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					"text": "<!--Note: The Wikipedia iOS team is using this article for testing out the new iOS editor. Please do not make changes to this article or delete it until after February, 2019-->"
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					"text": "\n"
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					"sort": 3,
					"text": "[[File:Dog morphological variation.png|thumb|300px|Dogs show great [[Morphology (biology)|morphological variation]]]]"
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					"text": "The '''domestic dog''' (''Canis lupus familiaris'' when considered a subspecies of the [[wolf]] or ''Canis familiaris'' when considered a distinct species)<ref name=wang2008/> is a member of the genus ''[[Canis]]'' (canines), which forms part of the [[Evolution of the wolf#Wolf-like canids|wolf-like canids]],<ref name=lindblad2005/> and is the most widely abundant terrestrial [[carnivore]].<ref name=\":0\">{{Cite journal|last=Young|first=Julie K.|last2=Olson|first2=Kirk A.|last3=Reading|first3=Richard P.|last4=Amgalanbaatar|first4=Sukh|last5=Berger|first5=Joel|date=1 February 2011|title=Is Wildlife Going to the Dogs? Impacts of Feral and Free-roaming Dogs on Wildlife Populations|url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/61/2/125/242696|journal=[[BioScience]]|language=en|volume=61|issue=2|pages=125–132|doi=10.1525/bio.2011.61.2.7|issn=0006-3568|via=}}</ref><ref name=fan2016/><ref name=thalmann2013/><ref name=vila1999/><ref name=\":1\">{{Cite journal|last=J.|first=Daniels, Thomas|last2=Marc|first2=Bekoff,|date=1989|title=Population and Social Biology of Free-Ranging Dogs, Canis familiaris|url=http://animalstudiesrepository.org/acwp_ehlm/18/|language=en}}</ref> The dog and the [[Neontology|extant]] [[gray wolf]] are [[Sister group|sister taxa]]<ref name=\"vila1997\" /><ref name=\"freedman2014\" /><ref name=\"larson2014\" /> as modern wolves are not closely related to the wolves that were first [[Domestication|domesticated]],<ref name=freedman2014/><ref name=larson2014/> which implies that the direct ancestor of the dog is [[Extinction|extinct]].<ref name=vonholdt2016/> The dog was the first [[species]] to be domesticated<ref name=larson2014/><ref name=perri2016/> and has been [[selective breeding|selectively bred]] over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes.<ref name=\"ADW\"/>"
				},
				{
					"sort": 1,
					"text": "\n"
				},
				{
					"sort": 3,
					"text": "\n"
				},
				{
					"sort": 4,
					"text": "==Terminology=="
				}
			],
			"changes": [{
				"from": {
					"type": "delete",
					"text": "Their [[Human–canine bond|long association with humans]] has led dogs to be uniquely attuned to human behavior<ref name=berns2012/> and they are able to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canid species.<ref name=axelssonetal2013>{{Cite journal | last1 = Axelsson | first1 = E. | last2 = Ratnakumar | first2 = A. | last3 = Arendt | first3 = M. L. | last4 = Maqbool | first4 = K. | last5 = Webster | first5 = M. T. | last6 = Perloski | first6 = M. | last7 = Liberg | first7 = O. | last8 = Arnemo | first8 = J. M. | last9 = Hedhammar | first9 = Å. | last10 = Lindblad-Toh | first10 = K. | title = The genomic signature of dog domestication reveals adaptation to a starch-rich diet | doi = 10.1038/nature11837 | journal = Nature | volume = 495 | issue = 7441 | pages = 360–364 | year = 2013 | pmid =  23354050| pmc = |bibcode = 2013Natur.495..360A }}</ref> Dogs vary widely in shape, size and colors.<ref>[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/different-dog-breeds-same-species/ Why are different breeds of dogs all considered the same species? - Scientific American] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010110745/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/different-dog-breeds-same-species/ |date=10 October 2016 }}.  Nikhil Swaminathan. Accessed on 28 August 2016.</ref> Dogs perform many roles for humans, such as [[hunting dog|hunting]], [[herding dog|herding]], [[sled dog|pulling loads]], [[guard dog|protection]], [[police dog|assisting police]] and [[Dogs in warfare|military]], [[pet|companionship]] and, more recently, [[service dog|aiding disabled people]] and [[Therapy dog|therapeutic]] roles. This influence on human society has given them the [[sobriquet]] \"[[Man's best friend (phrase)|man's best friend]]\".",
