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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en"><span
dir="auto">Netherlands</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr"
class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="dablink">This article is
about the country within the <a
href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the
Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>. For other uses,
see <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_(disambiguation)" title="Netherlands
(disambiguation)">Netherlands (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:22em;
font-size:88%;">
<tr class="adr">
<th colspan="3" align="center" class="mergedtoprow"
style="padding:0.25em 0.33em
0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;"><span class="fn org
country-name">Netherlands</span>
<div style="padding-top:0.25em;"><span lang="nl"
xml:lang="nl"><i>Nederland</i></span></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow">
<td class="maptable" colspan="3" align="center" style="padding:0.5em
0;">
<table align="center" style="width:100%;background:none;">
<tr>
<td align="center" style="width:58%; vertical-align:middle;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="image" title="Flag
of the Netherlands"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png"
width="125" height="83" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png
2x" /></a></td>
<td align="center" style="width:auto;vertical-align:middle;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="image"
title="Coat of arms of the Netherlands"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png"
width="85" height="93"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png
2x" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" style="font-size:85%;"><a
href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Netherlands" title="Flag of the Netherlands"
class="mw-redirect">Flag</a></td>
<td align="center" style="font-size:85%;"><a
href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands" title="Coat of arms of the
Netherlands">Coat of arms</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3"
style="text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;"><b>Motto: </b><span
lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">"Je
maintiendrai"</span> <span class="languageicon"
style="font-size:81%;font-weight:normal;">(<a
href="/wiki/French_language" title="French
language">French</a>)</span> <sup
id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><br
/>
<span lang="nl" xml:lang="nl">"Ik zal
handhaven"</span> <span class="languageicon"
style="font-size:81%;font-weight:normal;">(<a
href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch
language">Dutch</a>)</span><br />
<span style="font-size:85%;">"I will hold
firm"</span> <sup class="reference plainlinks
nourlexpansion" id="ref_box1"><a
href="#endnote_box1">a</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="anthem" colspan="3"
style="text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;"><b>Anthem: </b><i><a
href="/wiki/Het_Wilhelmus" title="Het Wilhelmus"
class="mw-redirect">Het Wilhelmus</a></i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="padding:0.6em 0 0.3em;text-align:center;">
<div class="center">
<div class="floatnone"><a href="/wiki/File:EU-Netherlands.svg"
class="image" title="Location of
the  Netherlands  (dark
green)– in Europe  (light green
& dark grey)– in the European
Union  (light green)  — 
[Legend]"><img alt="Location of
the  Netherlands  (dark
green)– in Europe  (light green
& dark grey)– in the European
Union  (light green)  —  [Legend]"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EU-Netherlands.svg/250px-EU-Netherlands.svg.png"
width="250" height="210"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EU-Netherlands.svg/375px-EU-Netherlands.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EU-Netherlands.svg/500px-EU-Netherlands.svg.png
2x" /></a></div>
</div>
<div style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;">
<div
style="text-align:center;font-size:11px;line-height:1.15em;"><span
style="font-size:11px;">Location of the <span
style="font-size:2px;"> </span><strong
class="selflink">Netherlands</strong><span
style="font-size:8px;"><span
style="white-space:nowrap;">  </span></span>(<span
style="font-size:9px;">dark green</span>)</span>
<p
style="width:250px;font-size:11px;text-align:left;margin-left:1.2ex;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:1.15em;">– in
<a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a><span
style="font-size:8px;"><span
style="white-space:nowrap;">  </span></span>(<span
style="font-size:9px;">light green & dark
grey</span>)<br />
– in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European
Union">European Union</a><span
style="font-size:8px;"><span
style="white-space:nowrap;">  </span></span>(<span
style="font-size:9px;">light green</span>) 
—  [<span style="font-size:10px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:EU-Netherlands.svg"
title="File:EU-Netherlands.svg">Legend</a></span>]</p>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr
class="mergedtoprow">
<td colspan="3" style="padding:0.6em 0 0.3em;text-align:center;">
<div class="center">
<div class="floatnone"><a
href="/wiki/File:BES_islands_location_map.svg" class="image"
title="Location of the special municipalities of
the  Netherlands  (green and
circled)in the Caribbean  (grey)"><img
alt="Location of the special municipalities of
the  Netherlands  (green and
circled)in the Caribbean  (grey)"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/BES_islands_location_map.svg/250px-BES_islands_location_map.svg.png"
width="250" height="215"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/BES_islands_location_map.svg/375px-BES_islands_location_map.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/BES_islands_location_map.svg/500px-BES_islands_location_map.svg.png
2x" /></a></div>
</div>
<div
style="position:relative;top:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;">
<div
style="text-align:center;font-size:11px;line-height:1.15em;"><span
style="font-size:11px;">Location of the <a
href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean
Netherlands">special municipalities</a> of
the <span
style="font-size:2px;"> </span><strong
class="selflink">Netherlands</strong><span
style="font-size:8px;"><span
style="white-space:nowrap;">  </span></span>(<span
style="font-size:9px;">green and circled</span>)</span>
<p
style="width:250px;font-size:11px;text-align:center;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:1.15em;">in
the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean"
title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a><span
style="font-size:8px;"><span
style="white-space:nowrap;">  </span></span>(<span
style="font-size:9px;">grey</span>)</p>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow">
<td colspan="2"><b>Capital</b><br />
and largest city</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam"
title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a><sup class="reference
plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_box3"><a
href="#endnote_box3">c</a></sup><br />
<span style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:85%;"><span
class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Netherlands&params=52_22_N_4_53_E_type:country"><span
class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial
photos, and other data for this location"><span
class="latitude">52°22′N</span> <span
class="longitude">4°53′E</span></span></span><span
class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span
class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial
photos, and other data for this location">52.367°N
4.883°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span
class="geo">52.367;
4.883</span></span></span></a></span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th
colspan="2" style="white-space:nowrap;">Official
languages</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch
language">Dutch</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span
style="font-weight:normal;">Recognised regional<br />
languages<sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion"
id="ref_box2"><a
href="#endnote_box2">b</a></sup></span></th>
<td>
<div class="plainlist">
<ul style="">
<li style=""><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West
Frisian language">Frisian</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(in <a href="/wiki/Friesland"
title="Friesland">Friesland</a>)</span></li>
<li style=""><a href="/wiki/Papiamento"
title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(in <a href="/wiki/Bonaire"
title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>)</span></li>
<li style=""><span class="nowrap">English <span
style="font-size:85%;">(in <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius"
title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Saba"
title="Saba">Saba</a>)</span></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><b>Ethnic groups</b>
(2008<sup id="cite_ref-cia-worldfactbook-nl_2-0"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-cia-worldfactbook-nl-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup>)</td>
<td>
<div
class="plainlist">
<ul style="">
<li style="">80.7% <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch
people">Dutch</a></li>
<li style="">5.0% other <a href="/wiki/European_Union"
title="European Union">EU</a></li>
<li style="">2.4% <a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo
people">Indonesians</a></li>
<li style="">2.2% <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Netherlands"
title="Turks in the Netherlands">Turks</a></li>
<li style="">2.0% <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_people"
title="Moroccan people">Moroccans</a></li>
<li style="">2.0% <a href="/wiki/Surinamese_people"
title="Surinamese people">Surinamese</a></li>
<li style="">0.8% <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Caribbean" title="Dutch
Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li>
<li style="">4.8% others</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Demonym"
title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch
people">Dutch</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Netherlands"
title="Politics of the Netherlands">Government</a></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary
state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system"
title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> <a
href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative
democracy">representative democracy</a> under <a
href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional
monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0
0.6em;"> - </td>
<td style="padding-left:0;"><a
href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the
Netherlands">Monarch</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands" title="Beatrix
of the Netherlands">Beatrix</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0
0.6em;"> - </td>
<td style="padding-left:0;"><a
href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of
the Netherlands">Prime Minister</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Mark_Rutte" title="Mark Rutte">Mark
Rutte</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2">Legislature</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/States-General_of_the_Netherlands"
title="States-General of the
Netherlands">States-General</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0
0.6em;"> - </td>
<td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_house"
title="Upper house">Upper house</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Netherlands" title="Senate of
the Netherlands" class="mw-redirect">Senate</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0
0.6em;"> - </td>
<td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_house"
title="Lower house">Lower house</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Netherlands"
title="House of Representatives of the Netherlands"
class="mw-redirect">House of Representatives</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow">
<th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Independence"
title="Independence">Independence</a> <span
style="font-weight:normal;">from the <a
href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish
Empire</a></span></th>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0
0.6em;"> - </td>
<td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic"
title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></td>
<td>26 July 1581 <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a
href="/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration" title="Act of
Abjuration">declared</a>)</span> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0
0.6em;"> - </td>
<td style="padding-left:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic"
title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></td>
<td>30 January 1648 <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a
href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of
Westphalia">recognised</a>)</span> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0
0.6em;"> - </td>
<td style="padding-left:0;"><span class="nowrap"><a
href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian
Republic</a></span></td>
<td>16 January 1795 </td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0
0.6em;"> - </td>
<td style="padding-left:0;"><a
href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the
Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></td>
<td>1815 <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a
href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of
Waterloo">Waterloo</a>
aftermath)</span> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow">
<th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Netherlands"
title="Geography of the Netherlands">Area</a></th>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0
0.6em;"> - </td>
<td style="padding-left:0;">Total</td>
<td>41,543 km<sup><small>2</small></sup> (<a
href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_total_area"
title="List of countries and outlying territories by total area"
class="mw-redirect">135th</a>)<br />
16,039 sq mi </td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0
0.6em;"> - </td>
<td style="padding-left:0;">Water (%)</td>
<td>18.41</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow">
<th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Netherlands"
title="Demographics of the
Netherlands">Population</a></th>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0
0.6em;"> - </td>
<td style="padding-left:0;">2013 estimate</td>
<td>16,751,323<sup id="cite_ref-pop-cbs_3-0"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-pop-cbs-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> (<a
href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" title="List of countries
by population">61st</a>)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0
0.6em;"> - </td>
<td style="padding-left:0;">Density</td>
<td>405.6/km<sup><small>2</small></sup> (<a
href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_population_density"
title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by population
density">24th</a>)<br />
1,050.6/sq mi</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow">
<td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product"
title="Gross domestic
product">GDP</a></b> (<a
href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power
parity">PPP</a>)</td>
<td>2011 estimate</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0
0.6em;"> - </td>
<td style="padding-left:0;">Total</td>
<td>$704.034 billion<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_4-0"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-imf2-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr
class="mergedbottomrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0
0.6em;"> - </td>
<td style="padding-left:0;">Per capita</td>
<td>$42,183<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_4-1"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-imf2-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr
class="mergedtoprow">
<td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product"
title="Gross domestic
product">GDP</a></b> (nominal)</td>
<td>2011 estimate</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0
0.6em;"> - </td>
<td style="padding-left:0;">Total</td>
<td>$840.433 billion<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_4-2"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-imf2-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr
class="mergedbottomrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0
0.6em;"> - </td>
<td style="padding-left:0;">Per capita</td>
<td>$50,355<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_4-3"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-imf2-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td
colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini
coefficient">Gini</a></b> (2006)</td>
<td>30.9<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"
style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Precise_language"
title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span
title="The text in the vicinity of this tag is dated">dated
info</span></a></i>]</sup><br />
<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span
style="color:orange">medium</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><b><a
href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development
Index">HDI</a></b> (2011)</td>
<td><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png"
width="11" height="11"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png
2x" /></span> 0.910<sup id="cite_ref-HDI_5-0"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-HDI-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><br
/>
<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span
style="color:darkgreen">very
high</span></span> <span
style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a
href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of
countries by Human Development Index">3rd</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">Currency</th>
<td>
<div class="plainlist">
<ul style="">
<li style=""><a href="/wiki/Euro"
title="Euro">Euro</a> (€)<sup class="reference plainlinks
nourlexpansion" id="ref_box4"><a
href="#endnote_box4">d</a></sup></li>
<li style=""><span class="nowrap"><a
href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United
States dollar</a> (US$)<sup class="reference plainlinks
nourlexpansion" id="ref_box4"><a
href="#endnote_box4">d</a></sup></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow">
<th colspan="2">Time zone</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central
European Time">CET</a> / <a
href="/wiki/Atlantic_Standard_Time" title="Atlantic Standard Time"
class="mw-redirect">AST</a> <span class="nowrap">(<a
href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal
Time">UTC</a>+1 / −4)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow">
<td style="width:1.0em;padding:0 0 0
0.6em;"> - </td>
<td style="padding-left:0;">Summer (<a
href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving
time">DST</a>)</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central
European Summer Time" class="mw-redirect">CEST</a> /
<a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Standard_Time" title="Atlantic Standard Time"
class="mw-redirect">AST</a> (<a
href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal
Time">UTC</a>+2 / −4)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2">Drives on the</th>
<td>right</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a
href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Netherlands" title="Telephone
numbers in the Netherlands">Calling code</a></th>
<td>
<div class="plainlist">
<ul style="">
<li style=""><a
href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Netherlands" title="Telephone
numbers in the Netherlands">+31</a></li>
<li style=""><a href="/wiki/%2B599" title="+599"
class="mw-redirect">+599</a> <sup class="reference
plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_box5"><a
href="#endnote_box5">e</a></sup></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a
href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166
code</a></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:NL" title="ISO
3166-2:NL">NL</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain"
title="Country code top-level domain">Internet
TLD</a></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/.nl"
title=".nl">.nl</a> <sup class="reference
plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_box6"><a
href="#endnote_box6">f</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr style="font-size:xx-small;">
<td align="right"><span style="position: relative; top:
0.3em;"><sup>a.</sup></span></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0;"><span class="citation
wikicite" id="endnote_box1"><b><a
href="#ref_box1">^</a></b></span> The official
motto is in French. The literal translation into English is "I will
maintain"; a better translation, however, is "I will hold firm" or "I
will uphold" (namely, the integrity and independence of the
territory).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"
style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original
research"><span title="The material in the vicinity of this tag
may be based upon unreliable original research from January
2013">original
research?</span></a></i>]</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr style="font-size:xx-small;" class="mergedrow">
<td align="right"><span style="position: relative; top:
0.3em;"><sup>b.</sup></span></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0;"><span class="citation
wikicite" id="endnote_box2"><b><a
href="#ref_box2">^</a></b></span> <a
href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian
language">Frisian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Friesland"
title="Friesland">Friesland</a>),<big><sup
id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></big>
<a href="/wiki/Papiamento"
title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bonaire"
title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>)<big><sup
id="cite_ref-languages_7-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-languages-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></big>
and English (<a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint
Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saba"
title="Saba">Saba</a>)<big><sup
id="cite_ref-languages_7-1" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-languages-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></big>
have a formal status in certain parts of the country. <a
href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low
Saxon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limburgish_language"
title="Limburgish language">Limburgish</a> are recognised as
<a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages"
title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">regional
languages</a> by the European Charter for Regional or Minority
Languages.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="font-size:xx-small;" class="mergedrow">
<td align="right"><span style="position: relative; top:
0.3em;"><sup>c.</sup></span></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0;"><span class="citation
wikicite" id="endnote_box3"><b><a
href="#ref_box3">^</a></b></span> While <a
href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> is the
constitutional capital, <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The
Hague">The Hague</a> is the seat of the government.</td>
</tr>
<tr style="font-size:xx-small;" class="mergedrow">
<td align="right"><span style="position: relative; top:
0.3em;"><sup>d.</sup></span></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0;"><span class="citation
wikicite" id="endnote_box4"><b><a
href="#ref_box4">^</a></b></span> Before 2002, the
<a href="/wiki/Dutch_guilder" title="Dutch guilder">Dutch
guilder</a> was used in the European Netherlands. Before 2011, the
<a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antillean_guilder" title="Netherlands
Antillean guilder">Netherlands Antillean guilder</a> used in
the Caribbean islands before being replaced by the <a
href="/wiki/U.S._Dollar" title="U.S. Dollar" class="mw-redirect">U.S.
Dollar</a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="font-size:xx-small;" class="mergedrow">
<td align="right"><span style="position: relative; top:
0.3em;"><sup>e.</sup></span></td>
<td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0;"><span class="citation
wikicite" id="endnote_box5"><b><a
href="#ref_box5">^</a></b></span> 599 was the
country code designated for the now dissolved <a
href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands
Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a>. The Caribbean Netherlands
still use 599-7 (Bonaire), 599-3 (Sint Eustatius) and 599-4
(Saba).</td>
</tr>
<tr style="font-size:xx-small;" class="mergedbottomrow">
<td align="right"><span style="position: relative; top:
0.3em;"><sup><big>f.</big></sup></span></td>
<td
colspan="2" style="padding-left:0;"><span class="citation
wikicite" id="endnote_box6"><b><a
href="#ref_box6">^</a></b></span> The <a
href="/wiki/.eu" title=".eu">.eu</a> domain is also used, as it
is shared with other <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European
Union">European Union</a> member states.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>The <b>Netherlands</b> (<span
class="nowrap"><span class="noexcerpt"><a
href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/En-us-Netherlands.ogg"
title="Listen"><img alt="Listen"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/11px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png"
width="11" height="11"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/17px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/22px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png
2x" /></a><sup><span style="color: #00e; font: bold
80% sans-serif; padding: 0 .1em;" class="IPA"><a
href="/wiki/File:En-us-Netherlands.ogg"
title="File:En-us-Netherlands.ogg">i</a></span></sup></span><span
title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"
class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA
for English">/</a></span><span class="IPA"><a
href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for
English"><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows"
style="border-bottom:1px
dotted">ˈ</span></a></span><span
class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key"
title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="'n' in 'nigh'"
style="border-bottom:1px
dotted">n</span></a></span><span
class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key"
title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="/ɛ/ short 'e' in 'bed'"
style="border-bottom:1px
dotted">ɛ</span></a></span><span
class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key"
title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="/ð/ 'th' in 'thy'"
style="border-bottom:1px
dotted">ð</span></a></span><span
class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key"
title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="/ər/ 'er' in 'finger'"
style="border-bottom:1px
dotted">ər</span></a></span><span
class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key"
title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="'l' in 'lie'"
style="border-bottom:1px
dotted">l</span></a></span><span
class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key"
title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="/ə/ 'a' in 'about'"
style="border-bottom:1px
dotted">ə</span></a></span><span
class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key"
title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="'n' in 'nigh'"
style="border-bottom:1px
dotted">n</span></a></span><span
class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key"
title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="'d' in 'dye'"
style="border-bottom:1px
dotted">d</span></a></span><span
class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key"
title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="'z' in 'Zion'"
style="border-bottom:1px
dotted">z</span></a></span><span
title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"
class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA
for English">/</a></span></span>; Dutch:
<i>Nederland</i> <span title="Representation in the
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a
href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Dutch_and_Afrikaans" title="Help:IPA for Dutch
and Afrikaans">[ˈneːdərˌlɑnt]</a></span><small
class="nowrap"> (<a href="/wiki/File:Nl-Nederland.ogg"
title="File:Nl-Nederland.ogg"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/13px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png"
width="13" height="13"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/20px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/26px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png
2x" /></a> <a
href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Nl-Nederland.ogg"
class="internal"
title="Nl-Nederland.ogg">listen</a>)</small>)Is a place
where everyone is poor. no one likes them and they will be nuked soon by
the chiniese. Netherland people are also homosexual. <a
href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the
Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>, consisting of
<a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the
Netherlands">twelve provinces</a> in <a
href="/wiki/North-West_Europe" title="North-West Europe"
class="mw-redirect">North-West Europe</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean
Netherlands">three islands</a> in the <a
href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. The
<a href="/wiki/European_Netherlands" title="European
Netherlands">European part of the Netherlands</a> borders the
<a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> to
the north and west, <a href="/wiki/Belgium"
title="Belgium">Belgium</a> to the south, and <a
href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> to the east,
and shares <a href="/wiki/Maritime_boundary" title="Maritime
boundary">maritime borders</a><sup id="cite_ref-8"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup>
with Belgium, Germany and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom"
title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. It is a <a
href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary
system">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Democracy"
title="Democracy">democracy</a> organised as a <a
href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary
state</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Netherlands"
title="Capital of the Netherlands">country capital</a> is <a
href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> and the
seat of government is <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The
Hague">The Hague</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup>
The <i>Netherlands</i> in its entirety is often referred to
as "<a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a>",
although <a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North
Holland">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Holland"
title="South Holland">South Holland</a> are actually only two
of its provinces.</p>
<p>The Netherlands is a geographically low-lying country, with
about 20% of its area and 21% of its population located below sea
level,<sup id="cite_ref-milrek_10-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-milrek-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup>
and 50% of its land lying less than one metre <a
href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" title="Above mean sea level"
class="mw-redirect">above sea level</a>.<sup
id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup>
This distinct feature contributes to the country's name: in Dutch
(<i>Nederland</i>), English, and in many other European
languages, its name literally means "(The) <a
href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low
Countries</a>" or "Low Country". Most of the areas below sea level
are man-made, caused by centuries of extensive and poorly controlled
<a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> extraction,
lowering the surface by several meters. Even in flooded areas peat
extraction continued through turf dredging. From the late 16th century
<a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">land
reclamation</a> started and large <a href="/wiki/Polder"
title="Polder">polder</a> areas are now preserved through
elaborate drainage systems with <a href="/wiki/Dike_(construction)"
title="Dike (construction)" class="mw-redirect">dikes</a>,
canals and pumping stations. Much of the Netherlands is formed by the
<a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a> of three
important European rivers, which together with their <a
href="/wiki/Distributary"
title="Distributary">distributaries</a> form the <a
href="/wiki/Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt_delta" title="Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta"
class="mw-redirect">Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta</a>. Most of the
country is very flat, with the exception of foothills in the far
southeast and several low hill ranges in the central parts.</p>
<p>The Netherlands was one of the first countries to have an
elected parliament, and the country is a founding member of the <a
href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a>,
<a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development"
title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development">OECD</a> and <a
href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade
Organization">WTO</a>. Together with Belgium and <a
href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> it
forms the <a href="/wiki/Benelux"
title="Benelux">Benelux</a> economic union. The Netherlands had
the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita"
title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per
capita">tenth-highest</a> per capita income in the world in
2011. The country is host to the <a
href="/wiki/Organization_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons"
title="Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons"
class="mw-redirect">Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical
Weapons</a> and five international courts: the <a
href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of
Arbitration">Permanent Court of Arbitration</a>, the <a
href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court
of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>, the <a
href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_Former_Yugoslavia"
title="International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia"
class="mw-redirect">International Criminal Tribunal for the Former
Yugoslavia</a>, the <a
href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal
Court">International Criminal Court</a> and the <a
href="/wiki/Special_Tribunal_for_Lebanon" title="Special Tribunal for
Lebanon">Special Tribunal for Lebanon</a>. The first four are
situated in The Hague, as is the EU's criminal intelligence agency <a
href="/wiki/Europol" title="Europol">Europol</a> and judicial
co-operation agency <a href="/wiki/Eurojust"
title="Eurojust">Eurojust</a>. This has led to the city being
dubbed "the world's legal capital".<sup id="cite_ref-12"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup>
The Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 13th of 157
countries according to the <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom"
title="Index of Economic Freedom">Index of Economic
Freedom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup>
In May 2011, the Netherlands was ranked as the "happiest" country
according to results published by the OECD.<sup id="cite_ref-14"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<table
id="toc" class="toc">
<tr>
<td>
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a
href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span
class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a
href="#Habsburg_Netherlands_1519.E2.80.931581"><span
class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span
class="toctext">Habsburg Netherlands
1519–1581</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a
href="#Dutch_Republic_1581.E2.80.931795"><span
class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Dutch
Republic 1581–1795</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a
href="#French_Influence_1795.E2.80.931814"><span
class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">French
Influence 1795–1814</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a
href="#Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands_1815.E2.80.931940"><span
class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span
class="toctext">Kingdom of the Netherlands
1815–1940</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a
href="#Second_World_War_1940.E2.80.931945"><span
class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Second
World War 1940–1945</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a
href="#Recent_history_1945.E2.80.93present"><span
class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Recent
history 1945–present</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a
href="#Geography_of_the_Netherlands"><span
class="tocnumber">2</span> <span
class="toctext">Geography of the Netherlands</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a
href="#European_Netherlands"><span
class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span
class="toctext">European Netherlands</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a
href="#Floods"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.1</span>
<span class="toctext">Floods</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-11"><a
href="#Delta_Works"><span
class="tocnumber">2.1.1.1</span> <span
class="toctext">Delta Works</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a
href="#Climate"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.2</span>
<span class="toctext">Climate</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a
href="#Environment"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.3</span>
<span
class="toctext">Environment</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a
href="#Caribbean_islands"><span
class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span
class="toctext">Caribbean islands</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a
href="#Politics"><span class="tocnumber">3</span>
<span class="toctext">Politics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a
href="#Political_parties"><span
class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span
class="toctext">Political parties</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a
href="#Administrative_divisions"><span
class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span
class="toctext">Administrative
divisions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a
href="#Foreign_relations"><span
class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span
class="toctext">Foreign relations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a
href="#Military"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span>
<span class="toctext">Military</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a
href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span
class="toctext">Economy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a
href="#Agriculture"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span>
<span
class="toctext">Agriculture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a
href="#Transport"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span>
<span class="toctext">Transport</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a
href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">5</span>
<span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a
href="#Language"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span>
<span class="toctext">Language</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a
href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span>
<span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a
href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span>
<span class="toctext">Education</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a
href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span
class="toctext">Culture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a
href="#Sport"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span
class="toctext">Sport</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a
href="#Cuisine"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span>
<span class="toctext">Cuisine</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a
href="#Colonial_heritage"><span
class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Colonial
heritage</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a
href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span>
<span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a
href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span>
<span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a
href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">10</span>
<span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a
href="#Geography_and_environment"><span
class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span
class="toctext">Geography and
environment</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a
href="#History_2"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span>
<span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a
href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span>
<span class="toctext">External
links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=1"
title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span> <span
class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a
href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the
Netherlands">History of the Netherlands</a></div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=2"
title="Edit section: Habsburg Netherlands
1519–1581">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline"
id="Habsburg_Netherlands_1519.E2.80.931581">Habsburg Netherlands
1519–1581</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Jan_Steen_-_Adolf_en_Catharina_Croeser_aan_de_Oude_Delft_1655.jpg"
class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Jan_Steen_-_Adolf_en_Catharina_Croeser_aan_de_Oude_Delft_1655.jpg/170px-Jan_Steen_-_Adolf_en_Catharina_Croeser_aan_de_Oude_Delft_1655.jpg"
width="170" height="203" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Jan_Steen_-_Adolf_en_Catharina_Croeser_aan_de_Oude_Delft_1655.jpg/255px-Jan_Steen_-_Adolf_en_Catharina_Croeser_aan_de_Oude_Delft_1655.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Jan_Steen_-_Adolf_en_Catharina_Croeser_aan_de_Oude_Delft_1655.jpg/340px-Jan_Steen_-_Adolf_en_Catharina_Croeser_aan_de_Oude_Delft_1655.jpg
2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Jan_Steen_-_Adolf_en_Catharina_Croeser_aan_de_Oude_Delft_1655.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img
src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
Daily life during the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch
Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a> captured in a painting by Jan
Steen.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:WilliamOfOrange1580.jpg" class="image"><img
alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/WilliamOfOrange1580.jpg/170px-WilliamOfOrange1580.jpg"
width="170" height="235" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/WilliamOfOrange1580.jpg/255px-WilliamOfOrange1580.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/WilliamOfOrange1580.jpg/340px-WilliamOfOrange1580.jpg
2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:WilliamOfOrange1580.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"><img
src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/William_I,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William I, Prince
of Orange" class="mw-redirect">William I, Prince of Orange</a>
also called <a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Zwijger" title="Willem de
Zwijger" class="mw-redirect">Willem de Zwijger</a>
(<i>William the Silent</i>), leader of the Netherlands
during the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch
Revolt</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Van_Soest,_Four_Days_Battle.jpg"
class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Van_Soest%2C_Four_Days_Battle.jpg/170px-Van_Soest%2C_Four_Days_Battle.jpg"
width="170" height="125" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Van_Soest%2C_Four_Days_Battle.jpg/255px-Van_Soest%2C_Four_Days_Battle.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Van_Soest%2C_Four_Days_Battle.jpg/340px-Van_Soest%2C_Four_Days_Battle.jpg
2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Van_Soest,_Four_Days_Battle.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"><img
src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
<i>The <a href="/wiki/Four_Days%27_Battle" title="Four Days'
Battle">Four Days' Battle</a>, 1–4 June 1666</i>, during
the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo%E2%80%93Dutch_War" title="Second
Anglo–Dutch War" class="mw-redirect">Second Anglo–Dutch
War</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Under <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"
title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman
Emperor</a> and King of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire"
title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a>, the Netherlands region was
part of the <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen
Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a>, which also included most of
present-day <a href="/wiki/Belgium"
title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, Luxembourg, and some land in
France and Germany.</p>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years'
War">Eighty Years' War</a> between the provinces and Spain
began in 1568. In 1579, the northern half of the Seventeen Provinces
formed the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht" title="Union of
Utrecht">Union of Utrecht</a>, a treaty in which they promised
to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army.<sup
id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup>
The Union of Utrecht is seen as the foundation of the modern
Netherlands. In 1581 the northern provinces adopted the <a
href="/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration" title="Act of Abjuration">Act of
Abjuration</a>, the declaration of independence in which the
provinces officially deposed <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"
title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> as reigning
monarch in the northern provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-16"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Queen
<a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" title="Elizabeth I of
England">Elizabeth I of England</a> sympathised with the Dutch
struggle against the Spanish, and in 1585 she concluded a treaty with
the Dutch whereby she promised to send an English army to the
Netherlands to aid the Dutch in their war with the Spanish.<sup
id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup>
In December 1585, 7,600 soldiers were sent to the Netherlands from
England under the command of <a
href="/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert Dudley,
1st Earl of Leicester">Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of
Leicester</a>. However, the English army was of no real benefit to
the Dutch rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Although
Robert Dudley returned to the Netherlands in November 1586 with another
army, the army still had little effect in the rebellion.<sup
id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup>
Philip II, the son of Charles V, was not prepared to let them go
easily, and war continued until 1648, when Spain under King <a
href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip
IV</a> finally recognised the independence of the seven
northwestern provinces in the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster"
title="Peace of Münster">Peace of Münster</a>. Parts of the
southern provinces became <i>de facto</i> colonies of the
new republican-mercantile empire.</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=3"
title="Edit section: Dutch Republic
1581–1795">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline"
id="Dutch_Republic_1581.E2.80.931795">Dutch Republic
1581–1795</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Seven_United_Netherlands_Janssonius_1658.jpg"
class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Seven_United_Netherlands_Janssonius_1658.jpg/250px-Seven_United_Netherlands_Janssonius_1658.jpg"
width="250" height="216" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Seven_United_Netherlands_Janssonius_1658.jpg/375px-Seven_United_Netherlands_Janssonius_1658.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Seven_United_Netherlands_Janssonius_1658.jpg/500px-Seven_United_Netherlands_Janssonius_1658.jpg
2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Seven_United_Netherlands_Janssonius_1658.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img
src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
Map of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, 1658.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a
href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch
Republic</a></div>
<p>After independence, the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Holland"
title="Holland">Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeeland"
title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Groningen_(province)" title="Groningen
(province)">Groningen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friesland"
title="Friesland">Friesland</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Utrecht_(province)" title="Utrecht
(province)">Utrecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overijssel"
title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a>, and <a
href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a>
formed a <a href="/wiki/Confederation"
title="Confederation">confederation</a>. All these provinces
were autonomous and had their own government, the "States of the
Province". The <a href="/wiki/States-General_of_the_Netherlands"
title="States-General of the Netherlands">States-General</a>,
the confederal government, were seated in The Hague and consisted of
representatives from each of the seven provinces. The sparsely populated
region of <a href="/wiki/Drenthe"
title="Drenthe">Drenthe</a>, mainly consisting of poor <a
href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peatland</a>, was part of the
republic too, although Drenthe was not considered one of the provinces;
it had its own States, but the <a href="/wiki/Landdrost"
title="Landdrost">landdrost</a> of Drenthe was appointed by the
States-General. Moreover, the Republic had come to occupy during the
Eighty Years' War a number of so-called <a
href="/wiki/Generality_Lands" title="Generality Lands">Generality
Lands</a> (<i>Generaliteitslanden</i> in Dutch). These
territories were governed directly by the States-General. They did not
have a governmental structure of their own and did not have
representatives in the States-General. Their population was mainly Roman
Catholic, and these areas were used as a buffer zone between the
Republic and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Netherlands" title="Southern
Netherlands">Southern Netherlands</a>.<sup
class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation
needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable
sources from April 2011">citation
needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" title="Dutch
Empire">Dutch Empire</a> grew to become one of the major
seafaring and economic powers of the 17th century. In the <a
href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden
Age</a> ("Gouden Eeuw"), colonies and <a
href="/wiki/Trading_post" title="Trading post">trading
posts</a> were established all over the world. Dutch settlement in
North America began with the founding of <a
href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New
Amsterdam</a>, on the southern part of <a
href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> in 1614.
