Wikipedia enwiki https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.28.0-wmf.22 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Portal Portal talk Book Book talk Draft Draft talk Education Program Education Program talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk Topic 0 502693 744986695 744986323 2016-10-18T17:16:49Z Leverkuxen 27630666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = {{raise|0.1em|Suwon}} | native_name = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|수원시}}}} {{lower|0.0em|{{nobold|Suigen}}}} | native_name_lang = kr | settlement_type = [[Cities of South Korea|Specific city]] | translit_lang1 = Korean | image_skyline = Hwaseong Third North Secret Gate and Dongbuk Gangnu - 2009-03-01.JPG | imagesize = | image_caption = [[Hwaseong Fortress]] and the skyline of Suwon | image_flag = Happy Suwon.png | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = Symbol of Suwon.svg | blank_emblem_type = Emblem of Suwon | image_map = Gyeonggi-Suwon.svg | mapsize = | map_caption = Location in South Korea | latd = 37 | latm = 16 | lats = |latNS=N | longd = 127 | longm = 01 | longs = |longEW=E | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|South Korea}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Korea|Region]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Seoul National Capital Area|Sudogwon]] |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title1 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date1 = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |founder = |named_for = | parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of South Korea|Administrative divisions]] | parts = 4 gu, 42 dong <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type =[[Mayor–council government|Mayor-Council]] |leader_party = {{Small|([[New Politics Alliance for Democracy|NPAD]]}} |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Yeom Tae-Young |leader_title1 = Council |leader_name1 = Suwon City Council | area_total_km2 = 121.04 | population_total = 1170878 | population_as_of = September 30, 2013<ref>[https://stat.suwon.go.kr/sub/present/Population.asp Suwon City Website]</ref> | population_density_km2 = 8975.2 | population_blank1_title = Dialect | population_blank1 = [[Gyeonggi dialect|Gyeonggi]] | website = [http://eng.suwon.go.kr/web/eng/BD_index.do Suwon] | translit_lang1_type1 = Hangul | translit_lang1_info1 = {{linktext|수|원|시}} | translit_lang1_type2 = Hanja | translit_lang1_info2 = {{linktext|水|原|市}} | translit_lang1_type3 = {{nowrap|Revised Romanization}} | translit_lang1_info3 = Suwon-si | translit_lang1_type4 = {{nowrap|McCune–Reischauer}} | translit_lang1_info4 = Suwŏn-si | coordinates_region = KR |leader_title2 = Members of the Gyeonggi Provincial Council<!-- Romanizations are as found on http://www.ggc.go.kr/Eng/menu03.jsp --> |leader_name2 ={{Collapsible list |title = List |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |title_style = |list_style = text-align:left;display:none; |1=Kim Jae Gui<br />([[Democratic United Party|Democratic United]])<br />1st Electoral District, Suwon City |2=Kim Ju Seong<br />([[Democratic United Party|Democratic United]])<br />2nd Electoral District, Suwon City |3=Kim Sang Hoi<br />([[Democratic United Party|Democratic United]])<br />3rd Electoral District, Suwon City |4=Park Dong Hyeon<br />([[Democratic United Party|Democratic United]])<br />4th Electoral District, Suwon City |5=Lee Seung Cheol<br />([[Saenuri Party|Saenuri]]))<br />5th Electoral District, Suwon City |6=Kim Ho Kyum<br />([[Democratic United Party|Democratic United]])<br />6th Electoral District, Suwon City |7=Oh Wan Seok<br />([[Democratic United Party|Democratic United]])<br />7th Electoral District, Suwon City |8=An Hye Young<br />([[Democratic United Party|Democratic United]])<br />8th Electoral District, Suwon City }} |leader_title3=Members of the [[National Assembly of South Korea|National Assembly]]<!