recording|leaked tape of Trump making lewd comments]], and counter-accusations by Trump of sexual misconduct by [[Bill Clinton]]. Trump had invited four women who had accused Clinton of impropriety to a press conference prior to the debate. The [[United States presidential election debates, 2016#Third presidential debate (University of Nevada, Las Vegas)|final presidential debate]] was held at the [[University of Nevada, Las Vegas]] on October 19. Trump's refusal to say whether he would accept the result of the election, regardless of the outcome, drew particular press attention.<ref>{{cite news|title=US presidential debate: Trump won't commit to accept election result|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-us-2016-37706499|access-date=October 27, 2016|publisher=BBC News|date=October 20, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=How US media reacted to the third presidential debate|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-10-20/how-the-us-media-viewed-the-third-presidential-debate/7950418|access-date=October 27, 2016|publisher=ABC News|date=October 20, 2016}}</ref> === Political positions === {{Main|Political positions of Donald Trump}} [[Political positions of Donald Trump|Trump's campaign platform]] emphasized renegotiating [[U.S.–China relations]] and [[free trade]] agreements such as [[NAFTA]] and the [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]], strongly enforcing [[Illegal immigration to the United States|immigration laws]], and building a [[Mexico–United States barrier|new wall]] along the [[U.S.–Mexico border]]. His other campaign positions included pursuing [[energy independence]] while opposing [[climate change]] regulations such as the [[Clean Power Plan]] and the [[Paris Agreement]], modernizing and expediting [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|services for veterans]], repealing and replacing the [[Affordable Care Act]], abolishing [[Common Core]] education standards, [[Infrastructure-based development|investing in infrastructure]], simplifying the [[Internal Revenue Code|tax code]] while reducing taxes for all economic classes, and imposing [[tariff]]s on [[import]]s by companies that [[offshoring|offshore]] jobs. During the campaign, he also advocated a largely [[United States non-interventionism|non-interventionist]] approach to [[Foreign policy of the United States|foreign policy]] while increasing [[Military budget of the United States|military spending]], [[extreme vetting]] of immigrants from [[Muslim-majority countries]] to pre-empt domestic [[Islamic terrorism]], and aggressive military action against [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL, also known as ISIS or IS). Media have described Trump's political positions as "[[Populism|populist]]",<ref>{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Kazin |title=How Can Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders Both Be 'Populist'? |date=March 22, 2016 |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/27/magazine/how-can-donald-trump-and-bernie-sanders-both-be-populist.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Bernie |last=Becker |title=Trump's 6 populist positions |date=February 13, 2016 |website=[[Politico]] |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2016/02/donald-trump-working-class-voters-219231}}</ref> and some of his views cross party lines. For example, his economic campaign plan calls for large reductions in [[Corporate tax in the United States#Tax rates|income taxes]] and deregulation,<ref name="Donaldjtrump.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/positions/tax-reform |title=Tax Reform &#124; Donald J Trump for President |publisher=Donaldjtrump.com |access-date=January 6, 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104052211/https://www.donaldjtrump.com/positions/tax-reform |archivedate=January 4, 2016 |df=mdy}}</ref> consistent with Republican Party policies, along with significant infrastructure investment,<ref>{{cite news |first=Max |last=Ehrenfreund |title=Liberals will love something Donald Trump said last night |date=December 16, 2015 |website=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/12/16/one-thing-donald-trump-got-right-about-how-the-u-s-is-spending-its-money/}}</ref> usually considered a liberal (Democratic Party) policy.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-democrats-support-infrastructure-overhaul-pledge-1-trillion-rebuild-president-elect-a7488396.html |title=Democrats can finally agree with Donald Trump on something |date=December 21, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/01/trump-infrastructure-cities/512432/|title=Would Trump's Infrastructure Plan Fix America's Cities? |first=Mason B. |last=Williams}}</ref> According to political writer [[Jack Shafer]], Trump may be a "fairly conventional American populist when it comes to his policy views", but he attracts [[earned media|free media attention]], sometimes by making outrageous comments.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jack |last=Shafer |title=Did We Create Trump? |date=May 2016 |website=[[Politico]] |quote=...&nbsp;Trump's outrageous comments about John McCain, Muslims, the 14th Amendment and all the rest&nbsp;... |url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/04/did-media-reporters-create-trump-2016-campaign-213840}}</ref>{{sfn|Trump|Schwartz|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ye6e_VxM00kC&pg=PA56 56]}} Trump has supported or leaned toward varying political positions over time.<ref name="davida.fahrenthold">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/08/17/20-times-donald-trump-has-changed-his-mind-since-june/ |title=20 times Donald Trump has changed his mind since June |first=David A. |last=Fahrenthold |date=August 17, 2015 |work=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref name="thehillFLIP">{{cite news |url=http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/247643-meet-the-press-tracks-trumps-flip-flops |title='Meet the Press' tracks Trump's flip-flops |work=The Hill |first=Mark |last=Hensch |date=July 12, 2015}}</ref><ref name="real Donald">{{cite news |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2015/07/will-the-real-donald-trump-please-stand-up-120607 |first=Timothy |last=Noah |title=Will the real Donald Trump please stand up? |newspaper=Politico |date=July 26, 2015}}</ref> ''[[Politico]]'' has described his positions as "eclectic, improvisational and often contradictory",<ref name="real Donald" /> while [[NBC News]] counted "141 distinct shifts on 23 major issues" during his campaign.<ref name="nbcnews.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/full-list-donald-trump-s-rapidly-changing-policy-positions-n547801 |title=A Full List of Donald Trump's Rapidly Changing Policy Positions |last=Timm |first=Jane C. |publisher=NBC News |access-date=July 12, 2016}}</ref> ===Russian interference in election=== {{Main|Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections}} In January 2017, American intelligence agencies – the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] and [[National Security Agency|NSA]], represented by the [[Director of National Intelligence]] – jointly stated with "[[Analytic confidence#Levels of analytic confidence in national security reports|high confidence]]" that the Russian government [[Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections|attempted to intervene]] in the 2016 presidential election to favor the election of Trump.<ref name="Declassified Report">{{cite news|title=Intelligence Report on Russian Hacking|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/01/06/us/politics/document-russia-hacking-report-intelligence-agencies.html|access-date=January 8, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=January 6, 2017|page=11 | quote="We assess Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered an influence campaign in 2016 aimed at the US presidential election. Russia's goals were to undermine public faith in the US democratic process, denigrate Secretary Clinton, and harm her electability and potential presidency. We further assess Putin and the Russian Government developed a clear preference for President-elect Trump. We have high confidence in these judgments."}}</ref> In testimony to the Senate Intelligence Committee on June 8, former FBI Director James Comey affirmed he has "no doubt" that Russia interfered in the 2016 election, adding "they did it with purpose and sophistication".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/james-comey-no-doubt-russia-interfered-in-2016-election/|title=James Comey: "No doubt" Russia interfered in 2016 election|date=June 8, 2017|publisher=CBS News|access-date=June 8, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Politico_Staff_6/8/2017">{{cite web | title=Full text: James Comey testimony transcript on Trump and Russia | website=Politico Magazine | date=June 8, 2017 | url=http://politi.co/2rae37O | access-date=June 9, 2017 | quote=<p>SEN. MARTIN HEINRICH (D-NM): The president has repeatedly talked about ... Russia's involvement in the U.S. election cycle as "a hoax" and as "fake news." ...<p>JAMES COMEY: Yes, sir. There should be no fuzz on this whatsoever. The Russians interfered in our election during the 2016 cycle. They did it with purpose. They did it with sophistication. They did it with overwhelming technical efforts. And it was an active measures campaign driven from the top of that government. There is no fuzz on that. It is a high-confidence judgment of the entire intelligence community, and the members of this committee have seen the intelligence. It's not a close call. That happened. That's about as unfake as you can possibly get and is very, very serious, which is why it's so refreshing to see a bipartisan focus on that because this is about America, not about any particular party.<p>HEINRICH: So that was a hostile act by the Russian government against this country?<p>COMEY: Yes, sir.}}</ref> As of May 2017, Trump believed investigation of Russian interference in the U.S. election to be pursuit of a false narrative. He tweeted it is the "single greatest witch hunt of a politician in American history!"<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump decries 'witch hunt' after special counsel appointed in Russia investigation|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-responds-special-counsel-calls-russia-probe-single/story?id=47485403|author=Stracqualursi, Veronica|date=May 18, 2017|access-date=May 31, 2017|publisher=ABC News}}</ref> Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] echoed Trump's opinion, saying that Democrats cling to this fictitious explanation to avoid confronting their election loss.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rt.com/news/390253-putin-us-election-trump-russia/|date=May 31, 2017|access-date=May 31, 2017|title=Anti-Russia spin pushed by those who lost US election & can't face reality – Putin to Le Figaro|publisher=RT: TV-Novosti}}</ref> ===Interactions with Russia=== {{Main| Links between Trump associates and Russian officials}} There has been intensive media scrutiny of Trump's relationship to Russia.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/13/donald-trump-russia-vladimir-putin-us-election-hack |title=Trump's relationship with Russia – what we know and what comes next |last=McCarthy |first=Tom |date=December 13, 2016 |work=The Guardian |access-date=March 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/politics/wp/2017/03/03/the-web-of-relationships-between-team-trump-and-russia/ |title=The web of relationships between Team Trump and Russia |last=Bump |first=Philip |date=March 3, 2017 |work=The Washington Post |access-date=March 11, 2017}}</ref> During the campaign, Trump repeatedly praised Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] as a strong leader.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Viebeck |first1=Elise |last2=Markon |first2=Jerry |last3=DeYoung |first3=Karen |title=Trump, Putin agree in phone call to improve 'unsatisfactory' relations between their countries, Kremlin says |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2016/11/14/trump-faces-backlash-over-appointing-bannon-as-a-top-aide-a-choice-critics-say-will-empower-white-nationalists/ |access-date=March 14, 2017 |work=The Washington Post |date=November 14, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/trump-putin-bromance |title=Trump and Putin's Bromance Could Change the World |last=Conrad |first=Peter |date=January 13, 2017 |work=GQ |access-date=May 29, 2017}}</ref> One of his campaign managers, [[Paul Manafort]], had worked for several years to help pro-Russian politician [[Viktor Yanukovich]] win the Ukrainian presidency.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/08/19/paul-manaforts-complicated-ties-to-ukraine-explained/ |title=Paul Manafort’s complicated ties to Ukraine, explained |work=[[The Washington Post]] |first=Amber |last=Phillips |date=August 19, 2016 |access-date=June 14, 2017}}</ref> Other Trump associates, including former National Security Advisor [[Michael T. Flynn]] and political consultant [[Roger Stone]], have been connected to Russian officials.<ref name=many>{{cite web |last1=Nesbit |first1=Jeff |title=Donald Trump's Many, Many, Many, Many Ties to Russia |url=http://time.com/4433880/donald-trump-ties-to-russia/ |work=Time |access-date=February 28, 2017 |date=August 15, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/21/us/roger-stone-donald-trump-russia.html|title=Roger Stone, the ‘Trickster’ on Trump’s Side, Is Under F.B.I. Scrutiny|first=Maggie|last=Haberman|date=March 21, 2017|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> Russian agents were overheard during the campaign saying they could use Manafort and Flynn to influence Trump.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thehill.com/policy/national-security/335035-nyt-russians-discussed-using-manafort-flynn-to-influence-trump|title=NYT: Russians discussed using Manafort, Flynn to influence Trump|last=Williams|first=Katie Bo|date=May 24, 2017|work=The Hill|access-date=May 28, 2017}}</ref> Members of Trump's campaign and later his White House staff, particularly Flynn, were in contact with Russian officials both before and after the November election.<ref name = "Reuters2">{{cite news |title=Exclusive: Trump campaign had at least 18 undisclosed contacts with Russians: sources |date=May 18, 2017 |last1=Parker |first1=Ned |last2=Landay |first2=Jonathan |last3=Strobel |first3=Warren |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia-contacts-idUSKCN18E106|agency=Reuters|access-date=May 19, 2017}}</ref> In a December 29, 2016 conversation, Flynn and Kislyak discussed the recently imposed sanctions against Russia; Trump later fired Flynn for falsely claiming he had not discussed the sanctions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/13/politics/michael-flynn-white-house-national-security-adviser/ |title=Flynn resigns amid controversy over Russia contacts|last1=Murray|first1=Sara|last2=Borger|first2=Gloria|last3=Diamond|first3=Jeremy|date=February 14, 2017|publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=March 2, 2017}}</ref> In March 2017, [[Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI Director]] [[James Comey]] told Congress that "the FBI, as part of our counterintelligence mission, is investigating the Russian government's efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential election. That includes investigating the nature of any links between individuals associated with the Trump campaign and the Russian government, and whether there was any coordination between the campaign and Russia’s efforts.”<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/03/its-official-the-fbi-is-investigating-trumps-links-to-russia/520134/|title=It's Official: The FBI Is Investigating Trump's Links to Russia|last=Berman|first=Russell|date=March 20, 2017|work=The Atlantic|access-date=June 7, 2017}}</ref> In 2017, Trump and other senior White House officials asked the Director of National Intelligence, the NSA director, the FBI director, and two chairs of congressional committees to publicly dispute the news reports about contacts between Trump associates and Russia.<ref>The author cites ''The Guardian'', ''The Washington Post'' and ''The New York Times'' in: {{cite news|title=How the Trump White House Has Tried to Interfere With the Russia Investigations|magazine=Mother Jones|publisher=Mother Jones and the Foundation for National Progress|date=May 26, 2017|author=Buzenberg, Bill|access-date=May 31, 2017|url=http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2017/05/trump-white-house-interference-russia-investigations}}</ref> === Sexual misconduct allegations === {{Main|Donald Trump and Billy Bush recording|Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegations}} Two days before the [[United States presidential election debates, 2016#Second presidential debate (Washington University in St. Louis)|second presidential debate]], a [[Donald Trump Access Hollywood controversy|2005 recording]] surfaced in which Trump was heard bragging about forcibly kissing and groping women.<ref>{{cite news |first=Amanda |last=Sakuma |title=Donald Trump Surrogates Have Their Own Baggage With Women Voters |date=October 26, 2016 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/donald-trump-surrogates-have-their-own-baggage-women-voters-n673056 |quote=...&nbsp;newly unearthed audio recordings showed Trump bragging about forcibly kissing women and grabbing them by the genitals.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Tracy |last=Jan |title=More women accuse Trump of aggressive sexual behavior |date=October 14, 2016 |website=[[Boston Globe]] |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/politics/2016/10/14/more-women-accuse-donald-trump-aggressive-sexual-behavior/Dq1F8bLwre4dOAgEeFazxN/story.html |quote=Trump has been confronted with a slew of allegations of sexual misconduct over the past week, starting with a report in ''The Washington Post'' of a 2005 tape featuring him bragging about forcibly kissing women and grabbing them by the genitals.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=David |last1=Lawler |first2=Barney |last2=Henderson |first3=Nick |last3=Allen |first4=Ruth |last4=Sherlock |title=US presidential debate recap: Polls split on whether Donald Trump or Hillary Clinton won poisonous argument |date=October 13, 2016 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/10/09/us-election-donald-trump-calls-republican-leaders-traitors-and-h/ |quote=...&nbsp;it was a matter of minutes before the lewd tape, in which Mr Trump brags about 'grabbing p----' and forcibly kissing women, was brought up.}}</ref> The [[Microphone gaffe|hot mic]] recording was captured on a studio bus in which Trump and [[Billy Bush]] were preparing to film an episode of ''[[Access Hollywood]].'' "I just start kissing them," Trump said, "I don't even wait. And when you're a star, they let you do it, you can do anything&nbsp;... grab them by the pussy."<ref name="auto3">{{cite news |first=David A. |last=Fahrenthold |title=Trump recorded having extremely lewd conversation about women in 2005 |date=October 8, 2016 |website=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-recorded-having-extremely-lewd-conversation-about-women-in-2005/2016/10/07/3b9ce776-8cb4-11e6-bf8a-3d26847eeed4_story.html}}</ref> During the recording, Trump also spoke of his efforts to seduce a married woman, saying he "moved on her very heavily."