In South Africa, the Dutch settled the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony"
title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> in 1652. By 1650, the Dutch
owned 16,000 merchant ships.<sup id="cite_ref-20"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup>
During the 17th century, the Dutch population increased from an
estimated 1.5 million to almost 2 million.<sup
id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<div
class="dablink">For a comprehensive list of the territories that
formed the Dutch Empire, see <a
href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_Dutch_Empire" title="Evolution of the Dutch
Empire">Evolution of the Dutch Empire</a>.</div>
<p>Many economic historians regard the Netherlands as the first
thoroughly capitalist country in the world. In early modern Europe it
featured the wealthiest trading city (<a href="/wiki/Amsterdam"
title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>) and the first full-time <a
href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Stock_Exchange" title="Amsterdam Stock
Exchange">stock exchange</a>. The inventiveness of the traders
led to insurance and retirement funds as well as phenomena such as the
boom-bust cycle, the world's first asset-inflation bubble, the <a
href="/wiki/Tulip_mania" title="Tulip mania">tulip mania</a> of
1636–1637, and, according to Murray Sayle, the world's first <a
href="/wiki/Bear_raid" title="Bear raid">bear raider</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Isaac_le_Maire" title="Isaac le Maire"
class="mw-redirect">Isaac le Maire</a>, who forced prices down
by dumping stock and then buying it back at a discount.<sup
id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup>
The republic went into a state of general decline in the later 18th
century, with economic competition from England and long standing
rivalries between the two main factions in Dutch society, the
<i>Staatsgezinden</i> (Republicans) and the
<i>Prinsgezinden</i> (Royalists or Orangists) as main
factors.<sup class="Template-Fact"
style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation
needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable
sources from April 2011">citation
needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<p>In the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Plantation"
title="Plantation">plantation</a> colonies were established by
the Dutch and English along the many rivers in the fertile <a
href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> plains. The
earliest documented colony in <a href="/wiki/Suriname"
title="Suriname">Guiana</a> was along the <a
href="/wiki/Suriname_River" title="Suriname River">Suriname
River</a> and called Marshall's Creek. The area was named after an
Englishman.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_23-0"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-Marshall-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup>
Disputes arose between the Dutch and the English. In 1667, the Dutch
decided to keep the nascent plantation colony of Suriname conquered from
the English, resulting from the <a
href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Breda_(1667)" title="Treaty of Breda
(1667)">Treaty of Breda</a>. The English were left with New
Amsterdam, a small trading post in North America, which is now known as
New York City.<sup class="Template-Fact"
style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation
needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable
sources from April 2011">citation
needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=4"
title="Edit section: French Influence
1795–1814">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline"
id="French_Influence_1795.E2.80.931814">French Influence
1795–1814</span></h3>
<div class="rellink boilerplate further">Further information:
<a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian
Republic">Batavian Republic</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of
Holland</a></div>
<p>On 19 January 1795, one day after <a
href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">stadtholder</a>
<a href="/wiki/William_V_of_Orange" title="William V of Orange"
class="mw-redirect">William V of Orange</a> fled to England,
the <i>Bataafse Republiek</i> (<a
href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian
Republic</a>) was proclaimed, rendering the Netherlands a <a
href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary
state</a>. From 1795 to 1806, the Batavian Republic designated the
Netherlands as a republic modelled after the <a
href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First
Republic">French Republic</a>.</p>
<p>From 1806 to 1810, the <i>Koninkrijk Holland</i>
(<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of
Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a>) was set up by <a
href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" title="Napoleon Bonaparte"
class="mw-redirect">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> as a puppet kingdom
governed by his brother <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis
Bonaparte">Louis Bonaparte</a> in order to control the
Netherlands more effectively. The name of the leading province, Holland,
was used for the whole country. The Kingdom of Holland covered the area
of the present day Netherlands, with the exception of Limburg and parts
of Zeeland, which were French territory. In 1807, Prussian <a
href="/wiki/East_Frisia" title="East Frisia">East Frisia</a>
and <a href="/wiki/Jever" title="Jever">Jever</a> were added
to the kingdom. In 1809, however, after a <a
href="/wiki/Walcheren_Campaign" title="Walcheren Campaign">failed
British invasion</a>, Holland had to give over all territories
south of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>
to France.</p>
<p>King Louis Bonaparte did not meet Napoleon's expectations – he
tried to serve Dutch interests instead of his brother's, allowed trade
with the British in spite of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_System"
title="Continental System">Continental System</a> and even
tried to learn Dutch – and he was forced to abdicate on 1 July 1810. He
was succeeded by his five-year-old son <a
href="/wiki/Napoleon_Louis_Bonaparte" title="Napoleon Louis
Bonaparte">Napoleon Louis Bonaparte</a>. Napoleon Louis reigned
as Louis II for just ten days as Napoleon ignored his young nephew’s
accession to the throne. The Emperor sent in an army to invade the
country and dissolved the Kingdom of Holland. The Netherlands then
became part of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First
French Empire">French Empire</a>.</p>
<p>The Netherlands remained part of the French Empire until the
autumn of 1813, when Napoleon was defeated in the <a
href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of
Leipzig</a> and forced to withdraw his troops from the
country.</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=5"
title="Edit section: Kingdom of the Netherlands
1815–1940">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline"
id="Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands_1815.E2.80.931940">Kingdom of the
Netherlands 1815–1940</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a
href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of
the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> and
<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the
Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></div>
<table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:22em;
font-size:88%;">
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="padding:0.6em 0 0.3em;text-align:center;">
<div class="center">
<div class="floatnone"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_Empire35.PNG"
class="image" title="A map of the Dutch colonial empire. Light green:
territories administered by or originating from territories administered
by the Dutch East India Company; dark green: the Dutch West India
Company."><img alt="A map of the Dutch colonial empire. Light
green: territories administered by or originating from territories
administered by the Dutch East India Company; dark green: the Dutch West
India Company."
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Dutch_Empire35.PNG/250px-Dutch_Empire35.PNG"
width="250" height="133"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Dutch_Empire35.PNG/375px-Dutch_Empire35.PNG
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Dutch_Empire35.PNG/500px-Dutch_Empire35.PNG
2x" /></a></div>
</div>
<div style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;">A map
of the Dutch colonial empire. Light green: territories administered by
or originating from territories administered by the <a
href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India
Company">Dutch East India Company</a>; dark green: the <a
href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India
Company">Dutch West India Company</a>.</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>William Frederick, son of the last stadtholder, returned to the
Netherlands in 1813 at the invitation of the provisional government
formed after the withdrawal of the French. Although it comprised mostly
the same men who had driven out his father 18 years earlier, all parties
agreed that William was the only choice to head any new government. On 6
December, he proclaimed himself Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands. On
16 March 1815, the Sovereign Prince raised the Netherlands to the
status of a kingdom and proclaimed himself <a
href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the
Netherlands">William I</a>.</p>
<p>In 1815, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna"
title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> formed the
<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United
Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the
Netherlands</a> by adding the southern Netherlands to the north in
order to create a strong country on the northern border of France. In
addition, William became hereditary <a
href="/wiki/Grand_Ducal_Family_of_Luxembourg" title="Grand Ducal Family
of Luxembourg">Grand Duke of Luxembourg</a>. The Congress of
Vienna gave Luxembourg to William as personal property in exchange for
his German possessions, <a href="/wiki/Nassau-Dillenburg"
title="Nassau-Dillenburg"
class="mw-redirect">Nassau-Dillenburg</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Siegen" title="Siegen">Siegen</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Hadamar" title="Hadamar">Hadamar</a>, and <a
href="/wiki/Diez,_Germany" title="Diez,
Germany">Diez</a>.</p>
<p>However, the south had been culturally separate from the north
since 1581, and rebelled against William's attempt to create a single
culture. The south rebelled and gained independence in 1830 as <a
href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, while the
<a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal
union</a> between Luxembourg and the Netherlands was severed in
1890, when <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands"
title="William III of the Netherlands">William III</a> died
with no surviving male heirs. <a href="/wiki/Salic_Law" title="Salic
Law" class="mw-redirect">Ascendancy laws</a> prevented his
daughter <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands"
title="Wilhelmina of the Netherlands">Queen Wilhelmina</a> from
becoming the next Grand Duchess. Therefore the throne of Luxembourg
passed over from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau"
title="House of Orange-Nassau">House of Orange-Nassau</a> to
the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Nassau-Weilburg" title="House of
Nassau-Weilburg">House of Nassau-Weilburg</a>, a junior branch
of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Nassau" title="House of
Nassau">House of Nassau</a>.</p>
<p>The largest Dutch settlement abroad was the <a
href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a>.
It was established by <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Riebeeck" title="Jan van
Riebeeck">Jan van Riebeeck</a> on behalf of the <a
href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India
Company">Dutch East India Company</a> at <a
href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> (<a
href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>:
<span lang="nl"
xml:lang="nl"><i>Kaapstad</i></span>) in 1652. The
Prince of Orange acquiesced to <a
href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great
Britain">British</a> occupation and control of the Cape Colony
in 1788. The Netherlands also possessed several other colonies, but
Dutch settlement in these lands was limited. Most notable were the vast
<a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch
East Indies</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Indonesia"
title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>) and the <a
href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch
colony)">Colony of Surinam</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Suriname"
title="Suriname">Suriname</a>). These 'colonies' were first
administered by the Dutch East India Company and the <a
href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India
Company">Dutch West India Company</a>, both collective private
enterprises. Three centuries later these companies got into financial
trouble, and the territories in which they operated were taken over by
the Dutch government (in 1815 and 1791 respectively). Only then did they
become official colonies.</p>
<p>During its colonial period the Netherlands was heavily involved
in the <a href="/wiki/Slave_trade" title="Slave trade"
class="mw-redirect">slave trade</a>. The Dutch <a
href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">planters</a> relied
heavily on <a href="/wiki/African_slaves" title="African slaves"
class="mw-redirect">African slaves</a> to cultivate the coffee,
cocoa, sugar cane and cotton plantations along the rivers. Treatment of
the slaves by their owners was notoriously bad, and many slaves escaped
the plantations. Slavery was abolished by the Netherlands in <a
href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch
colony)">Dutch Guiana</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_and_Dependencies" title="Curaçao and
Dependencies">Curaçao and Dependencies</a> in 1863, but the
slaves were not fully released until 1873, after a mandatory 10 year
transition period during which time they were required to work on the
plantations for minimal pay and without state sanctioned torture. As
soon as they became truly free, the slaves largely abandoned the
plantations where they had suffered for several generations in favor of
the city <a href="/wiki/Paramaribo"
title="Paramaribo">Paramaribo</a>. Every year this is
remembered during <a href="/wiki/Keti_Koti" title="Keti Koti">Keti
Koti</a>, 1 July, Emancipation Day (end of slavery).</p>
<p>During the 19th century, the Netherlands was slow to
industrialize compared to neighbouring countries, mainly because of the
great complexity involved in modernizing the infrastructure, consisting
largely of waterways, and the great reliance its industry had on
windpower.</p>
<p>Although the Netherlands remained <a
href="/wiki/Neutrality_(international_relations)" title="Neutrality
(international relations)">neutral</a> during <a
href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>,
it was heavily involved in the war.<sup
id="cite_ref-Abbenhuis.25252C.252520Maartje.252520M.2525202006_24-0"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-Abbenhuis.25252C.252520Maartje.252520M.2525202006-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup>
German general <a href="/wiki/Alfred_von_Schlieffen" title="Alfred
von Schlieffen">Count Schlieffen</a>, who was Chief of the
Imperial <a href="/wiki/German_General_Staff" title="German General
Staff">German General Staff</a> had originally planned to
invade the Netherlands while advancing into France in the original <a
href="/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan" title="Schlieffen Plan">Schlieffen
Plan</a>. This was changed by Schlieffen's successor <a
href="/wiki/Helmuth_von_Moltke_the_Younger" title="Helmuth von Moltke
the Younger">Helmuth von Moltke the Younger</a> in order to
maintain Dutch neutrality. Later during the war Dutch neutrality proved
essential to German survival until the blockade by Great Britain in
1916, when the import of goods through the Netherlands was no longer
possible. However, the Dutch were able to continue to remain neutral
during the war using their diplomacy and their ability to trade.<sup
id="cite_ref-Abbenhuis.25252C.252520Maartje.252520M.2525202006_24-1"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-Abbenhuis.25252C.252520Maartje.252520M.2525202006-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span
class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=6"
title="Edit section: Second World War
1940–1945">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline"
id="Second_World_War_1940.E2.80.931945">Second World War
1940–1945</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a
href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands_(1939%E2%80%931945)"
title="History of the Netherlands (1939–1945)">History of the
Netherlands (1939–1945)</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Rotterdam.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Rotterdam.jpg/220px-Rotterdam.jpg"
width="220" height="166" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Rotterdam.jpg/330px-Rotterdam.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Rotterdam.jpg/440px-Rotterdam.jpg
2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotterdam.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img
src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>
after German air raids in 1940.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The Netherlands intended to remain neutral during the <a
href="/wiki/Second_World_War" title="Second World War"
class="mw-redirect">Second World War</a>, although contingency
plans involving the armies of Belgium, France and the United Kingdom
were drawn up in case of German aggression. Despite this neutrality,
<a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi
Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Netherlands"
title="Battle of the Netherlands">invaded the Netherlands</a>
on 10 May 1940 as part of their campaign against the Allied forces.
French forces in the south and British ships in the west came to help
but turned around quickly, evacuating many civilians and several
thousand German prisoners of war from the German elite airborne
divisions.</p>
<p>The country was overrun in five days. Only after (but not
because of) the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Rotterdam" title="Bombing
of Rotterdam">bombing of Rotterdam</a>, the main element of the
Dutch army surrendered on 14 May 1940, although a Dutch and French
force held the western part of Zeeland for some time after the
surrender. The Kingdom as such, continued the war from the colonial
empire; the <a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" title="Government in
exile">government in exile</a> resided in London.</p>
<p>During the <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation"
title="Military occupation">occupation</a>, over 100,000 <a
href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of
the Jews in the Netherlands">Dutch Jews</a><sup
id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup>
were rounded up to be transported to Nazi German <a
href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp"
class="mw-redirect">concentration camps</a> in Germany, <a
href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General
Government">German-occupied Poland</a> and German-occupied
<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia"
title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czechoslovakia</a>.
By the time these camps were liberated, only few Dutch Jews survived.
Dutch workers were conscripted for forced labour in German factories,
civilians were killed in reprisal for attacks on German soldiers, and
the countryside was plundered for food for German soldiers in the
Netherlands and for shipment to Germany. Although there were thousands
of Dutch who risked their lives by hiding Jews from the Germans, as
recounted in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hiding_Place_(book)"
title="The Hiding Place (book)" class="mw-redirect">The Hiding
Place</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Corrie_ten_Boom"
title="Corrie ten Boom">Corrie ten Boom</a> and <i>The
Heart Has Reasons</i> by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Klempner"
title="Mark Klempner">Mark Klempner</a>,<sup
id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup>
there were also Dutch who collaborated with the occupying force in
hunting down hiding Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-27"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup>
Local fascists and anti-Bolsheviks joined the <a
href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a> in the
<a href="/wiki/4th_SS_Volunteer_Panzergrenadier_Brigade_Netherlands"
title="4th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Brigade Netherlands"
class="mw-redirect">4th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Brigade
Netherlands</a>, fighting on the <a
href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World
War II)">Eastern Front</a> as well as other units. Racial
restrictions were relaxed to the extent that even Asians from Dutch East
Indies (Indonesia) units were recruited.<sup id="cite_ref-28"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup>
Political collaborators were members of the <a href="/wiki/Fascism"
title="Fascism">fascist</a> <a
href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands"
title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">NSB</a>,
the only legal political party in the occupied Netherlands.</p>
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg"
class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg/220px-101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg"
width="220" height="163" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg/330px-101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg/440px-101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg
2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img
src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Dutch
resistance</a> members with troops of the <a
href="/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division_(United_States)" title="101st
Airborne Division (United States)" class="mw-redirect">US 101st
Airborne</a> in Eindhoven during <a
href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market
Garden">Operation Market Garden</a> in September
1944.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>On 8 December 1941, the Netherlands declared war on
Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup>
The government-in-exile then lost control of its major colonial
stronghold, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_East_Indies"
title="Netherlands East Indies" class="mw-redirect">Netherlands East
Indies</a> (Indonesia), to <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"
title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a> forces in March 1942.
"<a href="/wiki/American-British-Dutch-Australian_Command"
title="American-British-Dutch-Australian
Command">American-British-Dutch-Australian</a>" (ABDA) forces
<a href="/wiki/Netherlands_East_Indies_campaign" title="Netherlands
East Indies campaign" class="mw-redirect">fought hard in some
instances</a> but were overwhelmed. During the <a
href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Indonesia" title="Japanese occupation
of Indonesia">Japanese occupation of Indonesia</a>, the
Japanese interned Dutch civilians and used Dutch and <a
href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Indos</a>
(Eurasians of Dutch and Indonesian descent) alike as <a
href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour"
class="mw-redirect">forced labour</a>, both in the Netherlands
East Indies and in neighbouring countries.<sup id="cite_ref-30"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup>
This included forcing women to work as "<a
href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort
women</a>" (sex slaves) for Japanese personnel.</p>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Liberation_of_Eindhoven_02.jpg"
class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Liberation_of_Eindhoven_02.jpg/220px-Liberation_of_Eindhoven_02.jpg"
width="220" height="130" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Liberation_of_Eindhoven_02.jpg/330px-Liberation_of_Eindhoven_02.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Liberation_of_Eindhoven_02.jpg/440px-Liberation_of_Eindhoven_02.jpg
2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Liberation_of_Eindhoven_02.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"><img
src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
Liberation of <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven"
title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a>, September 1944.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The Dutch Red Cross reported the deaths in Japanese custody of
14,800 European civilians out of 80,000 interned and 12,500 of the
34,000 POW captured.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup>
A later UN report stated that 4 million people died in
Indonesia as a result of famine and forced labour (known as <a
href="/wiki/Romusha" title="Romusha">romusha</a>) during the
Japanese occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup>
Some military personnel escaped to Australia and other Allied countries
from where they carried on the fight against Japan. Soon after <a
href="/wiki/VE_day" title="VE day" class="mw-redirect">VE
day</a>, the Dutch fought a <a
href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National
Revolution">colonial war against the new republic of
Indonesia</a>.</p>
<p>Princess Juliana of the Netherlands, the only child of Queen
Wilhelmina and heir to the throne, sought refuge in <a
href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, Canada, with her
two daughters, Beatrix and Irene, during the war. During Princess
Juliana’s stay in Canada, preparations were made for the birth of her
third child. To ensure the Dutch citizenship of this royal baby, the
Canadian Parliament passed a special law declaring Princess Juliana's
suite at the Ottawa Civic Hospital “extraterritorial”.</p>
<p>On 19 January 1943, Princess Margriet was born. The day after
Princess Margriet's birth, the Dutch flag was flown on the <a
href="/wiki/Peace_Tower" title="Peace Tower">Peace Tower</a>.
This was the only time in history a foreign flag has waved above <a
href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Canada’s
Parliament Buildings</a>. In 1944–45, the <a
href="/wiki/First_Canadian_Army" title="First Canadian Army">First
Canadian Army</a>, which included Canadian, <a
href="/wiki/I_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="I Corps (United
Kingdom)">British</a> and <a
href="/wiki/1st_Armoured_Division_(Poland)" title="1st Armoured Division
(Poland)">Polish</a> troops, was responsible for liberating
much of the Netherlands<sup id="cite_ref-33"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup>
from German occupation. The joyous "Canadian summer" that ensued after
the liberation, forged deep and long-lasting bonds of friendship between
the Netherlands and Canada<sup id="cite_ref-34"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup>
(See <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations"
title="Canada–Netherlands relations">Canada–Netherlands
relations</a>). In 1949, <a
href="/wiki/Dutch_annexation_of_German_territory_after_World_War_II"
title="Dutch annexation of German territory after World War II">Dutch
troops occupied</a> an area of 69 km² of the <a
href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied
Germany">British zone of occupied Germany</a> and annexed it.
At that time, these areas were inhabited by almost 10,000 people.<sup
class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation
needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable
sources from February 2010">citation
needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=7"
title="Edit section: Recent history
1945–present">edit</a>]</span> <span
class="mw-headline" id="Recent_history_1945.E2.80.93present">Recent
history 1945–present</span></h3>
<p>After the war, the Dutch economy prospered by leaving behind an
era of neutrality and gaining closer ties with neighbouring states. The
Netherlands was one of the founding members of the <a
href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a>
(<b>Be</b>lgium, the <b>Ne</b>therlands and
<b>Lux</b>embourg) grouping, was among the twelve founding
members of the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic
Treaty Organisation</a> (NATO), and was among the six founding
members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community"
title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel
Community</a>, which would evolve into the <a
href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic
Community">EEC</a> (<a href="/wiki/Common_Market"
title="Common Market" class="mw-redirect">Common Market</a>)
and later the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European
Union">European Union</a>.</p>
<p>The 1960s and 1970s were a time of great social and cultural
change, such as rapid <i><a href="/wiki/Pillarization"
title="Pillarization"
class="mw-redirect">ontzuiling</a></i> (literally:
depillarisation), a term that describes the decay of the old divisions
along class and religious lines. Youths, and students in particular,
rejected traditional mores and pushed for change in matters such as
<a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's
rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human
sexuality">sexuality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disarmament"
title="Disarmament">disarmament</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Environmental_issues" title="Environmental issues"
class="mw-redirect">environmental issues</a>.</p>
<p>On 10 October 2010 the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles"
title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a>—a former
country of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands"
title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the
Netherlands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean"
title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>—was <a
href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles" title="Dissolution
of the Netherlands Antilles">dissolved</a>. Referendums were
held on each island of the Netherlands Antilles between June 2000 and
April 2005 to determine their future status. As a result the islands of
<a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint
Eustatius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saba"
title="Saba">Saba</a> (the BES islands) were to obtain closer
ties with the Netherlands. This led to the incorporation of these three
islands into the country of the Netherlands as <i><a
href="/wiki/Special_municipalities" title="Special municipalities"
class="mw-redirect">special municipalities</a></i> upon
the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles. The special municipalities
are collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands"
title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean
Netherlands</a>.</p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=8"
title="Edit section: Geography of the
Netherlands">edit</a>]</span> <span
class="mw-headline" id="Geography_of_the_Netherlands">Geography of
the Netherlands</span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a
href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Netherlands" title="Geography of the
Netherlands">Geography of the Netherlands</a></div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=9"
title="Edit section: European
Netherlands">edit</a>]</span> <span
class="mw-headline" id="European_Netherlands">European
Netherlands</span></h3>
<div class="rellink">Further information: <a
href="/wiki/European_Netherlands" title="European
Netherlands">European Netherlands</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Satellite_image_of_the_Netherlands_in_May_2000.jpg"
class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Satellite_image_of_the_Netherlands_in_May_2000.jpg/220px-Satellite_image_of_the_Netherlands_in_May_2000.jpg"
width="220" height="286" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Satellite_image_of_the_Netherlands_in_May_2000.jpg/330px-Satellite_image_of_the_Netherlands_in_May_2000.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Satellite_image_of_the_Netherlands_in_May_2000.jpg/440px-Satellite_image_of_the_Netherlands_in_May_2000.jpg
2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Satellite_image_of_the_Netherlands_in_May_2000.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img
src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
Satellite overview of the Netherlands, in Western Europe.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The European area of the Netherlands lies between latitudes
<a href="/wiki/50th_parallel_north" title="50th parallel
north">50°</a> and <a href="/wiki/54th_parallel_north"
title="54th parallel north">54° N</a>, and longitudes <a
href="/wiki/3rd_meridian_east" title="3rd meridian east">3°</a>
and <a href="/wiki/8th_meridian_east" title="8th meridian
east">8° E</a>.</p>
<p>The country is divided into two main parts by three large
rivers, the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>
(<i>Rijn</i>) and its main distributaries, the <a
href="/wiki/Waal_(river)" title="Waal (river)">Waal</a> and the
<a href="/wiki/Meuse_River" title="Meuse River"
class="mw-redirect">Meuse</a> (<i>Maas</i>). These
rivers functioned as a natural barrier between earlier <a
href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief" class="mw-redirect">fiefdoms</a>
and hence created traditionally a cultural divide, as is evident in
some phonetic traits that are recognizable north and south of these
"Large Rivers" (<i>de Grote Rivieren</i>).</p>
<p>The southwestern part of the Netherlands is a <a
href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">river delta</a>
and two tributaries of the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt"
title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a> (<i>Westerschelde and
Oosterschelde</i>). There is only one significant branch of the
Rhine, the <a href="/wiki/IJssel" title="IJssel">IJssel</a>
river, discharging into the <a href="/wiki/IJsselmeer"
title="IJsselmeer">IJsselmeer</a>, the former <a
href="/wiki/Zuiderzee" title="Zuiderzee">Zuiderzee</a>
('southern sea'). This river also forms a linguistic divide: people to
the east of this river speak <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon"
title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a> dialects (except
for the province of <a href="/wiki/Friesland"
title="Friesland">Friesland</a>, which has its own
language).<sup id="cite_ref-international2000_35-0"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-international2000-35"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h4><span
class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=10"
title="Edit section: Floods">edit</a>]</span> <span
class="mw-headline" id="Floods">Floods</span></h4>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a
href="/wiki/Flood_control_in_the_Netherlands" title="Flood control in
the Netherlands">Flood control in the Netherlands</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Floods_in_the_Netherlands" title="Floods in the
Netherlands">Floods in the Netherlands</a>, and <a
href="/wiki/Storm_tides_of_the_North_Sea" title="Storm tides of the
North Sea">Storm tides of the North Sea</a></div>
<p>Over the centuries, the Dutch coastline has changed
considerably as a result of human intervention and natural disasters.
Most notable in terms of land loss is the 1134 storm, which created the
<a href="/wiki/Archipelago"
title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> of <a
href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a> in the
southwest.</p>
<p>On 14 December 1287, <a href="/wiki/St._Lucia%27s_flood"
title="St. Lucia's flood">St. Lucia's flood</a> affected the
Netherlands and Germany killing more than 50,000 people in one of the
most destructive floods in recorded history.<sup id="cite_ref-36"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup>
The <a href="/wiki/St._Elizabeth%27s_flood_(1421)" title="St.
Elizabeth's flood (1421)">St. Elizabeth flood</a> of 1421 and
the mismanagement in its aftermath destroyed a newly reclaimed <a
href="/wiki/Polder" title="Polder">polder</a>, replacing it
with the 72-square-kilometre (28 sq mi) <i><a
href="/wiki/Biesbosch" title="Biesbosch"
class="mw-redirect">Biesbosch</a></i> tidal floodplains
in the south-centre. The <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_flood_of_1953"
title="North Sea flood of 1953">last major flood in the
Netherlands</a> took place in early February 1953, when a huge
storm caused the collapse of several dikes in the southwest of the
Netherlands. More than 1,800 people drowned in the ensuing inundations.