					"line": 6,
					"highlight-ranges": []
				},
				"to": {
					"type": "add",
					"text": "Their [[Human–canine bond|long association with humans]] has led dogs to be uniquely attuned to human behavior<ref name=berns2012/> and they are able to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canid species.<ref name=axelssonetal2013>{{Cite journal | last1 = Axelsson | first1 = E. | last2 = Ratnakumar | first2 = A. | last3 = Arendt | first3 = M. L. | last4 = Maqbool | first4 = K. | last5 = Webster | first5 = M. T. | last6 = Perloski | first6 = M. | last7 = Liberg | first7 = O. | last8 = Arnemo | first8 = J. M. | last9 = Hedhammar | first9 = Å. | last10 = Lindblad-Toh | first10 = K. | title = The genomic signature of dog domestication reveals adaptation to a starch-rich diet | doi = 10.1038/nature11837 | journal = Nature | volume = 495 | issue = 7441 | pages = 360–364 | year = 2013 | pmid =  23354050| pmc = |bibcode = 2013Natur.495..360A }}</ref> Dogs vary widely in shape, size and colors.<ref>[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/different-dog-breeds-same-species/ Why are different breeds of dogs all considered the same species? - Scientific American] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010110745/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/different-dog-breeds-same-species/ |date=10 October 2016 }}.  Nikhil Swaminathan. Accessed on 28 August 2016.</ref> Dogs perform many roles for humans (added text here), such as [[hunting dog|hunting]], [[herding dog|herding]], [[sled dog|pulling loads]], [[guard dog|protection]], [[police dog|assisting police]] and [[Dogs in warfare|military]], [[pet|companionship]] and, more recently, [[service dog|aiding disabled people]] and [[Therapy dog|therapeutic]] roles. This influence on human society has given them the [[sobriquet]] \"[[Man's best friend (phrase)|man's best friend]]\".",
					"line": 5,
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		},
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			"contexts": [{
					"sort": 0,
					"text": "\n"
				},
				{
					"sort": 1,
					"text": "==Taxonomy=="
				},
				{
					"sort": 3,
					"text": "\n"
				},
				{
					"sort": 4,
					"text": "''See further [[Canis lupus dingo#Taxonomic debate — dog, dingo, and New Guinea singing dog|Taxonomic debate - dog, dingo, and New Guinea singing dog]]''"
				}
			],
			"changes": [{
				"sort": 2,
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					"type": "delete",
					"text": "In 1999, a study of [[mitochondrial DNA]] indicated that the domestic dog may have originated from multiple grey [[wolf]] populations, with the [[dingo]] and [[New Guinea singing dog]] \"breeds\" having developed at a time when human populations were more isolated from each other.<ref name=wayne1999/> In the third edition of ''[[Mammal Species of the World]]'' published in 2005, the mammalogist [[:de:W. Christopher Wozencraft|W. Christopher Wozencraft]] listed under the wolf ''Canis lupus'' its wild subspecies, and proposed two additional subspecies: \"''familiaris'' Linneaus, 1758 [domestic dog]\" and \"''dingo'' Meyer, 1793 [domestic dog]\". Wozencraft included ''hallstromi'' - the New Guinea singing dog - as a [[taxonomic synonym]] for the dingo. Wozencraft referred to the mDNA study as one of the guides in forming his decision.<ref name=wozencraft2005/> The inclusion of ''familiaris'' and ''dingo'' under a \"domestic dog\" clade has been noted by other mammalogists.<ref name=jackson2017/> This classification by Wozencraft is debated among zoologists.<ref name=smithC1/>",
					"line": 20,
					"highlight-ranges": [{
						"start": 900,
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					}]
				},
				"to": {