<ref name="auto3" /> These statements were recorded several months after Trump married his third and current wife, Melania, who was pregnant at the time.<ref name="auto3" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/donald-trump-lewd-comments-melania-pregnant_us_57f8f457e4b068ecb5decba1 |work=The Huffington Post |title=Donald Trump Made Lewd Comments While Melania Was Pregnant |date=October 8, 2016 |access-date=December 27, 2016 |first=Daniel |last=Marans}}</ref> Trump's language on the tape was described by the media as "vulgar", "sexist", and descriptive of [[sexual assault]]. The incident prompted him to make his first public apology during the campaign,<ref>{{cite news |first1=Alexander |last1=Burns |first2=Maggie |last2=Haberman |first3=Jonathan |last3=Martin |title=Donald Trump Apology Caps Day of Outrage Over Lewd Tape |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/08/us/politics/donald-trump-women.html |access-date=October 8, 2016 |work=The New York Times |date=October 7, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Salvatore |last=Jensen |title=Donald Trump's vulgar conversation about women caught on hot mic |url=http://crcconnection.com/2016/10/08/donald-trumps-vulgar-conversation-about-women-caught-on-hot.html |access-date=October 8, 2016 |work=Cosumnes Connection |date=October 8, 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009190958/http://crcconnection.com/2016/10/08/donald-trumps-vulgar-conversation-about-women-caught-on-hot.html |archivedate=October 9, 2016}}</ref> and caused outrage across the political spectrum,<ref>{{cite news |first=Lisa |last=Hagen |title=Kaine on lewd Trump tapes: 'Makes me sick to my stomach' |url=http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/299895-kaine-on-lewd-trump-tapes-makes-me-sick-to-my-stomach |access-date=October 8, 2016 |work=The New York Times |date=October 7, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Madison |last=Stacey |title=Pence to fill in for Donald Trump Saturday following video leak |url=http://fox59.com/2016/10/08/pence-to-fill-in-for-donald-trump-saturday-following-video-leak/ |access-date=October 8, 2016 |publisher=[[WXIN-TV]] |location=Indianapolis, Indiana |date=October 8, 2016}}</ref> with many Republicans withdrawing their endorsements of his candidacy and some urging him to quit the race.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/10/07/the-gops-brutal-responses-to-the-new-trump-video-broken-down/?tid=pm_politics_pop_b|title=Here's the fast-growing list of Republicans calling for Donald Trump to drop out|last=Blake|first=Aaron|date=October 8, 2016|work=The Washington Post|access-date=October 8, 2016}}</ref> Subsequently, at least 15 women<!-- The source says 17, but 2 of them were preexisting, and this section has separated the new allegations from the preexisting ones. --><ref name="Vox">{{cite news|last1=Nelson|first1=Libby|last2=Frostenson|first2=Sarah|title=A brief guide to the 17 women Trump has allegedly assaulted, groped or harassed|url=https://www.vox.com/2016/10/13/13269448/trump-sexual-assault-allegations|access-date=October 21, 2016|agency=Vox|date=October 20, 2016<!--, 3:14 pm-->}}</ref> came forward with new accusations of sexual misconduct, including unwanted kissing and groping, resulting in widespread media coverage.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Helderman |first1=Rosiland |title=The growing list of women who have stepped forward to accuse Trump of touching them inappropriately |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/the-growing-list-of-women-who-have-stepped-forward-to-accuse-trump-of-touching-them-inappropriately/2016/10/15/a65ddf1c-92df-11e6-9c85-ac42097b8cc0_story.html |work=The Washington Post |access-date=October 16, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/trump-accusers-sexual-assault-153559631.html|title=The women who have accused Donald Trump|last=Stableford|first=Dylan|date=October 17, 2016|work=Yahoo News|access-date=October 18, 2016}}</ref> Trump and his campaign have denied all of the sexual misconduct accusations, which Trump has called "false smears", and alleged a conspiracy against him.<ref>{{cite news |last=Byers |first=Dylan |url=http://money.cnn.com/2016/10/12/media/new-york-times-donald-trump-lawsuit-threat/ |title=Donald Trump threatens to sue New York Times over sexual harassment report |publisher=[[CNNMoney]] |date=October 12, 2016 |access-date=October 13, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Fox Trump demands retraction">{{ cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/10/13/trump-demands-nyt-retracts-libelous-article-about-alleged-assault-as-new-claims-emerge.html |title=Trump demands NYT retracts 'libelous article' about alleged assault as new claims emerge |publisher=[[Fox News Channel]] |date=October 13, 2016 |access-date=October 13, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Patrick |last1=Healy |first2=Alan |last2=Rappeport |title=Donald Trump Calls Allegations by Women 'False Smears' |date=October 13, 2016 |access-date=October 13, 2016 |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/14/us/politics/donald-trump-women.html}}</ref> In his two public statements in response to the controversy, [[Donald Trump and Billy Bush recording#Trump response|Trump responded]] by alleging that Bill Clinton, former President of the United States and husband of Trump's Democratic rival Hillary Clinton, had "abused women" and that Hillary had bullied her husband's victims.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-defends-lewd-2005-conversation-about-women-as-locker-room-banter/|title="I never said I'm a perfect person," Trump says about lewd comments|publisher=CBS News|agency=Associated Press|date=October 7, 2016|access-date=December 11, 2016}}</ref> === Election to the presidency === {{Main|United States presidential election, 2016}} [[File:ElectoralCollege2016.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|2016 electoral vote results]] On Election Day, November 8, 2016, Trump received 306 [[Electoral College (United States)|electoral votes]] to Clinton's 232 votes. The counts were later adjusted to 304 and 227 respectively, after [[Faithless electors in the United States presidential election, 2016|defections on both sides]], formalizing Trump's election to the presidency.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Kiersten |last1=Schmidt |first2=Wilson |last2=Andrews |title=A Historic Number of Electors Defected, and Most Were Supposed to Vote for Clinton |date=December 19, 2016 |access-date=January 31, 2017 |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/12/19/us/elections/electoral-college-results.html}}</ref> In the early hours of November 9, Clinton called Trump to concede the election. Trump then delivered his victory speech before hundreds of supporters in the [[New York Hilton Midtown|New York Hilton]] hotel. The speech was in contrast with some of his previous rhetoric, with Trump promising to heal the division caused by the election, thanking Clinton for her service to the country, and promising to be a president to all Americans.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/trump-victory-speech-transcript-2016-11?r=US&IR=T |title='It's time for us to come together': Trump strikes conciliatory tone in victory speech |publisher=[[Business Insider]] |date=November 9, 2016 |first=Oliver |last=Darcy |access-date=November 9, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.yahoo.com/tv/donald-trump-makes-first-speech-080352428.html |title=Donald Trump Makes First Speech as President-Elect, Thanks Hillary Clinton for Her 'Service' – Watch Video |publisher=[[Yahoo]] |first=Andy |last=Swift |date=November 9, 2016 |access-date=November 9, 2016}}</ref> Trump received a smaller share of the popular vote than Clinton, making him the [[United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote|fifth person to be elected president after losing the popular vote]]. Records on this matter date from the year 1824.<ref>Desilver, Drew. "[http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/12/20/why-electoral-college-landslides-are-easier-to-win-than-popular-vote-ones/ Trump's victory another example of how Electoral College wins are bigger than popular vote ones]", [[Pew Research Center]] (December 20, 2017).</ref>{{refn|group=nb|The number "five" includes the elections of 1824, 1876, 1888, 2000, and 2016. Despite their similarities, some of these five elections had peculiar results; e.g. [[John Quincy Adams]] trailed in ''both'' the national popular vote and the electoral college in 1824 (since no-one had a majority in the electoral college, Adams was chosen by the House of Representatives), and [[Samuel Tilden]] in 1876 remains the only losing candidate to win an actual majority of the popular vote (rather than just a [[Plurality (voting)|plurality]]).<ref>Thomas, G. Scott. ''Counting the Votes: A New Way to Analyze America's Presidential Elections'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=XvxPCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA125 p. 125] (ABC-CLIO, 2015).</ref><ref>Cheney, Kyle. [http://www.politico.com/story/2016/12/donald-trump-electoral-college-232665 "Trump lawyer cites 1876 crisis to rebuke Electoral College suit"], ''[[Politico]]'' (December 14, 2016).</ref>}} Clinton finished ahead by 2.86&nbsp;million votes or 2.1 percentage points, 48.04% to 46.09%, with neither candidate reaching a [[Majority rule|majority]] nationwide.<ref>{{cite news |first=Greg |last=Price |title=Popular Vote Update: Why Hillary Clinton Didn't Win A Majority Of The Electorate |date=November 17, 2016 |website=[[International Business Times]] |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/popular-vote-update-why-hillary-clinton-didnt-win-majority-electorate-2447571}}</ref><ref name="LeipAtlas2016PrezResults">{{cite news |last=Leip |first=David |date=December 20, 2016 |title=2016 Presidential General Election Results |url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/index.html |newspaper=[[Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections]]|location=Newton, Massachusetts |access-date=December 20, 2016}}</ref> Trump's victory was considered a stunning political upset, as polls consistently showed Hillary Clinton leading nationwide (where she did win) and in most battleground states, while Trump's support had been underestimated throughout his campaign.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2016/11/election-results-2016-clinton-trump-231070 |title=Trump pulls off biggest upset in U.S. history |publisher=[[Politico]] |date=November 9, 2016 |first=Maxwell |last=Tani |access-date=November 9, 2016}}</ref> The errors in some state polls were later partially attributed to pollsters overestimating Clinton's support among well-educated and nonwhite voters, while underestimating Trump's support among white working-class voters.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/10/upshot/why-trump-won-working-class-whites.html |title=Why Trump Won: Working-Class Whites |work=The New York Times |date=November 9, 2016 |first=Nate |last=Cohn |access-date=November 9, 2016}}</ref><!-- Likely a combination of multiple factors, don't simplify with just one explanation. --> Trump won the perennial [[swing state]]s of [[Florida]], [[Iowa]] and [[Ohio]], and flipped Clinton's "[[Blue wall (politics)|blue wall]]" states of [[Michigan]], [[Pennsylvania]] and [[Wisconsin]], which had been Democratic strongholds since the 1990s. Trump's victory marked the return of a Republican White House combined with [[United States Presidents and control of Congress|control of]] both chambers of [[United States Congress|Congress]], as was the case during parts of [[George W. Bush]]'s presidency from [[108th United States Congress|2003]] to [[109th United States Congress|2007]]. Trump became the first president without prior governmental or military experience.<ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Weber |title=Donald Trump will be the first U.S. president with no government or military experience |date=November 9, 2016 |website=[[The Week]] |url=http://theweek.com/speedreads/660840/donald-trump-first-president-no-government-military-experience}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Jesse |last=Yomtov |title=Where Trump ranks among least experienced presidents |date=November 8, 2016 |website=[[USA Today]] |url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2016/11/08/donald-trump-experience-president/93504134/}}</ref><ref name=voxexp>{{cite news |url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2016/11/11/13587532/donald-trump-no-experience |title=Donald Trump will be the only US president ever with no political or military experience |last=Crockett |first=Zachary |date=November 11, 2016 |work=Vox |access-date=January 3, 2017}}</ref> Of the 43{{refn|group=nb|[[Grover Cleveland]] was the [[List of Presidents of the United States|22nd and 24th president]].<ref name="Will Trump Be The 44th Or 45th President? Yes And Yes NPR Ethics Handbook">{{cite web|title=Will Trump Be The 44th Or 45th President? Yes And Yes NPR Ethics Handbook|url=http://ethics.npr.org/memos-from-memmott/will-trump-be-the-44th-or-45th-president-yes-and-yes/|work=npr ethics handbook|access-date=June 4, 2017|archiveurl=http://archive.is/2017.06.04-141151/http://ethics.npr.org/memos-from-memmott/will-trump-be-the-44th-or-45th-president-yes-and-yes/|archivedate=June 4, 2017|deadurl=no|language=en|date=November 10, 2016}}</ref>}} previous presidents, 38 had held prior elective office; two had not held elective office but had served in the Cabinet; and three had never held public office but had been commanding generals.<ref name=voxexp /> He lost his home state of [[New York (state)|New York]], becoming the fourth candidate to win the presidency without his home state. The others were [[James Polk]] ([[Tennessee]]) in [[United States presidential election, 1844|1844]], [[Woodrow Wilson]] ([[New Jersey]]) in [[United States presidential election, 1916|1916]], and [[Richard Nixon]] ([[New York (state)|New York]]) in [[United States presidential election, 1968|1968]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-hillary-clinton-home-state-new-york-presidential-election-night-2016 |title=Donald Trump could win election without his home state, and that's pretty rare |first=Cydney |last=Adams |publisher=[[CBS News]] |date=November 8, 2016}}</ref> === Protests === {{Main|Protests against Donald Trump}} Trump's victory sparked protests across the United States. Trump opponents took to the streets to amplify their opposition to Trump's views and denounce his inflammatory statements. Some argued that Clinton's popular vote victory meant Trump was not the [[Democracy|democratically]] elected president and should be considered illegitimate.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/13/us/protests-elections-trump/index.html |title=Anti-Trump protests move through fifth day |publisher=CNN |date=November 14, 2016 |access-date=November 14, 2016}}</ref> Trump initially said on [[Twitter]] that the protests consisted of "professional protesters, incited by the media", and were "unfair", but he later stated that he loves their passion for the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2016/11/10/trump-tweet-professional-protesters-media/93624612/|title=Trump calls protests 'unfair' in first controversial tweet as president-elect|last=Cummings|first=William|date=November 11, 2016|work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=November 27, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/trump-tweets-that-protesters-have-passion-for-our-great-country-2016-11?r=US&IR=T |title=Trump says protesters have 'passion for our great country' after calling demonstrations 'very unfair' |newspaper=[[Business Insider]] |first=Thomas |last=Colson |date=November 11, 2016 |access-date=November 14, 2016}}</ref> In contrast, after Obama's re-election in 2012, Trump had tweeted "We can't let this happen. We should march on Washington and stop this travesty. Our nation is totally divided!"<ref name=verge1111>{{cite news|url=http://www.theverge.com/2016/11/11/13596932/trump-protestors-electoral-college-tweets|title=Trump complains about 'unfair' protestors, deletes his tweets calling for revolution in 2012|work=[[The Verge]]|date=November 11, 2016|last=Vincent|first=James|access-date=December 22, 2016}}</ref> On the Saturday following Trump's inauguration there were massive demonstrations protesting Trump in the United States and worldwide, with approximately 2,600,000 taking part in Women's Marches worldwide.<ref name=USAToday01a>{{cite news |url = http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/01/21/womens-march-aims-start-movement-trump-inauguration/96864158/ |title = At 2.6&nbsp;million strong, Women's Marches crush expectations |last1 = Przybyla |first1 = Heidi M. |last2 = Schouten |first2 = Fredreka |work = [[USA Today]] |edition = online |date = January 22, 2017 |access-date = January 22, 2017}}</ref> The most notable of these marches was the [[Women's March on Washington]] (in [[Washington, D.C.]]), where over 500,000 people marched in opposition to Trump.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Buncombe|first1=Andrew|title=We asked ten people why they felt empowered wearing a pink 'pussy' hat|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/womens-march-on-washington-pink-pussy-hat-500000-donald-trump-resist-latest-a7540396.html|access-date=January 15, 2017|work=[[The Independent]]|date=January 22, 2017}}</ref> This was more than three times the number of people who were at Trump's inaugural speech, according to crowd scientists at the [[Manchester Metropolitan University]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Women's March on Washington: Historic Protest Three Times Larger Than Trump's Inaugural Crowd|url=https://www.democracynow.org/2017/1/23/womens_march_millions_take_to_streets|access-date=January 25, 2017|work=[[Democracy Now!]]|date=January 23, 2017}}</ref> === Electoral history === {{Election box begin no change |title=[[Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016]]}} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Donald Trump |votes = 14,015,993&nbsp;votes<br />1,441&nbsp;delegates<br />(41&nbsp;contests) |percentage = Votes:&nbsp;44.9%<br />Delegates:&nbsp;58.3% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = [[Ted Cruz]] |votes = 7,822,100&nbsp;votes<br />551&nbsp;delegates<br />(11&nbsp;contests) |percentage = Votes:&nbsp;25.1%<br />Delegates:&nbsp;22.3% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = [[Marco Rubio]] |votes = 3,515,576&nbsp;votes<br />173&nbsp;delegates<br />(3&nbsp;contests) |percentage = Votes:&nbsp;11.3%<br />Delegates:&nbsp;7% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = [[John Kasich]] |votes = 4,290,448&nbsp;votes<br />161&nbsp;delegates<br />(1&nbsp;contest) |percentage = Votes:&nbsp;13.8%<br />Delegates:&nbsp;6.5% }} {{Election box end}} {{Election box begin no change |title=[[United States presidential election, 2016]]}} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Republican Party (United States) |candidate = Donald Trump |votes = 62,979,879&nbsp;votes<br />304&nbsp;[[Electoral College (United States)|electors]]<br />(30&nbsp;states + [[Maine's 2nd congressional district|ME-02]]) |percentage = Votes:&nbsp;46.0%<br />Electors:&nbsp;56.5% }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change |party = Democratic Party (United States) |candidate = [[Hillary Clinton]] |votes = 65,844,954&nbsp;votes<br />227&nbsp;electors<br />(20&nbsp;states + [[United States presidential election in the District of Columbia, 2016|DC]]) |percentage = Votes:&nbsp;48.1%<br />Electors:&nbsp;42.2% }} {{Election box end}} == Presidency == {{Main|Presidency of Donald Trump}} {{for timeline|Timeline of the presidency of Donald Trump}} === Transition === {{Main|Presidential transition of Donald Trump}} [[File:JANUS-Tête-à-Tête- Sitting President & President-elect, Barack Obama & Donald Trump squatting next to each other on arm-chairs in the Oval Office on November 10th 2016. (31196987133).jpg|thumb|right|President Obama and President-elect Trump meet in the [[Oval Office]] on November 10, 2016, two days after the election.]] On November 10, President-elect Trump had his first ever meeting with President Obama to discuss plans for a peaceful [[Presidential transition of Donald Trump|transition of power]]. ''The New York Times'' stated that "It was an extraordinary show of cordiality and respect between two men who have been political enemies and are stylistic opposites."