The Dutch government subsequently decided on a large-scale program of
public works (the "<a href="/wiki/Deltawerken" title="Deltawerken"
class="mw-redirect">Delta Works</a>") to protect the country
against future flooding. The project took more than thirty years to
complete.</p>
<p>The disasters were partially increased in severity through
human influence. People had drained relatively high lying swampland to
use it as farmland. This drainage caused the fertile <a
href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> to compress and the
ground level to drop, whereby they would lower the water level to
compensate for the drop in ground level, causing the underlying peat to
compress even more. Due to the flooding, farming was difficult, which
encouraged foreign trade, the result of which was that the Dutch were
involved in world affairs since the early 14th/15th century.<sup
id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup>
The flooding problem remains unsolvable to this day. Also, up until the
19th century peat was mined, dried, and used for fuel, further
exacerbating the problem.</p>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Netherlands,_Zoetermeer,_Zoetermeerse_Meerpolder_(1).JPG"
class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Netherlands%2C_Zoetermeer%2C_Zoetermeerse_Meerpolder_%281%29.JPG/220px-Netherlands%2C_Zoetermeer%2C_Zoetermeerse_Meerpolder_%281%29.JPG"
width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Netherlands%2C_Zoetermeer%2C_Zoetermeerse_Meerpolder_%281%29.JPG/330px-Netherlands%2C_Zoetermeer%2C_Zoetermeerse_Meerpolder_%281%29.JPG
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Netherlands%2C_Zoetermeer%2C_Zoetermeerse_Meerpolder_%281%29.JPG/440px-Netherlands%2C_Zoetermeer%2C_Zoetermeerse_Meerpolder_%281%29.JPG
2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Netherlands,_Zoetermeer,_Zoetermeerse_Meerpolder_(1).JPG"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img
src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
A polder at 5.53 meter below sea level</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>To guard against floods, a series of defences against the water
were contrived. In the first millennium AD, villages and farmhouses
were built on man-made hills called <i>terps</i>. Later,
these terps were connected by dikes. In the 12th century, local
government agencies called <i>"<a
href="/wiki/Water_board_(Netherlands)" title="Water board
(Netherlands)">waterschappen</a>"</i> (English "water
bodies") or <i>"<a href="/wiki/Water_board_(Netherlands)"
title="Water board
(Netherlands)">hoogheemraadschappen</a>"</i> ("high home
councils") started to appear, whose job it was to maintain the water
level and to protect a region from floods. (These agencies exist to this
day, performing the same function.) As the ground level dropped, the
dikes by necessity grew and merged into an integrated system. By the
13th century, <a href="/wiki/Windmill"
title="Windmill">windmills</a> had come into use in order to
pump water out of areas below sea level. The windmills were later used
to drain lakes, creating the famous <a href="/wiki/Polders"
title="Polders" class="mw-redirect">polders</a>.<sup
class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation
needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable
sources from February 2012">citation
needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<p>In 1932, the <i><a href="/wiki/Afsluitdijk"
title="Afsluitdijk">Afsluitdijk</a></i> (English "Closure
Dike") was completed, blocking the former <i><a
href="/wiki/Zuiderzee"
title="Zuiderzee">Zuiderzee</a></i> (Southern Sea) from
the North Sea and thus creating the <a href="/wiki/IJsselmeer"
title="IJsselmeer">IJsselmeer</a> (<a href="/wiki/IJssel"
title="IJssel">IJssel</a> Lake). It became part of the larger
<a href="/wiki/Zuiderzee_Works" title="Zuiderzee Works">Zuiderzee
Works</a> in which four polders totalling 2,500 square kilometres
(965 sq mi) were reclaimed from the sea.<sup
id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup><sup
id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Additionally,
the Netherlands is one of the countries that may suffer most from <a
href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate
change</a>. Not only is the rising sea a problem, but also erratic
weather patterns may cause the rivers to overflow.<sup
id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup><sup
id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup><sup
id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h5><span
class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=11"
title="Edit section: Delta Works">edit</a>]</span>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Delta_Works">Delta
Works</span></h5>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a
href="/wiki/Delta_Works" title="Delta Works">Delta
Works</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Deltawerken_na.png" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Deltawerken_na.png/220px-Deltawerken_na.png"
width="220" height="208" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Deltawerken_na.png/330px-Deltawerken_na.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Deltawerken_na.png/440px-Deltawerken_na.png
2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Deltawerken_na.png"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img
src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
The <a href="/wiki/Delta_Works" title="Delta Works">Delta
Works</a> are located in the provinces of <a
href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South
Holland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeeland"
title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>After the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Flood_of_1953"
title="North Sea Flood of 1953" class="mw-redirect">1953
disaster</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Delta_Works" title="Delta
Works">Delta Works</a> were constructed, a comprehensive set of
civil works throughout the Dutch coast. The project started in 1958 and
was largely completed in 1997 with the completion of the <a
href="/wiki/Maeslantkering"
title="Maeslantkering">Maeslantkering</a>. A main goal of the
Delta project was to reduce the risk of flooding in South Holland and
Zeeland to once per 10,000 years (compared to 1 per 4000 years for the
rest of the country). This was achieved by raising 3,000 kilometers
(1,864 mi) of outer sea-dykes and 10,000 kilometers
(6,214 mi) of inner, canal, and river dikes, and by closing off
the sea <a href="/wiki/Estuary"
title="Estuary">estuaries</a> of the Zeeland province. New risk
assessments occasionally show problems requiring additional Delta
project dyke reinforcements. The Delta project is considered by the
<a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American
Society of Civil Engineers">American Society of Civil
Engineers</a> as one of the <a
href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers#World_wonders"
title="American Society of Civil Engineers">seven wonders of the
modern world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>It
is anticipated that <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" title="Global
warming">global warming</a> in the <a
href="/wiki/21st_century" title="21st century">21st century</a>
will result in a rise in <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea
level">sea level</a> which will overwhelm the <a
href="/wiki/Flood_control_in_the_Netherlands" title="Flood control in
the Netherlands">measures the Netherlands has taken to control
floods</a>. The <a
href="/wiki/Room_for_the_River_(Netherlands)" title="Room for the River
(Netherlands)">Room for the River</a> project allows for
periodic flooding of indefensible lands. In such regions residents have
been removed to higher ground, some of which has been raised above
anticipated flood levels.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT021313_44-0"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-NYT021313-44"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h4><span
class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=12"
title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</span> <span
class="mw-headline" id="Climate">Climate</span></h4>
<p>The predominant wind direction in the Netherlands is southwest,
which causes a moderate <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate"
title="Oceanic climate">maritime climate</a>, with cool summers
and mild winters. This is especially the case in places within direct
proximity of the Dutch coastline, which sometimes are over <span
style="white-space:nowrap;">10 °C</span> <span
style="white-space:nowrap;">(18 °F)</span> warmer (in
winter) or cooler (in summer) than places in the (south)east of the
country.</p>
<p>The following tables are based on mean measurements by the
<a href="/wiki/KNMI_(institute)" title="KNMI (institute)"
class="mw-redirect">KNMI</a> weather station in <a
href="/wiki/De_Bilt" title="De Bilt">De Bilt</a> between 1981
and 2010:</p>
<table class="wikitable collapsible" style="width:90%;
text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height: 1.1em; margin:auto;">
<tr>
<th colspan="14">Climate data for De Bilt (1981–2010 averages),
all KNMI locations (1901–2011 extremes), snowy days: (1971–2000
averages).</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Month</th>
<th><abbr class="abbr"
title="January">Jan</abbr></th>
<th><abbr class="abbr"
title="February">Feb</abbr></th>
<th><abbr class="abbr"
title="March">Mar</abbr></th>
<th><abbr class="abbr"
title="April">Apr</abbr></th>
<th>May</th>
<th><abbr class="abbr"
title="June">Jun</abbr></th>
<th><abbr class="abbr"
title="July">Jul</abbr></th>
<th><abbr class="abbr"
title="August">Aug</abbr></th>
<th><abbr class="abbr"
title="September">Sep</abbr></th>
<th><abbr class="abbr"
title="October">Oct</abbr></th>
<th><abbr class="abbr"
title="November">Nov</abbr></th>
<th><abbr class="abbr"
title="December">Dec</abbr></th>
<th style="border-left-width:medium">Year</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th height="16">Record high °C (°F)</th>
<td
style="background:#FFA74F;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">17.2<br
/>
(63)</td>
<td
style="background:#FF9123;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">20.4<br
/>
(68.7)</td>
<td
style="background:#FF6D00;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">25.6<br
/>
(78.1)</td>
<td
style="background:#FF4000;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">32.2<br
/>
(90)</td>
<td
style="background:#FF2800;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">35.6<br
/>
(96.1)</td>
<td
style="background:#FF1500;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">38.4<br
/>
(101.1)</td>
<td
style="background:#FF1E00;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">37.1<br
/>
(98.8)</td>
<td
style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">38.6<br
/>
(101.5)</td>
<td
style="background:#FF2B00;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">35.2<br
/>
(95.4)</td>
<td
style="background:#FF4E00;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">30.1<br
/>
(86.2)</td>
<td
style="background:#FF8C1A;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">21.1<br
/>
(70)</td>
<td
style="background:#FFA347;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">17.8<br
/>
(64)</td>
<td
style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;
border-left-width:medium">38.6<br />
(101.5)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th height="16">Average high °C (°F)</th>
<td
style="background:#FFF7EF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">5.6<br
/>
(42.1)</td>
<td
style="background:#FFF1E4;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">6.4<br
/>
(43.5)</td>
<td
style="background:#FFD9B3;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">10.0<br
/>
(50)</td>
<td
style="background:#FFBD7C;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">14.0<br
/>
(57.2)</td>
<td
style="background:#FFA144;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">18.0<br
/>
(64.4)</td>
<td
style="background:#FF9123;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">20.4<br
/>
(68.7)</td>
<td
style="background:#FF8002;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">22.8<br
/>
(73)</td>
<td
style="background:#FF8205;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">22.6<br
/>
(72.7)</td>
<td
style="background:#FF9A35;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">19.1<br
/>
(66.4)</td>
<td
style="background:#FFB973;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">14.6<br
/>
(58.3)</td>
<td
style="background:#FFDBB8;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">9.6<br
/>
(49.3)</td>
<td
style="background:#FFF3E8;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">6.1<br
/>
(43)</td>
<td
style="background:#FFBC7A;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;
border-left-width:medium">14.1<br />
(57.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th height="16">Daily mean °C (°F)</th>
<td
style="background:#F7F7FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">3.1<br
/>
(37.6)</td>
<td
style="background:#F8F8FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">3.3<br
/>
(37.9)</td>
<td
style="background:#FFF3E7;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">6.2<br
/>
(43.2)</td>
<td
style="background:#FFDEBE;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">9.2<br
/>
(48.6)</td>
<td
style="background:#FFC388;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">13.1<br
/>
(55.6)</td>
<td
style="background:#FFB266;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">15.6<br
/>
(60.1)</td>
<td
style="background:#FFA246;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">17.9<br
/>
(64.2)</td>
<td
style="background:#FFA54B;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">17.5<br
/>
(63.5)</td>
<td
style="background:#FFBA75;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">14.5<br
/>
(58.1)</td>
<td
style="background:#FFD4A9;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">10.7<br
/>
(51.3)</td>
<td
style="background:#FFEFE0;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">6.7<br
/>
(44.1)</td>
<td
style="background:#FAFAFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">3.7<br
/>
(38.7)</td>
<td
style="background:#FFD8B1;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;
border-left-width:medium">10.1<br />
(50.2)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th height="16">Average low °C (°F)</th>
<td
style="background:#E8E8FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">0.3<br
/>
(32.5)</td>
<td
style="background:#E7E7FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">0.2<br
/>
(32.4)</td>
<td
style="background:#F3F3FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">2.3<br
/>
(36.1)</td>
<td
style="background:#FCFCFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">4.1<br
/>
(39.4)</td>
<td
style="background:#FFE8D1;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">7.8<br
/>
(46)</td>
<td
style="background:#FFD5AC;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">10.5<br
/>
(50.9)</td>
<td
style="background:#FFC58C;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">12.8<br
/>
(55)</td>
<td
style="background:#FFC993;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">12.3<br
/>
(54.1)</td>
<td
style="background:#FFD9B4;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">9.9<br
/>
(49.8)</td>
<td
style="background:#FFEEDD;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">6.9<br
/>
(44.4)</td>
<td
style="background:#FAFAFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">3.6<br
/>
(38.5)</td>
<td
style="background:#ECECFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">1.0<br
/>
(33.8)</td>
<td
style="background:#FFF4EA;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;
border-left-width:medium">6.0<br />
(42.8)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th height="16">Record low °C (°F)</th>
<td
style="background:#5252FF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">−27.4<br
/>
(−17.3)</td>
<td
style="background:#5656FF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">−26.8<br
/>
(−16.2)</td>
<td
style="background:#7777FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">−20.7<br
/>
(−5.3)</td>
<td
style="background:#B3B3FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">−9.4<br
/>
(15.1)</td>
<td
style="background:#C9C9FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">−5.4<br
/>
(22.3)</td>
<td
style="background:#E0E0FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">−1.2<br
/>
(29.8)</td>
<td
style="background:#EAEAFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">0.7<br
/>
(33.3)</td>
<td
style="background:#EDEDFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">1.3<br
/>
(34.3)</td>
<td
style="background:#D2D2FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">−3.7<br
/>
(25.3)</td>
<td
style="background:#B8B8FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">−8.5<br
/>
(16.7)</td>
<td
style="background:#9999FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">−14.4<br
/>
(6.1)</td>
<td
style="background:#6E6EFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">−22.3<br
/>
(−8.1)</td>
<td
style="background:#5252FF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;
border-left-width:medium">−27.4<br />
(−17.3)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th height="16"><a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)"
title="Precipitation (meteorology)">Precipitation</a> mm
(inches)</th>
<td
style="background:#97FF97;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">69.6<br
/>
(2.74)</td>
<td
style="background:#A2FFA2;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">55.8<br
/>
(2.197)</td>
<td
style="background:#9BFF9B;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">66.8<br
/>
(2.63)</td>
<td
style="background:#BDFFBD;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">42.3<br
/>
(1.665)</td>
<td
style="background:#A2FFA2;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">61.9<br
/>
(2.437)</td>
<td
style="background:#99FF99;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">65.6<br
/>
(2.583)</td>
<td
style="background:#86FF86;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">81.1<br
/>
(3.193)</td>
<td
style="background:#92FF92;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">72.9<br
/>
(2.87)</td>
<td
style="background:#86FF86;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">78.1<br
/>
(3.075)</td>
<td
style="background:#83FF83;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">82.8<br
/>
(3.26)</td>
<td
style="background:#84FF84;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">79.8<br
/>
(3.142)</td>
<td
style="background:#8EFF8E;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">75.8<br
/>
(2.984)</td>
<td
style="background:#95FF95;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;
border-left-width:medium">832.5<br />
(32.776)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th height="16"><span style="font-size:90%"><abbr
class="abbr" title="Average">Avg.</abbr> precipitation days
<span style="font-size:80%" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1
mm)</span></span></th>
<td
style="background:#2D2DFF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">17</td>
<td
style="background:#3F3FFF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">14</td>
<td
style="background:#2D2DFF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">17</td>
<td
style="background:#5959FF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">13</td>
<td
style="background:#5252FF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">14</td>
<td
style="background:#4C4CFF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">14</td>
<td
style="background:#5252FF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">14</td>
<td
style="background:#5252FF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">14</td>
<td
style="background:#3F3FFF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">15</td>
<td
style="background:#3939FF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">16</td>
<td
style="background:#1919FF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">18</td>
<td
style="background:#2D2DFF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">17</td>
<td
style="background:#3E3EFF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;
border-left-width:medium">184</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th height="16"><span style="font-size:90%"><abbr
class="abbr" title="Average">Avg.</abbr> snowy days <span
style="font-size:80%" class="nowrap">(≥ 0
cm)</span></span></th>
<td
style="background:#B4B4FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">6</td>
<td
style="background:#ADADFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">6</td>
<td
style="background:#CDCDFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">4</td>
<td
style="background:#E5E5FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">2</td>
<td
style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">0</td>
<td
style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">–</td>
<td
style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">–</td>
<td
style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">–</td>
<td
style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">–</td>
<td
style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">0</td>
<td
style="background:#E5E5FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">2</td>
<td
style="background:#C1C1FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">5</td>
<td
style="background:#E4E4FF;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;
border-left-width:medium">25</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th height="16"> % <a href="/wiki/Humidity"
title="Humidity">humidity</a></th>
<td
style="background:#0000B1;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">87</td>
<td
style="background:#0000BC;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">84</td>
<td
style="background:#0000C8;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">81</td>
<td
style="background:#0000DF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">75</td>
<td
style="background:#0000DF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">75</td>
<td
style="background:#0000DB;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">76</td>
<td
style="background:#0000D7;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">77</td>
<td
style="background:#0000CF;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">79</td>
<td
style="background:#0000BC;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">84</td>
<td
style="background:#0000B5;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">86</td>
<td
style="background:#0000A9;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">89</td>
<td
style="background:#0000A9;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">89</td>
<td
style="background:#0000C4;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;
border-left-width:medium">82</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th height="16"><span style="font-size:90%">Mean monthly
sunshine hours</span></th>
<td
style="background:#717171;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">62.3</td>
<td
style="background:#AAAAA4;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">85.7</td>
<td
style="background:#B7B75B;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">121.6</td>
<td
style="background:#D1D100;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">173.6</td>
<td
style="background:#D9D900;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">207.2</td>
<td
style="background:#D7D700;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">193.9</td>
<td
style="background:#D9D900;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">206.0</td>
<td
style="background:#D4D400;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">187.7</td>
<td
style="background:#C0C021;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">138.3</td>
<td
style="background:#B3B373;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">112.9</td>
<td
style="background:#777777;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">63.0</td>
<td
style="background:#5A5A5A;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:85%;text-align:center;">49.3</td>
<td
style="background:#BDBD34;color:#000000;font-size:85%;text-align:center;
border-left-width:medium">1,601.5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="14"
style="text-align:center;font-size:85%"><i>Source:
Knmi.nl<sup id="cite_ref-knmi_45-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-knmi-45"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup></i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Ice
days (maximum temperature below 0 °C) usually occur from December until
February, with the occasional rare ice day prior to or after that
period. Freezing days (minimum temperature below 0 °C) occur much more
often, usually ranging from mid November to late March, but not rarely
measured as early as mid October and as late as mid May. If one chooses
the height of measurement to be 10 cm. above ground instead of
150 cm., one may even find such temperatures in the middle of
the summer. On average, snow can occur from November to April, but
sometimes occurs in May or October too; however, there has been no snow
in April or May in recent years.</p>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Nijl%C3%A2nnermolen_Workum.jpg"
class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Nijl%C3%A2nnermolen_Workum.jpg/220px-Nijl%C3%A2nnermolen_Workum.jpg"
width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Nijl%C3%A2nnermolen_Workum.jpg/330px-Nijl%C3%A2nnermolen_Workum.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Nijl%C3%A2nnermolen_Workum.jpg/440px-Nijl%C3%A2nnermolen_Workum.jpg
2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Nijl%C3%A2nnermolen_Workum.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"><img
src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
Friesland</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Warm days (maximum temperature above 20 °C) in De Bilt are
usually found in April to October, but in some parts of the country
these warm days can also occur in March, or even sometimes in November
or February (usually not in De Bilt, however). Summer days (maximum
temperature above 25 °C) are usually measured in De Bilt from May until
September, tropical days (maximum temperature above 30 °C) are rare and
usually occur only in June to August.</p>
<p>Precipitation throughout the year is distributed relatively
equally each month. Summer and autumn months tend to gather a little
more precipitation than the other months, mainly because of the
intensity of the rainfall rather than the frequency of rain days (this
is especially the case in summer, when lightning is also much more
frequent).</p>
<p>The number of sunshine hours is affected by the fact that due
to the geographical latitude, the length of the days varies between
barely eight hours in December and nearly 17 hours in June.</p>
<h4><span class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=13"
title="Edit section: Environment">edit</a>]</span>
<span class="mw-headline"
id="Environment">Environment</span></h4>
<div class="rellink">Further information: <a
href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of
national parks of the Netherlands">List of national parks of the
Netherlands</a> and <a
href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_animals_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of
extinct animals of the Netherlands">List of extinct animals of the
Netherlands</a></div>
<p>The Netherlands has 20 national parks and hundreds of other
nature reserves. Most are owned by <a href="/wiki/Staatsbosbeheer"
title="Staatsbosbeheer">Staatsbosbeheer</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Natuurmonumenten"
title="Natuurmonumenten">Natuurmonumenten</a> and include
lakes, <a href="/wiki/Heathland" title="Heathland"
class="mw-redirect">heathland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodland"
title="Woodland">woods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunes"
title="Dunes" class="mw-redirect">dunes</a> and other
habitats.</p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography"
title="Phytogeography">Phytogeographically</a>, the Netherlands
is shared between the Atlantic European and Central European provinces
of the <a href="/wiki/Circumboreal_Region" title="Circumboreal
Region">Circumboreal Region</a> within the <a
href="/wiki/Boreal_Kingdom" title="Boreal Kingdom">Boreal
Kingdom</a>. According to the <a
href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for
Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a>, the territory of the
Netherlands belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion"
title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a> of Atlantic mixed
forests.</p>
<p>In 1871 the last old original natural woods (Beekbergerwoud)
were cut down, and most woods today are planted monocultures of trees
like <a href="/wiki/Scots_Pine" title="Scots Pine">Scots
Pine</a> and trees that are not native to the Netherlands.<sup
class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation
needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable
sources from January 2009">citation
needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These woods were
planted on <a href="/wiki/Heath_(habitat)#Anthropogenic_heaths"
title="Heath (habitat)" class="mw-redirect">anthropogenic
heaths</a> and sand-drifts (overgrazed heaths) (<a
href="/wiki/Veluwe" title="Veluwe">Veluwe</a>).</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=14"
title="Edit section: Caribbean islands">edit</a>]</span>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Caribbean_islands">Caribbean
islands</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a
href="/wiki/Bonaire#Geography" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>,
<a href="/wiki/Saba#Geography_and_ecology"
title="Saba">Saba</a>, and <a
href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius#Geography" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint
Eustatius</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Bonaire_1.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bonaire_1.jpg/220px-Bonaire_1.jpg"
width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bonaire_1.jpg/330px-Bonaire_1.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bonaire_1.jpg/440px-Bonaire_1.jpg
2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonaire_1.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img
src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
View of the coast of <a href="/wiki/Bonaire"
title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean
Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a> form part of the <a
href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser
Antilles</a>. Within this island group,</p>
<ul>
<li><b>Bonaire</b> is part of the <a
href="/wiki/ABC_islands_(Lesser_Antilles)" title="ABC islands (Lesser
Antilles)">ABC islands</a> within the <a
href="/wiki/Leeward_Antilles" title="Leeward Antilles">Leeward
Antilles</a> island chain off the <a href="/wiki/Venezuela"
title="Venezuela">Venezuelan</a> coast. The Leeward Antilles
have a mixed volcanic and coral origin.</li>
<li><b>Saba</b> and <b>Sint Eustatius</b>
are part of the <a href="/wiki/SSS_islands" title="SSS
islands">SSS islands</a>. They are located east of <a
href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>
and the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands" title="Virgin
Islands">Virgin Islands</a>. Although in the English language
they are considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Leeward_Islands"
title="Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a>, <a
href="/wiki/French_language" title="French
language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language"
title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>
and the English spoken locally consider them part of the <a
href="/wiki/Windward_Islands" title="Windward Islands">Windward
Islands</a>. The Windward Islands are all of volcanic origin and
hilly, leaving little ground suitable for <a href="/wiki/Agriculture"
title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>. The highest point is
<a href="/wiki/Mount_Scenery" title="Mount Scenery">Mount
Scenery</a>, 870 metres (2,854 ft), on <a
href="/wiki/Saba" title="Saba">Saba</a> (also the highest point
in all the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom
of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the
Netherlands</a>).</li>
</ul>
<p>The islands of the Caribbean Netherlands enjoy a <a
href="/wiki/Tropical" title="Tropical"
class="mw-redirect">tropical</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate"
title="Climate">climate</a> with warm weather all year round.
The Leeward Islands are warmer and drier than the Windward islands. In
summer, the Windward Islands can be subject to <a
href="/wiki/Hurricanes" title="Hurricanes"
class="mw-redirect">hurricanes</a>.</p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=15"
title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</span> <span
class="mw-headline" id="Politics">Politics</span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a
href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Politics of the
Netherlands">Politics of the Netherlands</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Koningin_Beatrix_in_Vries.jpg" class="image"><img
alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Koningin_Beatrix_in_Vries.jpg/220px-Koningin_Beatrix_in_Vries.jpg"
width="220" height="220" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Koningin_Beatrix_in_Vries.jpg/330px-Koningin_Beatrix_in_Vries.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Koningin_Beatrix_in_Vries.jpg/440px-Koningin_Beatrix_in_Vries.jpg
2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Koningin_Beatrix_in_Vries.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"><img
src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands" title="Beatrix of the
Netherlands">Beatrix</a> has been the queen regnant of the
Netherlands since April 1980.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The Netherlands has been a <a
href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional
monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> since 1815 and a <a
href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary
system">parliamentary democracy</a> since 1848. The Netherlands
is described as a <a href="/wiki/Consociational_state"
title="Consociational state" class="mw-redirect">consociational
state</a>. Dutch politics and governance are characterised by an
effort to achieve broad consensus on important issues, within both the
political community and society as a whole. In 2010, <i><a
href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The
Economist</a></i> ranked the Netherlands as the 10th <a
href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" title="Democracy Index">most democratic
country in the world</a>.</p>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_monarchy" title="Dutch monarchy"
class="mw-redirect">monarch</a> is the <a
href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of
state</a>, at present <a href="/wiki/Queen_Beatrix"
title="Queen Beatrix" class="mw-redirect">Queen Beatrix</a>. On
28 January 2013 Queen Beatrix announced her abdication from the throne
on 30 April 2013. Willem-Alexander, crownprince, will from that moment
on be the King of the Netherlands. Constitutionally, the position is
equipped with limited powers. The monarch can exert some influence
during the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Netherlands#Formation"
title="Cabinet of the Netherlands">formation of a new
cabinet</a>, where they serve as neutral arbiter between the
political parties. Additionally, the king (the title queen has no
constitutional significance) has the right to be briefed and consulted.
Depending on the personality and qualities of the king and the
ministers, the king might have <i>influence</i> beyond the
<i>power</i> granted by the constitution.</p>
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Mark_Rutte-4.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mark_Rutte-4.jpg/170px-Mark_Rutte-4.jpg"
width="170" height="237" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mark_Rutte-4.jpg/255px-Mark_Rutte-4.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mark_Rutte-4.jpg/340px-Mark_Rutte-4.jpg
2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mark_Rutte-4.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img
src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Mark_Rutte" title="Mark Rutte">Mark Rutte</a>
has been the Prime Minister of the Netherlands since October
2010.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>In practice, the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)"
title="Executive (government)">executive power</a> is formed by
the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Netherlands"
title="Council of Ministers of the Netherlands">council of
Ministers</a>, the deliberative council of the <a
href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cabinet of the
Netherlands">Dutch cabinet</a>. The cabinet consists usually of
13 to 16 ministers and a varying number of <a
href="/wiki/State_Secretary_(Netherlands)" title="State Secretary
(Netherlands)">state secretaries</a>. One to three ministers
are <a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister
without portfolio">ministers without portfolio</a>. The <a
href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of
government</a> is the <a
href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of
the Netherlands">Prime Minister of the Netherlands</a>, who
often is the leader of the largest party of the coalition. In fact, this
has been continuously the case since 1973. The Prime Minister is a
<i><a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter
pares">primus inter pares</a></i>, meaning he has no
explicit powers beyond those of the other ministers. Currently, the
Prime Minister is <a href="/wiki/Mark_Rutte" title="Mark
Rutte">Mark Rutte</a>.</p>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Den_Haag_Binnenhof.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Den_Haag_Binnenhof.jpg/220px-Den_Haag_Binnenhof.jpg"
width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Den_Haag_Binnenhof.jpg/330px-Den_Haag_Binnenhof.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Den_Haag_Binnenhof.jpg/440px-Den_Haag_Binnenhof.jpg
2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Den_Haag_Binnenhof.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"><img
src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
The <a href="/wiki/Binnenhof"
title="Binnenhof">Binnenhof</a>, where the lower and upper
houses of the States-General meet.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The cabinet is <a href="/wiki/Ministerial_responsibility"
title="Ministerial responsibility"
class="mw-redirect">responsible</a> to the <a
href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a>
parliament, the <a href="/wiki/States-General_of_the_Netherlands"
title="States-General of the Netherlands">States-General</a>,
which also has <a href="/wiki/Legislative" title="Legislative"
class="mw-redirect">legislative powers</a>. The 150 members of
the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Netherlands"
title="House of Representatives of the Netherlands"
class="mw-redirect">House of Representatives</a>, the <a
href="/wiki/Lower_House" title="Lower House"
class="mw-redirect">Lower House</a>, are elected in <a
href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">direct
elections</a>, which are held every four years or after the fall
of the cabinet (by example: when one of the chambers carries a motion of
no-confidence, the cabinet offers its resignation to the monarch). The
<a href="/wiki/States-Provincial"
title="States-Provincial">States-Provincial</a> are directly
elected every four years as well. The members of the provincial
assemblies elect the 75 members of the <a
href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Netherlands" title="Senate of the Netherlands"
class="mw-redirect">Senate</a>, the <a
href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a>,
which has less legislative powers, as it can merely reject laws, not
propose or amend them.</p>
<p>Both trade unions and <a href="/wiki/Employers_organisation"
title="Employers organisation" class="mw-redirect">employers
organisations</a> are consulted beforehand in policymaking in the
financial, economic and social areas. They meet regularly with
government in the <a href="/wiki/Social-Economic_Council"
title="Social-Economic Council">Social-Economic Council</a>.