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					"text": "In 1999, a study of [[mitochondrial DNA]] indicated that the domestic dog may have originated from multiple grey [[wolf]] populations, with the [[dingo]] and [[New Guinea singing dog]] \"breeds\" having developed at a time when human populations were more isolated from each other.<ref name=wayne1999/> In the third edition of ''[[Mammal Species of the World]]'' published in 2005, the mammalogist [[:de:W. Christopher Wozencraft|W. Christopher Wozencraft]] listed under the wolf ''Canis lupus'' its wild subspecies, and proposed two additional subspecies: \"''familiaris'' Linneaus, 1758 [domestic dog]\" and \"''dingo'' Meyer, 1793 [domestic dog]\". Wozencraft included ''hallstromi'' - the New Guinea singing dog - as a [[taxonomic synonym]] for the dingo. Wozencraft referred to the mDNA study as one of the guides in forming his decision.<ref name=wozencraft2005/> The inclusion of ''familiaris'' under a \"domestic dog\" clade has been noted by other mammalogists.<ref name=jackson2017/> This classification by Wozencraft is debated among zoologists.<ref name=smithC1/>",
					"line": 19,
					"highlight-ranges": []
				}
			}]
		},
		{
			"range-line-from-start": 28,
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					"text": "The origin of the domestic dog is not clear. It is known that the dog was the first domesticated species.<ref name=larson2014/><ref name=perri2016/> The domestic dog is a member of the genus ''[[Canis]]'' (canines), which forms part of the [[Evolution of the wolf#Wolf-like canids|wolf-like canids]],<ref name=lindblad2005/> and is the most widely abundant terrestrial carnivore.<ref name=\":0\" /><ref name=\"fan2016\" /><ref name=\"thalmann2013\" /><ref name=\"vila1999\" /><ref name=\":1\" /> The closest living relative of the dog is the [[gray wolf]] and there is no evidence of any other canine contributing to its genetic lineage.<ref name=\"fan2016\" /><ref name=\"thalmann2013\" /><ref name=\"vonholdt2010\" /><ref name=\"vila1997\" /> The dog and the [[Neontology|extant]] gray wolf form two sister [[clades]],<ref name=\"vila1997\" /><ref name=\"freedman2014\" /><ref name=\"larson2014\" /> with modern wolves not closely related to the wolves that were first domesticated.<ref name=\"freedman2014\" /><ref name=\"larson2014\" /> The archaeological record shows the first undisputed dog remains buried beside humans 14,700 years ago,<ref name=\"giemsch2015\" /> with disputed remains occurring 36,000 years ago.<ref name=\"germonpre2009\" />  These dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human [[hunter-gatherers]] and not at the dawn of [[agriculture]].<ref name=thalmann2013/><ref name=freedman2014/>"
				},
				{
					"sort": 1,
					"text": "\n"
				},
				{
					"sort": 3,
					"text": "\n"
				},
				{
					"sort": 4,
					"text": "==Biology=="
				}
			],
			"changes": [{
				"sort": 2,
				"from": {
					"type": "delete",
					"text": "Where the [[genetic divergence]] of dog and wolf took place remains controversial, with the most plausible proposals spanning Western Europe,<ref name=machugh2016/><ref name=thalmann2013/> Central Asia,<ref name=machugh2016/><ref name=shannon2015/> and East Asia.<ref name=machugh2016/><ref name=wang2015/> This has been made more complicated by the most recent proposal that fits the available evidence, which is that an initial wolf population split into East and West Eurasian wolves, these were then domesticated independently before going extinct into two distinct dog populations between 14,000-6,400 years ago, and then the Western Eurasian dog population was partially and gradually replaced by East Asian dogs that were brought by humans at least 6,400 years ago.<ref name=machugh2016/><ref name=frantz2016/><ref name=grimm2016/>",
					"line": 30,
					"highlight-ranges": [{
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				},
				"to": {
					"type": "add",
					"text": "Where the [[genetic divergence]] of dog and wolf took place remains controversial, with the most plausible proposals spanning Western Europe,<ref name=machugh2016/><ref name=thalmann2013/> Central Asia,<ref name=machugh2016/><ref name=shannon2015/> and East Asia.<ref name=machugh2016/><ref name=wang2015/> This has been made more complicated by the most recent proposal that fits the available evidence, which is that an initial wolf population split into East and West Eurasian wolves, these were then domesticated independently before going extinct into two distinct dog populations between 14,000-6,400 years ago, and then the Western Eurasian dog population was gradually and partially replaced by East Asian dogs that were brought by humans at least 6,400 years ago.<ref name=machugh2016/><ref name=frantz2016/><ref name=grimm2016/>",
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					"sort": 0,