-- Please do not update this list for the 19th National Assembly until they are officially sworn in. Romanization as found on http://www.assembly.go.kr --> |leader_name3 ={{Collapsible list |title = List |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |title_style = |list_style = text-align:left;display:none; |Lee Chan-yeol<br />([[The Minjoo Party of Korea|MPK]]))<br />Electoral District A<br />Baek Hye-ryeon<br />([[The Minjoo Party of Korea|MPK]])<br />Electoral District B<br />Kim Yeong-jin<br />([[The Minjoo Party of Korea|MPK]])<br />Electoral District C<br />Park Kwang-on<br />([[The Minjoo Party of Korea|MPK]])<br />Electoral District D<br />Kim Jin-pyo<br />([[The Minjoo Party of Korea|MPK]])<br />Electoral District E}} |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |blank_name =Flower |blank_info = [[Azalea]] |blank1_name =Tree |blank1_info = [[Pine]] |blank2_name =Bird |blank2_info = [[Heron|White heron]] <!-- website, footnotes --------> }} '''Suwon''' ([[Hangul]]: 수원, [[Hanja]]: 水原, {{IPA-ko|sʰuwʌn}}) (known by its English name '''Suigen''') is the capital and largest metropolis of [[Gyeonggi-do]], [[South Korea]]'s most populous province which surrounds [[Seoul]], the national capital. Suwon lies about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=off}} south of Seoul. It is traditionally known as "The City of Filial Piety". With a population close to 1.2 million, it is larger than [[Ulsan Metropolitan City|Ulsan]], although it is not governed as a metropolitan city. Suwon has existed in various forms throughout [[History of Korea|Korea's history]], growing from a small settlement to become a major industrial and cultural center. It is the only remaining completely [[walled city]] in [[South Korea]]. The city walls are one of the more popular tourist destinations in [[Gyeonggi-do|Gyeonggi]] Province. [[Samsung Electronics]] R&D center and headquarters are based in Suwon. The city is served by two motorways, the [[Transportation in South Korea#Railways|national railway network]], and the [[Seoul Metropolitan Subway]]. Suwon is a major educational center, home to 11 universities.<ref name="Suwon Statistics">[http://stat.suwon.ne.kr 수원시통계<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Suwon is home to [[Association football|football club]] [[Suwon Samsung Bluewings]], which have won the [[K-league]] on four occasions<ref name="Suwon FC">{{cite web|url=http://www.kleaguei.com/|title=K-Leaguei|work=K-League|accessdate=2008-02-10}}</ref> and [[AFC Champions League]] twice. The [[KT Wiz]] of the [[Korea Baseball Organization]] also plays in Suwon. ==History== In ancient tribal times, Suwon was known as Mosu-guk ([[Hangeul]]: 모수국). During the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea|Three Kingdoms]] era, however, the area comprising modern Suwon and [[Hwaseong City]] was called ''Maehol-gun'' (매홀군). In 757, under [[Gyeongdeok of Silla|King Gyeongdeok]] of the [[Unified Silla]], the name was changed to ''Suseong-gun'' (수성군). In 940 during the [[Goryeo|Goryeo dynasty]]] changed again in to ''Suju'' (수주). [[Taejong of Joseon|King Taejong]] of the [[Joseon dynasty]] renamed the city to Suwon in 1413.<ref name="Names">{{cite web|url=http://eng.suwon.ne.kr/sub/happy_suwon/happy_suwon_03.asp?menuCode=0104|title=Welcome to Suwon city|work=Suwon City Council|accessdate=2007-11-27}}</ref> In 1592, during the [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)|Imjin wars]], Commander [[Yi Kwang]] attempted to launch his army toward the capital city, [[Seoul]] (at the time called ''Hanseong'').<ref name="Turnbull 116-123">Turnbull, Stephen. 2002, pp.&nbsp;116-123.</ref> The army was withdrawn, however, after news that the city had already been sacked reached the commander.<ref name="Turnbull 116-123"/> As the army grew in size to 50,000 men with the accumulation of several volunteer forces, Yi Kwang and the irregular commanders reconsidered their aim to reclaim the capital, and led the combined forces north to Suwon.