This body advises government and its advice cannot be put aside
easily.</p>
<p>The Netherlands has a long tradition of <a
href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">social
tolerance</a>. In the 18th century, while the <a
href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed
Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a> was the <a
href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state
religion</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Roman
Catholicism in the Netherlands">Catholicism</a>, other forms of
Protestantism, such as Baptists and Lutherans, and <a
href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of
the Jews in the Netherlands">Judaism</a> were tolerated. In the
late 19th century this Dutch tradition of religious tolerance
transformed into a system of <a href="/wiki/Pillarisation"
title="Pillarisation">pillarisation</a>, in which religious
groups coexisted separately and only interacted at the level of
government. This tradition of tolerance is linked to Dutch <a
href="/wiki/Criminal_justice_system_of_the_Netherlands" title="Criminal
justice system of the Netherlands">criminal justice</a>
policies on <a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands"
title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">recreational drugs</a>,
<a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Netherlands" title="Prostitution
in the Netherlands">prostitution</a>, <a
href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Netherlands" title="LGBT rights in the
Netherlands">LGBT rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia"
title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a>, and <a
href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Abortion in the
Netherlands">abortion</a>, which are among the most liberal in
the world.</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=16"
title="Edit section: Political parties">edit</a>]</span>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Political_parties">Political
parties</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a
href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_the_Netherlands" title="Political
parties of the Netherlands" class="mw-redirect">Political parties of
the Netherlands</a></div>
<p>Due to the <a
href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_the_Netherlands" title="Political
parties of the Netherlands" class="mw-redirect">multi-party
system</a>, no single party has held a majority in parliament
since the 19th century, and <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government"
title="Coalition government">coalition cabinets</a> had to be
formed. Since <a href="/wiki/Suffrage"
title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> became universal in 1919, the
Dutch political system has been dominated by three families of political
parties: the strongest family were the <a
href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian
democracy">Christian democrats</a>, currently represented by
the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal" title="Christian
Democratic Appeal">Christian Democratic Appeal</a> (CDA),
second were the <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social
democracy">social democrats</a>, of which the <a
href="/wiki/Dutch_Labour_Party" title="Dutch Labour Party"
class="mw-redirect">Labour Party</a> (PvdA), and third were the
<a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in
the Netherlands">liberals</a>, of which the <a
href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_for_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="People's
Party for Freedom and Democracy">People's Party for Freedom and
Democracy</a> (VVD) is the main representative.</p>
<p>These parties cooperated in coalition cabinets in which the
Christian democrats had always been a partner: so either a centre left
coalition of the Christian democrats and social democrats was ruling or a
centre right coalition of Christian democrats and liberals. In the
1970s, the party system became more volatile: the Christian democratic
parties lost seats, while new parties became successful, such as the
<a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" title="Radicalism
(historical)">radical</a> democrat and <a
href="/wiki/Progressivism"
title="Progressivism">progressive</a> liberal <a
href="/wiki/D%2766" title="D'66"
class="mw-redirect">D66</a>.</p>
<p>In the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_general_election,_1994"
title="Dutch general election, 1994">1994 election</a>, the CDA
lost its dominant position. A "<a href="/wiki/Purple_(government)"
title="Purple (government)">purple</a>" cabinet was formed by
VVD, D66, and PvdA. In the <a
href="/wiki/Dutch_general_election,_2002" title="Dutch general election,
2002">2002 elections</a>, this cabinet lost its majority, due
to an increased support for the CDA and the rise of the right <a
href="/wiki/Lijst_Pim_Fortuyn" title="Lijst Pim Fortuyn"
class="mw-redirect">LPF</a>, a new political party, around
<a href="/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn" title="Pim Fortuyn">Pim
Fortuyn</a>, who was assassinated a week before the elections. A
short-lived <a href="/wiki/First_Balkenende_cabinet" title="First
Balkenende cabinet">cabinet</a> was formed by CDA, VVD, and
LPF, which was led by CDA leader <a href="/wiki/Jan_Peter_Balkenende"
title="Jan Peter Balkenende">Jan Peter Balkenende</a>. After
the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_general_election,_2003" title="Dutch general
election, 2003">2003 elections</a> in which the LPF lost most
of its seats, a <a href="/wiki/Balkenende_II" title="Balkenende II"
class="mw-redirect">cabinet</a> was formed by CDA, VVD, and
D66. The cabinet initiated an ambitious program of reforming the <a
href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare
state</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_Netherlands"
title="Healthcare in the Netherlands">healthcare system</a>,
and the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy" title="Immigration
policy">immigration</a> policies.</p>
<p>In June 2006, the cabinet fell after D66 voted in favour of a
motion of no confidence against minister of immigration and integration
<a href="/wiki/Rita_Verdonk" title="Rita Verdonk">Rita
Verdonk</a>, who had instigated an investigation of the asylum
procedure of VVD MP <a href="/wiki/Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali" title="Ayaan
Hirsi Ali">Ayaan Hirsi Ali</a>. A <a
href="/wiki/Balkenende_III" title="Balkenende III"
class="mw-redirect">caretaker cabinet</a> was formed by CDA and
VVD, and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_general_election,_2006" title="Dutch
general election, 2006">general elections</a> were held on 22
November 2006. In these elections, the CDA remained the largest party
and the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(Netherlands)"
title="Socialist Party (Netherlands)">Socialist Party</a> made
the largest gains. The <a
href="/wiki/2006-2007_Dutch_cabinet_formation" title="2006-2007 Dutch
cabinet formation" class="mw-redirect">formation of a new
cabinet</a> took three months, resulting in a <a
href="/wiki/Netherlands_cabinet_Balkenende-4" title="Netherlands cabinet
Balkenende-4" class="mw-redirect">coalition</a> of CDA, PvdA,
and <a href="/wiki/ChristianUnion"
title="ChristianUnion">ChristianUnion</a>.</p>
<p>On 20 February 2010, the cabinet fell when the PvdA refused to
prolong the involvement of the Dutch Army in <a href="/wiki/Uruzgan"
title="Uruzgan" class="mw-redirect">Uruzgan</a>,
Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup>
<a href="/wiki/Snap_election" title="Snap election">Snap
elections</a> were held on <a
href="/wiki/Dutch_general_election,_2010" title="Dutch general election,
2010">9 June 2010</a>, with devastating results for the
previously largest party, the CDA, which lost about half of its seats,
resulting in 21 seats. The VVD became the largest party with 31 seats,
closely followed by the PvdA with 30 seats. The big winner of the 2010
elections was <a href="/wiki/Geert_Wilders" title="Geert
Wilders">Geert Wilders</a> whose extreme-right wing <a
href="/wiki/Party_for_Freedom" title="Party for
Freedom">PVV</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-47"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup><sup
id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-48"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup>
the ideological successor to the <a href="/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn_List"
title="Pim Fortuyn List">LPF</a>, more than doubled in number
of seats.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-49"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup>
<a href="/wiki/2010_Dutch_cabinet_formation" title="2010 Dutch
cabinet formation">Negotiation talks for a new government</a>
resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority
government">minority government</a> VVD-led (a first) in
coalition with CDA as of 14 October 2010. This unprecedented minority
government was supported by PVV, but proved ultimately to be
unstable,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-50"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup>
when on 21 April 2012, PVV-leader Wilders unexpectedly 'torpedoed seven
weeks of austerity talks' on new austerity measures, paving the way for
early elections.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup>
<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-52"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup>
<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>VVD
and PvdA were the big winners of the elections. Since 5 November 2012
they form the <a href="/wiki/Second_Rutte_cabinet" title="Second
Rutte cabinet">second Rutte cabinet</a>.</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=17"
title="Edit section: Administrative
divisions">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline"
id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative
divisions</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a
href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the
Netherlands">Provinces of the Netherlands</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Municipalities of
the Netherlands" class="mw-redirect">Municipalities of the
Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_board_(Netherlands)"
title="Water board (Netherlands)">Water board
(Netherlands)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_body_(Netherlands)"
title="Public body (Netherlands)">Public body
(Netherlands)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands"
title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean
Netherlands</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Netherlands_Map.svg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Netherlands_Map.svg/220px-Netherlands_Map.svg.png"
width="220" height="261" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Netherlands_Map.svg/330px-Netherlands_Map.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Netherlands_Map.svg/440px-Netherlands_Map.svg.png
2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Netherlands_Map.svg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img
src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the
Netherlands">Provinces</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Special_municipalities" title="Special municipalities"
class="mw-redirect">special municipalities</a> of the
Netherlands.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The Netherlands is divided into twelve administrative regions,
called provinces, each under a Governor, who is called
<i>Commissaris van de Koningin</i> (Commissioner of the
Queen), except for the province <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)"
title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburg</a> where the
commissioner is called Gouverneur (Governor). All provinces are divided
into <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands"
title="Municipalities of the Netherlands"
class="mw-redirect">municipalities</a>
(<i>gemeenten</i>), 430 in total (13 March 2010).</p>
<p>The country is also subdivided in water districts, governed by a
<a href="/wiki/Water_board_(Netherlands)" title="Water board
(Netherlands)">water board</a> (<i>waterschap</i>
or <i>hoogheemraadschap</i>), each having authority in
matters concerning water management. As of 1 January 2005 there are 27.
The creation of water boards actually pre-dates that of the nation
itself, the first appearing in 1196. The Dutch water boards are among
the oldest democratic entities in the world still in
existence.</p>
<p>The administrative structure on the 3 BES islands, also known
as the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean
Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a>, is different. These
islands have the status of <i>openbare lichamen (<a
href="/wiki/Public_body_(Netherlands)" title="Public body
(Netherlands)">public bodies</a>)</i> and are generally
referred to as <i>special municipalities</i>. They are not
part of a province.<sup id="cite_ref-WOLBES_54-0"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-WOLBES-54"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p><b>Provinces
of the Netherlands</b></p>
<table style="background:none;" cellspacing="2px">
<tr>
<td>
<table class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left;">
<tr>
<th style="width:40px;" class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/Flag"
title="Flag">Flag</a></th>
<th style="width:140px;">Province</th>
<th style="width:115px;">Capital</th>
<th style="width:80px;">Largest city</th>
<th style="width:60px;">Area<sup id="cite_ref-ProvArea_55-0"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-ProvArea-55"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup><br
/>
(km²)</th>
<th style="width:90px;">Population<sup id="cite_ref-56"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-56"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup><br
/>
<small>1-1-2010</small></th>
<th style="width:80px;">Density<br />
(per km²)</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center"><a
href="/wiki/File:Flag_Drenthe.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag
Drenthe.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_Drenthe.svg/27px-Flag_Drenthe.svg.png"
width="27" height="18"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_Drenthe.svg/41px-Flag_Drenthe.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_Drenthe.svg/54px-Flag_Drenthe.svg.png
2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Drenthe"
title="Drenthe">Drenthe</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Assen"
title="Assen">Assen</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Assen"
title="Assen">Assen</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">2,641</td>
<td style="text-align:right">490,981</td>
<td style="text-align:right">186</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center"><a
href="/wiki/File:Flevolandflag.svg" class="image"><img
alt="Flevolandflag.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flevolandflag.svg/27px-Flevolandflag.svg.png"
width="27" height="18"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flevolandflag.svg/41px-Flevolandflag.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flevolandflag.svg/54px-Flevolandflag.svg.png
2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Flevoland"
title="Flevoland">Flevoland</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Lelystad"
title="Lelystad">Lelystad</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Almere"
title="Almere">Almere</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">1,417</td>
<td style="text-align:right">387,881</td>
<td style="text-align:right">274</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center"><a
href="/wiki/File:Frisian_flag.svg" class="image"><img alt="Frisian
flag.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Frisian_flag.svg/27px-Frisian_flag.svg.png"
width="27" height="18"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Frisian_flag.svg/41px-Frisian_flag.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Frisian_flag.svg/54px-Frisian_flag.svg.png
2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Friesland"
title="Friesland">Friesland</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden"
title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden"
title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">3,341</td>
<td style="text-align:right">646,305</td>
<td style="text-align:right">193</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center"><a
href="/wiki/File:Gelderland-Flag.svg" class="image"><img
alt="Gelderland-Flag.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gelderland-Flag.svg/27px-Gelderland-Flag.svg.png"
width="27" height="18"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gelderland-Flag.svg/41px-Gelderland-Flag.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gelderland-Flag.svg/54px-Gelderland-Flag.svg.png
2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Gelderland"
title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Arnhem"
title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Nijmegen"
title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">4,971</td>
<td style="text-align:right">1,998,936</td>
<td style="text-align:right">402</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center"><a
href="/wiki/File:Flag_Groningen.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag
Groningen.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_Groningen.svg/27px-Flag_Groningen.svg.png"
width="27" height="18"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_Groningen.svg/41px-Flag_Groningen.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_Groningen.svg/54px-Flag_Groningen.svg.png
2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Groningen_(province)" title="Groningen
(province)">Groningen</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Groningen_(city)" title="Groningen (city)"
class="mw-redirect">Groningen</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Groningen_(city)" title="Groningen (city)"
class="mw-redirect">Groningen</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">2,333</td>
<td style="text-align:right">576,668</td>
<td style="text-align:right">247</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center"><a
href="/wiki/File:NL-LimburgVlag.svg" class="image"><img
alt="NL-LimburgVlag.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/NL-LimburgVlag.svg/27px-NL-LimburgVlag.svg.png"
width="27" height="18"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/NL-LimburgVlag.svg/41px-NL-LimburgVlag.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/NL-LimburgVlag.svg/54px-NL-LimburgVlag.svg.png
2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg
(Netherlands)">Limburg</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Maastricht"
title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Maastricht"
title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">2,150</td>
<td style="text-align:right">1,122,701</td>
<td style="text-align:right">522</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center"><a
href="/wiki/File:North_Brabant-Flag.svg" class="image"><img
alt="North Brabant-Flag.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/North_Brabant-Flag.svg/27px-North_Brabant-Flag.svg.png"
width="27" height="18"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/North_Brabant-Flag.svg/41px-North_Brabant-Flag.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/North_Brabant-Flag.svg/54px-North_Brabant-Flag.svg.png
2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North
Brabant">North Brabant</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/%27s-Hertogenbosch"
title="'s-Hertogenbosch">'s-Hertogenbosch</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Eindhoven"
title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">4,916</td>
<td style="text-align:right">2,444,158</td>
<td style="text-align:right">497</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center"><a
href="/wiki/File:Flag_North-Holland,_Netherlands.svg"
class="image"><img alt="Flag North-Holland, Netherlands.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_North-Holland%2C_Netherlands.svg/27px-Flag_North-Holland%2C_Netherlands.svg.png"
width="27" height="18"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_North-Holland%2C_Netherlands.svg/41px-Flag_North-Holland%2C_Netherlands.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_North-Holland%2C_Netherlands.svg/54px-Flag_North-Holland%2C_Netherlands.svg.png
2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North
Holland">North Holland</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Haarlem"
title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam"
title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">2,671</td>
<td style="text-align:right">2,669,084</td>
<td style="text-align:right">999</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center"><a
href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Overijssel.svg" class="image"><img
alt="Flag of Overijssel.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Overijssel.svg/27px-Flag_of_Overijssel.svg.png"
width="27" height="18"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Overijssel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Overijssel.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Overijssel.svg/54px-Flag_of_Overijssel.svg.png
2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Overijssel"
title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Zwolle"
title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Enschede"
title="Enschede">Enschede</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">3,325</td>
<td style="text-align:right">1,130,345</td>
<td style="text-align:right">340</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center"><a
href="/wiki/File:Utrecht_(province)-Flag.svg" class="image"><img
alt="Utrecht (province)-Flag.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Utrecht_%28province%29-Flag.svg/27px-Utrecht_%28province%29-Flag.svg.png"
width="27" height="18"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Utrecht_%28province%29-Flag.svg/41px-Utrecht_%28province%29-Flag.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Utrecht_%28province%29-Flag.svg/54px-Utrecht_%28province%29-Flag.svg.png
2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(province)" title="Utrecht
(province)">Utrecht</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(city)" title="Utrecht (city)"
class="mw-redirect">Utrecht</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(city)" title="Utrecht (city)"
class="mw-redirect">Utrecht</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">1,385</td>
<td style="text-align:right">1,220,910</td>
<td style="text-align:right">882</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center"><a
href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Zeeland.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag
of Zeeland.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Zeeland.svg/27px-Flag_of_Zeeland.svg.png"
width="27" height="18"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Zeeland.svg/41px-Flag_of_Zeeland.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Zeeland.svg/54px-Flag_of_Zeeland.svg.png
2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Zeeland"
title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Middelburg"
title="Middelburg">Middelburg</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Middelburg"
title="Middelburg">Middelburg</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">1,787</td>
<td style="text-align:right">381,409</td>
<td style="text-align:right">213</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center"><a
href="/wiki/File:Flag_Zuid-Holland.svg" class="image"><img
alt="Flag Zuid-Holland.svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_Zuid-Holland.svg/27px-Flag_Zuid-Holland.svg.png"
width="27" height="18"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_Zuid-Holland.svg/41px-Flag_Zuid-Holland.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_Zuid-Holland.svg/54px-Flag_Zuid-Holland.svg.png
2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South
Holland">South Holland</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The
Hague</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam"
title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">2,814</td>
<td style="text-align:right">3,505,611</td>
<td style="text-align:right">1,246</td>
</tr>
<tr class="sortbottom">
<th colspan="4" style="text-align:right;">Total</th>
<th style="text-align:right;">33,751</th>
<th style="text-align:right;">16,574,989</th>
<th style="text-align:right;">491</th>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>Special municipalities of the
Netherlands</b></p>
<table style="background:none;" cellspacing="2px">
<tr>
<td>
<table class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left;">
<tr>
<th style="width:40px;" class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/Flag"
title="Flag">Flag</a></th>
<th style="width:140px;">Name</th>
<th style="width:115px;">Capital</th>
<th style="width:80px;">Largest city</th>
<th style="width:60px;">Area<sup id="cite_ref-BESArea_57-0"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-BESArea-57"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup><br
/>
(km²)</th>
<th style="width:90px;">Population<sup id="cite_ref-58"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-58"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup><br
/>
<small>31-12-2010</small></th>
<th style="width:80px;">Density<br />
(per km²)</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center"><span class="flagicon"><a
href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire"><img alt="Bonaire"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Bonaire.svg/27px-Flag_of_Bonaire.svg.png"
width="27" height="18" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Bonaire.svg/41px-Flag_of_Bonaire.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Bonaire.svg/54px-Flag_of_Bonaire.svg.png
2x" /></a></span></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Bonaire"
title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Kralendijk"
title="Kralendijk">Kralendijk</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Kralendijk"
title="Kralendijk">Kralendijk</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">294</td>
<td style="text-align:right">15,666</td>
<td style="text-align:right">53</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center"><span class="flagicon"><a
href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius"><img alt="Sint
Eustatius"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Sint_Eustatius.svg/27px-Flag_of_Sint_Eustatius.svg.png"
width="27" height="18" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Sint_Eustatius.svg/41px-Flag_of_Sint_Eustatius.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Sint_Eustatius.svg/54px-Flag_of_Sint_Eustatius.svg.png
2x" /></a></span></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint
Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Oranjestad,_Sint_Eustatius"
title="Oranjestad, Sint Eustatius">Oranjestad</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Oranjestad,_Sint_Eustatius"
title="Oranjestad, Sint Eustatius">Oranjestad</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">21</td>
<td style="text-align:right">3,543</td>
<td style="text-align:right">169</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center"><span class="flagicon"><a
href="/wiki/Saba" title="Saba"><img alt="Saba"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Saba.svg/27px-Flag_of_Saba.svg.png"
width="27" height="18" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Saba.svg/41px-Flag_of_Saba.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Saba.svg/54px-Flag_of_Saba.svg.png
2x" /></a></span></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Saba"
title="Saba">Saba</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/The_Bottom" title="The Bottom">The
Bottom</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/The_Bottom" title="The Bottom">The
Bottom</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right">13</td>
<td style="text-align:right">1,824</td>
<td style="text-align:right">140</td>
</tr>
<tr class="sortbottom">
<th colspan="4" style="text-align:right;">Total</th>
<th style="text-align:right;">328</th>
<th style="text-align:right;">21,133</th>
<th style="text-align:right;">64</th>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=18"
title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a>]</span>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Foreign_relations">Foreign
relations</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:International_Court_of_Justice.jpg"
class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/International_Court_of_Justice.jpg/220px-International_Court_of_Justice.jpg"
width="220" height="164" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/International_Court_of_Justice.jpg/330px-International_Court_of_Justice.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/International_Court_of_Justice.jpg/440px-International_Court_of_Justice.jpg
2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:International_Court_of_Justice.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"><img
src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
The <a href="/wiki/Peace_Palace" title="Peace Palace">Peace
Palace</a> (<i>Vredespaleis</i>), <a
href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The
Hague</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a
href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Netherlands" title="Foreign
relations of the Netherlands">Foreign relations of the
Netherlands</a></div>
<p>The history of <a
href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Netherlands" title="Foreign
relations of the Netherlands">Dutch foreign policy</a> has been
characterised by its <a href="/wiki/Neutral_state" title="Neutral
state" class="mw-redirect">neutrality</a>. Since the Second
World War the Netherlands has become a member of a large number of
international organisations, most prominently the UN, <a
href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and the EU. The Dutch
economy is very open and relies on <a
href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International
trade">international trade</a>.</p>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign
policy">foreign policy</a> of the Netherlands is based on four
basic commitments: to <a href="/wiki/Atlanticism"
title="Atlanticism">atlantic cooperation</a>, to <a
href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European
integration">European integration</a>, to <a
href="/wiki/International_development" title="International
development">international development</a> and to <a
href="/wiki/International_law" title="International
law">international law</a>. One of the more controversial
international issues surrounding the Netherlands is its <a
href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the
Netherlands">liberal policy towards soft drugs</a>.</p>
<p>During and after the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age"
title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a>, the Dutch people
built up a commercial and colonial empire, which fell apart quickly
after the Second World War. The historical ties inherited from its
colonial past still influence the foreign relations of the
Netherlands.</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=19"
title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</span> <span
class="mw-headline" id="Military">Military</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a
href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Netherlands" title="Military of the
Netherlands" class="mw-redirect">Military of the
Netherlands</a></div>
<p>The Netherlands has one of the oldest standing armies in
Europe; it was first established as such by <a
href="/wiki/Maurice_of_Nassau" title="Maurice of Nassau"
class="mw-redirect">Maurice of Nassau</a>. The Dutch army was
used throughout the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" title="Dutch
Empire">Dutch Empire</a>. After the defeat of Napoleon, the
Dutch army was transformed into a <a href="/wiki/Conscription"
title="Conscription">conscription</a> army. The army was
unsuccessfully deployed during the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_revolution"
title="Belgian revolution" class="mw-redirect">Belgian
revolution</a> in 1830. After 1830, it was deployed mainly in the
Dutch colonies, as the Netherlands remained neutral in European wars
(including World War I), until the <a
href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Netherlands" title="Battle of the
Netherlands">Netherlands was invaded in World War II</a> and
quickly defeated by the Wehrmacht in May 1940.</p>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:HNLMS_Holland.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/HNLMS_Holland.jpg/220px-HNLMS_Holland.jpg"
width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/HNLMS_Holland.jpg/330px-HNLMS_Holland.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/HNLMS_Holland.jpg/440px-HNLMS_Holland.jpg
2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:HNLMS_Holland.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img
src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
Hr. Ms. Holland, a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Navy" title="Royal
Dutch Navy" class="mw-redirect">Royal Dutch Navy</a> <a
href="/wiki/Offshore_patrol_vessel" title="Offshore patrol vessel"
class="mw-redirect">Offshore patrol vessel</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The Netherlands abandoned its neutrality in 1948 when it signed
the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brussels" title="Treaty of
Brussels">Treaty of Brussels</a>, and later became a founding
member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in
1949. The Dutch military was therefore part of the NATO strength in
<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>
Europe, deploying its army to several bases in Germany. In 1996
conscription was suspended, and the Dutch army was once again
transformed into a professional army. Since the 1990s the Dutch army has
been involved in the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian
War">Bosnian War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War"
title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>, it held a province in <a
href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> after the defeat of
<a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam
Hussein</a>, and it was engaged in <a
href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" title="War in
Afghanistan (2001–present)">Afghanistan</a>.</p>
<p>The military is composed of four branches, all of which carry
the prefix <i>Koninklijke</i> (Royal):</p>
<ul>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Koninklijke_Landmacht"
title="Koninklijke Landmacht" class="mw-redirect">Koninklijke
Landmacht</a></i> (KL), the Royal Netherlands
Army</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Koninklijke_Marine"
title="Koninklijke Marine" class="mw-redirect">Koninklijke
Marine</a></i> (KM), the Royal Netherlands Navy, including
the Naval Air Service and Marine Corps</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Koninklijke_Luchtmacht"
title="Koninklijke Luchtmacht" class="mw-redirect">Koninklijke
Luchtmacht</a></i> (KLu), the Royal Netherlands Air
Force</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Koninklijke_Marechaussee"
title="Koninklijke Marechaussee" class="mw-redirect">Koninklijke
Marechaussee</a></i> (KMar), the Royal Military Police,
tasks include military police and border control</li>
</ul>
<p>General <a href="/wiki/Tom_Middendorp" title="Tom
Middendorp">Tom Middendorp</a> is the current Commander of the
Netherlands armed forces. All military specialities except the <a
href="/wiki/Koninklijke_Marine#Submarine_service" title="Koninklijke
Marine" class="mw-redirect">submarine service</a> and the <a
href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Marine_Corps" title="Royal Netherlands
Marine Corps" class="mw-redirect">Royal Netherlands Marine
Corps</a> (<i>Korps Mariniers</i>) are open to women.
The Korps Commandotroepen, the Special Operations Force of the
Netherlands Army, is open to women, but because of the extremely high
physical demands for initial training, it is almost impossible for women
to become a commando.<sup id="cite_ref-59"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-59"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup>
The Dutch Ministry of Defence employs more than 70,000 personnel,
including over 20,000 civilians and over 50,000 military
personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-60"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup>
In April 2011 the government announced a major reduction in its
military due to a cut in government expenditure, including a decrease in
the number of tanks, fighter aircraft, naval ships and senior
officials.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-61"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span
class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=20"
title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</span> <span
class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a
href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Economy of the
Netherlands">Economy of the Netherlands</a>, <a
href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of
companies of the Netherlands">List of Dutch companies</a>,
<a href="/wiki/Bonaire#Economy_-_Tourism" title="Bonaire">Economy
of Bonaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius#Economy"
title="Sint Eustatius">Economy of Sint Eustatius</a>, and <a
href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saba" title="Economy of Saba">Economy of
Saba</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:AEX_performance.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/AEX_performance.jpg/220px-AEX_performance.jpg"
width="220" height="125" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/AEX_performance.jpg/330px-AEX_performance.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/AEX_performance.jpg/440px-AEX_performance.jpg
2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:AEX_performance.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img
src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Stock_Exchange" title="Amsterdam Stock
Exchange">Amsterdam Stock Exchange</a> performance</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Netherlands_treemap.png" class="image"><img
alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Netherlands_treemap.png/220px-Netherlands_treemap.png"
width="220" height="172" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Netherlands_treemap.png/330px-Netherlands_treemap.png
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<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Netherlands_treemap.png" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"><img
src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
Graphical depiction of Dutch product exports in 28 colour-coded
categories.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Euro_banknotes.png" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Euro_banknotes.png/220px-Euro_banknotes.png"
width="220" height="168" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Euro_banknotes.png/330px-Euro_banknotes.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Euro_banknotes.png/440px-Euro_banknotes.png
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<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Euro_banknotes.png"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img
src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
The European Netherlands introduced the euro in 2002. It is one of 17
countries that make up the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone"
title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:USDnotes.png" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/USDnotes.png/220px-USDnotes.png"
width="220" height="192" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/USDnotes.png/330px-USDnotes.png
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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/USDnotes.png/440px-USDnotes.png
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<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:USDnotes.png"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img
src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
The Caribbean Netherlands introduced the US Dollar in 2011. The
economies of the three municipalities are primarily based on
tourism.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The Netherlands has a developed economy and has been playing a
special role in the European economy for many centuries. Since the 16th
century, shipping, fishing, trade, and banking have been leading sectors
of the Dutch economy. The Netherlands is one of the world's 10 leading
exporting countries. Foodstuffs form the largest industrial sector.
Other major industries include chemicals, metallurgy, machinery,
electrical goods, and tourism. Examples include <a
href="/wiki/Unilever" title="Unilever">Unilever</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Heineken_International" title="Heineken
International">Heineken</a>, financial services (<a
href="/wiki/ING_Group" title="ING Group">ING</a>), chemicals
(<a href="/wiki/DSM_(company)" title="DSM
(company)">DSM</a>), petroleum refining (<a
href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" title="Royal Dutch
Shell">Shell</a>), electronical machinery (<a
href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>, <a
href="/wiki/ASML_Holding" title="ASML Holding">ASML</a>) and
car navigation <a href="/wiki/TomTom"
title="TomTom">TomTom</a>.</p>
<p>The Netherlands has the <a
href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries
by GDP (nominal)">17th largest economy in the world</a>, and
<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita"
title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">ranks 10th in
GDP (nominal) per capita</a>. Between 1997 and 2000 annual
economic growth (GDP) averaged nearly 4%, well above the European
average. Growth slowed considerably from 2001 to 2005 with the global
economic slowdown, but accelerated to 4.1% in the third quarter of 2007.
Inflation is 1.3%, and unemployment is at 4.0% of the <a
href="/wiki/Labour_force" title="Labour force"
class="mw-redirect">labour force</a>. By <a
href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> standards,
unemployment in the Netherlands is at 4.1% (April 2010) – the lowest
rate of all <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European
Union">European Union</a> member states.<sup
id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-62"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup>
But in Q3 and Q4 2011, the Dutch economy contracted by 0.4% and 0.7%,
respectively due to European Debt Crisis, while in Q4 the Eurozone
economy shrunk by 0.3%.<sup id="cite_ref-63"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-63"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup>
The Netherlands also has a relatively low <a
href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">GINI
coefficient</a> of 0.326. Despite ranking only 7th in GDP per
capita, UNICEF ranked the Netherlands 1st in child well-being.<sup
id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-64"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup>
On the <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom" title="Index of
Economic Freedom">Index of Economic Freedom</a> Netherlands is
the 13th most <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free
market</a> capitalist economy out of 157 surveyed
countries.</p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam"
title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> is the financial and business
capital of the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-ez_65-0"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-ez-65"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup>
The <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Stock_Exchange" title="Amsterdam Stock
Exchange">Amsterdam Stock Exchange</a> (AEX), part of <a
href="/wiki/Euronext" title="Euronext">Euronext</a>, is the
world's oldest stock exchange and is one of Europe's largest bourses. It
is situated near <a href="/wiki/Dam_Square" title="Dam
Square">Dam Square</a> in the city's centre. As a founding
member of the euro, the Netherlands replaced (for accounting purposes)
its former currency, the "gulden" (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_guilder"
title="Dutch guilder">guilder</a>), on 1 January 1999, along
with 15 other adopters of the euro. Actual <a href="/wiki/Euro_coins"
title="Euro coins">euro coins</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Euro_banknotes" title="Euro
banknotes">banknotes</a> followed on 1 January 2002. One euro
was equivalent to 2.20371 Dutch guilders. However, in the <a
href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean
Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a>, the <a
href="/wiki/U.S._dollar" title="U.S. dollar" class="mw-redirect">U.S.
dollar</a> is used instead of the euro.</p>
<p>The Dutch location gives it prime access to markets in the UK
and Germany, with the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Rotterdam" title="Port
of Rotterdam">port of Rotterdam</a> being the largest port in
Europe. Other important parts of the economy are <a
href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International
trade">international trade</a> (Dutch colonialism started with
cooperative private enterprises such as the <a
href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India
Company">VOC</a>), banking and transport. The Netherlands
successfully addressed the issue of public finances and stagnating job
growth long before its European partners. Amsterdam is the 5th busiest
tourist destination in Europe with more than 4.2 million
international visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-42milvisitors_66-0"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-42milvisitors-66"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup>
Since the enlargement of the EU large numbers of <a
href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">migrant
workers</a> have arrived in the Netherlands from central and
eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-67"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The
country continues to be one of the leading European nations for
attracting foreign direct investment and is one of the five largest
investors in the United States. The economy experienced a slowdown in
2005, but in 2006 recovered to the fastest pace in six years on the back
of increased exports and strong investment. The pace of job growth
reached 10-year highs in 2007. The Netherlands moved up from the 11th
position in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Competitiveness_Index"
title="Global Competitiveness Index" class="mw-redirect">Global
Competitiveness Index</a><sup id="cite_ref-68"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-68"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup>
to the 9th position in 2007.</p>
<p>One of the largest <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_field"
title="Natural gas field">natural gas fields</a> in the world
is situated near <a href="/wiki/Slochteren"
title="Slochteren">Slochteren</a>. Exploitation of this field
resulted in a total revenue of €159 billion since the
mid-1970s. With just over half of the reserves used up and an expected
continued rise in oil prices, the revenues over the next few decades are
expected to be at least that much.<sup id="cite_ref-69"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-69"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span
class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=21"
title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</span>
<span class="mw-headline"
id="Agriculture">Agriculture</span></h3>
<p>A highly mechanised agricultural sector employs 4% of the
labour force but provides large surpluses for the food-processing
industry and for exports. The Dutch rank third worldwide in value of
agricultural exports, behind the United States and France, with exports
earning $55 billion annually. A significant portion of Dutch
agricultural exports are derived from fresh-cut plants, flowers, and
bulbs, with the Netherlands exporting two-thirds of the world's total.