					"text": "{{Main|Coat (dog)}}"
				},
				{
					"sort": 1,
					"text": "[[File:Dog coat variation.png|thumb|Dogs display a wide variation on coat type, density, length, color, and composition]]"
				},
				{
					"sort": 4,
					"text": "\n"
				},
				{
					"sort": 5,
					"text": "The [[pelage|coats]] of domestic dogs are of two varieties: \"double\" being common with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse [[guard hair]] and a soft [[down hair]], or \"single\", with the topcoat only."
				},
				{
					"sort": 6,
					"text": "\n"
				},
				{
					"sort": 7,
					"text": "Domestic dogs often display the remnants of [[countershading]], a common natural camouflage pattern. A countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below,<ref name=\"About.com\">{{cite web|url=http://animals.about.com/od/zoology12/f/countershading.htm|title=What is Counter Shading?|last= Klappenbach|first=Laura|year=2008|publisher=About.com|accessdate=22 October 2008}}</ref> which reduces its general visibility. Thus, many breeds will have an occasional \"blaze\", stripe, or \"star\" of white fur on their chest or underside.<ref name=\"Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds\">{{Cite book|last=Cunliffe|first=Juliette|title=The Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds|publisher=Paragon Publishing|year=2004|pages=20–23|chapter=Coat Types, Colours and Markings|isbn=0-7525-8276-3}}</ref>"
				},
				{
					"sort": 10,
					"text": "\n"
				},
				{
					"sort": 11,
					"text": "====Tail===="
				}
			],
			"changes": [{
					"sort": 2,
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						"type": "add",
						"text": "\n",
						"line": 54,
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					}
				},
				{
					"sort": 3,
					"from": {
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					"to": {
						"type": "add",
						"text": "Regarding coat appearance or health, the coat can be maintained or affected by multiple nutrients present in the diet, see [[Coat (dog)]] for more information.",
						"line": 55,
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					}
				},
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					"sort": 8,
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						"text": null,
						"line": null,
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				{
					"sort": 9,
					"from": {
						"type": "delete",
						"text": "Regarding coat appearance or health, the coat can be maintained or affected by multiple nutrients present in the diet, see [[Coat (dog)]] for more information.",
						"line": 56,
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		{
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			"range-line-from-end": 249,
			"range-line-to-start": 245,
			"range-line-to": 248,
			"contexts": [{
					"sort": 0,
					"text": "\n"
				}, {
					"sort": 1,
					"text": "A [[Colorado]] study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://veterinarynews.dvm360.com/dvm/Working+with+patients+-+technicians/Study-Chihuahuas-bite-vets-most-Lhaso-Apsos-inflic/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/613820?contextCategoryId=204 | title= Study: Chihuahuas bite vets most; Lhaso Apsos inflict worst injuries | date= 1 July 2009 |first= Rachael |last= Whitcomb | work= DVM Newsmagazine | accessdate= 15 February 2013}}</ref> The incidence of dog bites in the US is 12.9 per 10,000 inhabitants, but for boys aged 5 to 9, the incidence rate is 60.7 per 10,000. Moreover, children have a much higher chance to be bitten in the face or neck.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1= Weiss |first1= HB |last2= Friedman |first2= DI |last3= Coben |first3= JH |title=Incidence of dog bite injuries treated in emergency departments |journal=JAMA |volume=279 |issue=1 |pages=51–3 |year=1998 |pmid=9424044 |doi= 10.1001/jama.279.1.51}}</ref> Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1= Tierney |first1= DM |last2= Strauss |first2= LP |last3= Sanchez |first3= JL |title=Capnocytophaga canimorsus Mycotic Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Why the Mailman Is Afraid of Dogs |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=649–51 |year=2006 |pmid=16455937 |pmc=1392675 |doi=10.1128/JCM.44.2.649-651.2006}}</ref>"
				},
				{
					"sort": 4,