<ref name="Turnbull 116-123"/><ref name="britannicasuwon">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Suwon | work = | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica | date = | url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9070532/Suwon | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2007-09-01 }}</ref> ===Construction of Hwaseong=== Later, during the Joseon Dynasty, [[Jeongjo of Joseon|King Jeongjo]] made an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to make Suwon the nation's capital in 1796. Part of this project was the construction of [[Hwaseong Fortress]], a fortified wall running around the entire city partially intended to guard the tomb of his father, [[Prince Sado]], which he had located there.<ref name="Tomb">{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/817|title=Hwaseong Fortress – UNESCO World Heritage Centre|work=UNESCO|accessdate=2007-12-05}}</ref> The walls were one of Korea's first examples of paid labour, ([[Corvée|corvée labour]] being common previously). The walls still exist today, though they (together with the fortress) were damaged severely during the [[Korean War]]. Hwaseong originally was constructed under the guidance of philosopher [[Jeong Yag-yong]]. Shortly after the death of King Jeongjo (1800), a white paper detailing the construction of the fortress was published. This proved invaluable during its reconstruction in the 1970s. The fortress walls once encircled the entire city, but modern urban growth has seen the city spread out far beyond the fortress. The walls are now a designated [[Unesco|UNESCO]] World Heritage site,<ref name="Tomb"/> and often are used in materials promoting the city. ===Korean War=== [[File:Wrecked North Korean tank on bridge south of Suwon HD-SN-99-03158.JPEG|thumb|200px|left|[[North Korea]]n [[T-34-85]] caught on a bridge south of Suwon by [[List of military aircraft of the United States|US attack aircraft]] in the [[Korean War]]]] The [[Korean War]] greatly affected Suwon, as the city changed hands four times. Very shortly after the outbreak of war, the [[49th Fighter Wing]] of the [[United States Air Force]] was dispatched to [[Korea]] from Japan. Its first task was to evacuate civilians from Suwon and [[Gimpo]], but Suwon soon fell to the advancing [[Korean People's Army|North Koreans]]. Shortly before the [[Battle of Osan]], the first conflict between [[Military of the United States|United States]] and [[Korean People's Army|North Korean]] forces, on July 4, 1950, defenses were erected on the road between Suwon and nearby [[Osan]] (then still under [[South Korea|Southern]] command). The next day, [[Korean People's Army|Northern troops]] advanced south. In the 3½-hour battle which followed, 150 American and 42 North Korean soldiers were killed and the United States troops were forced to retreat. The North Korean advance southwards to take Osan was delayed by an estimated seven hours.<ref name="Battle of Osan 1">Charles E. Heller and William A. Stofft, eds. ''America's First Battles, 1776–1965'' (1986)</ref><ref name="Battle of Osan 2">Roy E. Appleman, ''South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu'' (1960) [[Office of the Chief of Military History]], US Army</ref> On December 16, 1950, the [[Greek Expeditionary Force (Korea)|Greek Expeditionary Force]] relocated to Suwon, attached to the [[1st Cavalry Division (United States)|US 1st Cavalry Division]]. From November 6, 1951, the [[United States Air Force]]'s top fighter pilot [[Gabby Gabreski]] was in charge of [[Suwon Air Base|K-13 Air Base]] in Suwon. By the end of the [[Korean War|war]], Suwon was in [[South Korea]]. A memorial to the [[Military of France|French military]] stands in [[Jangan-gu]], near the [[Yeongdong Expressway]]'s North Suwon exit. ===Recent history=== *Suwon became the capital of [[Gyeonggi-do]] on June 23, 1967. *On July 1, 1988, [[Jangan-gu]] and [[Gwonseon-gu]] was installed. *On February 1, 1993, part of [[Jangan-gu]] and [[Gwonseon-gu]] was separated and these parts became a new district, [[Paldal-gu]]. *On November 24, 2003, [[Yeongtong-gu]] was installed newly to separate part of [[Paldal-gu]] ==Geography== [[File:Flags on Hwaseong.JPG|thumb|200px|left|Flags on [[Hwaseong Fortress|Hwaseong]].]] Suwon lies in the north of the [[Gyeonggi-do|Gyeonggi]] plain, just south of [[South Korea]]'s capital, [[Seoul]]. It is bordered by [[Uiwang]] to the north-west, [[Yongin]] to the east, the city of [[Hwaseong City|Hwaseong]] to the south-west, and also shares a short border with [[Ansan]] to the west. There are a few hills around Suwon. The highest of these is [[Gwanggyosan]] to the north, on the border with [[Yongin]], though those to the east are more numerous. [[Gwanggyosan]] is {{convert|582|m|ft}} above [[sea level]].