The Netherlands also exports a quarter of all the world's tomatoes, and
trade of one-third of the world's exports of <a href="/wiki/Capsicum"
title="Capsicum">chilis</a>, tomatoes and cucumbers goes
through the country. The Netherlands also exports one-fifteenth of the
world's apples.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-70"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span
class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=22"
title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</span>
<span class="mw-headline"
id="Transport">Transport</span></h3>
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a
href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Transport in the
Netherlands">Transport in the Netherlands</a> and
<a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Rail
transport in the Netherlands">Rail transport in the
Netherlands</a></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam"
title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> has the largest port in Europe,
with the rivers Meuse and Rhine providing excellent access to the <a
href="/wiki/Hinterland" title="Hinterland">hinterland</a>
upstream reaching to <a href="/wiki/Basel,_Switzerland" title="Basel,
Switzerland" class="mw-redirect">Basel, Switzerland</a>, and
into France. In 2006, Rotterdam was the world's seventh largest <a
href="/wiki/Container_port" title="Container port"
class="mw-redirect">container port</a> in terms of <a
href="/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_units" title="Twenty-foot equivalent
units" class="mw-redirect">Twenty-foot equivalent units</a>
(TEU) handled.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-71"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup>
The port's main activities are <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical"
title="Petrochemical">petrochemical</a> industries and general
cargo handling and <a href="/wiki/Transshipment"
title="Transshipment">transshipment</a>. The harbour functions
as an important transit point for <a
href="/wiki/Bulk_material_handling" title="Bulk material
handling">bulk materials</a> and between the European continent
and overseas. From Rotterdam goods are transported by ship, river
barge, train or road. In 2007, the <i><a
href="/wiki/Betuweroute"
title="Betuweroute">Betuweroute</a></i>, a new fast
freight railway from Rotterdam to Germany, was completed.</p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=23"
title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</span>
<span class="mw-headline"
id="Demographics">Demographics</span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a
href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Demographics of the
Netherlands">Demographics of the Netherlands</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Queensday_2011_Amsterdam_26.jpg"
class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Queensday_2011_Amsterdam_26.jpg/220px-Queensday_2011_Amsterdam_26.jpg"
width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Queensday_2011_Amsterdam_26.jpg/330px-Queensday_2011_Amsterdam_26.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Queensday_2011_Amsterdam_26.jpg/440px-Queensday_2011_Amsterdam_26.jpg
2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Queensday_2011_Amsterdam_26.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"><img
src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
Dutch people in orange celebrating <a href="/wiki/Koninginnedag"
title="Koninginnedag">Queen's Day</a> in Amsterdam.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The Netherlands has an estimated population of 16,742,993 (as
of 12 August 2012).<sup id="cite_ref-cbs-counter_72-0"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-cbs-counter-72"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup>
It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_population"
title="List of European countries by population">11th most populous
country in Europe</a> and the <a
href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" title="List of countries by
population">61st most populous country</a> in the world.
Between 1900 and 1950, the country's population almost doubled from 5.1
to 10.0 million people. From 1950 to 2000, the population
further increased from 10.0 to 15.9 million people, but the
rate of <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population
growth">population growth</a> was less than that of the
previous fifty years.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-73"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup>
The estimated growth rate is currently 0.436% (as of 2008).<sup
id="cite_ref-cia-worldfactbook-nl_2-1" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-cia-worldfactbook-nl-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The
<a href="/wiki/Fertility_rate" title="Fertility rate"
class="mw-redirect">fertility rate</a> in the Netherlands is
1.82 children per woman (as of 2011),<sup
id="cite_ref-cia-worldfactbook-nl_2-2" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-cia-worldfactbook-nl-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup>
which is high compared with many other European countries, but <a
href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility" title="Sub-replacement
fertility">below the rate of 2.1 children per woman required for
natural population replacement</a>. <a
href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life
expectancy</a> is high in the Netherlands: 83.08 years for newborn
girls and 78.84 for boys (2012 est<sup
id="cite_ref-cia-worldfactbook-nl_2-3" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-cia-worldfactbook-nl-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup>).
The country has a <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human
migration">migration</a> rate of 2.55 migrants per 1,000
inhabitants per year.</p>
<p>The majority of the population of the Netherlands is ethnically
<a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch
people">Dutch</a>. A 2005 estimate counted: 80.9% Dutch, 2.4%
<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a>,
2.4% <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a>,
2.2% <a href="/wiki/Turkish-Dutch" title="Turkish-Dutch"
class="mw-redirect">Turkish</a>, 2.0% <a
href="/wiki/Surinamese_people" title="Surinamese
people">Surinamese</a>, 1.9% <a href="/wiki/Morocco"
title="Morocco">Moroccan</a>, 0.8% <a
href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands
Antilles">Antillean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aruba"
title="Aruba">Aruban</a>, and 7.4% others.<sup
id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-74"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup>
The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch
people">Dutch</a> are the tallest people in the world, with an
average <a href="/wiki/Human_height" title="Human
height">height</a> of 1.81 metres
(5 ft 11 in) for adult males and 1.67 metres
(5 ft 6 in) for adult females in 2009.<sup
id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-75"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup>
People in the south are on average about 2 cm shorter than
those in the north.</p>
<p>Dutch people, or <a href="/wiki/Dutch_diaspora" title="Dutch
diaspora">descendants of Dutch people</a>, are also found in
migrant communities worldwide, notably in Canada, Australia, South
Africa and the United States. According to the 2006 US Census, more than
5 million Americans claim total or partial <a
href="/wiki/Dutch_American" title="Dutch American">Dutch</a>
ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-76"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup>
There are close to 3 million Dutch-descended <a
href="/wiki/Afrikaner" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaners</a> living
in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-77"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup>
In 1940, there were 290,000 Europeans and Eurasians in
Indonesia,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-78"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup>
but most have since left the country.<sup id="cite_ref-79"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-79"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup>
According to <a href="/wiki/Eurostat"
title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>, in 2010 there were 1.8 million
foreign-born residents in the Netherlands, corresponding to 11.1% of the
total population. Of these, 1.4 million (8.5%) were born outside the EU
and 0.428 million (2.6%) were born in another EU Member State.<sup
id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-80"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The
Netherlands is the 30th <a
href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_density" title="List of
countries by population density" class="mw-redirect">most densely
populated</a> country in the world, with 395 inhabitants per
square kilometre (1,023 /sq mi)—or 484 inhabitants per
square kilometre (1,254 /sq mi) if only the land area
is counted. It is the 8th most densely populated country in Europe with
a <a href="/wiki/Area_and_population_of_European_countries"
title="Area and population of European countries"
class="mw-redirect">population density</a> of
393/km<sup>2</sup>. The <a href="/wiki/Randstad"
title="Randstad">Randstad</a> is the country's largest <a
href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a>
located in the west of the country and contains the four largest cities:
Amsterdam in the province <a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North
Holland">North Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam"
title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> and <a
href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> in the
province <a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South
Holland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(city)" title="Utrecht
(city)" class="mw-redirect">Utrecht</a> in the province <a
href="/wiki/Utrecht_(province)" title="Utrecht
(province)">Utrecht</a>. The Randstad has a population of
7 million inhabitants and is the <a
href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Europe_by_population"
title="List of metropolitan areas in Europe by population"
class="mw-redirect">6th largest</a> <a
href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan
area</a> in Europe.</p>
<p><br /></p>
<table class="navbox" style="width: 100%">
<tr>
<th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0; line-height:1.4em;">
<div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="float: left;
margin-left:0.75em">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a
href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_the_Netherlands"
title="Template:Largest cities of the Netherlands"><span
title="View this template"
style="">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a
href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_the_Netherlands"
title="Template talk:Largest cities of the Netherlands"><span
title="Discuss this template"
style="">t</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text"
href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Largest_cities_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit"><span
title="Edit this template"
style="">e</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<span style="font-size:120%;">Largest cities or towns of
<strong
class="selflink">Netherlands</strong></span><br />
<span style="font-weight:normal;">Centraal Bureau voor de
Statistiek <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber"
href="http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/start.asp?LA=nl&DM=SLNL&lp=Search%2FSearch">[1]</a></span></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>Rank</th>
<th>City
name</th>
<th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Netherlands" title="Provinces
of Netherlands" class="mw-redirect">Province</a></th>
<th>Pop.</th>
<th>Rank</th>
<th>City name</th>
<th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Netherlands" title="Provinces
of Netherlands" class="mw-redirect">Province</a></th>
<th>Pop.</th>
<th></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a
href="/wiki/File:AmsterdamLuchtfotoBmz.jpg" class="image"
title="Amsterdam"><img alt="Amsterdam"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/AmsterdamLuchtfotoBmz.jpg/120px-AmsterdamLuchtfotoBmz.jpg"
width="120" height="76" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/AmsterdamLuchtfotoBmz.jpg/180px-AmsterdamLuchtfotoBmz.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/AmsterdamLuchtfotoBmz.jpg/240px-AmsterdamLuchtfotoBmz.jpg
2x" /></a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Amsterdam"
title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a><br />
<p><a href="/wiki/File:RotterdamMaasNederland.jpg"
class="image" title="Rotterdam"><img alt="Rotterdam"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/RotterdamMaasNederland.jpg/120px-RotterdamMaasNederland.jpg"
width="120" height="49" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/RotterdamMaasNederland.jpg/180px-RotterdamMaasNederland.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/RotterdamMaasNederland.jpg/240px-RotterdamMaasNederland.jpg
2x" /></a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Rotterdam"
title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></p>
</td>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">1</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam"
title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North
Holland">North Holland</a></td>
<td align="right">798,164</td>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">11</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Enschede"
title="Enschede">Enschede</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Overijssel"
title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a></td>
<td align="right">158,741</td>
<td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a
href="/wiki/File:A_square_in_the_center_of_the_Hague.jpg" class="image"
title="The Hague"><img alt="The Hague"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/A_square_in_the_center_of_the_Hague.jpg/120px-A_square_in_the_center_of_the_Hague.jpg"
width="120" height="90" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/A_square_in_the_center_of_the_Hague.jpg/180px-A_square_in_the_center_of_the_Hague.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/A_square_in_the_center_of_the_Hague.jpg/240px-A_square_in_the_center_of_the_Hague.jpg
2x" /></a><br />
<a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The
Hague</a><br />
<p><a href="/wiki/File:Buurkerk_en_Domtoren.jpg" class="image"
title="Utrecht"><img alt="Utrecht"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Buurkerk_en_Domtoren.jpg/120px-Buurkerk_en_Domtoren.jpg"
width="120" height="90" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Buurkerk_en_Domtoren.jpg/180px-Buurkerk_en_Domtoren.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Buurkerk_en_Domtoren.jpg/240px-Buurkerk_en_Domtoren.jpg
2x" /></a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Utrecht"
title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">2</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam"
title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South
Holland">South Holland</a></td>
<td align="right">615,752</td>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">12</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Apeldoorn"
title="Apeldoorn">Apeldoorn</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Gelderland"
title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a></td>
<td align="right">157,223</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">3</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The
Hague">The Hague</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South
Holland">South Holland</a></td>
<td align="right">504,260</td>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">13</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Haarlem"
title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North
Holland">North Holland</a></td>
<td align="right">153,225</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">4</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Utrecht"
title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(province)"
title="Utrecht (province)">Utrecht</a></td>
<td align="right">321,583</td>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">14</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Arnhem"
title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Gelderland"
title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a></td>
<td align="right">149,912</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">5</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Eindhoven"
title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North
Brabant">North Brabant</a></td>
<td align="right">218,559</td>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">15</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Amersfoort"
title="Amersfoort">Amersfoort</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Utrecht"
title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a></td>
<td align="right">149,653</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">6</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Tilburg"
title="Tilburg">Tilburg</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North
Brabant">North Brabant</a></td>
<td align="right">208,429</td>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">16</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Zaanstad"
title="Zaanstad">Zaanstad</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North
Holland">North Holland</a></td>
<td align="right">149,421</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">7</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Groningen"
title="Groningen">Groningen</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Groningen"
title="Groningen">Groningen</a></td>
<td align="right">195,511</td>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">17</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Haarlemmermeer"
title="Haarlemmermeer">Haarlemmermeer</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North
Holland">North Holland</a></td>
<td align="right">144,117</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">8</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Almere"
title="Almere">Almere</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Flevoland"
title="Flevoland">Flevoland</a></td>
<td align="right">195,019</td>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">18</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/%27s-Hertogenbosch"
title="'s-Hertogenbosch">'s-Hertogenbosch</a></b></td>
<td
align="left"><a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North
Brabant">North Brabant</a></td>
<td align="right">142,741</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">9</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Breda"
title="Breda">Breda</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North
Brabant">North Brabant</a></td>
<td align="right">178,366</td>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">19</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Zoetermeer"
title="Zoetermeer">Zoetermeer</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South
Holland">South Holland</a></td>
<td align="right">122,968</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">10</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Nijmegen"
title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Gelderland"
title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a></td>
<td align="right">166,492</td>
<td align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;">20</td>
<td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Zwolle"
title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a></b></td>
<td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Overijssel"
title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a></td>
<td align="right">122,415</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><br style="clear:both;" /></p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=24"
title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</span> <span
class="mw-headline" id="Language">Language</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a
href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the
Netherlands">Languages of the Netherlands</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Population_of_the_Netherlands_1900-2000.png"
class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/Population_of_the_Netherlands_1900-2000.png/220px-Population_of_the_Netherlands_1900-2000.png"
width="220" height="166" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/Population_of_the_Netherlands_1900-2000.png/330px-Population_of_the_Netherlands_1900-2000.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2c/Population_of_the_Netherlands_1900-2000.png
2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Population_of_the_Netherlands_1900-2000.png"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img
src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
Population of the Netherlands from 1900 to 2000</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The official language is <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language"
title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, which is spoken by the vast
majority of the inhabitants. Another official language is <a
href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian
language">Frisian</a>, which is spoken in the northern province
of <a href="/wiki/Friesland"
title="Friesland">Friesland</a>, called
<i>Fryslân</i> in that language. A dialect of Frisian and
Dutch is spoken in most villages in the west of the province of <a
href="/wiki/Groningen_(province)" title="Groningen
(province)">Groningen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-81"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup>
Frisian has a formal status in the province of Friesland. Several
dialects of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low
Saxon">Low Saxon</a> (<i>Nedersaksisch</i> in
Dutch) are spoken in much of the north and east, like <a
href="/wiki/Twents" title="Twents"
class="mw-redirect">Twents</a> in the region of <a
href="/wiki/Twente" title="Twente">Twente</a>, and Drents in
the province Drenthe. They are recognised by the Netherlands as
<i>regional languages</i> according to the <a
href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages"
title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European
Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a>, as well as the
<a href="/wiki/Meuse-Rhenish"
title="Meuse-Rhenish">Meuse-Rhenish</a> <a
href="/wiki/Franconian_languages" title="Franconian
languages">Franconian</a> varieties in the southeastern
province of <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg
(Netherlands)">Limburg</a>, here called <a
href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish"
class="mw-redirect">Limburgish</a> language.<sup
id="cite_ref-international2000_35-1" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-international2000-35"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup>
English is an official language in the special municipalities of <a
href="/wiki/Saba" title="Saba">Saba</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint
Eustatius</a>. It is widely spoken on these islands. <a
href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a> is an
official language in the special municipality of <a
href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>. <a
href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish"
class="mw-redirect">Yiddish</a> and the <a
href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani
language</a> were recognised in 1996 as non-territorial
languages.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-82"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>There
is a tradition of learning foreign languages in the Netherlands: about
70% of the total population have good knowledge of conversational
English, 55– 59% of German, and 19% of French. Children start with
English courses at primary schools when they are about nine years old.
English is a mandatory course in all secondary schools.<sup
id="cite_ref-xyz_83-0" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-xyz-83"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup>
In most lower level secondary school educations (<i><a
href="/wiki/Voorbereidend_middelbaar_beroepsonderwijs"
title="Voorbereidend middelbaar
beroepsonderwijs">vmbo</a></i>), one additional modern
foreign language is mandatory during the first two years. In higher
level secondary schools (<i><a
href="/wiki/Hoger_algemeen_voortgezet_onderwijs" title="Hoger algemeen
voortgezet onderwijs">havo</a></i> and <i><a
href="/wiki/Voorbereidend_wetenschappelijk_onderwijs"
title="Voorbereidend wetenschappelijk
onderwijs">vwo</a></i>), two additional modern foreign
languages are mandatory during the first three years. Only during the
last three years in <i>vwo</i> one foreign language is
mandatory. The standard modern languages are French and German, although
schools can change one of these modern languages with Spanish, <a
href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish
language">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic"
class="mw-redirect">Arabic</a>, or Russian.<sup
id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-84"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></a></sup>
Additionally, schools in the Frisia region teach and have exams in
<a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian
language">Frisian</a>, and schools across the country teach and
have exams in classical Greek and Latin for secondary school (called
gymnasium or vwo+).</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=25"
title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</span> <span
class="mw-headline" id="Religion">Religion</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a
href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the
Netherlands">Religion in the Netherlands</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:DomTorenUtrechtNederland.jpg" class="image"><img
alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DomTorenUtrechtNederland.jpg/170px-DomTorenUtrechtNederland.jpg"
width="170" height="318" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DomTorenUtrechtNederland.jpg/255px-DomTorenUtrechtNederland.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DomTorenUtrechtNederland.jpg/340px-DomTorenUtrechtNederland.jpg
2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:DomTorenUtrechtNederland.jpg" class="internal"
title="Enlarge"><img
src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Dom_Tower_of_Utrecht" title="Dom Tower of
Utrecht">Dom Tower of Utrecht</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The Netherlands is one of the most secular countries in Western
Europe, with fewer than 20% visiting church regularly.<sup
id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-85"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup>
According to the most recent <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer"
title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a> poll 2010,<sup
id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-86"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup>
28% of the Dutch citizens responded that "they believe there is a God",
whereas 39% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or
life force", and 30% that "they do not believe there is any sort of
spirit, god, or life force".</p>
<p>Currently, Roman Catholicism is the single largest religion of
the Netherlands with around four million registered adherents which is
24% of the Dutch population in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-SILA_87-0"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-SILA-87"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></a></sup>
The <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_of_the_Netherlands"
title="Protestant Church of the Netherlands"
class="mw-redirect">Protestant Church of the Netherlands</a>
follows with 16% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_2009_88-0"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-CBS_2009-88"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup>
It was formed in 2004 as a merger of the two major strands of <a
href="/wiki/Calvinism" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>: the
<a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed
Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a> (which represented roughly
8.5% of the population), the <a
href="/wiki/Reformed_Churches_in_the_Netherlands" title="Reformed
Churches in the Netherlands">Reformed Churches in the
Netherlands</a> (3.7% of the population), and a smaller <a
href="/wiki/Lutheran" title="Lutheran"
class="mw-redirect">Lutheran</a> Church. Other Protestant
churches, mostly orthodox Calvinist splits, represent 6% of the
population. In 1947, 44.3% belonged to Protestant denominations, 38.7%
belonged to the Roman Catholic Church, and 17.1% were
unaffiliated.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-89"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In
2006, there were 850,000 <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands"
title="Islam in the Netherlands">Muslims</a> (5% of the total
Dutch population).<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_90-0"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-CBS-90"><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></a></sup>
The Netherlands has an estimated 250,000 <a
href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Buddhism in the
Netherlands">Buddhists</a> or people who feel strongly
attracted by this religion, largely ethnic Dutch people. There are
approximately 200,000 <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_Netherlands"
title="Hinduism in the Netherlands">Hindus</a>, most of them of
<a href="/wiki/Surinamese" title="Surinamese"
class="mw-redirect">Indo-Surinamese</a> origin. <a
href="/wiki/Sikh" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a> are another religious
minority in the Netherlands, numbering around 12,000, mainly located in
or around Amsterdam. There are five <a href="/wiki/Gurudwara"
title="Gurudwara" class="mw-redirect">gurudwaras</a> in the
Netherlands. The <a
href="/wiki/Association_of_Religion_Data_Archives" title="Association of
Religion Data Archives">Association of Religion Data
Archives</a> (relying on <a
href="/wiki/World_Christian_Encyclopedia" title="World Christian
Encyclopedia">World Christian Encyclopedia</a>) estimated some
6,400 Bahá'ís in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-WCE-05_91-0"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-WCE-05-91"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Although
the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" title="Holocaust"
class="mw-redirect">Holocaust</a> deeply affected the <a
href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of
the Jews in the Netherlands">Jewish</a> community (killing
about 75% of its 140,000 members at the time<sup id="cite_ref-92"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-92"><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></a></sup>),
it has managed to rebuild a vibrant and lively Jewish life for its
approximately 45,000 current members. Before <a
href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War
II</a>, 10% of the Amsterdam population was <a
href="/wiki/Jewish_Amsterdam" title="Jewish Amsterdam"
class="mw-redirect">Jewish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-93"><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Freedom
of education has been guaranteed by the Dutch constitution since 1917,
and schools run by religious groups (especially Catholic and Protestant)
are funded by the government. All schools must meet strict quality
criteria.</p>
<p>Three political parties in the Dutch parliament (CDA,
ChristianUnion, and SGP) base their policy on Christian belief in
varying degrees. Although the Netherlands is a secular state, in some
<a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands"
title="Municipalities of the Netherlands"
class="mw-redirect">municipalities</a> where the Christian
parties have the majority, the council meetings are opened by
prayer.</p>
<p>Municipalities in general also give civil servants a day off on
Christian religious holidays, such as Easter and the <a
href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension
of Jesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-94"><span>[</span>94<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span
class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=26"
title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</span>
<span class="mw-headline"
id="Education">Education</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a
href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Netherlands" title="Education in the
Netherlands">Education in the Netherlands</a></div>
<p>Education in the Netherlands is compulsory between the ages of 4
and 16, and partially compulsory between the ages of 16 and
18.</p>
<p>All children in the Netherlands usually attend elementary
school from (on average) ages 4 to 12. It comprises eight grades, the
first of which is facultative. Based on an aptitude test, the 8th grade
teacher's recommendation and the opinion of the pupil's parents or
caretakers, a choice is made for one of the three main streams of
secondary education (after completing a particular stream, a pupil may
still continue in the penultimate year of the next stream):</p>
<ul>
<li>The <a
href="/wiki/Voorbereidend_middelbaar_beroepsonderwijs"
title="Voorbereidend middelbaar beroepsonderwijs">vmbo</a> has 4
grades and is subdivided over several levels. Successfully completing
the vmbo results in a low-level vocational degree that grants access to
the mbo ("middle-level applied education"). This form of education
primarily focuses on teaching a practical trade. With the mbo
certification, a student can apply for the hbo.</li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Hoger_algemeen_voortgezet_onderwijs"
title="Hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs">havo</a> has 5
grades and allows for admission to the hbo ("higher professional
education"), which are <a href="/wiki/Vocational_university"
title="Vocational university">universities of professional
education</a> (or applied sciences) that award professional
bachelor degrees that gives access to the university system.</li>
<li>The <a
href="/wiki/Voorbereidend_wetenschappelijk_onderwijs"
title="Voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs">vwo</a>
(including <a href="/wiki/Atheneum_(school)" title="Atheneum
(school)">atheneum</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium
(school)">gymnasium</a>) has 6 grades and prepares for studying
at a research university. The university consists of a three-year
bachelor's degree, followed by a one-, two- or three-year master's
degree, and finally a four-year <a href="/wiki/Doctoral_degree"
title="Doctoral degree" class="mw-redirect">doctoral
degree</a>. <a href="/wiki/Research_assistant" title="Research
assistant">Doctoral candidates</a> in the Netherlands are
temporary employees of a university.</li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=27"
title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</span> <span
class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a
href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Culture of the
Netherlands">Culture of the Netherlands</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Hollande04.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hollande04.jpg/220px-Hollande04.jpg"
width="220" height="77" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hollande04.jpg/330px-Hollande04.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hollande04.jpg/440px-Hollande04.jpg
2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Hollande04.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img
src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
Symbols and icons of Dutch culture</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The Netherlands has had many well-known painters. The 17th
century, in which the Dutch Republic was prosperous, was the age of the
"Dutch Masters", such as <a
href="/wiki/Rembrandt_Harmenszoon_van_Rijn" title="Rembrandt Harmenszoon
van Rijn" class="mw-redirect">Rembrandt van Rijn</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Johannes
Vermeer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Steen" title="Jan Steen">Jan
Steen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruysdael" title="Jacob van
Ruysdael" class="mw-redirect">Jacob van Ruysdael</a> and many
others. Famous Dutch painters of the 19th and 20th century were <a
href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van
Gogh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet
Mondrian">Piet Mondriaan</a>. <a href="/wiki/M._C._Escher"
title="M. C. Escher">M. C. Escher</a> is a well-known graphics
artist. <a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning" title="Willem de
Kooning">Willem de Kooning</a> was born and trained in <a
href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>,
although he is considered to have reached acclaim as an American artist.
The Netherlands is the country of philosophers <a
href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus" class="mw-redirect">Erasmus of
Rotterdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch
Spinoza">Spinoza</a>. All of <a
href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René
Descartes">Descartes</a>' major work was done in the
Netherlands. The Dutch scientist <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens"
title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a> (1629–1695)
discovered <a href="/wiki/Saturn"
title="Saturn">Saturn</a>'s moon <a
href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>,
argued that light travelled as waves, invented the <a
href="/wiki/Pendulum_clock" title="Pendulum clock">pendulum
clock</a> and was the first physicist to use mathematical
formulae. <a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van
Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a> was the first to
observe and describe <a href="/wiki/Microorganism"
title="Microorganism">single-celled organisms</a> with a <a
href="/wiki/Microscope"
title="Microscope">microscope</a>.</p>
<p>In the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden
Age">Dutch Golden Age</a>, literature flourished as well, with
<a href="/wiki/Joost_van_den_Vondel" title="Joost van den
Vondel">Joost van den Vondel</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Pieter_Corneliszoon_Hooft" title="Pieter Corneliszoon
Hooft">P.C. Hooft</a> as the two most famous writers. In the
19th century, <a href="/wiki/Multatuli"
title="Multatuli">Multatuli</a> wrote about the poor treatment
of the natives in Dutch colonies. Important 20th century authors include
<a href="/wiki/Harry_Mulisch" title="Harry Mulisch">Harry
Mulisch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Wolkers" title="Jan
Wolkers">Jan Wolkers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Vestdijk"
title="Simon Vestdijk">Simon Vestdijk</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Hella_S._Haasse" title="Hella S. Haasse"
class="mw-redirect">Hella S. Haasse</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Cees_Nooteboom" title="Cees Nooteboom">Cees
Nooteboom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerard_van_het_Reve"
title="Gerard van het Reve" class="mw-redirect">Gerard (van het)
Reve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willem_Frederik_Hermans"
title="Willem Frederik Hermans">Willem Frederik Hermans</a>.
<a href="/wiki/Anne_Frank" title="Anne Frank">Anne
Frank</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Diary_of_a_Young_Girl"
title="The Diary of a Young Girl"><i>Diary of a Young
Girl</i></a> was published after she died in the Holocaust
and translated from Dutch to all major languages.</p>
<p>Replicas of Dutch buildings can be found in <a
href="/wiki/Huis_Ten_Bosch_(theme_park)" title="Huis Ten Bosch (theme
park)">Huis Ten Bosch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki"
title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, Japan. A similar Holland Village
is being built in <a href="/wiki/Shenyang"
title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a>, China. <a
href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">Windmills</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Tulip" title="Tulip">tulips</a>, <a
href="/wiki/Clog_(shoe)" title="Clog (shoe)">wooden shoes</a>,
cheese, <a href="/wiki/Delftware"
title="Delftware">Delftware</a> pottery, and <a
href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis
(drug)">cannabis</a> are among the items associated with the
Netherlands by tourists.</p>
<p>The Netherlands has a long history of social tolerance and
today is regarded as a liberal country, considering <a
href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the
Netherlands">its drug policy</a> and its legalisation of <a
href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a>. On 1
April 2001, the Netherlands became the first nation to recognize <a
href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_Netherlands" title="Same-sex
marriage in the Netherlands">same-sex marriage</a>.</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=28"
title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</span> <span
class="mw-headline" id="Sport">Sport</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a
href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sport in the
Netherlands">Sport in the Netherlands</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Perfumo_y_cruyff.jpg" class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Perfumo_y_cruyff.jpg/220px-Perfumo_y_cruyff.jpg"
width="220" height="250" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Perfumo_y_cruyff.jpg/330px-Perfumo_y_cruyff.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Perfumo_y_cruyff.jpg/440px-Perfumo_y_cruyff.jpg
2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Perfumo_y_cruyff.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img
src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Johan_Cruyff" title="Johan Cruyff">Johan
Cruyff</a> with <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Perfumo" title="Roberto
Perfumo">Roberto Perfumo</a> at the 1974 World Cup</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Approximately 4.5 million of the 16 million people in the
Netherlands are registered to one of the 35,000 sports clubs in the
country. About two thirds of the population older than 15 years
participates in sports weekly.<sup id="cite_ref-95"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-95"><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In
the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Football_in_the_Netherlands"
title="Football in the Netherlands">football</a>, tennis, golf,
gymnastics, hockey, equestrian sports, swimming, athletics, volleyball
and skating are the 10 sports with most members of sports clubs.<sup
id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-96"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></a></sup>
A lot of amateurs practice them, and the Netherlands is a strong
competitor in international tournaments for these sports.</p>
<p>Organization of sports began at the end of the 19th century and
the beginning of the 20th century. Federations for sports were
established (such as the speed skating federation in 1882), rules were
unified and sports clubs came into existence. A Dutch National Olympic
Committee was established in 1912. Thus far, the nation has won 246
medals at the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer
Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a> and another 86 medals
at the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic
Games">Winter Olympic Games</a>.</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=29"
title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</span> <span
class="mw-headline" id="Cuisine">Cuisine</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a
href="/wiki/Dutch_Cuisine" title="Dutch Cuisine"
class="mw-redirect">Dutch Cuisine</a></div>
<p>Traditional Dutch cuisine consists of working class meals. Many
traditional dishes are mashed dishes, for instance potatoes mashed with
kale (<i>boerenkool</i>), sauerkraut
(<i>zuurkool</i>), or endive (<i>andijvie</i>).