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/11/us/politics/white-house-transition-obama-trump.html |title=Trump and Obama Hold Cordial 90-Minute Meeting in Oval Office |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |first=Julie |last=Davis |date=November 10, 2016 |access-date=November 10, 2016}}</ref> The BBC stated that "their antipathy was barely concealed" in "awkward photos" of the meeting.<ref>{{cite news |title=Donald Trump meets Barack Obama – five awkward photos |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-us-2016-37945225 |access-date=January 7, 2017 |publisher=BBC |date=November 10, 2016}}</ref> ==== White House appointments ==== {{Main list|Political appointments of Donald Trump}} Trump's transition team was led by [[Chris Christie]] until November 11, 2016, when Vice President-elect Mike Pence took over.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/donald-trump-replaces-chris-christie-mike-pence-head/story?id=43474352 |title=Donald Trump Replaces Chris Christie With Mike Pence as Head of Transition Team |author1=Keneally, Meghan |author2=Santucci, John |author3=Margolin, Josh |publisher=ABC News |date=November 11, 2016 |access-date=November 17, 2016}}</ref> Since then, Trump has chosen [[Republican National Committee|RNC]] chairman [[Reince Priebus]] as [[White House Chief of Staff]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/14/us/politics/reince-priebus-chief-of-staff-donald-trump.html |title=Donald Trump Picks Reince Priebus as Chief of Staff |first=Michael D. |last1=Shear |first2=Maggie |last2=Haberman |first3=Alan |last3=Rappeport |date=November 13, 2016 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=November 13, 2016}}</ref> and businessman and media executive [[Steve Bannon]] as [[White House Chief Strategist]].<ref>{{cite news |title=President-elect Trump names Steve Bannon and Reince Priebus to his senior White House leadership team |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/president-elect-trumps-choice-for-chief-of-staff-said-to-be-imminent-210448401.html |access-date=November 13, 2016 |website=Yahoo News}}</ref> ==== Cabinet-level nominations ==== Trump's [[Formation of Donald Trump's cabinet|cabinet nominations]] included Alabama Senator [[Jeff Sessions]] as [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]],<ref name=nominations-20161118>{{cite pr |url=https://www.greatagain.gov/news/president-elect-donald-j-trump-selects-us-senator-jeff-sessions-attorney-general-lt-gen-michael.html |title=President Donald J. Trump Selects U.S. Senator Jeff Sessions for Attorney General, Lt. Gen. Michael Flynn as Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and U.S. Rep. Mike Pompeo as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency |location=New York City |publisher=Office of the President Elect and of the Vice President Elect |date=November 18, 2016 |accessdate=November 18, 2016}}</ref> financier [[Steve Mnuchin]] as [[Secretary of the Treasury]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-38141686 |title=Former US banker Steve Mnuchin confirms he will be US treasury secretary |date=November 30, 2016 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=November 30, 2016}}</ref> retired Marine Corps General [[James Mattis]] as [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Lamothe |first=Dan |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/trump-has-chosen-retired-marine-gen-james-mattis-for-secretary-of-defense/2016/12/01/6c6b3b74-aff9-11e6-be1c-8cec35b1ad25_story.html |title=Trump has chosen retired Marine Gen. James Mattis for secretary of defense |work=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=December 1, 2016}}</ref> and [[ExxonMobil]] CEO [[Rex Tillerson]] as [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/12/us/politics/rex-tillerson-secretary-of-state-trump.html|title=Rex Tillerson, Exxon C.E.O., chosen as Secretary of State|date=December 12, 2016|access-date=December 26, 2016}}</ref> Trump also brought on board politicians who had opposed him during the presidential campaign, notably neurosurgeon [[Ben Carson]] as [[Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]],<ref>{{cite news |first=Trip |last=Gabriel |title=Trump Chooses Ben Carson to Lead HUD |date=December 5, 2016 |access-date=December 5, 2016 |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/05/us/politics/ben-carson-housing-urban-development-trump.html}}</ref> and South Carolina Governor [[Nikki Haley]] as [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations|Ambassador to the United Nations]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/sc-gov-nikki-haley-tapped-to-be-trumps-un-ambassador/2016/11/23/c1395cb6-b144-11e6-8616-52b15787add0_story.html |work=[[The Washington Post]] |title=Gov. Nikki Haley tapped to be Trump's U.N. ambassador |date=November 23, 2016 |access-date=November 23, 2016 |first=Robert |last=Costa}}</ref> While most of Trump's nominees were approved by the GOP majority in the Senate, the confirmation of education reform activist [[Betsy DeVos]] as [[United States Secretary of Education|Secretary of Education]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=David |title=Betsy Devos, billionaire philanthropist, picked as Trump education secretary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/23/betsy-devos-education-secretary-trump-administration |access-date=November 23, 2016 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> required Vice President Pence to cast a rare [[List of tie-breaking votes cast by vice presidents of the United States|tie-breaking vote]].<ref>{{cite web | title=DeVos Confirmed as Education Secretary, Pence Casts Historic Tie-Breaking Vote | url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/02/07/devos-confirmed-as-education-secretary-pence-casts-historic-tie-breaking-vote.html | date=February 7, 2017 | publisher=[[Fox News Channel]] | accessdate=February 8, 2017}}</ref> Most cabinet members were unable to take office on [[Inauguration of Donald Trump|Inauguration Day]] because of delays in the formal [[Cabinet of Donald Trump#Confirmation process timeline|confirmation process]]. Part of the lateness was ascribed to delays in submitting background-check paperwork, part to [[obstructionism]] by Senate Democrats.<ref name="zurcher">{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38913709 | title=Reality check: Is Donald Trump's cabinet facing historic obstruction? | last=Zurcher | first=Anthony | date=February 9, 2017 | access-date=February 9, 2017 | publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> The last Cabinet member, [[Robert Lighthizer]], took office as [[U.S. Trade Representative]] on May 11, 2017, more than four months after his nomination.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://thehill.com/policy/finance/332977-lighthizer-confirmed-as-chief-trade-negotiator |title=Senate confirms Trump's chief trade negotiator |last=Needham |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |first=Vicki |date=May 11, 2017 |access-date=May 11, 2017}}</ref> ==== Pre-inauguration events ==== On November 22, Trump outlined his plan for [[First 100 days of Donald Trump's presidency|his first 100 days in office]] in a video posted on [[YouTube]]. The plan included the United States' withdrawal from the [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]] and asking the [[Department of Defense]] to develop a plan to protect the U.S. from [[cyber-attack]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump outlines plan for first 100 days in YouTube video |date=November 22, 2016 |access-date=December 1, 2016 |publisher=[[Fox News Channel]] |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/11/22/trump-outlines-plan-for-first-100-days-in-youtube-video.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DK8lVrcIP-0|title=Donald Trump outlines policy plan for first 100 days – Trump's latest Video Update on Transition|last=Real Entertainment Tube|date=November 21, 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref> On December 7, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' named Trump as its "[[Time Person of the Year|Person of the Year]]".<ref name=PersonYear>{{cite news |last1=Gibbs |first1=Nancy |title=Why Donald Trump is TIME's Person of the Year |url=http://time.com/time-person-of-the-year-2016-donald-trump-choice/ |access-date=December 7, 2016 |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=December 7, 2016}}</ref> In an interview on ''[[The Today Show]]'', he said he was honored by the award, but he took issue with the magazine for referring to him as the "President of the Divided States of America."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kim |first1=Eun Kyung |title=Donald Trump: Mitt Romney is still in the running for secretary of state |url=http://www.today.com/news/donald-trump-mitt-romney-still-running-secretary-state-t105685 |access-date=December 7, 2016 |publisher=TODAY.com |date=December 7, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Davis |first1=Julie Hirschfeld |title=Mitt Romney Still in the Running for Secretary of State, Trump Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/07/us/politics/mitt-romney-donald-trump-secretary-of-state.html |access-date=December 7, 2016 |work=The New York Times|date=December 7, 2016}}</ref> He also opposed ''Time'''s decision to change its "Man of the Year" title to "Person of the Year" in 1999, describing the action as too "politically correct".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Horton|first1=Helena|title=Donald Trump says he would rather be Man of The Year because Person of The Year is 'politically correct'|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/12/10/donald-trump-says-would-rather-man-year-person-year-politically/|access-date=February 3, 2017|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=December 10, 2016}}</ref> On December 13 he was named ''[[Financial Times]]'' [[Financial Times Person of the Year|Person of the Year]].<ref name="FT 2016">{{cite web|last1=Shrimsley|first1=Robert|title=Person of the year: Donald Trump|url=https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/video/person-of-the-year-donald-trump/vp-AAltx27|publisher=MSN|access-date=May 31, 2017|date=December 12, 2016}}</ref> In December 2016, ''[[Forbes]]'' ranked Trump the [[Forbes list of The World's Most Powerful People|second most powerful person in the world]], after [[Vladimir Putin]] and before [[Angela Merkel]].<ref>{{cite news |title= The World's Most Powerful People|url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2016/12/14/the-worlds-most-powerful-people-2016/|newspaper= Forbes|date= December 2016|access-date=December 14, 2016}}</ref> Based on intelligence reports issued from October 2016 to January 2017, the Obama administration [[Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections|accused the Russian government of trying to influence the U.S. presidential election]] in favor of Trump, by supplying the [[2016 Democratic National Committee email leak|DNC emails]] to [[WikiLeaks]] for publication.<ref name="reutersputin">{{cite web|title=Putin turned Russia election hacks in Trump's favor: U.S. officials|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-cyber-idUSKBN1441RS|agency=[[Reuters]]|access-date=December 16, 2016|date=December 15, 2016}}</ref> Trump,<ref>{{cite web |last=Flores |first=Reena |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-weighs-in-on-russia-hacking-election-cia-intelligence/ |title=Donald Trump weighs in on Russia hacking election, CIA intelligence |publisher=CBS News |date=December 11, 2016 |access-date=December 13, 2016}}</ref> WikiLeaks<ref name=assangedenies>{{cite web|title=WikiLeaks' Assange denies Russia behind Podesta hack|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2016/11/julian-assange-russia-john-podesta-wikileaks-230676|website=Politico|date=November 3, 2016|access-date=December 10, 2016}}</ref> and Russian officials<ref name=russiarejects>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-12-15/russia-rejects-as-rubbish-claims-putin-directed-u-s-hacking |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |access-date=December 16, 2016 |date=December 15, 2016 |title=Russia Rejects as 'Rubbish' Claims Putin Directed U.S. Hacking |first1=Henry |last1=Meyer |first2=Stepan |last2=Kravchenko}}</ref> have denied the allegations. === First 100 days === {{Main|First 100 days of Donald Trump's presidency}} [[File:Donald Trump swearing in ceremony.jpg|thumb|right|Trump taking the [[Oath of office of the President of the United States|oath of office]] from Chief Justice [[John Roberts]]]] [[inauguration of Donald Trump|Trump's inauguration]] as the 45th President of the United States was held on Friday, January 20, 2017. In his first week as president, Trump signed six [[List of executive actions by Donald Trump|executive orders]]. His [[Executive Order 13765|first order]] as president set out interim procedures in anticipation of repeal of the [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]] (Obamacare). That same week, Trump withdrew the United States from the [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]], re-instated the [[Mexico City Policy]], reopened the [[Keystone XL]] and [[Dakota Access Pipeline]] construction projects and signed an executive order to begin planning, designing and constructing a new [[Mexico–United States barrier|Mexico border wall]] and reinforce border security.<ref name=exec-summary>{{cite news|last1=Quigley|first1=Aidan|title=All of Trump's executive actions so far|url=http://www.politico.com/agenda/story/2017/01/all-trump-executive-actions-000288|access-date=January 28, 2017|publisher=Politico|date=January 25, 2017}}</ref> On January 31, Trump [[Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination|nominated]] U.S. Appeals Court judge [[Neil Gorsuch]] to fill the vacancy left on the [[United States Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] by the death of Justice [[Antonin Scalia]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-picks-colo-appeals-court-judge-neil-gorsuch-for-supreme-court/2017/01/31/2b08a226-e55e-11e6-a547-5fb9411d332c_story.html |title=Trump picks Colo. appeals court judge Neil Gorsuch for Supreme Court |last=Barnes |first=Robert |date=January 31, 2017 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=February 1, 2017}}</ref> The Senate confirmed the nomination on April 7, with a 54–45 vote.<ref name="JUST IN: Senate Votes to Confirm Neil Gorsuch to Supreme Court">{{cite web|title=JUST IN: Senate Votes to Confirm Neil Gorsuch to Supreme Court|url=http://insider.foxnews.com/2017/04/07/neil-gorsuch-confirmation-vote-count-how-senators-voted-supreme-court-justice|website=[[Fox News|FOX News Insider]]|publisher=FOX News Network, LLC.|access-date=April 18, 2017|date=April 7, 2017|archiveurl=http://archive.is/2017.06.06-001655/http://insider.foxnews.com/2017/04/07/neil-gorsuch-confirmation-vote-count-how-senators-voted-supreme-court-justice|archivedate=June 6, 2017|deadurl=no}}</ref> ==== Immigration orders ==== {{Main|Executive Order 13769|Executive Order 13780}} [[File:Trump signing order January 27.jpg|thumb|left|Trump signing [[Executive Order 13769]] at [[the Pentagon]] as the Vice President and Secretary of Defense look on]] On January 27, President Trump signed an executive order that suspended admission of refugees for 120 days and denied entry to citizens of [[Iraq]], [[Iran]], [[Libya]], [[Somalia]], [[Sudan]], [[Syria]], and [[Yemen]] for 90 days, citing security concerns about terrorism. The following day, thousands of protesters gathered at airports and other locations throughout the United States to protest the signing of the order and detainment of the foreign nationals.<ref>{{cite news |last=Powell |first=Rebeka |date=January 29, 2017 |title=Protesters descend on US airports rallying against Trump's immigration policies |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-29/protesters-descend-on-us-aiports-to-protest-immigration-policies/8221070 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Sydney, Australia |access-date=January 30, 2017}}</ref> Later, the administration seemed to reverse a portion of part of the order, effectively exempting visitors with a [[Permanent residence (United States)|green card]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=D. Shear|first1=Michael|last2=Cooper|first2=Helene|title=Trump Bars Refugees and Citizens of 7 Muslim Countries|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/27/us/politics/trump-syrian-refugees.html|access-date=January 28, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=January 27, 2017}}</ref><ref name=Shear>Shear, Michael. [https://mobile.nytimes.com/2017/01/29/us/politics/white-house-official-in-reversal-says-green-card-holders-wont-be-barred.html "White House Official, in Reversal, Says Green Card Holders Won't Be Barred"], ''[[The New York Times]]'' (January 29, 2017).</ref> Two Iraqi nationals detained upon arrival filed a complaint.<ref>{{cite news|last1=de Vogue|first1=Ariane|title=Judge halts implementation of Trump's immigration order|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/28/politics/2-iraqis-file-lawsuit-after-being-detained-in-ny-due-to-travel-ban/index.html|access-date=January 29, 2017|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=January 28, 2017}}</ref> Several federal judges issued rulings that curtailed parts of the immigration order, stopping the federal government from deporting visitors already affected.<ref name=Shear /> On March 6, 2017, Trump issued a [[Executive Order 13780|revised executive order]], that, among other differences with the original order, excluded Iraq, visa-holders, and [[Permanent residence (United States)|permanent residents]] from the temporary suspension and did not differentiate Syrian refugees from refugees from other countries.