<ref name="Gwanggyosan">{{cite web|url=http://www.koreasanha.net/san/gwanggyo.htm|title=한국의 산하 - 광교산 (''Hangugui Sanha - Gwanggyosan'')|work=Korean mountaineering association website|accessdate=2007-08-07}}</ref> Most of the streams passing through Suwon originate on [[Gwanggyosan]] or other nearby peaks. Since Suwon is bounded to the east by other hills, the streams, chiefly the [[Suwoncheon]] (and one notable tributary being the [[Jungbocheon]]), flow southwards through the city, eventually emptying into the [[Yellow Sea]] at [[Asan Bay]]. The entirety of Suwon is drained in this manner. As is true of all the [[South Korea]]n mainland, there are no natural lakes in Suwon. There are, however, many small reservoirs, namely Seoho (서호) near [[Hwaseo Station]], Ilwon Reservoir (일원 저수지) near [[Sungkyunkwan University]], Bambat Reservoir (밤밭 저수지) near [[Sungkyunkwan University Station]], Ilwang Reservoir (일왕 저수지) in [[Manseok Park]], Pajang Reservoir (파장 저수지) near the North Suwon exit of the [[Yeongdong Expressway]], Gwanggyo Reservoir (광교 저수지) at the foot of [[Gwanggyosan]], Woncheon and Sindae Reservoirs (원천 저수지 & 신대 저수지) near [[Ajou University]] 아주대학교, Geumgok Reservoir (금곡 저수지), a small reservoir at the foot of [[Chilbosan (Gyeonggi)|Chilbosan]], and the larger Wangsong Reservoir (왕송 저수지), located mainly in the city of [[Uiwang]], but its [[dam]] located in Suwon. At the closest point, being the Chilbosan ridge (239m)<ref name="Chilbosan">{{cite web|url=http://www.ebanwol.net/people/article_detail.asp?idx=10268|title=사사동의 칠부산 (''Sasa-dongui Chilbusan'')|work=Banwol Newspaper website|accessdate=2007-08-07 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071013090154/http://www.ebanwol.net/people/article_detail.asp?idx=10268 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-10-13}}</ref> to the west on the border with [[Ansan]], Suwon lies {{convert|6|km|mi}} from the [[Yellow Sea]] coast. ===Climate=== {{Weather box |location = Suwon (1981–2010) |metric first = Y |single line = Y |Jan high C = 2.1 |Feb high C = 5.0 |Mar high C = 10.6 |Apr high C = 17.9 |May high C = 23.0 |Jun high C = 26.8 |Jul high C = 28.8 |Aug high C = 29.8 |Sep high C = 25.9 |Oct high C = 20.0 |Nov high C = 12.0 |Dec high C = 5.0 |year high C = 17.2 |Jan mean C = -2.9 |Feb mean C = -0.3 |Mar mean C = 5.0 |Apr mean C = 11.6 |May mean C = 17.2 |Jun mean C = 21.7 |Jul mean C = 24.8 |Aug mean C = 25.6 |Sep mean C = 20.8 |Oct mean C = 14.0 |Nov mean C = 6.6 |Dec mean C = 0.0 |year mean C = 12.0 |Jan low C = -7.4 |Feb low C = -5.0 |Mar low C = 0.0 |Apr low C = 5.9 |May low C = 12.0 |Jun low C = 17.4 |Jul low C = 21.7 |Aug low C = 22.1 |Sep low C = 16.4 |Oct low C = 8.8 |Nov low C = 1.8 |Dec low C = -4.4 |year low C = 7.5 |precipitation colour=green |Jan precipitation mm = 22.4 |Feb precipitation mm = 24.2 |Mar precipitation mm = 47.9 |Apr precipitation mm = 61.3 |May precipitation mm = 97.8 |Jun precipitation mm = 129.2 |Jul precipitation mm = 351.1 |Aug precipitation mm = 299.8 |Sep precipitation mm = 153.9 |Oct precipitation mm = 53.1 |Nov precipitation mm = 49.7 |Dec precipitation mm = 21.8 |year precipitation mm = 1312.3 |Jan humidity = 65.1 |Feb humidity = 64.3 |Mar humidity = 64.2 |Apr humidity = 62.5 |May humidity = 67.6 |Jun humidity = 72.3 |Jul humidity = 80.1 |Aug humidity = 78.3 |Sep humidity = 74.5 |Oct humidity = 71.0 |Nov humidity = 68.6 |Dec humidity = 66.4 |year humidity = 69.6 |unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |Jan precipitation days = 7.3 |Feb precipitation days = 6.2 |Mar precipitation days = 7.6 |Apr precipitation days = 7.8 |May precipitation days = 8.7 |Jun precipitation days = 9.4 |Jul precipitation days = 15.4 |Aug precipitation days = 14.1 |Sep precipitation days = 8.7 |Oct precipitation days = 6.2 |Nov precipitation days = 8.7 |Dec precipitation days = 8.1 |Jan sun = 166.0 |Feb