These dishes are served with greasy, smoked sausage
(<i>rookworst</i>) and gravy. Another traditional dish is
split pea soup (<i>erwtensoep</i>).</p>
<p>As the Netherlands always had strong ties with (former)
colonies Indonesia and Suriname, dishes from those countries have mixed
with Dutch cuisine. Common Asian dishes in the Netherlands include
noodles (<i>bami</i>) and rice (<i>nasi</i>)
dishes.</p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=30"
title="Edit section: Colonial heritage">edit</a>]</span>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Colonial_heritage">Colonial
heritage</span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a
href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch
Empire</a></div>
<div class="rellink">Further information: <a
href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East
Indies</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Indos_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Indos in the Dutch
East Indies" class="mw-redirect">Indos in the Dutch East
Indies</a></div>
<p>From the 17th century exploitations of the <a
href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India
Company">Dutch East India Company</a>, through 19th century
<a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New
Imperialism">colonisations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire"
title="Dutch Empire">Dutch imperial possessions</a> continued
to expand, reaching their greatest extent by establishing a hegemony of
the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East
Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> in the early 20th century. The
Dutch East Indies, which later formed modern-day Indonesia, was one of
the most valuable European colonies in the world and the most important
one for the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-97"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-97"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></a></sup>
Over 350 years of mutual heritage has left a significant cultural mark
on the Netherlands.</p>
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a
href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Europeaan_vaccineert_Indonesische_pati%C3%ABnten_met_neosalvarsaan_tegen_de_ziekte_framboesia_TMnr_10006691.jpg"
class="image"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Europeaan_vaccineert_Indonesische_pati%C3%ABnten_met_neosalvarsaan_tegen_de_ziekte_framboesia_TMnr_10006691.jpg/180px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Europeaan_vaccineert_Indonesische_pati%C3%ABnten_met_neosalvarsaan_tegen_de_ziekte_framboesia_TMnr_10006691.jpg"
width="180" height="197" class="thumbimage"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Europeaan_vaccineert_Indonesische_pati%C3%ABnten_met_neosalvarsaan_tegen_de_ziekte_framboesia_TMnr_10006691.jpg/270px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Europeaan_vaccineert_Indonesische_pati%C3%ABnten_met_neosalvarsaan_tegen_de_ziekte_framboesia_TMnr_10006691.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Europeaan_vaccineert_Indonesische_pati%C3%ABnten_met_neosalvarsaan_tegen_de_ziekte_framboesia_TMnr_10006691.jpg/360px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Europeaan_vaccineert_Indonesische_pati%C3%ABnten_met_neosalvarsaan_tegen_de_ziekte_framboesia_TMnr_10006691.jpg
2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Europeaan_vaccineert_Indonesische_pati%C3%ABnten_met_neosalvarsaan_tegen_de_ziekte_framboesia_TMnr_10006691.jpg"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img
src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
European doctor vaccinates Indonesian patients.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>In the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden
Age">Dutch Golden Age</a> of the 17th century, the Netherlands
urbanised considerably, mostly financed by corporate revenue from the
Asian trade monopolies. Social status was based on merchants' income,
which reduced <a href="/wiki/Feudalism"
title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> and considerably changed the
dynamics of Dutch society. When the <a
href="/wiki/Dutch_Royal_Family" title="Dutch Royal Family"
class="mw-redirect">Dutch Royal Family</a> was established in
1815, much of its wealth came from Colonial trade.<sup
id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-98"><span>[</span>98<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Universities
such as the Royal <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden
University">Leiden University</a> founded in the 16th century
have developed into leading knowledge centres about <a
href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast
Asian</a> and Indonesian studies.<sup id="cite_ref-99"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-99"><span>[</span>99<span>]</span></a></sup>
Leiden University has produced leading academics such as <a
href="/wiki/Christiaan_Snouck_Hurgronje" title="Christiaan Snouck
Hurgronje">Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje</a>, and still has
academics who specialise in Indonesian languages and cultures. Leiden
University and in particular <a href="/wiki/KITLV" title="KITLV"
class="mw-redirect">KITLV</a> are educational and scientific
institutions that to this day share both an intellectual and historical
interest in Indonesian studies. Other scientific institutions in the
Netherlands include the Amsterdam <a href="/wiki/Tropenmuseum"
title="Tropenmuseum">Tropenmuseum</a>, an anthropological
museum with massive collections of Indonesian art, culture, ethnography
and anthropology.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-100"><span>[</span>100<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The
traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_East_Indies_Army"
title="Royal Dutch East Indies Army" class="mw-redirect">Royal Dutch
East Indies Army</a> (KNIL) are maintained by the <a
href="/wiki/Regiment_Van_Heutsz" title="Regiment Van Heutsz">Regiment
Van Heutsz</a> of the modern <a
href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Army" title="Royal Netherlands
Army">Royal Netherlands Army</a>. A dedicated <i><a
href="/wiki/Bronbeek" title="Bronbeek">Bronbeek</a>
Museum</i>, a former home for retired KNIL soldiers, exists in
<a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a> to this
day.</p>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;">
<div id="mwe_player_2" class="PopUpMediaTransform"
style="width:150px;height:123px" data-videopayload="<div
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controls="" preload="none"
class="kskin"
data-durationhint="140.28"
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data-mwtitle="Indisch_tuinfeest_op_Arendsdorp_Weeknummer_27-15_-_Open_Beelden_-_16627.ogv"
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type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8,
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transcodekey="360p.webm" data-title="Web
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type="video/ogg; codecs=&quot;theora,
vorbis&quot;" data-title="Original Ogg file,
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player.<br />
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the clip</a> or <a
href="//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/Client_download">download
a player</a> to play the clip in your
browser.</video></div>"><img
alt="File:Indisch tuinfeest op Arendsdorp Weeknummer 27-15 - Open
Beelden - 16627.ogv" style="width:150px;height:123px"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Indisch_tuinfeest_op_Arendsdorp_Weeknummer_27-15_-_Open_Beelden_-_16627.ogv/150px--Indisch_tuinfeest_op_Arendsdorp_Weeknummer_27-15_-_Open_Beelden_-_16627.ogv.jpg"
/><a
href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Indisch_tuinfeest_op_Arendsdorp_Weeknummer_27-15_-_Open_Beelden_-_16627.ogv"
title="Play media" target="new"><span
class="play-btn-large"> </span></a></div>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a
href="/wiki/File:Indisch_tuinfeest_op_Arendsdorp_Weeknummer_27-15_-_Open_Beelden_-_16627.ogv"
class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img
src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf10/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png"
width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
Dutch newsreel dated 1927 showing a Dutch East Indian fair in the
Netherlands featuring <a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo
people">Indo</a> and Indigenous people from the Dutch East
Indies performing traditional dance and music in traditional
attire.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-101"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></a></sup></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>A
specific segment of Dutch literature called <a
href="/wiki/Dutch_Indies_literature" title="Dutch Indies
literature">Dutch Indies literature</a> still exists and
includes established authors, such as <a href="/wiki/Louis_Couperus"
title="Louis Couperus">Louis Couperus</a>, the writer of "The
Hidden Force", taking the colonial era as an important source of
inspiration.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-102"><span>[</span>102<span>]</span></a></sup>
One of the great masterpieces of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_literature"
title="Dutch literature">Dutch literature</a> is the book
"<a href="/wiki/Max_Havelaar" title="Max Havelaar">Max
Havelaar</a>" written by <a href="/wiki/Multatuli"
title="Multatuli">Multatuli</a> in 1860.<sup
id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-103"><span>[</span>103<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The
majority of Dutchmen that repatriated to the Netherlands after and
during the Indonesian revolution are <a href="/wiki/Indo_people"
title="Indo people">Indo</a> (Eurasian), native to the islands
of the Dutch East Indies. This relatively large Eurasian population had
developed over a period of 400 years and were classified by colonial law
as belonging to the European legal community.<sup id="cite_ref-104"
class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-104"><span>[</span>104<span>]</span></a></sup>
In <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch
language">Dutch</a> they are referred to as 'Indische
Nederlanders' (Indies Dutchmen) or more specifically as Indo (short for
Indo-European).<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-105"><span>[</span>105<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Including
their second generation descendants, Indos are currently the largest
foreign-born group in the Netherlands. In 2008, the Dutch Census Buro
for Statistics (CBS)<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-106"><span>[</span>106<span>]</span></a></sup>
registered 387,000 first and second generation Indos living in the
Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-107"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></a></sup>
Although considered fully assimilated into Dutch society, as the main
ethnic minority in the Netherlands, these 'Repatriants' have played a
pivotal role in introducing elements of Indonesian culture into Dutch
mainstream culture.</p>
<p>Practically each town in the Netherlands will have a 'Toko'
(Dutch Indonesian Shop) or Indonesian restaurant<sup
id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-108"><span>[</span>108<span>]</span></a></sup>
and many '<a href="/wiki/Pasar_Malam" title="Pasar Malam"
class="mw-redirect">Pasar Malam</a>' (Night market in
Malay/Indonesian) fairs are organised throughout the year. Many
Indonesian dishes and foodstuffs have become commonplace in the
Netherlands. <a href="/wiki/Rijsttafel"
title="Rijsttafel">Rijsttafel</a> a colonial culinary concept
and dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Nasi_goreng" title="Nasi
goreng">Nasi goreng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satay"
title="Satay">sateh</a> are very popular in the
Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a
href="#cite_note-109"><span>[</span>109<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span
class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=31"
title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span
class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<div class="noprint tright portal" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;
margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;">
<table style="background:#f9f9f9; font-size:85%; line-height:110%;
max-width:175px;">
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Terrestrial_globe.svg" class="image"><img
alt="Portal icon"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6b/Terrestrial_globe.svg/29px-Terrestrial_globe.svg.png"
width="29" height="28"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6b/Terrestrial_globe.svg/43px-Terrestrial_globe.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6b/Terrestrial_globe.svg/58px-Terrestrial_globe.svg.png
2x" /></a></td>
<td style="padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: middle; font-style:
italic; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography"
title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="middle">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Europe_green_light.png" class="image"><img
alt="Portal icon"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Europe_green_light.png/32px-Europe_green_light.png"
width="32" height="28"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Europe_green_light.png/48px-Europe_green_light.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Europe_green_light.png/64px-Europe_green_light.png
2x" /></a></td>
<td style="padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: middle; font-style:
italic; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe"
title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="middle">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a
href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="image"><img
alt="Portal icon"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png"
width="32" height="21"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png
2x" /></a></td>
<td style="padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: middle; font-style:
italic; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Netherlands"
title="Portal:Netherlands">Netherlands portal</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Netherlands" title="Outline
of the Netherlands">Outline of the Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom
of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy
of the Netherlands">Monarchy of the Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Caribbean" title="Dutch
Caribbean">Dutch Caribbean</a></li>
</ul>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=32"
title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span>
<span class="mw-headline"
id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist references-column-width"
style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em;
column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span
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<i>Official Dutch government website</i><span
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href="http://translate.google.com/translate?js=n&prev=_t&hl=nl&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rijksoverheid.nl%2Fdocumenten-en-publicaties%2Fvragen-en-antwoorden%2Fwat-is-het-koninklijk-wapen-of-rijkswapen.html">http://translate.google.com/translate?js=n&prev=_t&hl=nl&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rijksoverheid.nl%2Fdocumenten-en-publicaties%2Fvragen-en-antwoorden%2Fwat-is-het-koninklijk-wapen-of-rijkswapen.html</a></span><span
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2011</span>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-cia-worldfactbook-nl-2"><span
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<a
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<a
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<a
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<span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external
text"
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World Factbook – Netherlands</a>. <a
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2009.</span></li>
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<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation
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<li id="cite_note-imf2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^
<a
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<a
href="#cite_ref-imf2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a>
<a
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<a
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<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation
web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
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International Monetary Fund<span class="printonly">. <a
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href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=53&pr.y=5&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=138&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=">http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=53&pr.y=5&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=138&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=</a></span><span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 20 April
2012</span>.</span></span></li>
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href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Complete.pdf">"Human
Development Report 2011"</a>. United Nations. 2011<span
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href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Complete.pdf">http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Complete.pdf</a></span><span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2 November
2011</span>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002219/tekst_bevat_Fries/geldigheidsdatum_25-10-2010">"Wet
gebruik Friese taal in het rechtsverkeer"</a> (in Dutch).
wetten.nl<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow"
class="external free"
href="http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002219/tekst_bevat_Fries/geldigheidsdatum_25-10-2010">http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002219/tekst_bevat_Fries/geldigheidsdatum_25-10-2010</a></span><span
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2010</span>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-languages-7"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a
href="#cite_ref-languages_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a>
<a
href="#cite_ref-languages_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span>
<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation
web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0028063/tekst_bevat_taal%2Bin%2Bhet%2Bbestuurlijk%2Bverkeer/geldigheidsdatum_01-01-2011">"Invoeringswet
openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba"</a> (in
Dutch). wetten.nl<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow"
class="external free"
href="http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0028063/tekst_bevat_taal%2Bin%2Bhet%2Bbestuurlijk%2Bverkeer/geldigheidsdatum_01-01-2011">http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0028063/tekst_bevat_taal%2Bin%2Bhet%2Bbestuurlijk%2Bverkeer/geldigheidsdatum_01-01-2011</a></span><span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 January
2011</span>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a
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href="http://www.defensie.nl/english/navy/hydrographic_service/geodesy_and_tides/maritime_limits/north_sea">"North
Sea"</a>. Ministry of Defence<span class="printonly">.
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span
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href="http://www.minbuza.nl/en/you-and-netherlands/about-the-netherlands/general-information/the-country-and-its-people.html">"About
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2011</span>.</span></span></li>
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2008"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Centraal_Bureau_voor_de_Statistiek"
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span
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World</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a
href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International
Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6704-185-8"
title="Special:BookSources/90-6704-185-8">90-6704-185-8</a>.</span>,
specifically, <i>"In the 1990s, during his term as United Nations
Secretary-General, Boutros Boutros-Ghali started calling The Hague the
world's legal capital."</i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080823212557/http://www.heritage.org/Index/country.cfm?id=Netherlands">Netherlands</a>,
<a href="/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom" title="Index of Economic
Freedom">Index of Economic Freedom</a>.
heritage.org</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.searchofficespace.com/blog/blog/where-is-the-happiest-place-on-earth/">"Where
is the happiest place on Earth? | The Search Office Space Blog |
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2011<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external
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href="http://www.searchofficespace.com/blog/blog/where-is-the-happiest-place-on-earth/">http://www.searchofficespace.com/blog/blog/where-is-the-happiest-place-on-earth/</a></span><span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 October
2011</span>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text">Motley, John Lothrop (1855). <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://books.google.com/books?id=8isNLCXfNycC&pg=PA411"><i>The
Rise of the Dutch Republic</i></a> Vol. III, Harper Bros.:
New York, p. 411.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text">Motley, John Lothrop (1855). <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://books.google.com/books?id=8isNLCXfNycC&pg=PA508"><i>The
Rise of the Dutch Republic</i></a> Vol. III, Harper Bros.:
New York, p. 508.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text">Willson, David Harris (1972). <i>History
of England</i>, Holt, Rinehart & Winston: New York, p.
294.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text">Motley, John Lothrop (1855). <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://books.google.com/books?id=8isNLCXfNycC&pg=PA411"><i>The
Rise of the Dutch Republic</i></a> Vol. III, Harper Bros.:
New York</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text">Garrett Mattingly, <i>The
Armada</i> (Houghton Mifflin: Boston, 1959) p.
48.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display_printable.cfm?HHID=682">The
Middle Colonies: New York</a>". Digital
History.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text">The preponderance of the Dutch population
lived in two provinces, Holland and Zeeland. This area experienced a
population explosion between 1500 and 1650, with a growth from 350,000
to 1,000,000 inhabitants. Thereafter the growth leveled off, so that the
population of the whole country remained at the 2 million
level throughout the 18th century; De Vries and Van der Woude, pp.
51–52</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Murray
Sayle (5 April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n07/murray-sayle/japan-goes-dutch">"Japan
Goes Dutch"</a>. <i>London Review of Books</i>
<b>23</b> (7): 3–7<span class="printonly">. <a
rel="nofollow" class="external free"
href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n07/murray-sayle/japan-goes-dutch">http://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n07/murray-sayle/japan-goes-dutch</a></span>.</span></span></li>
<li
id="cite_note-Marshall-23"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-Marshall_23-0">^</a></b></span>
<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation
book">Baynes, Thomas Spencer (1888). <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="http://books.google.com/?id=paQMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA253"><i>Encyclopædia
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class="external free"
href="http://www.sila.nl/5-Pages/01-Aantallen2011.html">http://www.sila.nl/5-Pages/01-Aantallen2011.html</a></span>.</span></span></li>
<li
id="cite_note-CBS_2009-88"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-CBS_2009_88-0">^</a></b></span>
<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation
news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=37944&D1=0-5,10&D2=29-40&VW=T">"Kerkelijke
gezindte en kerkbezoek; vanaf 1849; 18 jaar of ouder"</a>. 15
October 2010<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow"
class="external free"
href="http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=37944&D1=0-5,10&D2=29-40&VW=T">http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=37944&D1=0-5,10&D2=29-40&VW=T</a></span>.</span></span></li>
<li
id="cite_note-89"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.volkstellingen.nl/">"Volkstellingen
1795–1971"</a>. Volkstellingen.nl<span class="printonly">.
<a rel="nofollow" class="external free"
href="http://www.volkstellingen.nl/">http://www.volkstellingen.nl/</a></span><span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 23 April
2011</span>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-CBS-90"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-CBS_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.cbs.nl/NR/rdonlyres/ACE89EBE-0785-4664-9973-A6A00A457A55/0/2007k3b15p48art.pdf">"Towards
a new estimation on the number of Muslims in the Netherlands"</a>
(PDF). <i>Central Bureau of Statistics, Netherlands</i>.
2006<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external
free"
href="http://www.cbs.nl/NR/rdonlyres/ACE89EBE-0785-4664-9973-A6A00A457A55/0/2007k3b15p48art.pdf">http://www.cbs.nl/NR/rdonlyres/ACE89EBE-0785-4664-9973-A6A00A457A55/0/2007k3b15p48art.pdf</a></span><span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 5 July
2009</span>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-WCE-05-91"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-WCE-05_91-0">^</a></b></span>
<span class="reference-text"><span class="citation
web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp">"Most
Baha'i Nations (2005)"</a>. <i>The Association of Religion
Data Archives</i>. 2005<span class="printonly">. <a
rel="nofollow" class="external free"
href="http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp">http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp</a></span><span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 4 July
2009</span>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">JCH Blom
(July 1989). "The Persecution of the Jews in the Netherlands: A
Comparative Western European Perspective". <i>European History
Quarterly</i> <b>19</b> (3): 333–351. <a
href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object
identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F026569148901900302">10.1177/026569148901900302</a>.</span></span></li>
<li
id="cite_note-93"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.jewishhistoryamsterdam.com/jewish-history-amsterdam.html">Jewish
Amsterdam</a>. Retrieved 20 July 2007.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.beleven.org/feesten/lijsten/landen.php?land=Nederland">"Feestdagen
Nederland"</a>. Beleven.org<span class="printonly">. <a
rel="nofollow" class="external free"
href="http://www.beleven.org/feesten/lijsten/landen.php?land=Nederland">http://www.beleven.org/feesten/lijsten/landen.php?land=Nederland</a></span><span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 27 January
2010</span>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-95"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100123173830/http://s2.ned.univie.ac.at/NoN/landeskunde/nl/h11/index.htm">Sport
in Nederland</a>. ned.univie.ac.at (in
Dutch)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.nocnsf.nl/stream/ledentallenrapportage-2011">Sport
union memberships 2011</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-97"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Hart,
Jonathan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://books.google.com/books?id=LnevC1FYdnEC&pg=PA201"><i>Empires
and Colonies</i></a>. Polity. pp. 201–. <a
href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International
Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-2614-7"
title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-2614-7">978-0-7456-2614-7</a><span
class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free"
href="http://books.google.com/books?id=LnevC1FYdnEC&pg=PA201">http://books.google.com/books?id=LnevC1FYdnEC&pg=PA201</a></span><span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 21 August
2012</span>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-98"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text">To this day the Dutch Royal family is in fact
the wealthiest family of the Netherlands, one of the foundations of its
wealth was the colonial trade.<span class="citation web"><a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.forbes.com/2007/08/30/worlds-richest-royals-biz-royals07-cx_lk_0830royalintro_slide_15.html?thisSpeed=30000">"In
Pictures: The World's Richest Royals"</a>.
<i>Forbes</i>. 30 August 2007<span class="printonly">.
<a rel="nofollow" class="external free"
href="http://www.forbes.com/2007/08/30/worlds-richest-royals-biz-royals07-cx_lk_0830royalintro_slide_15.html?thisSpeed=30000">http://www.forbes.com/2007/08/30/worlds-richest-royals-biz-royals07-cx_lk_0830royalintro_slide_15.html?thisSpeed=30000</a></span><span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 5 March
2010</span>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-99"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text">Some of the university faculties still
include: Indonesian Languages and Cultures; Southeast Asia and Oceania
Languages and Cultures; Cultural Anthropology</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text">[tudelft.nl]</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-101"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text">Note: 1927 garden party, at the country estate
<i>Arendsdorp</i> on the <i>Wassenaarse weg</i>
near The Hague, for the benefit of the victims of the storm disaster of
2 June 1927 in the Netherlands. The market is opened by the minster of
Colonies dr. J.C. Koningsberger.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-102"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text">Nieuwenhuys, Rob <i>Mirror of the
Indies: A History of Dutch Colonial Literature</i> translated from
Dutch by E.M. Beekman (Publisher: Periplus, 1999) <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="http://dannyreviews.com/h/Mirror_Indies.html">Book
review.</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-103"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text">Etty, Elsbeth (July 1998). <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://retro.nrc.nl/W2/Lab/Profiel/Nederland/novels.html">"Novels:
Coming to terms with Calvinism, colonies and the war."</a> NRC
Handelsblad</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-104"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text">Bosma U., Raben R. (2008). <a
rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://books.google.com/books?id=47wCTCJX9X4C"><i>Being
"Dutch" in the Indies: a history of creolisation and empire,
1500–1920</i></a>, University of Michigan, NUS Press, <a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9971693739" class="internal
mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN
9971-69-373-9</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-105"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text">Note: Of the 296,200 so called Dutch
'repatriants' only 92,200 were expatriate Dutchmen born in the
Netherlands. Willems, Wim (2001). <i>’De uittocht uit Indie
1945–1995’</i>. Bert Bakker, Amsterdam, pp. 12–13 <a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9035123611" class="internal
mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN
90-351-2361-1</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-106"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.cbs.nl/nl-NL/menu/themas/bevolking/cijfers/default.htm">Official
CBS website containing all Dutch demographic statistics</a>.
Cbs.nl. Retrieved on 21 August 2012.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-107"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text">De Vries, Marlene (2009). <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="http://books.google.com/books?id=PNo0ZYamYsUC"><i>Indisch
is een gevoel, de tweede en derde generatie Indische
Nederlanders.</i></a> Amsterdam University Press, <a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789089641250" class="internal
mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-90-8964-125-0</a>, p.