<ref name="Chakraborty3/6/17">{{cite web | last1=Chakraborty | first1=Barnini | title=Trump Signs New Immigration Order, Narrows Scope of Travel Ban | url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/03/06/trump-signs-new-immigration-order-narrows-scope-travel-ban.html | date=March 6, 2017 | publisher=[[Fox News Channel]] | access-date=March 6, 2017}}</ref> === Dismissal of James Comey === {{Main|Dismissal of James Comey|Comey memos}} On May 9, 2017, Trump dismissed FBI Director [[James Comey]], attributing the action to recommendations from Attorney General [[Jeff Sessions]] and [[United States Deputy Attorney General|Deputy AG]] [[Rod Rosenstein]],<ref name=Apuzzo>{{cite news|last1=Michael D. Shear|last2=[[Matt Apuzzo]]|title=TRUMP FIRES COMEY AMID RUSSIA INQUIRY — Clinton Email Investigation Cited — Democrats Seek Special Counsel|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/09/us/politics/james-comey-fired-fbi.html|access-date=May 10, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=May 10, 2017|page=A1}}</ref> which criticized Comey's conduct in the investigation about [[Hillary Clinton email controversy#October 2016 – Additional investigation|Hillary Clinton's emails]].<ref name=Guardian-20170509>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/may/09/james-comey-fbi-fired-donald-trump|title=Donald Trump fires FBI director Comey over handling of Clinton investigation|last=Smith|first=David|date=May 9, 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=May 9, 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> On May 11, Trump stated that he was concerned with the ongoing "Russia thing"<ref name=Barrett-20170511>{{cite news |last1=Barrett |first1=Devlin |last2=Rucker |first2=Philip |title=Trump said he was thinking of Russia controversy when he decided to fire Comey |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/trump-says-fbi-director-comey-told-him-three-times-he-wasnt-under-investigation-once-in-a-phone-call-initiated-by-the-president/2017/05/11/2b384c9a-3669-11e7-b4ee-434b6d506b37_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=May 11, 2017 |access-date=May 12, 2017}}</ref> and that he had intended to fire Comey earlier.<ref name=theweek-20170511>{{cite news|url=http://theweek.com/speedreads/698368/president-trump-just-completely-contradicted-official-white-house-account-comey-firing|title=President Trump just completely contradicted the official White House account of the Comey firing|date=May 11, 2017|work=The Week|access-date=May 11, 2017}}</ref> According to a [[Comey memo]] of a private conversation on February 14, 2017, Trump said he "hoped" Comey would drop the investigation into [[Michael Flynn]],<ref name="Wilber">{{cite web |last1=Wilber |first1=Del Quentin |last2=Viswanatha |first2=Aruna |title=Trump Asked Comey to Drop Flynn Investigation, According to Memo Written by Former FBI Director |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-asked-comey-to-drop-flynn-investigation-according-to-memo-written-by-former-fbi-director-1494974774 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=May 16, 2017 |access-date=May 16, 2017}}</ref> who had been forced to resign as [[National Security Advisor]] after it was discovered that he had misled the Vice President about communications with Russian ambassador [[Sergey Kislyak]]. In March and April, Trump had told Comey that the ongoing suspicions formed a "cloud" impairing his presidency,<ref name="comeytestimony">{{cite web|last1=Comey|first1=James|title=Statement for the Record Senate Select Committee on Intelligence|url=https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/os-jcomey-060817.pdf|website=United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence|publisher=United States Government|accessdate=June 7, 2017|pages=7|format=pdf|date=June 8, 2017}}</ref> and asked him to tell the public that he was not personally under investigation.<ref name="schmidt">{{cite news |last1=Schmidt|first1=Michael S.|last2=Goldman|first2=Adam|title=Comey to Testify Trump Pressured Him to Say He Wasn't Under Investigation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/07/us/politics/james-comey-statement-testimony.html|accessdate=June 7, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=June 7, 2017}}</ref> He also asked [[Director of National Intelligence|DNI]] [[Dan Coats]] and [[Director of the National Security Agency|NSA Director]] [[Michael S. Rogers|Michael Rogers]] to issue statements saying there was no evidence that his campaign colluded with Russia during the 2016 election.<ref name=Sciutto>{{cite news|last1=Sciutto|first1=Jim|last2=Watkins|first2=Eli|title=Trump asked DNI, NSA to deny evidence of Russia collusion|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/22/politics/donald-trump-intelligence-community/index.html|work=CNN|date=May 23, 2017}}</ref> Both refused, considering this an inappropriate request, although not illegal.<ref name=Dilanian>{{cite news|last1=Dilanian|first1=Ken|last2=Windrem|first2=Robert|title=Trump Asked Top Intel Officials to Push Back Publicly on Russia Probe|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/trump-asked-top-intel-officials-push-back-publicly-russia-probe-n763336|work=NBC News|date=May 22, 2017}}</ref> Comey eventually testified on June 8 that while he was director, the FBI investigations did not target Trump himself.<ref name="comeytestimony" /><ref name=nyt-20110608>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/08/us/politics/trump-speech-faith-freedom-coalition.html |title=‘I Was Right’: As Trump Watches Comey on TV, Anxiety Yields to Relief |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |first1=Glenn |last1=Thrush |first2=Maggie |last2=Haberman |date=8 June 2017 |accessdate=9 June 2017}}</ref> ''The Washington Post'' later reported that within days of Comey's dismissal, the FBI started investigating whether Trump had obstructed justice.<ref name=Vitkovskaya>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2017/06/15/the-president-is-under-investigation-for-obstruction-of-justice-how-did-we-get-here/ |title=Trump Is Officially under Investigation. How Did We Get Here? |work=[[The Washington Post]] |last=Vitkovskaya |first=Julie |date=June 16, 2017 |accessdate=June 16, 2017 |quote=Trump is officially under investigation... Special counsel investigating Trump for possible obstruction of justice... The president is being investigated...}}</ref> Trump's lawyer [[Jay Sekulow]] stated that he had not been notified of any such investigation.<ref>{{cite interview |last=Sekulow |first=Jay |author-link=Jay Sekulow |interviewer=[[John Dickerson (journalist)|John Dickerson]] |title=Transcript: Jay Sekulow on "Face the Nation," June 18, 2017 |work=[[Face the Nation]] |publisher=[[CBS News]] |date=June 18, 2017 |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/transcript-jay-sekulow-on-face-the-nation-june-18-2017/ |access-date=June 19, 2017 | quote= SEKULOW: The president is not and has not been under investigation. <br/> DICKERSON: How do you know? <br/> SEKULOW: Because we've received no notice of investigation. There has been no notification from the special counsel's office that the president is under investigation.}}</ref> ''ABC News'' later reported that the special counsel is gathering preliminary information about possible obstruction of justice but has not launched a full-scale investigation.<ref name="thomas17">{{cite news |last=Thomas |first=Pierre |date=June 19, 2017 |title=Where Things Stand with Special Counsel Mueller’s Russia Probe |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/things-stand-special-counsel-muellers-russia-probe/story?id=48142304 |newspaper=ABC News |quote=According to sources familiar with the process ... [a]n assessment of evidence and circumstances will be completed before a final decision is made to launch an investigation of the president of the United States regarding potential obstruction of justice.}}</ref> === Domestic policy === ==== Energy ==== Trump's energy policy advocates domestic industrial support for both fossil and renewable energy sources in order to curb reliance on Middle-Eastern oil and possibly turn the U.S. into a net energy exporter.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/press-releases/an-america-first-energy-plan |title=An America first energy plan |date=May 26, 2016 |access-date=December 3, 2016}}</ref> [[Political appointments of Donald Trump|His appointed advisers]] favor a less regulated energy market and, because they do not consider [[climate change]] a threat, see no need for immediate action.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/trumps-energy-policy-team-includes-climate-change-skeptic-free-market-advocate/2016/11/29/86e52004-b5a4-11e6-b8df-600bd9d38a02_story.html |title=Trump's energy policy team includes climate change skeptic, free-market advocate |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |first=Steven |last=Mufson |date=November 29, 2016 |access-date=December 3, 2016}}</ref> ====Climate change==== {{Main|Environmental policy under the Trump administration}} Trump does not accept the [[scientific consensus on climate change]].<ref name="ParkerDavenport">{{cite news |first1=Ashley |last1=Parker |first2=Coral |last2=Davenport |title=Donald Trump's Energy Plan: More Fossil Fuels and Fewer Rules |date=May 26, 2016 |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/27/us/politics/donald-trump-global-warming-energy-policy.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Jason |last=Samenow |title=Donald Trump's unsettling nonsense on weather and climate |date=March 22, 2016 |website=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/03/22/donald-trumps-unsettling-nonsense-on-weather-and-climate/}}</ref> In 2012, he said that [[global warming]] was a hoax invented by the Chinese, but later said that he was joking.<ref name="MEhren2" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/jan/24/bernie-s/yes-donald-trump-really-did-tweet-climate-change-h/ |title=What Donald Trump said about the Chinese inventing the 'hoax' of climate change |publisher=[[PolitiFact.com]] |access-date=May 16, 2016}}</ref> He has called the [[EPA|Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)]] a "disgrace" and has threatened to cut its budget.<ref>{{cite news|first=Nelson D.|last=Schwartz|date=May 21, 2016|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/22/business/economic-promises-a-president-trump-could-and-couldnt-keep.html|title=Economic Promises a President Trump Could (and Couldn't) Keep|work=The New York Times|access-date=May 22, 2016}}</ref> Trump pledged to eliminate the [[Clean Power Plan]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rivkin |first1=David B. Jr. |last2=Grossman |first2=Andrew M. |title=Trump Can Ax the Clean Power Plan by Executive Order |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-can-ax-the-clean-power-plan-by-executive-order-1479679923 |access-date=November 25, 2016 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=November 20, 2016}}</ref> and withdraw from the [[Paris Agreement|Paris Climate Agreement]], which calls for reductions in carbon emissions in more than 170 countries.<ref name=autogeneratedlcv>{{cite web |url=http://www.lcv.org/assets/docs/presidential-candidates-on.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018073305/http://www.lcv.org/assets/docs/presidential-candidates-on.pdf | archivedate=October 18, 2016 |title=In Their Own Words: 2016 Presidential Candidates on Climate Change |format=PDF |access-date=July 12, 2016}}</ref> After winning the presidency, Trump said he had an "open mind" towards the Paris agreement,<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/11/what-does-trump-think-about-climate-change-he-doesnt-know-either/508541/ |title=What Does Trump Think About Climate Change? He Doesn't Know Either |work=[[The Atlantic]] |first=Robinson |last=Meyer |date=November 22, 2016 |access-date=November 26, 2016}}</ref> but on June 1, 2017, he announced that [[United States Withdraw From Paris Agreement|the United States would withdraw from the Paris agreement]], making the United States one of only three nations, including Syria and Nicaragua, to do so.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/01/politics/trump-paris-climate-decision/index.html|title=Trump on Paris accord: 'We're getting out'|last1=Liptak|first1=Kevin|last2=Acosta|first2=Jim|date=June 1, 2017|publisher=CNN|access-date=June 1, 2017}}</ref> ==== Immigration ==== {{Main|Immigration policy of Donald Trump}} [[File:POTUS visits DHS (31741970743).jpg|thumb|Trump speaking with Vice President Mike Pence and Secretary of Homeland Security [[John F. Kelly]] on January 25, 2017]] Trump's immigration policies were intensely discussed during the campaign. Trump vowed to build a more substantial [[Mexico–United States barrier|wall]] on the [[Mexico–United States border]] to keep out [[illegal immigrants]], a wall which Trump promised Mexico would pay for.<ref name="Jenna Johnson">{{cite news |first=Jenna |last=Johnson |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/05/13/trump-all-policy-proposals-are-just-flexible-suggestions/ |title=Trump: All policy proposals are just flexible suggestions |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=May 13, 2016}}</ref><ref>Hamilton, Keegan. "[https://news.vice.com/story/the-us-already-has-a-border-wall-and-its-basically-useless The US already has a border wall and it's basically useless]", [[Vice News]] (November 3, 2016).</ref><ref>Maachi, Victoria et al. [http://www.voanews.com/a/donald-trump-shifting-from-campaign-promises/3609139.html "President-elect Trump Shifts Positions on Some Campaign Promises"], [[Voice of America]] (November 24, 2016): "Nearly a third of the 3,200-kilometer (2,000-mile) border between the U.S. and Mexico already has a border wall of some type."</ref> He pledged to massively deport [[Illegal immigrant population of the United States|illegal immigrants residing in the United States]],<ref name="CBC_August29_2015">{{cite web|title=Donald Trump emphasizes plans to build 'real' wall at Mexico border|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/donald-trump-emphasizes-plans-to-build-real-wall-at-mexico-border-1.3196807|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=September 29, 2015|date=August 19, 2015}}</ref> and criticized [[Birthright citizenship in the United States|birthright citizenship]] as it creates "[[anchor babies]]".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2015/08/donald-trump-has-some-thoughts-about-the-constitution |title=Donald Trump: The 14th Amendment is Unconstitutional |work=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] |date=August 19, 2015 |access-date=November 22, 2015 |first=Inae |last=Oh}}</ref> He said the focus of deportation would be criminals, those who have overstayed their visas, and other "security threats".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://abc13.com/politics/trump-vows-no-amnesty-in-immigration-speech/1493776/|title=Trump retreats on deportations, vows no amnesty|date=September 1, 2016|agency=Associated Press|access-date=September 2, 2016}}</ref> Following the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]], Trump made a controversial proposal to completely ban Muslim non-citizens from entering the United States until stronger vetting systems could be implemented.<ref>{{cite news |first=Eugene |last=Scott |title=Trump: My Muslim friends don't support my immigration ban |date=December 13, 2015 |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/13/politics/donald-trump-muslim-ban-state-of-the-union/}}</ref><ref name=Barro>{{cite news |first=Josh |last=Barro |title=How Unpopular Is Trump's Muslim Ban? Depends How You Ask |date=December 15, 2015 |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/16/upshot/how-unpopular-is-trumps-muslim-ban-depends-how-you-ask.html |quote=Donald J. Trump's proposal to bar Muslim noncitizens from entering the United States&nbsp;...}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Jill |last1=Colvin |first2=Bill |last2=Barrow |title=Donald Trump's supporters see plenty of sense in views that his critics denounce |date=December 14, 2015 |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2015-12-14/trump-supporters-shrug-off-the-fuss-say-he-gets-it |quote=He said American citizens, including Muslim members of the military, would be exempt, as would certain world leaders and athletes coming to the U.S. to compete. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605135824/https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2015-12-14/trump-supporters-shrug-off-the-fuss-say-he-gets-it |archivedate=June 5, 2016}}</ref> Later in 2016 he stated that the ban would apply only to people originating from countries with a "proven history of terrorism against the United States or its allies", or countries "compromised by terrorism".<ref name=Scots>Johnson, Jenna. [http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/ct-donald-trump-muslim-ban-20160625-story.html "Trump now says Muslim ban only applies to those from terrorism-heavy countries"], ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' (June 25, 2016): "[A] reporter asked Trump if [he] would be OK with a Muslim from Scotland coming into the United States and he said it 'wouldn't bother me.' Afterward, [spokeswoman] Hicks said in an email that Trump's ban would now just apply to Muslims in terror states&nbsp;..."</ref><ref>Detrow, Scott. [http://www.npr.org/2016/06/13/481910989/trump-expands-immigration-ban-to-countries-with-proven-history-of-terrorism Trump Calls To Ban Immigration From Countries With 'Proven History Of Terrorism'], [[NPR]] (June 13, 2016): "I will suspend immigration from areas of the world where there's a proven history of terrorism against the United States, Europe or our allies until we fully understand how to end these threats."</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/07/22/us/politics/trump-immigration-ban-how-could-it-work.html |title=Trump Vows to Stop Immigration From Nations 'Compromised' by Terrorism. How Could It Work? |last=Park |first=Haeyoun |date=July 22, 2016 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331|access-date=July 25, 2016}}</ref> In late January 2017, Trump issued [[Executive Order 13769|an executive order]] banning the admission of immigrants from seven predominantly Muslim countries.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Sabrina|title=Trump signs 'extreme vetting' executive order for people entering the US|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/27/donald-trump-muslim-refugee-ban-executive-action|access-date=March 18, 2017|work=The Guardian|date=January 27, 2017}}</ref> The order was imposed without warning and took effect immediately;<ref name="BBC.March.6.17">{{cite news|title=Trump signs new travel ban directive|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-39183153|access-date=March 18, 2017|publisher=BBC News|date=March 6, 2017}}</ref> the measure caused chaos at many airports, with consecutive days of mass protest afflicting major airports in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Grinberg|first1=Emanuella|last2=Park|first2=Madison|title=2nd day of protests over Trump's immigration policies|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/01/29/politics/us-immigration-protests/|access-date=March 18, 2017|publisher=CNN|date=January 30, 2017}}</ref> Multiple legal challenges were filed against the order, and a federal court blocked its implementation.<ref name="BBC.March.6.17" /> In early March 2017, Trump issued a [[Executive Order 13780|revised order]] into law, which excluded [[Iraq]], gave specific exemptions for [[Permanent residence (United States)|permanent residents]], no priorities for religious minorities (e.g. Christian refugees) and a week was given to implement legislation.