					"text": "\n"
				}, {
					"sort": 5,
					"text": "In the [[Dogs in the United States|United States]], [[cat]]s and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Injury Prevention Bulletin |url=http://www.hlthss.gov.nt.ca/english/services/health_promotion/pdf/injury_prevention_bulletin.pdf |publisher=Northwest Territories Health and Social Services |date=25 March 2009 |accessdate=7 January 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322113606/http://www.hlthss.gov.nt.ca/english/services/health_promotion/pdf/injury_prevention_bulletin.pdf |archivedate=22 March 2011 |df= }}</ref> It has been estimated around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in UK hospitals are domestic accidents. The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles.<ref>{{Cite journal| last=Bewley |first= BR |title=Medical hazards from dogs |journal=British Medical Journal |volume= 291 |issue=6498 |pages=760–1 |year=1985 |pmid=3929930 |pmc=1417177 |doi=10.1136/bmj.291.6498.760}}</ref>"
				}
			],
			"changes": [{
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				},
				{
					"sort": 3,
					"from": {
						"type": "delete",
						"text": "In the UK between 2003 and 2004, there were 5,868 [[dog attack]]s on humans, resulting in 5,770 working days lost in sick leave.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_east/4142200.stm |title= Mail campaign over dog attacks |date= 11 August 2005 | publisher= BBC News}}</ref>",
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		{
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			"range-line-to": 262,
			"contexts": [{
					"sort": 0,
					"text": "\n"
				}, {
					"sort": 1,
					"text": "The health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general, and not solely from having dogs as pets. For example, when in the presence of a pet dog, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral, and psychological indicators of anxiety.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1097/00005053-199108000-00006 |author=Wilson CC |title=The pet as an anxiolytic intervention |journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease |volume=179 |issue=8 |pages=482–9 |year=1991 |pmid=1856711}}</ref> Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which, according to the [[hygiene hypothesis]], can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases. The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs are able to not only provide companionship and social support themselves, but also to act as facilitators of social interactions between humans.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=McNicholas |first1=J. |last2=Collis |first2=G. M. |chapter=Animals as social supports: Insights for understanding animal assisted therapy |editor=Fine, Aubrey H. |title=Handbook on animal-assisted therapy: theoretical foundations and guidelines for practice |publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press |location=Amsterdam |year=2006 |pages=49–71 |isbn=0-12-369484-1}}</ref> One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when they are accompanied by a dog than when they are not.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Eddy J, Hart LA, Boltz RP |title=The effects of service dogs on social acknowledgments of people in wheelchairs |journal=The Journal of Psychology |volume=122 |issue=1 |pages=39–45 |year=1988 |pmid=2967371|doi=10.1080/00223980.1988.10542941}}</ref> In 2015, a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non-pet owners.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0122085 | pmid=25924013 | volume=10 | issue=4 | title=The Pet Factor – Companion Animals as a Conduit for Getting to Know People, Friendship Formation and Social Support | journal=PLoS ONE | pages=e0122085| year=2015 | last1=Wood | first1=Lisa | last2=Martin | first2=Karen | last3=Christian | first3=Hayley | last4=Nathan | first4=Andrea | last5=Lauritsen | first5=Claire | last6=Houghton | first6=Steve | last7=Kawachi | first7=Ichiro | last8=McCune | first8=Sandra | pmc=4414420| bibcode=2015PLoSO..1022085W }}</ref>"
				},
				{
					"sort": 4,
					"text": "\n"
				}, {
					"sort": 5,