369</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-108"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://indisch-eten.startpagina.nl/">Overview website
(incomplete)</a>. Indisch-eten.startpagina.nl. Retrieved on 21
August 2012.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-109"><span
class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a
href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span
class="reference-text">[dutchfood.about.com]</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<dl>
<dt>Statistics</dt>
</dl>
<div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Centraal_Bureau_voor_de_Statistiek"
title="Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek"
class="mw-redirect">Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek</a>
(2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?VW=T&DM=SLEN&PA=7068eng&D1=69-134&D2=(l-11)-l&HD=081103-1603&LA=EN">Health
statistics</a>. Retrieved 17 June 2006.</li>
<li><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="http://www.economist.com/countries/Netherlands/profile.cfm?folder=Profile%2DEconomic%20Structure">"The
Netherlands: Economic structure"</a>. <i>The
Economist</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow"
class="external free"
href="http://www.economist.com/countries/Netherlands/profile.cfm?folder=Profile%2DEconomic%20Structure">http://www.economist.com/countries/Netherlands/profile.cfm?folder=Profile%2DEconomic%20Structure</a></span><span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 20 June
2007</span>.</span><sup class="noprint
Inline-Template"><span title=" since February 2012"
style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead
link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
</ul>
</div>
<dl>
<dt>Articles</dt>
</dl>
<div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul>
<li><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1043423.stm">"Country
profiles: The Netherlands"</a>. BBC. 3 March 2010<span
class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free"
href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1043423.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1043423.stm</a></span><span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 20 June
2007</span>.</span></li>
<li><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3204.htm">"Background Note:
The Netherlands"</a>. <a
href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States
Department of State">United States Department of
State</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow"
class="external free"
href="http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3204.htm">http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3204.htm</a></span><span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 20 June
2007</span>.</span></li>
<li><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="http://www.economist.com/countries/Netherlands/profile.cfm?folder=Profile%2DPolitical%20Forces">"The
Netherlands: Political forces"</a>. <i>The
Economist</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow"
class="external free"
href="http://www.economist.com/countries/Netherlands/profile.cfm?folder=Profile%2DPolitical%20Forces">http://www.economist.com/countries/Netherlands/profile.cfm?folder=Profile%2DPolitical%20Forces</a></span><span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 20 June
2007</span>.</span><sup class="noprint
Inline-Template"><span title=" since February 2012"
style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead
link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="http://www.economist.com/countries/Netherlands/profile.cfm?folder=History%20in%20brief">"The
Netherlands: History in brief"</a>. <i>The
Economist</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow"
class="external free"
href="http://www.economist.com/countries/Netherlands/profile.cfm?folder=History%20in%20brief">http://www.economist.com/countries/Netherlands/profile.cfm?folder=History%20in%20brief</a></span><span
class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 20 June
2007</span>.</span><sup class="noprint
Inline-Template"><span title=" since February 2012"
style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead
link</a></i>]</span></sup></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=33"
title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</span>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further
reading</span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a
href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands#Further_reading" title="History
of the Netherlands">History of the Netherlands#Further
reading</a></div>
<div class="refbegin" style="">
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=34"
title="Edit section: Geography and
environment">edit</a>]</span> <span
class="mw-headline" id="Geography_and_environment">Geography and
environment</span></h3>
<ul>
<li>Burke, Gerald L. <i>The making of Dutch towns: A study
in urban development from the 10th-17th centuries</i>
(1960)</li>
<li>Lambert, Audrey M. <i>The Making of the Dutch Landscape:
An Historical Geography of the Netherlands</i> (1985); focus on
the history of land reclamation</li>
<li>Meijer, Henk. <i>Compact geography of the
Netherlands</i> (1985)</li>
<li>Riley, R. C., and G. J. Ashworth. <i>Benelux: An
Economic Geography of Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg</i>
(1975) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.questia.com/read/85882918/benelux-an-economic-geography-of-belgium-the-netherlands">online</a></li>
</ul>
<h3><span
class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=35"
title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span> <span
class="mw-headline" id="History_2">History</span></h3>
<ul>
<li>Paul Arblaster. <i>A History of the Low
Countries</i>. Palgrave Essential Histories Series New York:
Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 298 pp. <a
href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1403948283" class="internal
mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-4039-4828-3</a>.</li>
<li>J. C. H. Blom and E. Lamberts, eds. <i>History of the
Low Countries</i> (1998)</li>
<li>Jonathan Israel. <i>The Dutch Republic: Its Rise,
Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806</i> (1995)</li>
<li>J. A. Kossmann-Putto and E. H. Kossmann. <i>The Low
Countries: History of the Northern and Southern Netherlands</i>
(1987)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a
href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands&action=edit&section=36"
title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span>
<span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External
links</span></h2>
<table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="padding:0.25em
0.5em 0.5em 0.75em;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#f9f9f9;">
<tr style="height:25px;">
<td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;border-bottom:1px solid
#aaa;margin:auto;text-align:center;">Find more about
<b>Netherlands</b> at Wikipedia's <a
href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects"
title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister
projects</a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:25px;">
<td style="padding-top:0.75em;"><a
href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Netherlands" title="Search
Wiktionary"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/23px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png"
width="23" height="25"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/46px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png
2x" /></a></td>
<td style="padding-top:0.75em;"><a
href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Netherlands" class="extiw"
title="wikt:Special:Search/Netherlands">Definitions and
translations</a> from Wiktionary</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:25px;">
<td><a
href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Netherlands"
title="Search Commons"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png"
width="18" height="25"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png
1.5x,
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2x" /></a></td>
<td><a
href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Netherlands"
class="extiw"
title="commons:Special:Search/Netherlands">Media</a> from
Commons</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:25px;">
<td><a
href="//en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Netherlands"
title="Search Wikiversity"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png"
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2x" /></a></td>
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href="//en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Netherlands"
class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Netherlands">Learning
resources</a> from Wikiversity</td>
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title="Search Wikinews"><img alt=""
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<td><a href="//en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Netherlands"
class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Netherlands">News
stories</a> from Wikinews</td>
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<td><a
href="//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Netherlands" title="Search
Wikiquote"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png"
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2x" /></a></td>
<td><a
href="//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Netherlands" class="extiw"
title="q:Special:Search/Netherlands">Quotations</a> from
Wikiquote</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:25px;">
<td><a
href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Netherlands" title="Search
Wikisource"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png"
width="24" height="25"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png
2x" /></a></td>
<td><a
href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Netherlands" class="extiw"
title="s:Special:Search/Netherlands">Source texts</a> from
Wikisource</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:25px;">
<td><a
href="//en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Netherlands" title="Search
Wikibooks"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png"
width="25" height="25"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png
2x" /></a></td>
<td><a
href="//en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Netherlands" class="extiw"
title="b:Special:Search/Netherlands">Textbooks</a> from
Wikibooks</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:25px;">
<td><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Netherlands"
title="Search Wikivoyage"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wikivoyage-logo.svg/25px-Wikivoyage-logo.svg.png"
width="25" height="25"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wikivoyage-logo.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-logo.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wikivoyage-logo.svg/50px-Wikivoyage-logo.svg.png
2x" /></a></td>
<td><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Netherlands"
class="extiw" title="voy:Netherlands">Travel guide</a> from
Wikivoyage</td>
</tr>
</table>
<dl>
<dt>Government</dt>
</dl>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://overheid.nl/english/">Overheid.nl</a> – official
Dutch government portal</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.government.nl/">Government.nl</a> – official
Dutch government web site</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/cijfers/default.htm">CBS</a>
– Key figures from the Dutch bureau of statistics</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.statoids.com/unl.html">Provinces of
Netherlands</a> at statoids.com</li>
</ul>
<dl>
<dt>General information</dt>
</dl>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nl.html">Netherlands</a>
entry at <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The
World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/netherlands.htm">Netherlands</a>
from <i>UCB Libraries GovPubs</i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Europe/Netherlands/">Netherlands</a>
at the <a href="/wiki/Open_Directory_Project" title="Open Directory
Project">Open Directory Project</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17740800">Netherlands
profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC
News">BBC News</a></li>
<li><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png"
width="16" height="16"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png
2x" /> <a
href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Netherlands" class="extiw"
title="commons:Atlas of Netherlands">Wikimedia Atlas of
Netherlands</a></li>
<li><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png"
width="16" height="16"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png
2x" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="http://www.openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/47796">Netherlands</a>
at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap"
title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=NL">Key
Development Forecasts for the Netherlands</a> from <a
href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International
Futures">International Futures</a></li>
</ul>
<dl>
<dt>Travel</dt>
</dl>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text"
href="http://www.holland.com/">Holland.com</a> – English
website of the Netherlands tourist office</li>
</ul>
<p><br /></p>
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;;">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible
autocollapse navbox-inner"
style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" style=";" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Netherlands_topics"
title="Template:Netherlands topics"><span title="View this
template" style=";;background:none
transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a
href="/wiki/Template_talk:Netherlands_topics" title="Template
talk:Netherlands topics"><span title="Discuss this template"
style=";;background:none
transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text"
href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Netherlands_topics&action=edit"><span
title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none
transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="" style="font-size:110%;"><strong
class="selflink">Netherlands</strong> topics</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr
style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2">
<div>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands"
title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the
Netherlands</a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a
href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the
Netherlands">History</a></th>
<td
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;;;background:transparent;"
class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic
peoples">Germanic tribes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romans_in_the_Netherlands" title="Romans in
the Netherlands">Roman Era</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration
Period">Migration Period</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish
Realm</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle
Francia">Middle Francia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman
Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian
Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen
Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish
Netherlands" class="mw-redirect">Spanish
Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years'
War">Eighty Years' War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch
Republic">United Provinces</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden
Age">Golden Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Batavian_revolution" title="Batavian
revolution">Batavian revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian
Republic">Batavian Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of
Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French
Empire">First French Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands"
title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United
Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a
href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands_(1900%E2%80%93present)"
title="History of the Netherlands (1900–present)">Netherlands since
1900</a>
<ul>
<li><a
href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands_(1939%E2%80%931945)"
title="History of the Netherlands (1939–1945)">World War
II</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a
href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Netherlands" title="Geography of the
Netherlands">Geography</a></th>
<td
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;;;"
class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup"
style="border-spacing:0;;;;">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list
navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a
href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Netherlands_by_province" title="List
of cities in the Netherlands by province">Cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control_in_the_Netherlands"
title="Flood control in the Netherlands">Flood
control</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Netherlands"
title="List of islands of the
Netherlands">Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_the_Netherlands"
title="List of lakes in the Netherlands">Lakes</a></li>
<li><a
href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_Netherlands" title="List
of mountains and hills in the Netherlands">Mountains and
hills</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_Netherlands"
title="List of volcanoes in the
Netherlands">Volcanoes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_board_(Netherlands)" title="Water
board (Netherlands)">Water boards</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style=";;">Governance</th>
<td
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;;;"
class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup"
style="border-spacing:0;;;;">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list
navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Netherlands"
title="Administrative divisions of the Netherlands"
class="mw-redirect">Administrative divisions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_the_Netherlands"
title="List of municipalities of the
Netherlands">municipalities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands"
title="Provinces of the Netherlands">provinces</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rutte_cabinet" title="Rutte
cabinet">Current cabinet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands"
title="Constitution of the
Netherlands">Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Netherlands"
title="Elections in the Netherlands">Elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Netherlands"
title="Foreign relations of the Netherlands">Foreign
relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Netherlands"
title="Human rights in the Netherlands">Human rights</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Netherlands" title="LGBT
rights in the Netherlands">LGBT</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Netherlands" title="Law of the
Netherlands">Law</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Netherlands"
title="Law enforcement in the
Netherlands">enforcement</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy
of the Netherlands">Monarch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Staten-Generaal" title="Staten-Generaal"
class="mw-redirect"><i>Staten-Generaal</i> <span
style="font-size:85%;">(parliament)</span></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Netherlands" title="Senate of
the Netherlands" class="mw-redirect">Senate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Netherlands"
title="House of Representatives of the Netherlands"
class="mw-redirect">House of Representatives</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Politics
of the Netherlands">Politics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_the_Netherlands"
title="Political parties of the Netherlands"
class="mw-redirect">Political parties</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands"
title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Prime
Minister</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_of_the_Netherlands"
title="Armed forces of the Netherlands">Military</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a
href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Economy of the
Netherlands">Economy</a></th>
<td
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;;;"
class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup"
style="border-spacing:0;;;;">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list
navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Exchange_Index" title="Amsterdam
Exchange Index" class="mw-redirect">AEX index</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/De_Nederlandsche_Bank" title="De
Nederlandsche Bank">Central bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Netherlands" title="Energy in
the Netherlands">Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euronext"
title="Euronext">Euronext</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polder_model" title="Polder model">Polder
model</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Netherlands" title="Taxation
in the Netherlands">Taxation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Netherlands"
title="Telecommunications in the
Netherlands">Telecommunications</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Tourism
in the Netherlands">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Netherlands"
title="Trade unions in the Netherlands">Trade
unions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Netherlands"
title="Transport in the Netherlands">Transport</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a
href="/wiki/Category:Dutch_society" title="Category:Dutch
society">Society</a></th>
<td
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;;;"
class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup"
style="border-spacing:0;;;;">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list
navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Netherlands"
title="Demographics of the
Netherlands">Demographics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Netherlands"
title="Immigration to the Netherlands"
class="mw-redirect">Immigration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Netherlands"
title="Education in the Netherlands">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_Netherlands"
title="Healthcare in the Netherlands">Health
care</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Netherlands"
title="Languages of the Netherlands">Languages</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style=";padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;;"><a
href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Culture of the
Netherlands">Culture</a></th>
<td
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;"
class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmus"
title="Wilhelmus">Anthem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Netherlands"
title="Architecture of the
Netherlands">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands" title="Coat
of arms of the Netherlands">Coat of arms</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch
cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_customs_and_etiquette" title="Dutch
customs and etiquette">Customs and etiquette</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Netherlands" title="Flag of the
Netherlands" class="mw-redirect">Flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Netherlands" title="Media of
the Netherlands">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of
the Netherlands">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_(terminology)"
title="Netherlands (terminology)">Netherlands
names</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Netherlands"
title="Public holidays in the Netherlands">Public
holidays</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion
in the Netherlands">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sport in
the Netherlands">Sport</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2">
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup"
style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;;;;">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list
navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Netherlands" title="Outline
of the Netherlands">Outline</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"
style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;background:transparent;font-weight:bold;"
class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Netherlands"
title="Category:Netherlands">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Netherlands"
title="Portal:Netherlands">Portal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Netherlands"
title="Wikipedia:WikiProject
Netherlands">WikiProject</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;;">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed
navbox-inner"
style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" style=";background:#e8e8ff;" class="navbox-title"
colspan="2"><span
style="float:left;width:6em;"> </span>
<div class="" style="font-size:110%;">Articles related to the
Netherlands</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"
style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0px;font-size:113%;;;"
class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;;">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed
navbox-inner"
style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" style=";background:#e8e8ff;" class="navbox-title"
colspan="2"><span
style="float:left;width:6em;"> </span>
<div class="" style="font-size:110%;">Geographic
locale</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"
style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0px;font-size:113%;;;"
class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0px;">
<table class="navbox" style="width: 80%; font-size:95%; margin:0.5em
auto">
<tr>
<td width="5%" style="text-align: center" rowspan="5"><img
alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Compass_rose_pale-50x50.png"
width="50" height="50" /></td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><i><a
href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North
Sea</a></i></td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><i><a
href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North
Sea</a></i></td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><i><a
href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North
Sea</a></i> • <span class="flagicon"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/22px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png"
width="22" height="17" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/33px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/44px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png
2x" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark"
title="Denmark">Denmark</a></td>
<td width="5%" style="text-align: center; padding: 0"
rowspan="5"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Compass_rose_pale-50x50.png"
width="50" height="50" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center" rowspan="3"><span
class="flagicon"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png"
width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png
2x" /> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom"
title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> • <i><a
href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North
Sea</a></i></td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/17px-North.svg.png"
width="17" height="17"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/26px-North.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/34px-North.svg.png
2x" /></td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center" rowspan="3"><span
class="flagicon"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png"
width="22" height="13" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png
2x" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany"
title="Germany">Germany</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center" nowrap="nowrap"><img
alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/17px-West.svg.png"
width="17" height="17"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/26px-West.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/34px-West.svg.png
2x" />   <b><span
class="flagicon"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png"
width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png
2x" /> </span><strong
class="selflink">Netherlands</strong></b>
   <img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/17px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png"
width="17" height="17"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/26px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/34px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png
2x" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/17px-South.svg.png"
width="17" height="17"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/26px-South.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/34px-South.svg.png
2x" /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><span
class="flagicon"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png"
width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png
2x" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium"
title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><span
class="flagicon"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png"
width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png
2x" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium"
title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><span
class="flagicon"><img alt=""
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png"
width="22" height="13" class="thumbborder"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png
2x" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany"
title="Germany">Germany</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;;">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse
navbox-inner"
style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" style=";" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
<div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a
href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe"
title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"
class="mw-redirect"><span title="View this template"
style=";;background:none
transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a
href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template
talk:Sovereign states of Europe" class="mw-redirect"><span
title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none
transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text"
href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe&action=edit"><span
title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none
transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a
href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe"
title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in
Europe">Sovereign states and dependent territories</a> of <a
href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a
href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign
states">Sovereign states</a></th>
<td
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;"
class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albania"
title="Albania">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andorra"
title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armenia"
title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Austria"
title="Austria">Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan"
title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belarus"
title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belgium"
title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and
Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria"
title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Croatia"
title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus"
title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech
Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Denmark"
title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Estonia"
title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Finland"
title="Finland">Finland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/France"
title="France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia
(country)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Germany"
title="Germany">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greece"
title="Greece">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hungary"
title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iceland"
title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of
Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Italy"
title="Italy">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan"
title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Latvia"
title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein"
title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania"
title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg"
title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Republic of
Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malta"
title="Malta">Malta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moldova"
title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monaco"
title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro"
title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom
of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Norway"
title="Norway">Norway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Poland"
title="Poland">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portugal"
title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romania"
title="Romania">Romania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russia"
title="Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San
Marino</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbia"
title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia"
title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia"
title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spain"
title="Spain">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sweden"
title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland"
title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turkey"
title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine"
title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United
Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican
City">Vatican City</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
<td class="navbox-image" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px
2px;padding:0 0.5em;" rowspan="5">
<div><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img
alt="Europe (orthographic projection).svg"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png"
width="100" height="100"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png
2x" /></a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;">
<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a
href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of
states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />
recognition</a></div>
</th>
<td
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;"
class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia"
title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kosovo" title="Republic of
Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Republic"
title="Nagorno-Karabakh
Republic">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern
Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South
Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria"
title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;">
<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a
href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent
territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />
other territories</div>
</th>
<td
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;"
class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup"
style="border-spacing:0;;;;">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;font-weight:normal;;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Denmark</div>
</th>
<td
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;"
class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe
Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;font-weight:normal;;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Finland</div>
</th>
<td
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;"
class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_Islands" title="Åland
Islands">Åland Islands</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;font-weight:normal;;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">United Kingdom</div>
</th>
<td
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;"
class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and
Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar"
title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey"
title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of
Man</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jersey"
title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;;">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed
navbox-inner"
style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" style=";background:#e8e8ff;" class="navbox-title"
colspan="2"><span
style="float:left;width:6em;"> </span>
<div class="" style="font-size:110%;">International
organisations</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"
style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0px;font-size:113%;;;"
class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;;">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible
autocollapse navbox-inner"
style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" style=";" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a
href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_European_Union_(EU)"
title="Template:Members of the European Union (EU)"><span
title="View this template" style=";;background:none
transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a
href="/wiki/Template_talk:Members_of_the_European_Union_(EU)"
title="Template talk:Members of the European Union (EU)"><span
title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none
transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text"
href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Members_of_the_European_Union_(EU)&action=edit"><span
title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none
transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a
href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of
the European Union">Member states</a> of the <a
href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European
Union</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list
navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Austria"
title="Austria">Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belgium"
title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria"
title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus"
title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech
Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Denmark"
title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Estonia"
title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Finland"
title="Finland">Finland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/France"
title="France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Germany"
title="Germany">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greece"
title="Greece">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hungary"
title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of
Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Italy"
title="Italy">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Latvia"
title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania"
title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg"
title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malta"
title="Malta">Malta</a></li>
<li><strong
class="selflink">Netherlands</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Poland"
title="Poland">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portugal"
title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romania"
title="Romania">Romania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia"
title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia"
title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spain"
title="Spain">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sweden"
title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United
Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2">
<div>Member states by <a
href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_political_system"
title="List of European Union member states by political
system">political system</a> and <a
href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union#Economic_variation"
title="Economy of the European Union">GDP</a></div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;;">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse
navbox-inner"
style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" style=";" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
<div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Council_of_Europe"
title="Template:Council of Europe"><span title="View this
template" style=";;background:none
transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li>
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talk:Council of Europe"><span title="Discuss this template"
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</ul>
</div>
<div class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a
href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of
Europe</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style=";;">Institutions</th>
<td
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;"
class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe"
title="Secretary General of the Council of Europe">Secretary
General</a></li>
<li><a
href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Council_of_Europe"
title="Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe">Committee of
Ministers</a></li>
<li><a
href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe"
title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary
Assembly</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Council_of_Europe"
title="Congress of the Council of
Europe">Congress</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights"
title="European Court of Human Rights">Court of Human
Rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights"
title="Commissioner for Human Rights">Commissioner for Human
Rights</a></li>
<li><a
href="/wiki/European_Commission_for_the_Efficiency_of_Justice"
title="European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice">Commission
for the Efficiency of Justice</a></li>
<li><a
href="/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance"
title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">Commission
against Racism and Intolerance</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
<td class="navbox-image" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;"
rowspan="7">
<div><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_du_Conseil_de_l%27Europe.png"
class="image" title="Gold: founding member. Blue: Later (current) full
members."><img alt="Gold: founding member. Blue: Later (current)
full members."
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Carte_du_Conseil_de_l%27Europe.png/120px-Carte_du_Conseil_de_l%27Europe.png"
width="120" height="100"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Carte_du_Conseil_de_l%27Europe.png/180px-Carte_du_Conseil_de_l%27Europe.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Carte_du_Conseil_de_l%27Europe.png/240px-Carte_du_Conseil_de_l%27Europe.png
2x" /></a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;">Members</th>
<td
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;"
class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albania"
title="Albania">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andorra"
title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armenia"
title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Austria"
title="Austria">Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan"
title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belgium"
title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and
Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria"
title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Croatia"
title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus"
title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech
Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Denmark"
title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Estonia"
title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Finland"
title="Finland">Finland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/France"
title="France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia
(country)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Germany"
title="Germany">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greece"
title="Greece">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hungary"
title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iceland"
title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of
Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Italy"
title="Italy">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Latvia"
title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein"
title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania"
title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg"
title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Republic of
Macedonia">Macedonia</a><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malta"
title="Malta">Malta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moldova"
title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monaco"
title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro"
title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom
of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Norway"
title="Norway">Norway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Poland"
title="Poland">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portugal"
title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romania"
title="Romania">Romania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russia"
title="Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San
Marino</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbia"
title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia"
title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia"
title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spain"
title="Spain">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sweden"
title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland"
title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turkey"
title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine"
title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United
Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style=";;">Observers</th>
<td
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;"
class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canada"
title="Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Israel"
title="Israel">Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Japan"
title="Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mexico"
title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United
States">United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican
City">Vatican City</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;">Former
Members</th>
<td
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;"
class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia"
title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia
(1991–1992)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saar_(protectorate)" title="Saar
(protectorate)">Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";font-size: smaller;"
colspan="3">
<div><sup>1</sup> Provisionally referred to
by the Council of Europe as "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia";
see <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming
dispute">Macedonia naming dispute</a>.</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;;">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse
navbox-inner"
style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" style=";" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a
href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development"
title="Template:Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development"><span title="View this template"
style=";;background:none
transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li>
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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development"
title="Template talk:Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
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title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none
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</ul>
</div>
<div class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a
href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development"
title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD)</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;">History</th>
<td
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;"
class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a
href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development"
title="Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development">Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OECD_Anti-Bribery_Convention" title="OECD
Anti-Bribery Convention">OECD Anti-Bribery
Convention</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style=";;">Guidelines</th>
<td
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;"
class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a
href="/wiki/OECD_Guidelines_for_Multinational_Enterprises" title="OECD
Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises">Multinational
Enterprises</a></li>
<li><a
href="/wiki/OECD_Guidelines_for_the_Testing_of_Chemicals" title="OECD
Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals">Testing of
Chemicals</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;">Members</th>
<td
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;"
class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of
Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Austria" title="Economy of
Austria">Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belgium" title="Economy of
Belgium">Belgium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of
Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chile" title="Economy of
Chile">Chile</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Czech_Republic"
title="Economy of the Czech Republic">Czech
Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Denmark" title="Economy of
Denmark">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Estonia" title="Economy of
Estonia">Estonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Finland" title="Economy of
Finland">Finland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of
France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of
Germany">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greece" title="Economy of
Greece">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary" title="Economy of
Hungary">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iceland" title="Economy of
Iceland">Iceland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland"
title="Economy of the Republic of
Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of
Italy">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Israel" title="Economy of
Israel">Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of
Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Luxembourg" title="Economy of
Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico" title="Economy of
Mexico">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Economy
of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Economy of
New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Norway" title="Economy of
Norway">Norway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Poland" title="Economy of
Poland">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Portugal" title="Economy of
Portugal">Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Slovakia" title="Economy of
Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Slovenia" title="Economy of
Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Economy of
South Korea">South Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of
Spain">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sweden" title="Economy of
Sweden">Sweden</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of
Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of
Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom"
title="Economy of the United Kingdom">United
Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy
of the United States">United States</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;;">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse
navbox-inner"
style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" style=";" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
<div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a
href="/wiki/Template:North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization"
title="Template:North Atlantic Treaty Organization"><span
title="View this template" style=";;background:none
transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li>
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href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization"
title="Template talk:North Atlantic Treaty Organization"><span
title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none
transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li>
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</ul>
</div>
<div class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/NATO"
title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO)</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;">History</th>
<td
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;"
class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic
Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NATO_summit" title="NATO
summit">Summit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NATO_Operations" title="NATO
Operations">Operations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_NATO" title="Enlargement of
NATO">Enlargement</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
<td class="navbox-image" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;"
rowspan="7">
<div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_NATO.svg" class="image"
title="Flag of NATO"><img alt="Flag of NATO"
src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/60px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png"
width="60" height="45"
srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/90px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/120px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png
2x" /></a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style=";;">Structure</th>
<td
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;"
class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Council" title="North
Atlantic Council">North Atlantic Council (NAC)</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe"
title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe">Supreme
Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Command_Transformation" title="Allied
Command Transformation">Allied Command Transformation
(ACT)</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;">People</th>
<td
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;"
class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_NATO" title="Secretary
General of NATO">Secretary General</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_NATO_Military_Committee"
title="Chairman of the NATO Military Committee">Chairman of the NATO
Military Committee (CMC)</a></li>
<li><a
href="/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe#Supreme_Allied_Commander_Europe_.28SACEUR.29"
title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe">Supreme Allied
Commander Europe (SACEUR)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Command_Transformation#Organization"
title="Allied Command Transformation">Supreme Allied Commander
Transformation (SACT)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a
href="/wiki/Member_states_of_NATO" title="Member states of
NATO">Members</a></th>
<td
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;"
class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Armed_Forces" title="Albanian Armed
Forces">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Armed_Forces" title="Belgian Armed
Forces">Belgium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Bulgaria" title="Military of
Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" title="Canadian
Forces">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Croatia" title="Military of
Croatia">Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Czech_Republic"
title="Military of the Czech Republic">Czech
Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Defence" title="Danish
Defence">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Estonia" title="Military of
Estonia">Estonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed
Forces">France</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr"
title="Bundeswehr">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Greece" title="Military of
Greece">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Defence_Force" title="Hungarian
Defence Force">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Iceland" title="Military of
Iceland">Iceland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed
Forces">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Latvia" title="Military of
Latvia">Latvia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Armed_Forces" title="Lithuanian
Armed Forces">Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Army" title="Luxembourg
Army">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_of_the_Netherlands"
title="Armed forces of the
Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Armed_Forces" title="Norwegian
Armed Forces">Norway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces" title="Polish Armed
Forces">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Armed_Forces" title="Portuguese
Armed Forces">Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Armed_Forces" title="Romanian Armed
Forces">Romania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Slovakia" title="Military of
Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Slovenia" title="Military of
Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed
Forces">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed
Forces">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed
Forces">United Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United
States Armed Forces">United States</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;;">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed
navbox-inner"
style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" style=";" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a
href="/wiki/Template:World_Trade_Organization" title="Template:World
Trade Organization"><span title="View this template"
style=";;background:none
transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a
href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Trade_Organization" title="Template
talk:World Trade Organization"><span title="Discuss this template"
style=";;background:none
transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text"
href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:World_Trade_Organization&action=edit"><span
title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none
transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a
href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade
Organization">World Trade Organization</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;">System</th>
<td
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;"
class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a
href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_accession_and_membership"
title="World Trade Organization accession and membership">Accession
and membership</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Appellate_Body" title="Appellate
Body">Appellate Body</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dispute_Settlement_Body" title="Dispute
Settlement Body">Dispute Settlement Body</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Centre"
title="International Trade Centre">International Trade
Centre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_World_Trade_Organization"
title="Timeline of the World Trade Organization">Chronology of key
events</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;">Issues</th>
<td
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;"
class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_World_Trade_Organization"
title="Criticism of the World Trade
Organization">Criticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Doha_Development_Round" title="Doha
Development Round">Doha Development Round</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_issues" title="Singapore
issues">Singapore issues</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quota_Elimination" title="Quota
Elimination">Quota Elimination</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Clause" title="Peace Clause">Peace
Clause</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"
style=";;">Agreements</th>
<td
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;"
class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade"
title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Agriculture" title="Agreement
on Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a
href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Application_of_Sanitary_and_Phytosanitary_Measures"
title="Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary
Measures">Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Technical_Barriers_to_Trade"
title="Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade">Technical Barriers
to Trade</a></li>
<li><a
href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade_Related_Investment_Measures"
title="Agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures">Trade Related
Investment Measures</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Services"
title="General Agreement on Trade in Services">Trade in
Services</a></li>
<li><a
href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_Rights"
title="Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
Rights">Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
Rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Government_Procurement"
title="Agreement on Government Procurement">Government
Procurement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Information_Technology_Agreement"
title="Information Technology Agreement">Information
Technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marrakech_Agreement" title="Marrakech
Agreement">Marrakech Agreement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Doha_Declaration" title="Doha
Declaration">Doha Declaration</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a
href="/wiki/List_of_World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conferences"
title="List of World Trade Organization Ministerial
Conferences">Ministerial Conferences</a></th>
<td
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;"
class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a
href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1996"
title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1996">1st
(1996)</a></li>
<li><a
href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1998"
title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1998">2nd
(1998)</a></li>
<li><a
href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999"
title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999">3rd
(1999)</a></li>
<li><a
href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2001"
title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2001">4th
(2001)</a></li>
<li><a
href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2003"
title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2003">5th
(2003)</a></li>
<li><a
href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2005"
title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005">6th
(2005)</a></li>
<li><a
href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2009"
title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2009">7th
(2009)</a></li>
<li><a
href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2011"
title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2011">8th
(2011)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;">People</th>
<td
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;"
class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Lamy" title="Pascal Lamy">Pascal
Lamy</a> (<a
href="/wiki/Director-General_of_the_World_Trade_Organization"
title="Director-General of the World Trade
Organization">Director-General</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Supachai_Panitchpakdi" title="Supachai