<ref name="Chakraborty3/6/17" /><ref name="BBC.March.6.17" /> ==== Social issues ==== {{Main|Social policy of Donald Trump}} Trump is conservative, describes himself as [[pro-life]] and generally opposes [[abortion]]; exceptions are made in cases of [[rape]], [[incest]], and circumstances endangering the health of the mother.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/04/21/politics/donald-trump-republican-platform-abortion/ |title=Trump: I would change GOP platform on abortion |last=Wright |first=David |date=April 21, 2016 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> He has said that he is committed to [[Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates|appointing justices]] who would try to overturn the ruling in ''[[Roe v. Wade]]''.<ref name="60min" /> He personally supports "traditional marriage"<ref name="MEhren2">{{cite news |first=Max |last=Ehrenfreund |title=Here's what Donald Trump really believes |date=July 22, 2015 |website=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/07/22/heres-what-donald-trump-really-believes/}}</ref> but considers the nationwide legality of [[Same-sex marriage in the United States|same-sex marriage]] a "settled" issue.<ref name="60min">{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/14/politics/trump-gay-marriage-abortion-supreme-court/ |title=Trump: Same-sex marriage is 'settled,' but Roe v Wade can be changed |work=[[60 Minutes]] |publisher=[[CBS]] |via=[[CNN]] |first=Ariane |last=de Vogue |date=November 15, 2016 |access-date=November 30, 2016}}</ref> Trump supports a broad interpretation of the [[Second Amendment to the United States Constitution|Second Amendment]] and says he is opposed to [[gun control]] in general,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newsweek.com/brief-history-donald-trumps-stance-gun-rights-461705 |title=A brief history of Donald Trump's stance on gun rights |work=Newsweek |last=Gorman |first=Michele |date=May 20, 2016}}</ref><ref name="OWSAR">{{cite web|title=Second Amendment Rights|url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/positions/second-amendment-rights|website=Donald J. Trump for President|access-date=May 22, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107050849/https://www.donaldjtrump.com/positions/second-amendment-rights|archivedate=January 7, 2016|quote=There has been a national background check system in place since 1998&nbsp;... Too many states are failing to put criminal and mental health records into the system&nbsp;... What we need to do is fix the system we have and make it work as intended.}}</ref> although his views have shifted over time.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/06/20/politics/donald-trump-gun-positions-nra-orlando/ |title=The times Trump changed his positions on guns |publisher=CNN |date=June 20, 2016 |first=Gregory |last=Krieg}}</ref> Trump opposes [[Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction|legalizing recreational marijuana]] but supports legalizing [[medical cannabis|medical marijuana]].<ref name="Cannabis">February 27, 2015. (Excerpt from Donald Trump Remarks at CPAC). [http://www.c-span.org/video/?c4541840/donald-trump-marijuana Donald Trump on Marijuana.] ''C-Span''. Retrieved October 21, 2015.</ref> He favors [[Capital punishment in the United States|capital punishment]],<ref name="Cop_killers">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/10/politics/donald-trump-police-officers-death-penalty/ |title=Trump: Death penalty for cop killers |date=December 11, 2015 |publisher=CNN |last1=Diamond |first1=Jeremy |access-date=March 15, 2016}}</ref><ref name="FullPageAd1989">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/01/nyregion/angered-by-attack-trump-urges-return-of-the-death-penalty.html |title=Angered by Attack, Trump Urges Return Of the Death Penalty |date=May 1, 1989 |work=The New York Times |last1=Foderaro |first1=Lisa |access-date=March 15, 2016}}</ref> as well as the use of [[waterboarding]].<ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite news |last1=McCarthy |first1=Tom |title=Donald Trump: I'd bring back 'a hell of a lot worse than waterboarding' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/feb/06/donald-trump-waterboarding-republican-debate-torture |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=February 8, 2016}}</ref><ref name="ABC News">{{cite news |title=Ted Cruz, Donald Trump Advocate Bringing Back Waterboarding |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/video/ted-cruz-donald-trump-advocate-bringing-back-waterboarding-36764410 |publisher=ABC News |date=February 6, 2016 |access-date=February 9, 2016}}</ref> ==== Health care ==== In 1999, Trump told ''[[Larry King Live]]'' that "I believe in universal healthcare."<ref name="Kertscher">{{cite web |last1=Kertscher |first1=Tom |title=Donald Trump wants to replace Obamacare with a single-payer health care system, GOP congressman says |url=http://www.politifact.com/wisconsin/statements/2015/sep/11/reid-ribble/donald-trump-wants-replace-obamacare-single-payer-/ |website=Politifact Wisconsin |access-date=January 12, 2017 |date=September 11, 2015}}</ref> Trump's 2000 book, ''The America We Deserve'', argued strongly for a [[single-payer healthcare]] system based on the [[Comparison of the healthcare systems in Canada and the United States|Canadian model]],<ref name="AWD2000">{{cite book |last1=Trump |first1=Donald |title=The America We Deserve |date=2000 |publisher=Renaissance Books |location=Los Angeles, California |isbn=978-1-58063-131-0 |pages=258–278 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PV6qZU_xev8C&pg=PT258 |access-date=January 12, 2017}}</ref> and has voiced admiration for the [[NHS Scotland|Scottish National Health Service]].<ref name="Kertscher" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Millward|first1=David|title=Trump under attack as he praises NHS care|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/11789000/Trump-under-attack-as-praises-NHS-care.html|access-date=January 25, 2017|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=August 7, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Learmonth|first1=Andrew|title=US presidential hope Donald Trump hails the NHS in Scotland|url=http://www.thenational.scot/news/14898942.US_presidential_hope_Donald_Trump_hails_the_NHS_in_Scotland/|access-date=January 25, 2017|work=The National|date=August 8, 2015}}</ref> However, Trump has repeatedly vowed to repeal and replace [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act|Obamacare]].<ref name="Kodjak">{{cite news |last1=Kodjak |first1=Alison |title=Trump Can Kill Obamacare With Or Without Help From Congress |url=http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/11/09/501203831/trump-can-kill-obamacare-with-or-without-help-from-congress |access-date=January 12, 2017 |work=All Things Considered |publisher=NPR |date=November 9, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Walsh">{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Deirdre |last2=Lee |first2=MJ |title=Trump wants Obamacare repeal 'quickly,' but Republicans aren't ready |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/10/politics/paul-ryan-obamacare-repeal-and-replace/index.html |access-date=January 12, 2017 |publisher=CNN |date=January 10, 2017}}</ref> In March 2016, Trump's campaign released a platform summary which included a variety of [[Free market healthcare|free-market health reforms]] including provisions to allow health insurance to be sold across state lines, enable individuals to deduct health insurance premiums, expand health savings accounts, and give more control of Medicaid to the states.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Levey |first1=Noam |title=Trump promised a 'beautiful' healthcare plan, but it's pretty basic |url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-trump-healthcare-20160303-story.html |access-date=June 4, 2016 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=March 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Healthcare Reform to Make America Great Again |url=https://www.donaldjtrump.com/positions/healthcare-reform |website=Donald J. Trump for President |access-date=January 13, 2017 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113005945/https://www.donaldjtrump.com/positions/healthcare-reform |archivedate=January 13, 2017 |df=mdy}}</ref> Trump aims to streamline the [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|Department of Veterans Affairs]], getting rid of [[Veterans Health Administration scandal of 2014|backlogs and waitlists]], and upgrading relevant facilities.<ref name="Veterans Administration Reforms">Shane, Leo. [http://www.militarytimes.com/articles/2017-watch-trump-va-reforms "New in 2017: Trump takes on veterans health care reform"], ''[[Sightline Media Group|Military Times]]'' (December 29, 2016).</ref> On his first Monday in office, Trump issued a federal hiring freeze on the VA.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Slack|first1=Donovan|title=Trump hiring freeze includes the short-staffed VA|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/01/24/trump-hiring-freeze-includes-veterans-affairs/96999464/|access-date=January 25, 2017|work=[[USA TODAY]]|date=January 24, 2017}}</ref> ==== Education ==== Trump has stated his support for [[school choice]] and local control for primary and secondary schools.<ref>{{cite web |title=Donald Trump on School Choice |url=http://www.americanprinciplesinaction.org/apia-education/education/school-choice/donald-trump-on-school-choice/ |website=American Principles in Action |access-date=November 25, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125105242/http://www.americanprinciplesinaction.org/apia-education/education/school-choice/donald-trump-on-school-choice/ |archivedate=November 25, 2015}}</ref> He opposes the [[Common Core State Standards Initiative]] for primary and secondary schools,<ref name="Announcement1">[http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/06/16/trump-sets-record-for-longest-2016-gop-announcement-speech/ Trump sets record for longest 2016 GOP announcement speech]. Fox News Channel, June 16, 2015</ref> and has called Common Core "a disaster" that must be ended.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/schooled/2016/01/26/donald_trump_releases_education_video_condemns_common_core.html |title=Trump Releases Video Airing His Completely Vague Views on Education and Common Core |last=Moser |first=Laura |work=Slate |date=January 26, 2016}}</ref> He has stated he would abolish all or part of the [[United States Department of Education|Department of Education]].<ref>Richwine, Jason (October 23, 2015). [http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/425991/why-not-abolish-department-education-jason-richwine Why Not Abolish the Department of Education?] ''National Review''. Retrieved July 27, 2016.</ref> ==== Economy and trade ==== {{Main|Economic policy of Donald Trump}} [[File:Donald Trump in Ypsilanti (33998674940) (cropped2).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Trump speaking to automobile workers in Michigan in March 2017]] Trump's campaign tax plan called for levelling the [[Corporate tax in the United States#Tax rates|corporate tax]] rate to 15%, eliminating various business loopholes and deductions,<ref name="Donaldjtrump.com" /> and reducing the number of brackets for personal income tax: the top rate would be reduced from 39.6% to 25%, a large "zero bracket" would be created, and the [[alternative minimum tax]] and [[estate tax]] (which currently applies to individual estates over $5.45&nbsp;million or $10.9&nbsp;million per married couple) would both be eliminated.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://taxfoundation.org/article/details-and-analysis-donald-trump-s-tax-plan |title=Details and Analysis of Donald Trump's Tax Plan |publisher=The Tax Foundation |access-date=July 17, 2016}}</ref> His comments about the [[Minimum wage in the United States|minimum wage]] have been inconsistent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/may/19/donald-trump/donald-trump-wrong-elizabeth-warren-lied-saying-he/ |title=Elizabeth Warren gets better of Donald Trump on his stance on abolishing federal minimum wage |last=Jacobson |first=Louis |date=May 19, 2016 |publisher=[[PolitiFact.com]] |access-date=May 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/jul/26/bernie-s/sanders-trump-would-allow-states-lower-minimum-wag/ |title=Sanders: Trump would allow states to lower the minimum wage |last=Greenberg |first=Jon |date=July 26, 2016 |publisher=[[PolitiFact.com]] |access-date=July 27, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/jul/28/donald-trump/donald-trump-gets-full-flop-stance-minimum-wage/ |title=Donald Trump gets a Full Flop for stance on minimum wage |last=Jacobson |first=Louis |date=July 28, 2016 |publisher=[[PolitiFact.com]] |access-date=July 30, 2016}}</ref> Trump identifies as a "[[free trade]]r", but says that trade must be "reasonably fair".<ref name="Haberman">{{cite news |first=Maggie |last=Haberman |title=Donald Trump Says He Favors Big Tariffs on Chinese Exports |date=January 7, 2016 |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2016/01/07/donald-trump-says-he-favors-big-tariffs-on-chinese-exports/}}</ref> He has often been called a "[[protectionist]]",<ref>{{cite news |url=http://business.financialpost.com/fp-comment/lawrence-solomon-donald-trumps-protectionism-fits-right-in-with-republicans |title=Lawrence Solomon: Donald Trump's protectionism fits right in with Republicans |access-date=July 22, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/donald-trump-lays-out-protectionist-views-in-trade-speech-1467145538 |title=Donald Trump Lays Out Protectionist Views in Trade Speech |last=Epstein |first=Reid J. |date=June 28, 2016 |last2=Nelson |first2=Colleen McCain |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660|access-date=July 22, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/11/us/politics/-trade-donald-trump-breaks-200-years-economic-orthodoxy-mercantilism.html |title=On Trade, Donald Trump Breaks With 200 Years of Economic Orthodoxy |last=Appelbaum |first=Binyamin |date=March 10, 2016 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331|access-date=July 22, 2016}}</ref> because of his criticism of [[NAFTA]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-calls-nafta-a-disaster/ |title=Trump calls NAFTA a "disaster" |date=September 25, 2015 |work=60 Minutes, CBS}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/2016/07/06/news/economy/trump-nafta/|title=Election 2016: Your money, your vote. Yes, 'President Trump' really could kill NAFTA&nbsp;– but it wouldn't be pretty |date=July 6, 2016 |access-date=September 1, 2016 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> the [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]] (TPP),<ref name="latimes.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-japan-trump-president-20160625-snap-story.html |title=President Trump? Among U.S. allies, Japan may be one of the most anxious about that idea |date=June 26, 2016 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=July 12, 2016}}</ref> and his proposal to raise tariffs on [[List of the largest trading partners of the United States|Chinese and Mexican exports to the United States]] significantly.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/trumps-contempt-for-the-free-market/2015/10/21/2f61d87c-7815-11e5-bc80-9091021aeb69_story.html |title=Donald Trump's contempt for the free market |last=Lane |first=Charles |date=October 21, 2015 |newspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286|access-date=July 22, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2016/01/07/donald-trump-says-he-favors-big-tariffs-on-chinese-exports/ |title=Donald Trump Says He Favors Big Tariffs on Chinese Exports |last=Haberman |first=Maggie |date=January 7, 2016 |website=The New York Times&nbsp;— First Draft|access-date=July 22, 2016}}</ref> He has also been critical of the [[World Trade Organization]], threatening to leave unless his proposed tariffs are accepted.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/2016-conventions/trump-i-m-running-against-hillary-not-rest-world-n615581 |title=Trump: I'm Running Against Clinton, Not 'Rest of the World' |access-date=July 31, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://thehill.com/policy/finance/289005-trump-suggests-leaving-wto-over-import-tax-proposal |title=Trump suggests leaving WTO over import tax proposal |last=Needham |first=Vicki |date=July 24, 2016 |access-date=July 31, 2016}}</ref> However, Trump has been very keen to support a "fair" post-[[Brexit]] trade deal with the [[United Kingdom]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stelloh|first1=Tim|title=Donald Trump promises post-Brexit Britain a 'fair' trade deal|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/brexit-referendum/donald-trump-promises-post-brexit-britain-fair-trade-deal-n707176|access-date=May 31, 2017|publisher=NBC News|date=January 15, 2017}}</ref> which Trump says would be "good for both sides".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shaw|first1=Adam|title=Trump vows to strike post-Brexit deal with UK, rips EU as 'vehicle for Germany'|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/01/16/trump-vows-to-strike-post-brexit-deal-with-uk-rips-eu-as-vehicle-for-germany.html|access-date=May 31, 2017|publisher=Fox News Channel|date=January 16, 2017}}</ref> ====Government size and deregulation==== Trump's early policies have favored [[deregulation]] and a smaller federal government. He became the first president in sixteen years to sign a [[Congressional Review Act]] disapproval resolution; the law had been used only once before.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Adriance | first1=Sam | title=President Trump Signs First Congressional Review Act Disapproval Resolution in 16 Years | url=http://www.natlawreview.com/article/president-trump-signs-first-congressional-review-act-disapproval-resolution-16-years | date=February 16, 2017 | publisher=[[The National Law Review]] | access-date=March 8, 2017}}</ref> During his first six weeks in office, he abolished ninety federal regulations.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Farand | first1=Chloe | title=Donald Trump Disassembles 90 Federal State Regulations in Just Over a Month in White House | url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-federal-state-regulations-month-oval-office-white-house-us-president-deregulate-a7614031.html | date=March 6, 2017 | work=[[The Independent]] | access-date=March 7, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Trump-Era Trend: Industries Protest. Regulations Rolled Back. A Dozen Examples | url=https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3480299-10-Examples-Industries-Push-Followed-by-Trump.html#document/p60/a341284 | publisher=''[[The New York Times]]'' (via [[DocumentCloud]]) | access-date=March 7, 2017 | date=March 5, 2017 |quotation=More than 90 Obama-era federal regulations have been revoked or delayed or enforcement has been suspended, in many cases based on requests from the industries the rules target.}}</ref> On January 23, 2017, Trump ordered a [[2017 United States federal hiring freeze|temporary government-wide hiring freeze]], which allows for exceptions, primarily for jobs deemed vital for national security or public safety reasons.