					"text": "The practice of using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders.<ref>Kruger, K.A. & Serpell, J.A. (2006). Animal-assisted interventions in mental health: Definitions and theoretical foundations, In Fine, A.H. (Ed.), Handbook on animal-assisted therapy: Theoretical foundations and guidelines for practice. San Diego, CA, Academic Press: 21–38. {{ISBN|0-12-369484-1}}</ref> Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease.<ref>{{Cite book|author1=Batson, K. |author2=McCabe, B. |author3=Baun, M.M. |author4=Wilson, C. |chapter=The effect of a therapy dog on socialization and psychological indicators of stress in persons diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease |editor1=Turner, Dennis C. |editor2=Wilson, Cindy C. |title=Companion animals in human health |publisher=Sage Publications |location=Thousand Oaks |year=1998 |pages=203–15 |isbn=978-0-7619-1061-9}}</ref> One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives, and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared with those who were not in an animal-assisted program.<ref>{{Cite book|author1=Katcher, A.H. |author2=Wilkins, G.G. |chapter=The Centaur's Lessons: Therapeutic education through care of animals and nature study |editor=Fine, Aubrey H. |title=Handbook on animal-assisted therapy: theoretical foundations and guidelines for practice |publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press |location=Amsterdam |year=2006 |pages=153–77 |isbn=0-12-369484-1}}</ref>"
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					"text": "===Mythology==="
				}, {
					"sort": 1,
					"text": "{{see also|Category:Mythological dogs}}"
				},
				{
					"sort": 4,
					"text": "\n"
				}, {
					"sort": 5,
					"text": "In mythology, dogs often serve as pets or as watchdogs.<ref name=\"Sherman2008\">{{cite book|author=Sherman, Josepha |title=Storytelling: An Encyclopedia of Mythology and Folklore|date=August 2008|publisher=Sharpe Reference|isbn=978-0-7656-8047-1|pages=118–121}}</ref> Stories of dogs guarding the gates of the underworld recur throughout Indo-European mythologies<ref name=\"MalloryAdams2006\">{{cite book|last1=Mallory|first1 = James P.|author1-link = J. P. Mallory|last2 = Adams | first2 = Douglas Q.|author2-link = Douglas Q. Adams|date=2006|title = Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World|location=Oxford, England|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=439|ref=harv}}</ref><ref name=\"West2007\">{{cite book|last=West|first=Martin Litchfield|authorlink=Martin Litchfield West|title=Indo-European Poetry and Myth|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|isbn=978-0-19-928075-9|page=392|ref=harv}}</ref> and may originate from [[Proto-Indo-European religion]].<ref name=\"MalloryAdams2006\"/><ref name=\"West2007\"/> In [[Greek mythology]], [[Cerberus]] is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of [[Hades]].<ref name=\"Sherman2008\"/> In [[Norse mythology]], a bloody, four-eyed dog called [[Garmr]] guards [[Helheim]].<ref name=\"Sherman2008\"/> In [[Persian mythology]], two four-eyed dogs guard the [[Chinvat Bridge]].<ref name=\"Sherman2008\"/> In [[Welsh mythology]], [[Annwn]] is guarded by [[Cŵn Annwn]].<ref name=\"Sherman2008\"/> In [[Hindu mythology]], [[Yama]], the god of death, owns two watch dogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of [[Naraka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/iml/iml08.htm |title=Indian Myth and Legend: Chapter III. Yama, the First Man, and King of the Dead |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |accessdate=4 July 2013}}</ref>"
				},
				{
					"sort": 8,
					"text": "\n"
				},
				{
					"sort": 9,
					"text": "The hunter god [[Muthappan]] from [[North Malabar]] region of [[Kerala]] has a hunting dog as his mount. Dogs are found in and out of the [[Muthappan Temple]] and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog figurines.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=p00fjOeA2h4C&pg=PA485&q=Muthappan%20association%20with%20dogs |title=Fodor's Essential India: with Delhi, Rajasthan, Mumbai, and Kerala |publisher=Random House LLC |accessdate=13 May 2014|isbn=9780891419440 |date=7 May 2013}}</ref> In [[Philippine mythology]], Kimat who is the pet of Tadaklan, god of thunder, is responsible for lightning. The role of the [[dog in Chinese mythology]] includes a position as one of the twelve animals which cyclically represent years (the [[Dog (zodiac)|zodiacal dog]])."