Panitchpakdi">Supachai Panitchpakdi</a> (Former
Director-General)</li>
<li>Deputy Directors-General:
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Jara" title="Alejandro
Jara">Alejandro Jara</a></li>
<li>Valentine Rugwabiza</li>
<li>Harsha Singh</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Yerxa" title="Rufus Yerxa">Rufus
Yerxa</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;">Members</th>
<td
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;"
class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of
Albania">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Algeria" title="Economy of
Algeria">Algeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Angola" title="Economy of
Angola">Angola</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda"
title="Economy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and
Barbuda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Argentina" title="Economy of
Argentina">Argentina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia" title="Economy of
Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of
Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bahrain" title="Economy of
Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bangladesh" title="Economy of
Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Barbados" title="Economy of
Barbados">Barbados</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belize" title="Economy of
Belize">Belize</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Benin" title="Economy of
Benin">Benin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bolivia" title="Economy of
Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Botswana" title="Economy of
Botswana">Botswana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of
Brazil">Brazil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brunei" title="Economy of
Brunei">Brunei</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Economy of
Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Burma" title="Economy of
Burma">Burma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Burundi" title="Economy of
Burundi">Burundi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cambodia" title="Economy of
Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cameroon" title="Economy of
Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of
Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cape_Verde" title="Economy of
Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Central_African_Republic"
title="Economy of the Central African Republic">Central African
Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chad" title="Economy of
Chad">Chad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chile" title="Economy of
Chile">Chile</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"
title="Economy of the People's Republic of
China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Colombia" title="Economy of
Colombia">Colombia</a></li>
<li><a
href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"
title="Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic
Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo"
title="Economy of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the
Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Costa_Rica" title="Economy of
Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire"
title="Economy of Côte d'Ivoire" class="mw-redirect">Côte
d'Ivoire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Croatia" title="Economy of
Croatia">Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cuba" title="Economy of
Cuba">Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Djibouti" title="Economy of
Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Dominica" title="Economy of
Dominica">Dominica</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Dominican_Republic"
title="Economy of the Dominican Republic">Dominican
Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ecuador" title="Economy of
Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt" title="Economy of
Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_El_Salvador" title="Economy of El
Salvador">El Salvador</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union"
title="Economy of the European Union">European
Union</a>¹</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Fiji" title="Economy of
Fiji">Fiji</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gabon" title="Economy of
Gabon">Gabon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Gambia" title="Economy of the
Gambia">The Gambia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy
of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ghana" title="Economy of
Ghana">Ghana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Grenada" title="Economy of
Grenada">Grenada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guatemala" title="Economy of
Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea" title="Economy of
Guinea">Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Economy of
Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guyana" title="Economy of
Guyana">Guyana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haiti" title="Economy of
Haiti">Haiti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Honduras" title="Economy of
Honduras">Honduras</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong
Kong">Hong Kong</a>²</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iceland" title="Economy of
Iceland">Iceland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of
India">India</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of
Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Israel" title="Economy of
Israel">Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jamaica" title="Economy of
Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of
Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jordan" title="Economy of
Jordan">Jordan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kenya" title="Economy of
Kenya">Kenya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea#Economy" title="South
Korea">South Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kuwait" title="Economy of
Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Economy of
Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lesotho" title="Economy of
Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Economy of
Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Macau" title="Economy of
Macau">Macau</a>²</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Macedonia"
title="Economy of the Republic of
Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madagascar" title="Economy of
Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malawi" title="Economy of
Malawi">Malawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malaysia" title="Economy of
Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Maldives" title="Economy of
the Maldives">Maldives</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mali" title="Economy of
Mali">Mali</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritania" title="Economy of
Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritius" title="Economy of
Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico" title="Economy of
Mexico">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Moldova" title="Economy of
Moldova">Moldova</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mongolia" title="Economy of
Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Morocco" title="Economy of
Morocco">Morocco</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mozambique" title="Economy of
Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Namibia" title="Economy of
Namibia">Namibia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nepal" title="Economy of
Nepal">Nepal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Economy of
New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nicaragua" title="Economy of
Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Niger" title="Economy of
Niger">Niger</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria" title="Economy of
Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Norway" title="Economy of
Norway">Norway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Oman" title="Economy of
Oman">Oman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of
Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Panama" title="Economy of
Panama">Panama</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Economy
of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Paraguay" title="Economy of
Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Peru" title="Economy of
Peru">Peru</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy
of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Qatar" title="Economy of
Qatar">Qatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of
Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rwanda" title="Economy of
Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis"
title="Economy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and
Nevis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Economy of
Saint Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines"
title="Economy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and
the Grenadines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Samoa" title="Economy of
Samoa">Samoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of
Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Senegal" title="Economy of
Senegal">Senegal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Economy of
Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore" title="Economy of
Singapore">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Solomon_Islands"
title="Economy of the Solomon Islands">Solomon
Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa" title="Economy of
South Africa">South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Economy of Sri
Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Suriname" title="Economy of
Suriname">Suriname</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Swaziland" title="Economy of
Swaziland">Swaziland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of
Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan" title="Economy of
Taiwan">Taiwan</a>³</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tanzania" title="Economy of
Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand" title="Economy of
Thailand">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Togo" title="Economy of
Togo">Togo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tonga" title="Economy of
Tonga">Tonga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago"
title="Economy of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and
Tobago</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tunisia" title="Economy of
Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of
Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uganda" title="Economy of
Uganda">Uganda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of
Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates"
title="Economy of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab
Emirates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy
of the United States">United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uruguay" title="Economy of
Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela" title="Economy of
Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vietnam" title="Economy of
Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Zambia" title="Economy of
Zambia">Zambia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Zimbabwe" title="Economy of
Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li>
</ul>
<hr />
<p><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%">1. All
twenty-seven member states of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union"
title="European Union">European Union</a> are also members of
the WTO in their own right:</span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a
href="/wiki/Economy_of_Austria" title="Economy of
Austria">Austria</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a
href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belgium" title="Economy of
Belgium">Belgium</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a
href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bulgaria" title="Economy of
Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a
href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cyprus" title="Economy of
Cyprus">Cyprus</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a
href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Economy of the Czech
Republic">Czech Republic</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a
href="/wiki/Economy_of_Denmark" title="Economy of
Denmark">Denmark</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a
href="/wiki/Economy_of_Estonia" title="Economy of
Estonia">Estonia</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a
href="/wiki/Economy_of_Finland" title="Economy of
Finland">Finland</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a
href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of
France">France</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a
href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of
Germany">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a
href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greece" title="Economy of
Greece">Greece</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a
href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary" title="Economy of
Hungary">Hungary</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a
href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the
Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a
href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of
Italy">Italy</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a
href="/wiki/Economy_of_Latvia" title="Economy of
Latvia">Latvia</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a
href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lithuania" title="Economy of
Lithuania">Lithuania</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a
href="/wiki/Economy_of_Luxembourg" title="Economy of
Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a
href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malta" title="Economy of
Malta">Malta</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a
href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Economy of the
Netherlands">Netherlands</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a
href="/wiki/Economy_of_Poland" title="Economy of
Poland">Poland</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a
href="/wiki/Economy_of_Portugal" title="Economy of
Portugal">Portugal</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a
href="/wiki/Economy_of_Romania" title="Economy of
Romania">Romania</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a
href="/wiki/Economy_of_Slovakia" title="Economy of
Slovakia">Slovakia</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a
href="/wiki/Economy_of_Slovenia" title="Economy of
Slovenia">Slovenia</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a
href="/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of
Spain">Spain</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a
href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sweden" title="Economy of
Sweden">Sweden</a></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%"><a
href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United
Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%">2. <a
href="/wiki/Special_administrative_region_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"
title="Special administrative region of the People's Republic of China"
class="mw-redirect">Special administrative region of the People's
Republic of China</a>, participates as "Hong Kong, China" and
"Macao China".</span></p>
<span style="text-align:left; font-size:85%">3. Officially the
Republic of China, participates as "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei"
title="Chinese Taipei">Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu,
Kinmen and Matsu</a>"</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;;">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed
navbox-inner"
style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" style=";" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a
href="/wiki/Template:Dutch_Language_Union" title="Template:Dutch
Language Union"><span title="View this template"
style=";;background:none
transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a
href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dutch_Language_Union" title="Template
talk:Dutch Language Union"><span title="Discuss this template"
style=";;background:none
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</ul>
</div>
<div class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a
href="/wiki/Dutch_Language_Union" title="Dutch Language Union">Dutch
Language Union</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list
navbox-odd hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belgium"
title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li>
<li><strong
class="selflink">Netherlands</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Suriname"
title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;;">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse
navbox-inner"
style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" style=";" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a
href="/wiki/Template:National_personifications" title="Template:National
personifications"><span title="View this template"
style=";;background:none
transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a
href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_personifications" title="Template
talk:National personifications"><span title="Discuss this
template" style=";;background:none
transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text"
href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:National_personifications&action=edit"><span
title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none
transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a
href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National
personification">National personifications</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list
navbox-odd hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<dl>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Argentina"
title="Argentina">Argentina</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_representations_of_Argentina"
title="Allegorical representations of Argentina">Effigies of
Argentina</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Armenia"
title="Armenia">Armenia</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Mother_Armenia" title="Mother
Armenia">Mother Armenia</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Brazil"
title="Brazil">Brazil</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Ef%C3%ADgie_da_Rep%C3%BAblica" title="Efígie
da República">Efígie da República</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Cambodia"
title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Preah_Thong_and_Neang_Neak" title="Preah
Thong and Neang Neak">Preah Thong and Neang Neak</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Canada"
title="Canada">Canada</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Canuck" title="Johnny
Canuck">Johnny Canuck</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech
Republic">Czech Republic</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0vejk" title="Švejk"
class="mw-redirect">Švejk</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Lech,_%C4%8Cech,_and_Rus" title="Lech, Čech,
and Rus">Praotec Čech (Forefather Czech)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Honza" title="Honza">Hloupý
Honza</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1ra_Cimrman" title="Jára
Cimrman">Jára Cimrman</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%BDi%C5%BEka" title="Jan
Žižka">Jan Žižka</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Denmark"
title="Denmark">Denmark</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Holger_Danske" title="Holger Danske"
class="mw-redirect">Holger Danske</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Finland"
title="Finland">Finland</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Maiden" title="Finnish
Maiden">Finnish Maiden</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/France"
title="France">France</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Marianne"
title="Marianne">Marianne</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia
(country)">Georgia</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Kartlis_Deda" title="Kartlis
Deda">Kartlis Deda</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Germany"
title="Germany">Germany</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Michel" title="Deutscher
Michel">Deutscher Michel</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Germania_(personification)" title="Germania
(personification)">Germania</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Greece"
title="Greece">Greece</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Athena"
title="Athena">Athena</a></dd>
<dd>"<a href="/wiki/Greece_on_the_Ruins_of_Missolonghi"
title="Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi">Greece</a>" of <a
href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène
Delacroix">Delacroix</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Iceland"
title="Iceland">Iceland</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_the_Mountain" title="Lady of the
Mountain">Lady of the Mountain</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/India"
title="India">India</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Mata" title="Bharat Mata">Bharat
Mata</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Indonesia"
title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Ibu_Pertiwi" title="Ibu Pertiwi">Ibu
Pertiwi</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Ireland"
title="Ireland">Ireland</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/%C3%89riu"
title="Ériu">Ériu</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Hibernia_(personification)" title="Hibernia
(personification)">Hibernia</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Ni_Houlihan" title="Kathleen Ni
Houlihan">Kathleen Ni Houlihan</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Israel"
title="Israel">Israel</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Srulik"
title="Srulik">Srulik</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Italy"
title="Italy">Italy</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Italia_Turrita" title="Italia
Turrita">Italia Turrita</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Japan"
title="Japan">Japan</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Amaterasu"
title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Malaysia"
title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Ibu_Pertiwi" title="Ibu Pertiwi">Ibu
Pertiwi</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Malta"
title="Malta">Malta</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Melita_(personification)" title="Melita
(personification)">Melita</a></dd>
<dt><strong
class="selflink">Netherlands</strong></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Maiden" title="Netherlands
Maiden">Netherlands Maiden</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New
Zealand</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Zealandia_(personification)"
title="Zealandia (personification)">Zealandia</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Norway"
title="Norway">Norway</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Ola_Nordmann" title="Ola Nordmann">Ola
Nordmann</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Philippines"
title="Philippines">Philippines</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Juan_dela_Cruz" title="Juan dela
Cruz">Juan dela Cruz</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Clara" title="María
Clara">Maria Clara</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Poland"
title="Poland">Poland</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Polonia_(personification)" title="Polonia
(personification)">Polonia</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Portugal"
title="Portugal">Portugal</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Ef%C3%ADgie_da_Rep%C3%BAblica" title="Efígie
da República">Efígie da República</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A9_Povinho" title="Zé Povinho">Zé
Povinho</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Russia"
title="Russia">Russia</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Mother_Russia" title="Mother
Russia">Mother Russia</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Spain"
title="Spain">Spain</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Allegory_of_Hispania" title="Allegory of
Hispania">Hispania</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Singapore"
title="Singapore">Singapore</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Merlion"
title="Merlion">Merlion</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Sweden"
title="Sweden">Sweden</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Mother_Svea" title="Mother Svea">Mother
Svea</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Switzerland"
title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Helvetia"
title="Helvetia">Helvetia</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/Ukraine"
title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Mamay" title="Cossack
Mamay">Cossack Mamay</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United
Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Britannia"
title="Britannia">Britannia</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/John_Bull" title="John Bull">John
Bull</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Morewood_Staniforth#Dame_Wales"
title="Joseph Morewood Staniforth">Dame Wales</a></dd>
<dt><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United
States">United States</a></dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Brother_Jonathan" title="Brother
Jonathan">Brother Jonathan</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(name)" title="Columbia
(name)">Columbia</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of
Liberty">Lady Liberty</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle
Sam</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Billy_Yank" title="Billy Yank">Billy
Yank</a>
<dl>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union
(American Civil War)">Northern states</a></dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Reb" title="Johnny Reb">Johnny
Reb</a>
<dl>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"
title="Confederate States of America">Southern
states</a></dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;;">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse
navbox-inner"
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<tr>
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<div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="">
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<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic"
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</ul>
</div>
<div class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a
href="/wiki/Climate_of_Europe" title="Climate of Europe">Climate of
Europe</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a
href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign
states</a></th>
<td
style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;"
class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Albania" title="Climate of
Albania" class="mw-redirect">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Andorra" title="Climate of
Andorra" class="mw-redirect">Andorra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Armenia" title="Climate of
Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Austria" title="Climate of
Austria" class="mw-redirect">Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Azerbaijan" title="Climate of
Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Belarus" title="Climate of
Belarus" class="mw-redirect">Belarus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Belgium" title="Climate of
Belgium" class="mw-redirect">Belgium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"
title="Climate of Bosnia and Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect">Bosnia
and Herzegovina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Bulgaria" title="Climate of
Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect">Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Croatia" title="Climate of
Croatia" class="mw-redirect">Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Cyprus" title="Climate of
Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Czech_Republic"
title="Climate of the Czech Republic" class="mw-redirect">Czech
Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Denmark" title="Climate of
Denmark" class="mw-redirect">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Estonia" title="Climate of
Estonia">Estonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Finland" title="Climate of
Finland" class="mw-redirect">Finland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_France" title="Climate of France"
class="mw-redirect">France</a></li>
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<p><span style="font-size: small;"><span
id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system"
title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span
class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow"
class="external text"
href="http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Netherlands&params=52_19_N_5_33_E_type:country"><span
class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial
photos, and other data for this location"><span
class="latitude">52°19′N</span> <span
class="longitude">5°33′E</span></span></span><span
class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span
class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial
photos, and other data for this location">52.317°N
5.550°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span
class="geo">52.317;
5.550</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p>
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<h3>Print/export</h3>
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<ul id="collectionPortletList"><li
id="coll-create_a_book"><a
href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Netherlands"
title="Create a book or page collection" rel="nofollow">Create a
book</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl"><a
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title="Download a PDF version of this wiki page"
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<h3>Languages</h3>
<div class="body">
<ul>
<li class="interwiki-ace"><a
href="//ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beulanda" title="Beulanda" lang="ace"
hreflang="ace">Acèh</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-kbd"><a
href="//kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80"
title="Нидерлэндхэр" lang="kbd"
hreflang="kbd">Адыгэбзэ</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-af"><a
href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland" lang="af"
hreflang="af">Afrikaans</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-als"><a
href="//als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederlande" title="Niederlande"
lang="als" hreflang="als">Alemannisch</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-am"><a
href="//am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%86%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5"
title="ሆላንድ" lang="am" hreflang="am">አማርኛ</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ang"><a
href="//ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B0erland" title="Niðerland"
lang="ang" hreflang="ang">Ænglisc</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ar"><a
href="//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7"
title="هولندا" lang="ar" hreflang="ar">العربية</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-an"><a
href="//an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos" title="Países Baixos"
lang="an" hreflang="an">Aragonés</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-arc"><a
href="//arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%97%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%A2%DC%95%DC%90"
title="ܗܘܠܢܕܐ" lang="arc" hreflang="arc">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-roa-rup"><a
href="//roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanda" title="Olanda" lang="roa-rup"
hreflang="roa-rup">Armãneashce</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-frp"><a
href="//frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payis-B%C3%A2s" title="Payis-Bâs"
lang="frp" hreflang="frp">Arpetan</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ast"><a
href="//ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%ADses_Baxos" title="Países Baxos"
lang="ast" hreflang="ast">Asturianu</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-gn"><a
href="//gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holanda" title="Holanda" lang="gn"
hreflang="gn">Avañe'ẽ</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ay"><a
href="//ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aynacha_Jach%27a_Markanaka" title="Aynacha
Jach'a Markanaka" lang="ay" hreflang="ay">Aymar
aru</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-az"><a
href="//az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niderland" title="Niderland" lang="az"
hreflang="az">Azərbaycanca</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-bn"><a
href="//bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B8"
title="নেদারল্যান্ডস" lang="bn"
hreflang="bn">বাংলা</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a
href="//zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%93-t%C4%93-kok"
title="Kē-tē-kok" lang="zh-min-nan"
hreflang="zh-min-nan">Bân-lâm-gú</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-map-bms"><a
href="//map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landa" title="Landa" lang="map-bms"
hreflang="map-bms">Basa Banyumasan</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ba"><a
href="//ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80"
title="Нидерландтар" lang="ba"
hreflang="ba">Башҡортса</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-be"><a
href="//be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B"
title="Нідэрланды" lang="be"
hreflang="be">Беларуская</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-be-x-old"><a
href="//be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B"
title="Нідэрлянды" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old">Беларуская
(тарашкевіца)</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-bh"><a
href="//bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE"
title="एम्सटर्डम" lang="bh"
hreflang="bh">भोजपुरी</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-bcl"><a
href="//bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlands" title="Nederlands" lang="bcl"
hreflang="bcl">Bikol Central</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-bi"><a
href="//bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands" lang="bi"
hreflang="bi">Bislama</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-bg"><a
href="//bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F"
title="Нидерландия" lang="bg"
hreflang="bg">Български</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-bar"><a
href="//bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland" title="Holland" lang="bar"
hreflang="bar">Boarisch</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-bo"><a
href="//bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D"
title="ཧོ་ལན།" lang="bo" hreflang="bo">བོད་ཡིག</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-bs"><a
href="//bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holandija" title="Holandija" lang="bs"
hreflang="bs">Bosanski</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-br"><a
href="//br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izelvroio%C3%B9" title="Izelvroioù"
lang="br" hreflang="br">Brezhoneg</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-bxr"><a
href="//bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4"
title="Нидерланд" lang="bxr"
hreflang="bxr">Буряад</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ca"><a
href="//ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%AFsos_Baixos" title="Països Baixos"
lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-cv"><a
href="//cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC"
title="Нидерландсем" lang="cv"
hreflang="cv">Чӑвашла</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ceb"><a
href="//ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanda" title="Olanda" lang="ceb"
hreflang="ceb">Cebuano</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-cs"><a
href="//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizozemsko" title="Nizozemsko" lang="cs"
hreflang="cs">Česky</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-co"><a
href="//co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paesi_Bassi" title="Paesi Bassi" lang="co"
hreflang="co">Corsu</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-cy"><a
href="//cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Iseldiroedd" title="Yr Iseldiroedd"
lang="cy" hreflang="cy">Cymraeg</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-da"><a
href="//da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland" title="Holland" lang="da"
hreflang="da">Dansk</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-pdc"><a
href="//pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland" title="Holland" lang="pdc"
hreflang="pdc">Deitsch</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-de"><a
href="//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederlande" title="Niederlande" lang="de"
hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-dv"><a
href="//dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%82%DE%AC%DE%8B%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%AD%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%AA"
title="ނެދަލޭންޑު" lang="dv"
hreflang="dv">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-nv"><a
href="//nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9yah_W%C3%B3yahgo_Si%CA%BC%C3%A1n%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD"
title="Kéyah Wóyahgo Siʼánígíí" lang="nv" hreflang="nv">Diné
bizaad</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-dsb"><a
href="//dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%BEozemska" title="Nižozemska"
lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb">Dolnoserbski</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-dz"><a
href="//dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B"
title="ནེ་དར་ལེནཌསི་" lang="dz"
hreflang="dz">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-et"><a
href="//et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland" title="Holland" lang="et"
hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-el"><a
href="//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1"
title="Ολλανδία" lang="el"
hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-es"><a
href="//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%ADses_Bajos" title="Países Bajos"
lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-eo"><a
href="//eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlando" title="Nederlando" lang="eo"
hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ext"><a
href="//ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisis_Baxus" title="Paisis Baxus"
lang="ext" hreflang="ext">Estremeñu</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-eu"><a
href="//eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbehereak" title="Herbehereak" lang="eu"
hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ee"><a
href="//ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands" lang="ee"
hreflang="ee">Eʋegbe</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-fa"><a
href="//fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="هلند"
lang="fa" hreflang="fa">فارسی</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-hif"><a
href="//hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Netherlands" title="The Netherlands"
lang="hif" hreflang="hif">Fiji Hindi</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-fo"><a
href="//fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B0urlond" title="Niðurlond"
lang="fo" hreflang="fo">Føroyskt</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-fr"><a
href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays-Bas_(pays_constitutif)"
title="Pays-Bas (pays constitutif)" lang="fr"
hreflang="fr">Français</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-fy"><a
href="//fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederl%C3%A2n" title="Nederlân" lang="fy"
hreflang="fy">Frysk</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ff"><a
href="//ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holannda" title="Holannda" lang="ff"
hreflang="ff">Fulfulde</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-fur"><a
href="//fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%AEs_Bas" title="Paîs Bas"
lang="fur" hreflang="fur">Furlan</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ga"><a
href="//ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_%C3%8Dsilt%C3%ADr" title="An Ísiltír"
lang="ga" hreflang="ga">Gaeilge</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-gv"><a
href="//gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_%C3%87heer_Injil" title="Yn Çheer
Injil" lang="gv" hreflang="gv">Gaelg</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-gag"><a
href="//gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niderland" title="Niderland" lang="gag"
hreflang="gag">Gagauz</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-gd"><a
href="//gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_T%C3%ACrean_%C3%8Csle" title="Na Tìrean
Ìsle" lang="gd" hreflang="gd">Gàidhlig</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-gl"><a
href="//gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos_-_Nederland"
title="Países Baixos - Nederland" lang="gl"
hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-gan"><a
href="//gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD" title="荷蘭" lang="gan"
hreflang="gan">贛語</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-gu"><a
href="//gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A1"
title="નેધરલેંડ" lang="gu"
hreflang="gu">ગુજરાતી</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-got"><a
href="//got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3"
title="𐌽𐌹𐌸𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" lang="got"
hreflang="got">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-hak"><a
href="//hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2-l%C3%A0n" title="Hò-làn"
lang="hak" hreflang="hak">Hak-kâ-fa</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-xal"><a
href="//xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B3"
title="Недерлендин Нутг" lang="xal"
hreflang="xal">Хальмг</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ko"><a
href="//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EB%8D%9C%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C"
title="네덜란드" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-haw"><a
href="//haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dlani" title="Hōlani" lang="haw"
hreflang="haw">Hawai`i</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-hy"><a
href="//hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80"
title="Նիդերլանդներ" lang="hy"
hreflang="hy">Հայերեն</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-hi"><a
href="//hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1"
title="नीदरलैण्ड" lang="hi"
hreflang="hi">हिन्दी</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-hsb"><a
href="//hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%BEozemska" title="Nižozemska"
lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb">Hornjoserbsce</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-hr"><a
href="//hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizozemska" title="Nizozemska" lang="hr"
hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-io"><a
href="//io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlando" title="Nederlando" lang="io"
hreflang="io">Ido</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ilo"><a
href="//ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol%C3%A1nda" title="Olánda" lang="ilo"
hreflang="ilo">Ilokano</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-bpy"><a
href="//bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1"
title="নেদারল্যান্ড" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া
মণিপুরী</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-id"><a
href="//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda" lang="id"
hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ia"><a
href="//ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pais_Basse" title="Pais Basse" lang="ia"
hreflang="ia">Interlingua</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ie"><a
href="//ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland" lang="ie"
hreflang="ie">Interlingue</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-os"><a
href="//os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%82%C3%A6"
title="Нидерландтæ" lang="os"
hreflang="os">Ирон</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-xh"><a
href="//xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENetherlands" title="ENetherlands"
lang="xh" hreflang="xh">IsiXhosa</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-zu"><a
href="//zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands" lang="zu"
hreflang="zu">IsiZulu</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-is"><a
href="//is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland" title="Holland" lang="is"
hreflang="is">Íslenska</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-it"><a
href="//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paesi_Bassi" title="Paesi Bassi" lang="it"
hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-he"><a
href="//he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93"
title="הולנד" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-jv"><a
href="//jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walanda" title="Walanda" lang="jv"
hreflang="jv">Basa Jawa</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-kl"><a
href="//kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollandi" title="Hollandi" lang="kl"
hreflang="kl">Kalaallisut</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-kn"><a
href="//kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D"
title="ನೆದರ್ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್ಸ್" lang="kn"
hreflang="kn">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-pam"><a
href="//pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paises_Bahes" title="Paises Bahes"
lang="pam" hreflang="pam">Kapampangan</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-krc"><a
href="//krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0"
title="Нидерландла" lang="krc"
hreflang="krc">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ka"><a
href="//ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98"
title="ნიდერლანდი" lang="ka"
hreflang="ka">ქართული</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-csb"><a
href="//csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9derlandzk%C3%B4"
title="Néderlandzkô" lang="csb"
hreflang="csb">Kaszëbsczi</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-kk"><a
href="//kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4"
title="Нидерланд" lang="kk"
hreflang="kk">Қазақша</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-kw"><a
href="//kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iseldiryow" title="Iseldiryow" lang="kw"
hreflang="kw">Kernowek</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-rw"><a
href="//rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuholandi" title="Ubuholandi" lang="rw"
hreflang="rw">Kinyarwanda</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sw"><a
href="//sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uholanzi" title="Uholanzi" lang="sw"
hreflang="sw">Kiswahili</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-kv"><a
href="//kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%8F%D1%81"
title="Нидерландъяс" lang="kv"
hreflang="kv">Коми</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-kg"><a
href="//kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays-Bas" title="Pays-Bas" lang="kg"
hreflang="kg">Kongo</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ht"><a
href="//ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyiba" title="Peyiba" lang="ht"
hreflang="ht">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ku"><a
href="//ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holenda" title="Holenda" lang="ku"
hreflang="ku">Kurdî</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ky"><a
href="//ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80"
title="Нидерландтар" lang="ky"
hreflang="ky">Кыргызча</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-lad"><a
href="//lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payises_Bashos" title="Payises Bashos"
lang="lad" hreflang="lad">Ladino</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-lez"><a
href="//lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80"
title="Нидерландар" lang="lez"
hreflang="lez">Лезги</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ltg"><a
href="//ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%ABderlandeja" title="Nīderlandeja"
lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg">Latgaļu</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-la"><a
href="//la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandia" title="Nederlandia" lang="la"
hreflang="la">Latina</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-lv"><a
href="//lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%ABderlande" title="Nīderlande"
lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-lb"><a
href="//lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland" title="Holland" lang="lb"
hreflang="lb">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-lt"><a
href="//lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyderlandai" title="Nyderlandai" lang="lt"
hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-lij"><a
href="//lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paixi_Basci" title="Paixi Basci"
lang="lij" hreflang="lij">Ligure</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-li"><a
href="//li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland" lang="li"
hreflang="li">Limburgs</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ln"><a
href="//ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holanda" title="Holanda" lang="ln"
hreflang="ln">Lingála</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-jbo"><a
href="//jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/nederland" title="nederland" lang="jbo"
hreflang="jbo">Lojban</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-lmo"><a
href="//lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paes_Bass" title="Paes Bass" lang="lmo"
hreflang="lmo">Lumbaart</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-hu"><a
href="//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollandia" title="Hollandia" lang="hu"
hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-mk"><a
href="//mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0"
title="Холандија" lang="mk"
hreflang="mk">Македонски</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ml"><a
href="//ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D"
title="നെതർലന്റ്സ്" lang="ml"
hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-mt"><a
href="//mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pajji%C5%BCi_l-Baxxi" title="Pajjiżi
l-Baxxi" lang="mt" hreflang="mt">Malti</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-mi"><a
href="//mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Drana" title="Hōrana" lang="mi"
hreflang="mi">Māori</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-mr"><a
href="//mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8"
title="नेदरलँड्स" lang="mr" hreflang="mr">मराठी</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-xmf"><a
href="//xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98"
title="ნიდერლანდი" lang="xmf"
hreflang="xmf">მარგალური</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-arz"><a
href="//arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF"
title="نيديرلاند" lang="arz"
hreflang="arz">مصرى</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-mzn"><a
href="//mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="هلند"
lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn">مازِرونی</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ms"><a
href="//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda" lang="ms"
hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-min"><a
href="//min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balando" title="Balando" lang="min"
hreflang="min">Baso Minangkabau</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-cdo"><a
href="//cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2%CC%A4-l%C3%A0ng" title="Hò̤-làng"
lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo">Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-mdf"><a
href="//mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82"
title="Недерлантт" lang="mdf"
hreflang="mdf">Мокшень</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-mn"><a
href="//mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4"
title="Нидерланд" lang="mn"
hreflang="mn">Монгол</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-my"><a
href="//my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6"
title="နယ်သာလန်နိုင်ငံ" lang="my"
hreflang="my">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-nah"><a
href="//nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlanitl%C4%81lpan" title="Tlanitlālpan"
lang="nah" hreflang="nah">Nāhuatl</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-na"><a
href="//na.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eben_Eyong" title="Eben Eyong" lang="na"
hreflang="na">Dorerin Naoero</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-nl"><a
href="//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland" lang="nl"
hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-nds-nl"><a
href="//nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlaand" title="Nederlaand"
lang="nds-nl" hreflang="nds-nl">Nedersaksies</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ne"><a
href="//ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8"
title="नेदरल्याण्ड्स" lang="ne"
hreflang="ne">नेपाली</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ja"><a
href="//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80"
title="オランダ" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-nap"><a
href="//nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulanna" title="Ulanna" lang="nap"
hreflang="nap">Nnapulitano</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ce"><a
href="//ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4"
title="Нидерланд" lang="ce"
hreflang="ce">Нохчийн</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-frr"><a
href="//frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederl%C3%B6nje" title="Nederlönje"
lang="frr" hreflang="frr">Nordfriisk</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-pih"><a
href="//pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dem_Nethiland" title="Dem Nethiland"
lang="pih" hreflang="pih">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-no"><a
href="//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland" lang="no"
hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-nn"><a
href="//nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland" lang="nn"
hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-nrm"><a
href="//nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays_Bas" title="Pays Bas" lang="nrm"
hreflang="nrm">Nouormand</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-nov"><a
href="//nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlande" title="Nederlande" lang="nov"
hreflang="nov">Novial</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-oc"><a
href="//oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%AFses_Basses" title="Païses Basses"
lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-mhr"><a
href="//mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5"
title="Нидерланде" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr">Олык
марий</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-uz"><a
href="//uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niderlandlar" title="Niderlandlar"
lang="uz" hreflang="uz">Oʻzbekcha</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-pa"><a
href="//pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1"
title="ਨੀਦਰਲੈਂਡ" lang="pa" hreflang="pa">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-pnb"><a
href="//pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B2"
title="نیدرلینڈز" lang="pnb"
hreflang="pnb">پنجابی</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-pap"><a
href="//pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulanda" title="Hulanda" lang="pap"
hreflang="pap">Papiamentu</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ps"><a
href="//ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%DA%89"
title="هالنډ" lang="ps" hreflang="ps">پښتو</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-koi"><a
href="//koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4"
title="Недерланд" lang="koi" hreflang="koi">Перем
Коми</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-pcd"><a
href="//pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-Pa%C3%AFs" title="Bas-Païs"
lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd">Picard</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-pms"><a
href="//pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pais_Bass" title="Pais Bass" lang="pms"
hreflang="pms">Piemontèis</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-tpi"><a
href="//tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol_Nitelan" title="Ol Nitelan" lang="tpi"
hreflang="tpi">Tok Pisin</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-nds"><a
href="//nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedderlannen_(Europa)"
title="Nedderlannen (Europa)" lang="nds"
hreflang="nds">Plattdüütsch</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-pl"><a
href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holandia" title="Holandia" lang="pl"
hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-pnt"><a
href="//pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1"
title="Ολλανδία" lang="pnt"
hreflang="pnt">Ποντιακά</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-pt"><a
href="//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos" title="Países Baixos"
lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-kaa"><a
href="//kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niderlandiya" title="Niderlandiya"
lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-crh"><a
href="//crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felemenk" title="Felemenk" lang="crh"
hreflang="crh">Qırımtatarca</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ksh"><a
href="//ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederlande" title="Niederlande"
lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh">Ripoarisch</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ro"><a
href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanda" title="Olanda" lang="ro"
hreflang="ro">Română</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-rmy"><a
href="//rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanda" title="Olanda" lang="rmy"
hreflang="rmy">Romani</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-rm"><a
href="//rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pajais_Bass" title="Pajais Bass" lang="rm"
hreflang="rm">Rumantsch</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-qu"><a
href="//qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urasuyu" title="Urasuyu" lang="qu"
hreflang="qu">Runa Simi</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-rue"><a
href="//rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B"
title="Нідерланды" lang="rue"
hreflang="rue">Русиньскый</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ru"><a
href="//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B"
title="Нидерланды" lang="ru"
hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sah"><a
href="//sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4"
title="Недерланд" lang="sah" hreflang="sah">Саха
тыла</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-se"><a
href="//se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuolleeatnamat" title="Vuolleeatnamat"
lang="se" hreflang="se">Sámegiella</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sa"><a
href="//sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8"
title="नेदरलैंड्स" lang="sa"
hreflang="sa">संस्कृतम्</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sc"><a
href="//sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos_Bascios" title="Logos Bascios"
lang="sc" hreflang="sc">Sardu</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sco"><a
href="//sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"
lang="sco" hreflang="sco">Scots</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-stq"><a
href="//stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederlounde" title="Niederlounde"
lang="stq" hreflang="stq">Seeltersk</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-st"><a
href="//st.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4lan%C3%AA" title="Hôlanê" lang="st"
hreflang="st">Sesotho</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sq"><a
href="//sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holanda" title="Holanda" lang="sq"
hreflang="sq">Shqip</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-scn"><a
href="//scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisi_Vasci" title="Paisi Vasci"
lang="scn" hreflang="scn">Sicilianu</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-si"><a
href="//si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA"
title="නෙදර්ලන්තය" lang="si"
hreflang="si">සිංහල</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-simple"><a
href="//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"
lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ss"><a
href="//ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDashi" title="IDashi" lang="ss"
hreflang="ss">SiSwati</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sk"><a
href="//sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holandsko" title="Holandsko" lang="sk"
hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sl"><a
href="//sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizozemska" title="Nizozemska" lang="sl"
hreflang="sl">Slovenščina</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-cu"><a
href="//cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%94%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%EA%99%91"
title="Нидєрландꙑ" lang="cu" hreflang="cu">Словѣ́ньскъ /
ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-szl"><a
href="//szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%83iderlandy" title="Ńiderlandy"
lang="szl" hreflang="szl">Ślůnski</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-so"><a
href="//so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland" title="Holland" lang="so"
hreflang="so">Soomaaliga</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ckb"><a
href="//ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%86%D9%84%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF"
title="ھۆلەند" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb">کوردی</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-srn"><a
href="//srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakrakondre" title="Bakrakondre"
lang="srn" hreflang="srn">Sranantongo</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sr"><a
href="//sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0"
title="Холандија" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Српски /
srpski</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sh"><a
href="//sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holandija" title="Holandija" lang="sh"
hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-su"><a
href="//su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walanda" title="Walanda" lang="su"
hreflang="su">Basa Sunda</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-fi"><a
href="//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alankomaat" title="Alankomaat" lang="fi"
hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sv"><a
href="//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederl%C3%A4nderna" title="Nederländerna"
lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-tl"><a
href="//tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanda" title="Olanda" lang="tl"
hreflang="tl">Tagalog</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ta"><a
href="//ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81"
title="நெதர்லாந்து" lang="ta"
hreflang="ta">தமிழ்</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-roa-tara"><a
href="//roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paj%C3%A8sere_Vasce" title="Pajèsere
Vasce" lang="roa-tara"
hreflang="roa-tara">Tarandíne</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-tt"><a
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title="Нидерландлар" lang="tt"
hreflang="tt">Татарча/tatarça</a></li>
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title="నెదర్లాండ్" lang="te"
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lang="war" hreflang="war">Winaray</a></li>
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href="//bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%ABderland%C4%81"
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