<ref name="NYT_federal-hiring-freeze_2017">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/23/us/politics/federal-hiring-freeze.html |title=Trump Orders Broad Hiring Freeze for Federal Government |author=Michael D. Shear |date=January 23, 2017 |access-date=January 23, 2017 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="Fox_News_2017_hiring-freeze">{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/01/24/trump-orders-hiring-freeze-for-much-federal-government.html |publisher=[[Fox News Channel]] |title=Trump Orders Hiring Freeze for Much of Federal Government |date=January 24, 2017 |access-date=March 6, 2017}}</ref> The [[Comptroller General of the United States|Comptroller General]] of the [[Government Accountability Office]] told a [[United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform|House committee]] that hiring freezes have not proven to be effective in reducing costs.<ref name="eyoder">{{cite news |last=Yoder |first=Eric |title=Hiring freeze could add to government's risk, GAO chief warns |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=February 16, 2017 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2017/02/16/hiring-freeze-could-add-to-governments-risk-gao-chief-warns/ |quotation='We've looked at hiring freezes in the past by prior administrations and they haven't proven to be effective in reducing costs and they cause some problems if they're in effect for a long period of time,' Comptroller General Gene Dodaro told a House Oversight and Government Reform Committee hearing.}}</ref> Unlike some past freezes, the current freeze bars agencies from adding contractors to make up for employees leaving.<ref name="eyoder" /> A week later Trump signed [[Executive Order 13771]], directing administrative agencies to repeal two existing regulations for every new regulation they issue.<ref>{{cite web | title=Trump Signs Executive Order to Drastically Cut Federal Regs | url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/01/30/trump-signs-executive-order-to-drastically-cut-federal-regs.html | date=January 30, 2017 | publisher=[[Fox News Channel]] | access-date=March 6, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=The White House, Office of the Press Secretary|authorlink1=White House Office of the Press Secretary|title=Presidential Executive Order on Reducing Regulation and Controlling Regulatory Costs|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/30/presidential-executive-order-reducing-regulation-and-controlling|access-date=May 16, 2017|date=January 30, 2017}}</ref> [[Harvard Law School|Harvard Law]] professor [[Jody Freeman]] said that the order would do no more than slow the regulatory process, because it did not block rules required by statute.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2017/1/30/14441430/trump-executive-order-regulations | title=Trump wants to kill two old regulations for every new one issued. Sort of. | last=Plumer | first=Brad | date=January 30, 2017 | access-date=March 10, 2017 | work=Vox Media | quotation='It is primarily an instrument for&nbsp;... slowing the regulatory process,' says Freeman&nbsp;... Trump's order does include a caveat that agencies can only act 'to the extent permitted by law'. 'So, in the end, this order may not block rules that are legally required by statute,' explains Freeman.}}</ref> On February 24, 2017, Trump ordered the agencies to create task forces to determine which regulations are deemed burdensome to the U.S. economy.<ref name="Reuters2/24/17">{{cite web | last1=Shepardson | first1=David | last2=Holland | first2=Steve | title=In Sweeping Move, Trump Puts Regulation Monitors in U.S. Agencies | url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-regulations-idUSKBN1631NV | date=February 24, 2017 | agency=[[Reuters]] | access-date=March 6, 2017 | quotation=Trump signed an executive order on Friday to place 'regulatory reform' task forces and officers within federal agencies in what may be the most far reaching effort to pare back U.S. red tape in recent decades.}}</ref> Agency defenders expressed opposition to Trump's criticisms, saying that the bureaucracy exists to protect people against well-organized, well-funded interest groups.<ref name="mcalabresi">{{cite news |last=Calabresi |first=Massimo |title=Inside Donald Trump's War against the State |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=March 9, 2017 |url=http://time.com/4696428/donald-trump-war-state-government/ |quotation=Staffed by experts who oversee an open governmental process, they say, the federal bureaucracy exists to protect those who would otherwise be at the mercy of better-organized, better-funded interests.}}</ref> === Foreign policy === {{Main|Foreign policy of the Donald Trump administration|Foreign policy of Donald Trump}} [[File:G7 Taormina family photo 2017-05-26.jpg|thumb|President Trump together with other leaders at the [[43rd G7 summit]] in Italy, May 2017]] Trump has been described as [[Non-interventionism|non-interventionist]]<ref name="Cassidy">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/donald-trump-is-transforming-the-g-o-p-into-a-populist-nativist-party |title=Donald Trump Is Transforming the G.O.P. Into a Populist, Nativist Party |last=Cassidy |first=John |work=[[The New Yorker]] |date=February 29, 2016 |access-date=March 5, 2016}}</ref><ref name="rucker">{{cite news |first1=Philip |last1=Rucker |first2=Robert |last2=Costa |title=Trump questions need for NATO, outlines noninterventionist foreign policy |date=March 21, 2016 |website=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/03/21/donald-trump-reveals-foreign-policy-team-in-meeting-with-the-washington-post/}}</ref> and nationalist.<ref name="nationalinterest.org">{{cite news |url=http://nationalinterest.org/feature/donald-trump-american-nationalist-14237 |title=Donald Trump, American Nationalist |newspaper=[[The National Interest]] |date=November 3, 2015}}</ref> He repeatedly stated that he supports "[[America First (policy)|America First]]" foreign policy.<ref>{{cite news |first=Christiane |last=Amanpour |title=Donald Trump's speech: 'America first,' but an America absent from the world |date=July 22, 2016 |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/22/opinions/donald-trump-speech-amanpour/}}</ref> He supports increasing United States military defense spending,<ref name="nationalinterest.org" /> but favors decreasing United States spending on [[NATO]] and in the Pacific region.<ref>{{cite news |title=Donald Trump reveals his isolationist foreign-policy instincts |date=May 22, 2016 |website=[[The Economist]] |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2016/03/aipac-and-foreign-policy}}</ref> He says America should look inward, stop "nation building", and re-orient its resources toward domestic needs.<ref name="rucker" /> As a candidate he questioned whether he, as president, would automatically extend [[North Atlantic Treaty|security guarantees to NATO members]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/21/us/politics/donald-trump-issues.html |title=Donald Trump Sets Conditions for Defending NATO Allies Against Attack |last=Sanger |first=David E. |date=July 20, 2016 |last2=Haberman |first2=Maggie |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331|access-date=July 31, 2016}}</ref> and suggested that he might leave NATO unless changes are made to the alliance.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.factcheck.org/2016/05/whats-trumps-position-on-nato/ |title=What's Trump's Position on NATO? |publisher=factcheck.org |access-date=July 31, 2016}}</ref> But as president he has re-affirmed the U.S. commitment to NATO.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-senate-nato-russia-republicans-562655|title=Trump supports NATO, but Senate holds up expansion|date=March 1, 2017|agency=Reuters|work=Newsweek|access-date=May 2, 2017}}</ref> In order to confront the [[Islamic State of Iraq and Syria]] (ISIS), Trump in 2015 called for seizing the oil in ISIS-occupied areas, using U.S. air power and ground troops.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/11/trump-secret-plan-combat-troops-isis-oil-iraq-syria |title=Trump once called for sending US ground troops to fight ISIS and 'take that oil' |work=Mother Jones}}</ref> In 2016, Trump advocated sending 20,000 to 30,000 U.S. troops to the region,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/11/politics/donald-trump-30000-troops-isis/ |title=Trump wants 30,000 troops. Would that defeat ISIS? |last=Gaouette |first=Nicole |date=March 11, 2016 |publisher=CNN |access-date=July 12, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/trump-calls-for-20000-30000-troops-to-fight-isis/article/2001505 |title=Trump Calls for 20,000–30,000 Troops to Fight ISIS |date=March 10, 2016 |work=The Weekly Standard |access-date=July 12, 2016}}</ref> a position he later retracted.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2016-03-21/the-latest-early-voting-begins-ahead-of-wisconsin-primary |title=The Latest: Trump backtracks on US forces to fight militants |date=March 21, 2016 |work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |agency=Associated Press |access-date=July 12, 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814153830/https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2016-03-21/the-latest-early-voting-begins-ahead-of-wisconsin-primary |archivedate=August 14, 2016}}</ref> Regarding the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]], Trump has stated the importance of being a neutral party during potential negotiations, while also having stated that he is "a big fan of Israel".<ref name="consol">Sherman, Amy (March 1, 2016). [http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2016/mar/01/conservative-solutions-pac/would-donald-trump-be-neutral-between-israel-and-i/ Would Donald Trump be 'neutral' between Israel and its enemies?] ''Tampa Bay Times''. Retrieved April 10, 2016.</ref> During the campaign he said he would relocate [[Embassy of the United States, Tel Aviv|the U.S. embassy in Israel]] to [[Jerusalem]] from its current location, [[Tel Aviv]], although he has not pursued that proposal as president.<ref>{{cite news|title=Moving US embassy to Jerusalem may be slipping down Trump's agenda|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/23/us-embassy-jerusalem-trump-israel|access-date=February 4, 2017|work=The Guardian|agency=Reuters|date=January 23, 2017}}</ref> On May 22, 2017, Trump was the first U.S. president to visit the [[Western Wall]] in Jerusalem, during his first foreign trip, visiting Israel, [[Italy]], the [[Vatican City|Vatican]], and [[Belgium]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Rafferty |first=Andrew |date=May 23, 2017 |title=Trump Becomes First Sitting U.S. President to Visit Western Wall |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/trumps-first-foreign-trip/trump-becomes-first-sitting-u-s-president-visit-western-wall-n762891 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |location=New York City |access-date=May 24, 2017}}<br>{{cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Luke |last2=Holland |first2=Steve |date=May 23, 2017 |title= In U.S. presidential first, Trump prays at Jerusalem's Western Wall |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-israel-wall-idUSKBN18I1V6 |agency=[[Reuters]]|location=London, England|access-date=May 24, 2017}}<br>{{cite news |last=Diamond |first=Jeremy |date=May 23, 2017 |title=Trump makes historic visit to Western Wall |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/05/22/politics/trump-israel-western-wall/ |publisher=[[CNN]]|location=Atlanta, Georgia |access-date=May 24, 2017 }}</ref> Both as a candidate and as president, Trump repeatedly said he wants a good relationship with Russia.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-urges-good-relationship-with-russia-in-tweets/|title=Donald Trump urges 'good relationship' with Russia in tweets|last=Flores|first=Reena|date=January 7, 2017|publisher=CBS News|access-date=May 2, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/trump-gop-russia-sanctions/|title=GOP warns Trump not to lift Russia sanctions after call with Putin|last=Berry|first=Lynn|date=January 29, 2017|agency=Associated Press|publisher=PBS|access-date=May 2, 2017}}</ref> Trump has pledged to hold a summit meeting with [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Oliphant|first1=Roland|last2=Millward|first2=David|title=Donald Trump and Vladimir Putin ready to hold summit following historic phone call|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/28/donald-trump-vladimir-putin-hold-historic-telephone-call/|access-date=May 31, 2017|work=The Telegraph|date=January 28, 2017}}</ref> He added that Russia could help the U.S. in [[Military intervention against ISIL|fighting ISIS militants]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/trump-suggests-us-accept-russias-annexation-crimea/ |title=Trump suggests U.S. accept Russia's annexation of Crimea |date=August 1, 2016 |newspaper=[[PBS]] |agency=Associated Press |access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref> On April 7, 2017, Trump ordered a [[2017 Shayrat missile strike|missile strike]] against a Syrian airfield in retaliation for the [[Khan Shaykhun chemical attack]].<ref name="bbcnewssyriawartrumpsmissilestrike">{{cite news|title=Syria war: Trump's missile strike attracts US praise – and barbs|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-39529605|access-date=April 8, 2017|publisher=BBC News|date=April 7, 2017}}</ref> === 2020 presidential campaign === {{Main|Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2020}} Trump signaled his intention to run for a second term by filing with the FEC within hours of assuming the presidency.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/trump-hints-at-re-election-bid-vowing-eight-years-of-great-things/article/2612632|title=Trump hints at re-election bid, vowing 'eight years' of 'great things'|last=Westwood|first=Sarah|work=Washington Examiner|date=January 22, 2017|access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://docquery.fec.gov/cgi-bin/fecimg?_201701209041436569+0|title=PAGE BY PAGE REPORT DISPLAY FOR 201701209041436569 (Page 1 of 1)|publisher=Federal Election Commission|date=January 20, 2017|access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref> This transformed his 2016 election committee into a 2020 reelection one.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.azfamily.com/story/34380443/trump-breaks-precedent-files-on-first-day-as-candidate-for-re-election|title=Trump breaks precedent, files as candidate for re-election on first day|publisher=Azfamily.com|date=January 31, 2017|access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref> Trump marked the official start of the campaign with a campaign rally in [[Melbourne, Florida]], on February 18, 2017, less than a month after taking office.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/02/trump-kicks-off-his-2020-reelection-campaign-on-saturday/516909/|title=Trump Kicks Off His 2020 Reelection Campaign on Saturday|last=Graham|first=David A.|work=The Atlantic|date=February 15, 2017|access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref> By February 1, 2017, the campaign had already raised over $7&nbsp;million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2017/01/31/president-trump-has-already-socked-away-more-than-7-million-for-his-2020-reelection/|title=Trump already has socked away more than $7 million for his 2020 reelection|website=The Washington Post|access-date=February 17, 2017}}</ref> == Awards, honors, and distinctions == ===Honorary degrees=== * [[Honorary degree|Honorary]] Doctor of Laws from [[Lehigh University]] in [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania]] (1988)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://honorary.lehigh.edu/commencement#prior-honorees|title=Commencement Speaker - University Nominations|website=honorary.lehigh.edu|access-date=May 18, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2017/05/13/trump-has-now-been-awarded-five-honorary-doctorates-and-stripped-of-one/|title=Trump has now been awarded five honorary doctorates — and stripped of one|website=The Washington Post|access-date=May 18, 2017}}</ref> * Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from [[Wagner College]] in [[Staten Island]], New York (2004)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/dr-trump-pal-article-1.658166|title=IT'S DR. TRUMP TO YOU, PAL!|website=Daily News|location=New York|access-date=May 18, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=October 12, 2012 |title=The Guarasci Decade |url=http://wagner.edu/newsroom/files/2013/01/Guarasci-Wagnerian.pdf |work=The Wagnerian |location=[[Staten Island]], [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] |access-date=June 21, 2017 }}</ref> * Honorary Doctor of Business Administration from [[Robert Gordon University]] in [[Aberdeen]], Scotland (2010)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rgu.ac.uk/news/donald-trump-doctor-of-business-administration-/|title=Donald Trump Honoured by Robert Gordon University|website=rgu.ac.uk|access-date=May 18, 2017}}</ref><ref name="RGU1">{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Pauline|last2=Youngson|first2=Andrew|title=Donald Trump Honoured by Robert Gordon University|url=https://www.rgu.ac.uk/news/donald-trump-doctor-of-business-administration-|publisher=Robert Gordon University|access-date=May 22, 2017|date=September 16, 2010}}</ref> (revoked in 2015)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-trump-britain-idUKKBN0TS0PG20151209 |title=More than 250,000 Britons petition to ban Trump from UK |agency=Reuters |first=Kate |last=Holton |date=December 9, 2015}}</ref> * Honorary Doctor of Business Administration from [[Liberty University]] in [[Lynchburg, Virginia]] (2012)<ref name=LU1>Bible, Mitzi (September 24, 2012).[http://www.liberty.edu/news/index.cfm?PID=18495&MID=65182 Donald Trump addresses largest Convocation crowd, praises Liberty's growth]. Liberty University News Service, September. Liberty University News Service.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/donald-trump-to-talk-politics-business-and-faith-at-liberty-university-convocation-81973/ |title=Donald Trump to Talk Politics, Business and Faith at Liberty University Convocation |website=The Christian Post|access-date=March 9, 2016}}</ref> * Honorary Doctor of Laws from Liberty University in Lynchburg, Virginia (2017)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liberty.edu/news/index.cfm?PID=18495&MID=234393|title=LU confers seven honorary doctorates to world changers, including President Trump|last=Liberty University News Service|date=May 13, 2017|access-date=May 14, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tD_TWRrM9NQ&t=1h5m20s|title=President Trump Makes Remarks at the Liberty University Commencement Ceremony|last=White House|date=May 13, 2017|access-date=May 13, 2017}}</ref> ===Organizational recognitions=== [[File:Trump MarineCorpsFoundation April22 2015.JPG|thumb|right|alt=A ceremony in which Trump receiving the 2015 Marine Corps–Law Enforcement Foundation's annual Commandant's Leadership Award. Four men are standing, all wearing black suits; Trump is second from the right. The two center men (Trump and another man) are holding the award.|Trump receiving the 2015 Marine Corps–Law Enforcement Foundation's annual Commandant's Leadership Award in recognition of his contributions to American military education programs]]<!