				}
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						"text": "In ancient [[Mesopotamia]], from the [[Babylonia|Old Babylonian period]] until the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire|Neo-Babylonian]], dogs were the symbol of [[Nintinugga|Ninisina]], the goddess of healing and medicine,<ref name=\"BlackGreen1992\">{{cite book|last1=Black|first1=Jeremy|first2=Anthony|last2=Green|title=Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ&q=Inana|publisher=The British Museum Press|year=1992|isbn=0-7141-1705-6|pages=70, 101|ref=harv}}</ref> and her worshippers frequently dedicated small models of seated dogs to her.<ref name=\"BlackGreen1992\"/> In the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Neo-Assyrian]] and Neo-Babylonian periods, dogs were used as emblems of magical protection.<ref name=\"BlackGreen1992\"/>",
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						"line": 275,
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				},
				{
					"sort": 7,
					"from": {
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					"to": {
						"type": "add",
						"text": "In ancient [[Mesopotamia]], from the [[Babylonia|Old Babylonian period]] until the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire|Neo-Babylonian]], dogs were the symbol of [[Nintinugga|Ninisina]], the goddess of healing and medicine,<ref name=\"BlackGreen1992\">{{cite book|last1=Black|first1=Jeremy|first2=Anthony|last2=Green|title=Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ&q=Inana|publisher=The British Museum Press|year=1992|isbn=0-7141-1705-6|pages=70, 101|ref=harv}}</ref> and her fans frequently dedicated small models of seated dogs to her.<ref name=\"BlackGreen1992\"/> In the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Neo-Assyrian]] and Neo-Babylonian periods, dogs were used as emblems of magical protection.<ref name=\"BlackGreen1992\"/>",
						"line": 276,
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			]
		},
		{
			"range-line-from-start": "?",
			"range-line-from-end": "?",
			"range-line-to-start": 281,
			"range-line-to": 288,
			"contexts": [{
					"sort": 0,
					"text": "\n"
				},
				{
					"sort": 1,
					"text": "The hunter god [[Muthappan]] from [[North Malabar]] region of [[Kerala]] has a hunting dog as his mount. Dogs are found in and out of the [[Muthappan Temple]] and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog figurines.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=p00fjOeA2h4C&pg=PA485&q=Muthappan%20association%20with%20dogs |title=Fodor's Essential India: with Delhi, Rajasthan, Mumbai, and Kerala |publisher=Random House LLC |accessdate=13 May 2014|isbn=9780891419440 |date=7 May 2013}}</ref> In [[Philippine mythology]], Kimat who is the pet of Tadaklan, god of thunder, is responsible for lightning. The role of the [[dog in Chinese mythology]] includes a position as one of the twelve animals which cyclically represent years (the [[Dog (zodiac)|zodiacal dog]])."
				},
				{
					"sort": 3,
					"text": "\n"
				},
				{
					"sort": 4,
					"text": "===Literature==="
				},
				{
					"sort": 5,
					"text": "In [[Homer]]'s [[Epic poetry|epic poem]] the ''[[Odyssey]]'', when the disguised [[Odysseus]] returns home after 20 years he is recognized only by his faithful dog, [[Argos (dog)|Argos]], who has been waiting for his return."
				},
				{
					"sort": 6,
					"text": "\n"
				},
				{
					"sort": 7,
					"text": "===Religion==="
				},
				{
					"sort": 8,
					"text": "[[File:Wuchzenhofen Pfarrkirche Seitenaltar rechts Gemälde (Domenikus).jpg|thumb|200px|A painting of [[Saint Dominic]] with a dog bearing a torch at his side]]"
				}
			]
		}
	]
}