-- Don't restore Hollywood Walk of Fame star without consensus. --> * The [[Jewish National Fund]]'s [[Jewish National Fund Tree of Life Award|Tree of Life Award]] for contributions to Israel–United States relations. (1983)<ref>Jewish National Fund Tree of Life Award Presentation to Donald J. Trump: Tuesday Evening March 1, 1983, Gala Dinner Dance, Grand Hyatt Hotel, New York</ref> * [[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor]] for his role in ''[[Ghosts Can't Do It]]'' (1990)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-won-razzie-worst-supporting-actor-ghosts-cant-do-it-2015-8|title=Donald Trump won a 'worst supporting actor' Razzie award for his role in this 1989 film|date=September 1, 2015|work=Business Insider|last1=Weisman|first1=Aly|access-date=April 23, 2016}}</ref> * [[Gaming Hall of Fame]] (1995)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gaming.unlv.edu/hof/index.html|title=The Gaming Hall of Fame|publisher=[[University of Nevada Las Vegas]]|access-date=August 30, 2009}}</ref> * Star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] (2007)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walkoffame.com/donald-trump|title=Donald Trump|publisher=[[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2016/04/donald-trump-star-vandalism-defecation-hollywood-walk-of-fame|title=People Can't Stop Vandalizing Donald Trump's Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame|date=April 3, 2016|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|author=Robinson, Joanna}}</ref> * [[Muhammad Ali]] Entrepreneur Award (2007)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.blacktie-arizona.com/photos/photoevent.cfm?id=187|title=March 24, 2007 Muhammad Ali's Celebrity Fight Night XIII|date=March 24, 2007|publisher=Blacktie|access-date=July 12, 2016}}</ref> * [[WWE Hall of Fame]] (2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/videos/donald-trump-cements-his-wwe-legacy-2013-wwe-hall-of-fame-induction-ceremony|title=Donald Trump cements his WWE legacy: 2013 WWE Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony|year=2013|publisher=[[WWE]]}}</ref> * ''[[Algemeiner Journal|The Algemeiner]]'' Liberty Award for contributions to Israel–United States relations. (2015)<ref>{{cite news |date=February 5, 2015 |title=Algemeiner Honors Joan Rivers, Donald Trump, Yuli Edelstein at Second Annual 'Jewish 100' Gala |url=http://www.algemeiner.com/2015/02/05/algemeiner-honors-joan-rivers-donald-trump-yuli-edelstein-at-second-annual-jewish-100-gala/ |magazine=[[Algemeiner Journal]] |location=Brooklyn, NY}}</ref> * Marine Corps–Law Enforcement Foundation Commandant's Leadership Award. (2015)<ref>{{cite web |title=MC–LEF Events |year=2015 |publisher=Marine Corps–Law Enforcement Foundation |quote=Donald Trump received our Commandant's Leadership Award. |url=http://www.mc-lef.org/events/ |deadurl=y |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819164943/http://www.mc-lef.org/events/|archivedate=August 19, 2015}}</ref> * ''[[Time Magazine|Time]]'' [[Time Person of the Year|Person of the Year]] (2016) * ''[[Financial Times]]'' [[Financial Times Person of the Year|Person of the Year]] (2016) ===State orders and awards=== *{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[Kentucky Colonel|Honorary Colonel]] from [[Kentucky]] (2012)<ref>{{cite news|title=Donald Trump is a Kentucky Colonel|url=http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-897141|publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> *{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Order of King Abdulaziz|Collar of Abdulaziz al Saud]] from [[Saudi Arabia]] (2017)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wilts |first1=Alexandra |title=Donald Trump awarded with Saudi Arabia's highest civilian honour within hours of landing in the country |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/donald-trump-latest-saudi-arabia-highest-civilian-honour-king-abdulaziz-al-saud-collar-gold-a7746566.html |access-date=May 20, 2017 |work=[[The Independent]] |date=May 20, 2017}}</ref> == See also == * [[List of richest American politicians]] * [[Donald Trump on social media]] * [[Covfefe Law]] == Notes == {{Reflist|group="nb"}} == References == {{reflist|25em}} ==Bibliography== {{See also|Bibliography of Donald Trump}} <!--This section is ONLY for books that are cited in footnotes of this Wikipedia article.--> {{refbegin}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AiFeQZhakXQC|title=Donald Trump: Master Apprentice|last=Blair|first=Gwenda|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7432-7510-1|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ig1ZCgAAQBAJ|title=Donald Trump: The Candidate|last=Blair|first=Gwenda|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2015a|isbn=978-1-4391-2937-1|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJifCgAAQBAJ|title=The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire|last=Blair|first=Gwenda|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2015b|orig-year=First published 2001|isbn=978-1-5011-3936-9|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_B2hBX1gZEC|title=Cash, Color, and Colonialism: The Politics of Tribal Acknowledgment|last=Cramer|first=Renee|authorlink=Renee Cramer|publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8061-3671-4|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7Tf_1GzlHEC|title=The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1989|last=Gallup|first=George, Jr.|authorlink=George Gallup Jr.|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|year=1990|isbn=978-0-8420-2344-3|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Xjp3R1PqO4C|title=Empire: A Tale of Obsession, Betrayal, and the Battle for an American Icon|last=Pacelle|first=Mitchell|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|year=2001|isbn=978-0-471-23865-2|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=[[Trump Revealed|Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President]]|last1=Kranish|first1=Michael|authorlink=Michael Kranish|last2=Fisher|first2=Marc|authorlink2=Marc Fisher|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2017|orig-year=First published 2016|isbn=978-1-5011-5652-6|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTB6Ip_FW-UC|title=Taming the Beast: Wall Street's Imperfect Answers to Making Money|last=Light|first=Larry|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2012|isbn=978-1-118-08420-5|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JsdGYlTm2nsC|title=Donald Trump: Profile of a Real Estate Tycoon|last=Payment|first=Simone|publisher=[[Rosen Publishing]]|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4042-1909-0|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ye6e_VxM00kC|title=Trump: The Art of the Deal|first1=Donald J.|last1=Trump|first2=Tony|last2=Schwartz|authorlink2=Tony Schwartz (author)|publisher=[[Random House]]|year=2009|orig-year=First published 1987|isbn=978-0-446-35325-0|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NIPOonZnkDEC|title=Donald Trump: From Real Estate to Reality TV|last=Wooten|first=Sara|publisher=[[Enslow Publishers]]|year=2009|isbn= 978-0-7660-2890-6|ref=harv}} {{refend}} == External links == {{Library resources box|by=yes}} <!--Please don't convert any external links to templates because this will exceed the template limit for this page. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_limits#Post-expand_include_size for more details. Thank you.--> <!-- No more links Please be cautious adding more external links. Wikipedia is not a collection of links and should not be used for advertising. Excessive or inappropriate links will be removed. See Wikipedia:External links and Wikipedia:Spam for details. If there are already suitable links, propose additions or replacements on the article's talk page, or submit your link to the relevant category at DMOZ (dmoz.org) and link there using {{Dmoz}}. --> * [https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-trump Presidential website] * [https://www.donaldjtrump.com/ Donald J. Trump for President campaign website] * [https://twitter.com/POTUS President Trump] on [[Twitter]] (official) * [https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump Donald Trump] on [[Twitter]] (personal)<!-- DO NOT CHANGE without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 9. --> * [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0874339/ Donald Trump] at the [[Internet Movie Database]] * [https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/donald-trump "Donald Trump collected news and commentary"]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. * [http://topics.wsj.com/person/T/donald-trump/159 "Donald Trump collected news and commentary"]. ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''. * [https://www.c-span.org/person/?donaldtrump Appearances] on [[C-SPAN]] * [https://archive.org/details/trumparchive Donald Trump] on the [[Internet Archive]] <!--Please don't convert any external links to templates because this will exceed the template limit for this page. 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padding: 0; } /* Display list items inline */ .hlist dd, .hlist dt, .hlist li { margin: 0; display: inline; } /* Display nested lists inline */ .hlist.inline, .hlist.inline dl, .hlist.inline ol, .hlist.inline ul, .hlist dl dl, .hlist dl ol, .hlist dl ul, .hlist ol dl, .hlist ol ol, .hlist ol ul, .hlist ul dl, .hlist ul ol, .hlist ul ul { display: inline; } /* Hide empty list items */ .hlist .mw-empty-li { display: none; } /* Generate interpuncts */ .hlist dt:after { content: ": "; } .hlist dd:after, .hlist li:after { content: " · "; font-weight: bold; } .hlist dd:last-child:after, .hlist dt:last-child:after, .hlist li:last-child:after { content: none; } /* Add parentheses around nested lists */ .hlist dd dd:first-child:before, .hlist dd dt:first-child:before, .hlist dd li:first-child:before, .hlist dt dd:first-child:before, .hlist dt dt:first-child:before, .hlist dt li:first-child:before, .hlist li dd:first-child:before, .hlist li dt:first-child:before, .hlist li li:first-child:before { content: " ("; font-weight: normal; } .hlist dd dd:last-child:after, .hlist dd dt:last-child:after, .hlist dd li:last-child:after, .hlist dt dd:last-child:after, .hlist dt dt:last-child:after, .hlist dt li:last-child:after, .hlist li dd:last-child:after, .hlist li dt:last-child:after, .hlist li li:last-child:after { content: ")"; font-weight: normal; } /* Put ordinals in front of ordered list items */ .hlist ol { counter-reset: listitem; } .hlist ol > li { counter-increment: listitem; } .hlist ol > li:before { content: " " counter(listitem) "\a0"; } .hlist dd ol > li:first-child:before, .hlist dt ol > li:first-child:before, .hlist li ol > li:first-child:before { content: " (" counter(listitem) "\a0"; } /* Unbulleted lists */ .plainlist ol, .plainlist ul { line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0; } .plainlist ol li, .plainlist ul li { margin-bottom: 0; } /* Default style for navigation boxes */ .navbox { /* Navbox container style */ box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width: 100%; clear: both; font-size: 88%; text-align: center; padding: 1px; margin: 1em auto 0; /* Prevent preceding content from clinging to navboxes */ } .navbox .navbox { margin-top: 0; /* No top margin for nested navboxes */ } .navbox + .navbox { margin-top: -1px; /* Single pixel border between adjacent navboxes */ } .navbox-inner, .navbox-subgroup { width: 100%; } .navbox-group, .navbox-title, .navbox-abovebelow { padding: 0.25em 1em; /* Title, group and above/below styles */ line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; } th.navbox-group { /* Group style */ white-space: nowrap; /* @noflip */ text-align: right; } .navbox, .navbox-subgroup { background: #fdfdfd; /* Background color */ } .navbox-list { line-height: 1.5em; border-color: #fdfdfd; /* Must match background color */ } /* cell spacing. .navbox-spacing-temp can be removed after the template change finished */ .navbox-spacing-temp tr + tr > .navbox-abovebelow, .navbox-spacing-temp tr + tr > .navbox-group, .navbox-spacing-temp tr + tr > .navbox-image, .navbox-spacing-temp tr + tr > .navbox-list { /* Borders above 2nd, 3rd, etc. rows */ border-top: 2px solid #fdfdfd; /* Must match background color */ } .navbox th, .navbox-title { background: #ccccff; /* Level 1 color */ } .navbox-abovebelow, th.navbox-group, .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title { background: #ddddff; /* Level 2 color */ } .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group, .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow { background: #e6e6ff; /* Level 3 color */ } .navbox-even { background: #f7f7f7; /* Even row striping */ } .navbox-odd { background: transparent; /* Odd row striping */ } .navbox .hlist td dl, .navbox .hlist td ol, .navbox .hlist td ul, .navbox td.hlist dl, .navbox td.hlist ol, .navbox td.hlist ul { padding: 0.125em 0; /* Adjust hlist padding in navboxes */ } /* Default styling for Navbar template */ .navbar { display: inline; font-size: 88%; font-weight: normal; } .navbar ul { display: inline; white-space: nowrap; } .mw-body-content .navbar ul { line-height: inherit; } .navbar li { word-spacing: -0.125em; } .navbar.mini li abbr[title] { font-variant: small-caps; border-bottom: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; } /* Navbar styling when nested in infobox and navbox */ .infobox .navbar { font-size: 100%; } .navbox .navbar { display: block; font-size: 100%; } .navbox-title .navbar { /* @noflip */ float: left; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; /* @noflip */ margin-right: 0.5em; } /* 'show'/'hide' buttons created dynamically by the CollapsibleTables javascript in [[MediaWiki:Common.js]] are styled here so they can be customised. */ .collapseButton { /* @noflip */ float: right; font-weight: normal; /* @noflip */ margin-left: 0.5em; /* @noflip */ text-align: right; width: auto; } /* Styling for JQuery makeCollapsible, matching that of collapseButton */ .mw-parser-output .mw-collapsible-toggle { font-weight: normal; /* @noflip */ text-align: right; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; } .mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle .mw-collapsible-toggle { /* @noflip */ float: left; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; } /* Infobox template style */ .infobox { border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-spacing: 3px; background-color: #f8f9fa; color: black; /* @noflip */ margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; /* @noflip */ float: right; /* @noflip */ clear: right; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em; } .infobox caption { font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.2em; } .infobox td, .infobox th { vertical-align: top; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; } .infobox.bordered { border-collapse: collapse; } .infobox.bordered td, .infobox.bordered th { border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; } .infobox.bordered .borderless td, .infobox.bordered .borderless th { border: 0; } .infobox.sisterproject { width: 20em; font-size: 90%; } .infobox.standard-talk { border: 1px solid #c0c090; background-color: #f8eaba; } .infobox.standard-talk.bordered td, .infobox.standard-talk.bordered th { border: 1px solid #c0c090; } /* styles for bordered infobox with merged rows */ .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow td, .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow th { border: 0; border-top: 1px solid #a2a9b1; /* @noflip */ border-right: 1px solid #a2a9b1; } .infobox.bordered .mergedrow td, .infobox.bordered .mergedrow th { border: 0; /* @noflip */ border-right: 1px solid #a2a9b1; } /* Styles for geography infoboxes, eg countries, country subdivisions, cities, etc. */ .infobox.geography { border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 1.2em; font-size: 90%; } .infobox.geography td, .infobox.geography th { border-top: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em; } .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow td, .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow th { border-top: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em; } .infobox.geography .mergedrow td, .infobox.geography .mergedrow th { border: 0; padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em; } .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td, .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th { border-top: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em; } .infobox.geography .maptable td, .infobox.geography .maptable th { border: 0; padding: 0; } /* Normal font styling for table row headers with scope="row" tag */ .wikitable.plainrowheaders th[scope=row] { font-weight: normal; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; } /* Lists in data cells are always left-aligned */ .wikitable td ul, .wikitable td ol, .wikitable td dl { /* @noflip */ text-align: left; } /* ...unless they also use the hlist class */ .toc.hlist ul, #toc.hlist ul, .wikitable.hlist td ul, .wikitable.hlist td ol, .wikitable.hlist td dl { text-align: inherit; } /* Icons for medialist templates [[Template:Listen]], [[Template:Multi-listen_start]], [[Template:Video]], [[Template:Multi-video_start]] */ div.listenlist { background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Sound-icon.svg") no-repeat scroll 0 0 transparent; background-size: 30px; padding-left: 40px; } /* Fix for hieroglyphs specificality issue in infoboxes ([[Phabricator:43869]]) */ table.mw-hiero-table td { vertical-align: middle; } /* Style rules for media list templates */ div.medialist { min-height: 50px; margin: 1em; /* @noflip */ background-position: top left; background-repeat: no-repeat; } div.medialist ul { list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; margin: 0; } div.medialist ul li { padding-bottom: 0.5em; } div.medialist ul li li { font-size: 91%; padding-bottom: 0; } /* Change the external link icon to an Adobe icon for all PDF files in browsers that support these CSS selectors, like Mozilla and Opera */ div#content a[href$=".pdf"].external, div#content a[href*=".pdf?"].external, div#content a[href*=".pdf#"].external, div#content a[href$=".PDF"].external, div#content a[href*=".PDF?"].external, div#content a[href*=".PDF#"].external, div#mw_content a[href$=".pdf"].external, div#mw_content a[href*=".pdf?"].external, div#mw_content a[href*=".pdf#"].external, div#mw_content a[href$=".PDF"].external, div#mw_content a[href*=".PDF?"].external, div#mw_content a[href*=".PDF#"].external { background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") no-repeat right; /* @noflip */ padding-right: 18px; } /* Content in columns with CSS instead of tables ([[Template:Columns]]) */ div.columns-2 div.column { /* @noflip */ float: left; width: 50%; min-width: 300px; } div.columns-3 div.column { /* @noflip */ float: left; width: 33.3%; min-width: 200px; } div.columns-4 div.column { /* @noflip */ float: left; width: 25%; min-width: 150px; } div.columns-5 div.column { /* @noflip */ float: left; width: 20%; min-width: 120px; } /* Messagebox templates */ .messagebox { border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; width: 80%; margin: 0 auto 1em auto; padding: .2em; } .messagebox.merge { border: 1px solid #c0b8cc; background-color: #f0e5ff; text-align: center; } .messagebox.cleanup { border: 1px solid #9f9fff; background-color: #efefff; text-align: center; } .messagebox.standard-talk { border: 1px solid #c0c090; background-color: #f8eaba; margin: 4px auto; } /* For old WikiProject banners inside banner shells. */ .mbox-inside .standard-talk, .messagebox.nested-talk { border: 1px solid #c0c090; background-color: #f8eaba; width: 100%; margin: 2px 0; padding: 2px; } .messagebox.small { width: 238px; font-size: 85%; /* @noflip */ float: right; clear: both; /* @noflip */ margin: 0 0 1em 1em; line-height: 1.25em; } .messagebox.small-talk { width: 238px; font-size: 85%; /* @noflip */ float: right; clear: both; /* @noflip */ margin: 0 0 1em 1em; line-height: 1.25em; background: #F8EABA; } /* Cell sizes for ambox/tmbox/imbox/cmbox/ombox/fmbox/dmbox message boxes */ th.mbox-text, td.mbox-text { /* The message body cell(s) */ border: none; /* @noflip */ padding: 0.25em 0.9em; /* 0.9em left/right */ width: 100%; /* Make all mboxes the same width regardless of text length */ } td.mbox-image { /* The left image cell */ border: none; /* @noflip */ padding: 2px 0 2px 0.9em; /* 0.9em left, 0px right */ text-align: center; } td.mbox-imageright { /* The right image cell */ border: none; /* @noflip */ padding: 2px 0.9em 2px 0; /* 0px left, 0.9em right */ text-align: center; } td.mbox-empty-cell { /* An empty narrow cell */ border: none; padding: 0; width: 1px; } /* Article message box styles */ table.ambox { margin: 0 10%; /* 10% = Will not overlap with other elements */ border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; /* @noflip */ border-left: 10px solid #36c; /* Default "notice" blue */ background: #fbfbfb; } table.ambox + table.ambox { /* Single border between stacked boxes. */ margin-top: -1px; } .ambox th.mbox-text, .ambox td.mbox-text { /* The message body cell(s) */ padding: 0.25em 0.5em; /* 0.5em left/right */ } .ambox td.mbox-image { /* The left image cell */ /* @noflip */ padding: 2px 0 2px 0.5em; /* 0.5em left, 0px right */ } .ambox td.mbox-imageright { /* The right image cell */ /* @noflip */ padding: 2px 0.5em 2px 0; /* 0px left, 0.5em right */ } table.ambox-notice { /* @noflip */ border-left: 10px solid #36c; /* Blue */ } table.ambox-speedy { /* @noflip */ border-left: 10px solid #b32424; /* Red */ background: #fee7e6; /* Pink */ } table.ambox-delete { /* @noflip */ border-left: 10px solid #b32424; /* Red */ } table.ambox-content { /* @noflip */ border-left: 10px solid #f28500; /* Orange */ } table.ambox-style { /* @noflip */ border-left: 10px solid #fc3; /* Yellow */ } table.ambox-move { /* @noflip */ border-left: 10px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */ } table.ambox-protection { /* @noflip */ border-left: 10px solid #a2a9b1; /* Gray-gold */ } /* Image message box styles */ table.imbox { margin: 4px 10%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 3px solid #36c; /* Default "notice" blue */ background: #fbfbfb; } .imbox .mbox-text .imbox { /* For imboxes inside imbox-text cells. */ margin: 0 -0.5em; /* 0.9 - 0.5 = 0.4em left/right. */ display: block; /* Fix for webkit to force 100% width. */ } .mbox-inside .imbox { /* For imboxes inside other templates. */ margin: 4px; } table.imbox-notice { border: 3px solid #36c; /* Blue */ } table.imbox-speedy { border: 3px solid #b32424; /* Red */ background: #fee7e6; /* Pink */ } table.imbox-delete { border: 3px solid #b32424; /* Red */ } table.imbox-content { border: 3px solid #f28500; /* Orange */ } table.imbox-style { border: 3px solid #fc3; /* Yellow */ } table.imbox-move { border: 3px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */ } table.imbox-protection { border: 3px solid #a2a9b1; /* Gray-gold */ } table.imbox-license { border: 3px solid #88a; /* Dark gray */ background: #f7f8ff; /* Light gray */ } table.imbox-featured { border: 3px solid #cba135; /* Brown-gold */ } /* Category message box styles */ table.cmbox { margin: 3px 10%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background: #DFE8FF; /* Default "notice" blue */ } table.cmbox-notice { background: #D8E8FF; /* Blue */ } table.cmbox-speedy { margin-top: 4px; margin-bottom: 4px; border: 4px solid #b32424; /* Red */ background: #FFDBDB; /* Pink */ } table.cmbox-delete { background: #FFDBDB; /* Red */ } table.cmbox-content { background: #FFE7CE; /* Orange */ } table.cmbox-style { background: #FFF9DB; /* Yellow */ } table.cmbox-move { background: #E4D8FF; /* Purple */ } table.cmbox-protection { background: #EFEFE1; /* Gray-gold */ } /* Other pages message box styles */ table.ombox { margin: 4px 10%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; /* Default "notice" gray */ background: #f8f9fa; } table.ombox-notice { border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; /* Gray */ } table.ombox-speedy { border: 2px solid #b32424; /* Red */ background: #fee7e6; /* Pink */ } table.ombox-delete { border: 2px solid #b32424; /* Red */ } table.ombox-content { border: 1px solid #f28500; /* Orange */ } table.ombox-style { border: 1px solid #fc3; /* Yellow */ } table.ombox-move { border: 1px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */ } table.ombox-protection { border: 2px solid #a2a9b1; /* Gray-gold */ } /* Talk page message box styles */ table.tmbox { margin: 4px 10%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #c0c090; /* Default "notice" gray-brown */ background: #f8eaba; } .mediawiki .mbox-inside .tmbox { /* For tmboxes inside other templates. The "mediawiki" class ensures that */ margin: 2px 0; /* this declaration overrides other styles (including mbox-small above) */ width: 100%; /* For Safari and Opera */ } .mbox-inside .tmbox.mbox-small { /* "small" tmboxes should not be small when */ line-height: 1.5em; /* also "nested", so reset styles that are */ font-size: 100%; /* set in "mbox-small" above. */ } table.tmbox-speedy { border: 2px solid #b32424; /* Red */ background: #fee7e6; /* Pink */ } table.tmbox-delete { border: 2px solid #b32424; /* Red */ } table.tmbox-content { border: 2px solid #f28500; /* Orange */ } table.tmbox-style { border: 2px solid #fc3; /* Yellow */ } table.tmbox-move { border: 2px solid #9932cc; /* Purple */ } table.tmbox-protection, table.tmbox-notice { border: 1px solid #c0c090; /* Gray-brown */ } /* Disambig and set index box styles */ table.dmbox { clear: both; margin: 0.9em 1em; border-top: 1px solid #ccc; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; background: transparent; } /* Footer and header message box styles */ table.fmbox { clear: both; margin: 0.2em 0; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background: #f8f9fa; /* Default "system" gray */ } table.fmbox-system { background: #f8f9fa; } table.fmbox-warning { border: 1px solid #bb7070; /* Dark pink */ background: #ffdbdb; /* Pink */ } table.fmbox-editnotice { background: transparent; } /* Div based "warning" style fmbox messages. */ div.mw-warning-with-logexcerpt, div.mw-lag-warn-high, div.mw-cascadeprotectedwarning, div#mw-protect-cascadeon, div.titleblacklist-warning, div.locked-warning { clear: both; margin: 0.2em 0; border: 1px solid #bb7070; background: #ffdbdb; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; } /* Div based "system" style fmbox messages. Used in [[MediaWiki:Readonly lag]]. */ div.mw-lag-warn-normal, div.fmbox-system { clear: both; margin: 0.2em 0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background: #f8f9fa; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; } /* These mbox-small classes must be placed after all other ambox/tmbox/ombox etc classes. "html body.mediawiki" is so they override "table.ambox + table.ambox" above. */ html body.mediawiki .mbox-small { /* For the "small=yes" option. */ /* @noflip */ clear: right; /* @noflip */ float: right; /* @noflip */ margin: 4px 0 4px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; width: 238px; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.25em; } html body.mediawiki .mbox-small-left { /* For the "small=left" option. */ /* @noflip */ margin: 4px 1em 4px 0; box-sizing: border-box; overflow: hidden; width: 238px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.25em; } /* Style for compact ambox */ /* Hide the images */ .compact-ambox table .mbox-image, .compact-ambox table .mbox-imageright, .compact-ambox table .mbox-empty-cell { display: none; } /* Remove borders, backgrounds, padding, etc. */ .compact-ambox table.ambox { border: none; border-collapse: collapse; background: transparent; margin: 0 0 0 1.6em !important; padding: 0 !important; width: auto; display: block; } body.mediawiki .compact-ambox table.mbox-small-left { font-size: 100%; width: auto; margin: 0; } /* Style the text cell as a list item and remove its padding */ .compact-ambox table .mbox-text { padding: 0 !important; margin: 0 !important; } .compact-ambox table .mbox-text-span { display: list-item; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; list-style-image: url(/w/skins/MonoBook/bullet.gif); } .skin-vector .compact-ambox table .mbox-text-span { list-style-type: disc; list-style-image: url(/w/skins/Vector/images/bullet-icon.svg); list-style-image: url(/w/skins/Vector/images/bullet-icon.png)\9; } /* Allow for hiding text in compact form */ .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact { display: none; } /* Remove default styles for [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]]. */ div.noarticletext { border: none; background: transparent; padding: 0; } /* Hide (formatting) elements from screen, but not from screenreaders */ .visualhide { position: absolute; left: -10000px; top: auto; width: 1px; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; } /* Bold save button */ #wpSave { font-weight: bold; } /* class hiddenStructure is defunct. See [[Wikipedia:hiddenStructure]] */ .hiddenStructure { display: inline !important; color: #f00; background-color: #0f0; } /* suppress missing interwiki image links where #ifexist cannot be used due to high number of requests see .hidden-redlink on [[m:MediaWiki:Common.css]] */ .check-icon a.new { display: none; speak: none; } /* Removes underlines from certain links */ .nounderlines a, .IPA a:link, .IPA a:visited { text-decoration: none !important; } /* Standard Navigationsleisten, aka box hiding thingy from .de. Documentation at [[Wikipedia:NavFrame]]. */ div.NavFrame { margin: 0; padding: 4px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; } div.NavFrame + div.NavFrame { border-top-style: none; border-top-style: hidden; } div.NavPic { background-color: #fff; margin: 0; padding: 2px; /* @noflip */ float: left; } div.NavFrame div.NavHead { line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background-color: #ccf; position: relative; } div.NavFrame p, div.NavFrame div.NavContent, div.NavFrame div.NavContent p { font-size: 100%; } div.NavEnd { margin: 0; padding: 0; line-height: 1px; clear: both; } a.NavToggle { position: absolute; top: 0; /* @noflip */ right: 3px; font-weight: normal; font-size: 90%; } /* Hatnotes and disambiguation notices */ .hatnote { font-style: italic; } .hatnote i { font-style: normal; } div.hatnote { /* @noflip */ padding-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; } div.hatnote + div.hatnote { margin-top: -0.5em; } /* Allow transcluded pages to display in lists rather than a table. */ .listify td { display: list-item; } .listify tr { display: block; } .listify table { display: block; } /* Geographical coordinates defaults. See [[Template:Coord/link]] for how these are used. The classes "geo", "longitude", and "latitude" are used by the [[Geo microformat]]. */ .geo-default, .geo-dms, .geo-dec { display: inline; } .geo-nondefault, .geo-multi-punct { display: none; } .longitude, .latitude { white-space: nowrap; } /* Temporary(!) fix for horizontal TOC in Blink (Chrone/Opera) */ .hlist .tocnumber, .hlist .toctext { display: inline; } /* When <div class="nonumtoc"> is used on the table of contents, the ToC will display without numbers */ .nonumtoc .tocnumber { display: none; } .nonumtoc #toc ul, .nonumtoc .toc ul { line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none none; margin: .3em 0 0; padding: 0; } .hlist.nonumtoc #toc ul ul, .hlist.nonumtoc .toc ul ul { /* @noflip */ margin: 0; } /* Allow limiting of which header levels are shown in a TOC; <div class="toclimit-3">, for instance, will limit to showing ==headings== and ===headings=== but no further (as long as there are no =headings= on the page, which there shouldn't be according to the MoS). */ .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul, .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul, .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul, .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul, .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul, .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul { display: none; } /* Styling for Template:Quote */ blockquote.templatequote div.templatequotecite { line-height: 1.5em; /* @noflip */ text-align: left; /* @noflip */ padding-left: 1.6em; margin-top: 0; } /* User block messages */ div.user-block { padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #A9A9A9; background-color: #FFEFD5; } /* Prevent line breaks in silly places: 1) Where desired 2) Links when we don't want them to 3) Bold "links" to the page itself */ .nowrap, .nowraplinks a, .nowraplinks .selflink { white-space: nowrap; } .nowrap pre { white-space: pre; } /* But allow wrapping where desired: */ .wrap, .wraplinks a { white-space: normal; } /* For template documentation */ .template-documentation { clear: both; margin: 1em 0 0 0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #ecfcf4; padding: 1em; } /* Increase the height of the image upload box */ #wpUploadDescription { height: 13em; } /* Minimum thumb width */ .thumbinner { min-width: 100px; } /* The backgrounds for galleries. */ div#content .gallerybox div.thumb { /* Light gray padding */ background-color: #f8f9fa; } /* Put a chequered background behind images, only visible if they have transparency. '.filehistory a img' and '#file img:hover' are handled by MediaWiki core (as of 1.19) */ .gallerybox .thumb img { background: #fff url(//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Checker-16x16.png) repeat; } /* But not on articles, user pages, portals or with opt-out. */ .ns-0 .gallerybox .thumb img, .ns-2 .gallerybox .thumb img, .ns-100 .gallerybox .thumb img, .nochecker .gallerybox .thumb img { background: #fff; } /* Prevent floating boxes from overlapping any category listings, file histories, edit previews, and edit [Show changes] views. */ #mw-subcategories, #mw-pages, #mw-category-media, #filehistory, #wikiPreview, #wikiDiff { clear: both; } /* Selectively hide headers in WikiProject banners */ .wpb .wpb-header { display: none; } .wpbs-inner .wpb .wpb-header { display: block; } /* for IE */ .wpbs-inner .wpb .wpb-header { display: table-row; } /* for real browsers */ .wpbs-inner .wpb-outside { display: none; } /* hide things that should only display outside shells */ /* Styling for Abuse Filter tags */ .mw-tag-markers { font-style:italic; font-size:90%; } /* Hide stuff meant for accounts with special permissions. Made visible again in [[MediaWiki:Group-sysop.css]], [[MediaWiki:Group-accountcreator.css]], [[MediaWiki:Group-templateeditor.css]], [[MediaWiki:Group-extendedmover.css]] and [[Mediawiki:Group-autoconfirmed.css]]. */ .sysop-show, .accountcreator-show, .templateeditor-show, .extendedmover-show, .autoconfirmed-show, .user-show { display: none; } /** * Hide the redlink generated by {{Editnotice}}, * this overrides the ".sysop-show { display: none; }" above that applies * to the same link as well. See [[phab:T45013]] * * Hide the images in editnotices to keep them readable in VE view. * Long term, editnotices should become a core feature so that they can be designed responsive. */ .ve-ui-mwNoticesPopupTool-item .editnotice-redlink, .ve-ui-mwNoticesPopupTool-item .mbox-image, .ve-ui-mwNoticesPopupTool-item .mbox-imageright { display: none !important; } /* Remove bullets when there are multiple edit page warnings */ ul.permissions-errors > li { list-style: none none; } ul.permissions-errors { margin: 0; } /* Pie chart: transparent borders */ .transborder { border: solid transparent; } /* Generic class for Times-based serif, texhtml class for inline math */ .times-serif, span.texhtml { font-family: "Nimbus Roman No9 L", "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 118%; line-height: 1; } span.texhtml { white-space: nowrap; } span.texhtml span.texhtml { font-size: 100%; } span.mwe-math-mathml-inline { font-size: 118%; } /* Force tabular and lining display for digits and texhtml */ .digits, .texhtml { -moz-font-feature-settings: "lnum", "tnum", "kern" 0; -webkit-font-feature-settings: "lnum", "tnum", "kern" 0; font-feature-settings: "lnum", "tnum", "kern" 0; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums tabular-nums; font-kerning: none; } /* Make <math display="block"> be left aligned with one space indent for compatibility with style conventions */ .mwe-math-fallback-image-display, .mwe-math-mathml-display { margin-left: 1.6em !important; margin-top: 0.6em; margin-bottom: 0.6em; } .mwe-math-mathml-display math { display: inline; } /* Fix styling of transcluded prefindex tables */ table#mw-prefixindex-list-table, table#mw-prefixindex-nav-table { width: 98%; } /* For portals, added 2011-12-07 -bv On wide screens, show these as two columns On narrow and mobile screens, let them collapse into a single column */ .portal-column-left { float: left; width: 50%; } .portal-column-right { float: right; width: 49%; } .portal-column-left-wide { float: left; width: 60%; } .portal-column-right-narrow { float: right; width: 39%; } .portal-column-left-extra-wide { float: left; width: 70%; } .portal-column-right-extra-narrow { float: right; width: 29%; } @media only screen and (max-width: 800px) { /* Decouple the columns on narrow screens */ .portal-column-left, .portal-column-right, .portal-column-left-wide, .portal-column-right-narrow, .portal-column-left-extra-wide, .portal-column-right-extra-narrow { float: inherit; width: inherit; } } /* Formerly for announcements, now used intermittently */ #bodyContent .letterhead { background-image:url('//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Tan-page-corner.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; padding: 2em; background-color: #faf9f2; } /* Tree style lists */ .treeview ul { padding: 0; margin: 0; } .treeview li { padding: 0; margin: 0; list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; } .treeview li li { background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png") no-repeat 0 -2981px; /* @noflip */ padding-left: 20px; text-indent: 0.3em; } .treeview li li.lastline { background-position: 0 -5971px } .treeview li.emptyline > ul { /* @noflip */ margin-left: -1px; } .treeview li.emptyline > ul > li:first-child { background-position: 0 9px } /* hidden sortkey for tablesorter */ td .sortkey, th .sortkey { display: none; speak: none; } /* Make it possible to hide checkboxes in <inputbox> */ .inputbox-hidecheckboxes form .inputbox-element, .inputbox-hidecheckboxes .mw-ui-checkbox { display: none !important; } /* Work-around for [[Phabricator:25965]] (Kaltura advertisement) */ .k-player .k-attribution { visibility: hidden; } /* Move 'play' button of video player to bottom left corner */ .PopUpMediaTransform a .play-btn-large { margin: 0; top: auto; right: auto; bottom: 0; left: 0; } /* Hide FlaggedRevs notice UI when there are no pending changes */ .flaggedrevs_draft_synced, .flaggedrevs_stable_synced { display: none; } c3istfjlnolrbjw7ci1f6a2b2v3tpzw