sun = 171.6 |Mar sun = 198.0 |Apr sun = 215.2 |May sun = 221.3 |Jun sun = 188.3 |Jul sun = 136.7 |Aug sun = 166.0 |Sep sun = 182.0 |Oct sun = 200.2 |Nov sun = 158.0 |Dec sun = 159.7 |year sun = 2162.8 |source = Korea Meteorological Administration<ref name= KMA>{{cite web |url=http://www.kma.go.kr/weather/climate/average_30years.jsp?yy_st=2011&stn=119&norm=M&x=32&y=3&obs=0&mm=5&dd=9 |publisher=Korea Meteorological Administration |accessdate=2011-05-09 |title=평년값자료(1981–2010) 수원(119) }}</ref> |date=May 2011}} ==Administrative divisions== [[File:Suwon Local Areas Map.PNG|200px|right|Districts of Suwon]] {{See also|Administrative divisions of South Korea}} The city is divided into 4 ''[[Administrative divisions of South Korea#Gu (District)|gu]]'' (districts):<ref name="Suwon Statistics" /> {| align="left" border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: width: 85%;1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid;border-collapse: collapse;" ! bgcolor="#F0F0F0" | Romanization ! bgcolor="#F0F0F0" | Hangul ! bgcolor="#F0F0F0" | Hanja ! bgcolor="#F0F0F0" | Pop. (2015)<ref>{{cite web|title=연령별 인구현황 (월간) |url=http://rcps.egov.go.kr:8081/ageStat.do?command=month|publisher=rcps.egov.go.kr|accessdate=2015-09-30|language=Korean}}</ref> ! bgcolor="#F0F0F0" | Area (m²) |- |1. [[Gwonseon-gu]] |권선구 |{{linktext|勸|善|區}} |344,414 |47,355,349.2 |- |2. [[Jangan-gu]] |장안구 |{{linktext|長|安|區}} |300,007 |33,119,867.5 |- |3. [[Paldal-gu]] |팔달구 |{{linktext|八|達|區}} |201,142 |13,077,959.4 |- |4. [[Yeongtong-gu]] |영통구 |{{linktext|靈|通|區}} |332,899 |27,500,143.7 |- |} {{clear}} The newest of these is [[Yeongtong-gu]], which was separated from [[Paldal-gu]] on November 24, 2003.<ref name="yeongtong1">{{cite web|url=http://yt.suwon.ne.kr/submain_view.asp?TopID=sub01&menuid=sub0101|title=영통구 연혁 (''Yeongtong-gu Yeonhyeok'')|work=Suwon City website|accessdate=2006-01-10}}</ref> These districts are in turn divided into 42 ''[[Administrative divisions of South Korea#Dong (Neighborhood)|dong]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.suwon.go.kr/sw-www/www05/www05-01/www05-01-08.jsp|title=수원시 행정구역|publisher=Suwon City|accessdate=2015-09-30|language=Korean}}</ref> ==Demographics== 50.2% of the population of Suwon is composed of male residents.<ref name="Suwon Statistics" /> Indeed, it is only in [[Paldal-gu]] that the number of female residents is greater than that of males. 1.85% of the population is of foreign nationality, the highest concentration (2.3%) being in [[Paldal-gu]]. Further information regarding the residents of each district is shown below.<ref name="Suwon Statistics" /> {| align="left" border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: width: 85%;1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid;border-collapse: collapse;" ! bgcolor="#f9f9f9" | ! bgcolor="#F0F0F0" | Total people ! bgcolor="#F0F0F0" | Korean males ! bgcolor="#F0F0F0" | Korean females ! bgcolor="#F0F0F0" | Korean (total) ! bgcolor="#F0F0F0" | Foreign males ! bgcolor="#F0F0F0" | Foreign females ! bgcolor="#F0F0F0" | Foreign (total) |- |'''Suwon''' (total) |1,086,904 |535,906 |531,211 |1,067,117 |9,914 |9,873 |19,787 |- |[[Gwonseon-gu]] |315,512 |156,783 |154,004 |310,789 |2,314 |2,411 |4,725 |- |[[Jangan-gu]] |290,732 |143,737 |143,351 |287,088 |1,742 |1,902 |3,644 |- |[[Paldal-gu]] |224,194 |107,929 |108,926 |216,855 |3,652 |3,687 |7,339 |- |[[Yeongtong-gu]] |256,466 |127,457 |124,930 |252,387 |2,206 |1,873 |4,079 |- |} {{clear}} Overall, the population of Suwon is increasing, but the domestic population is falling. For example, the Korean population of Suwon fell by 585 from December 2007 to January 2008.<ref name="Suwon Statistics" /> However, both genders of the foreign population increased in number in each [[Administrative divisions of South Korea#Gu (District)|gu]] in the same time period. It appears to be a pattern that the foreign population is increasing, as Suwon also saw a 13% increase in the number of registered foreigners residing in the city in the first half of 2007.<ref name="Demographics Statistics">{{cite web|url=http://sw.suwon.ne.kr/submain10_frame.asp|title=수원시 통계 (''Suwon-si Tonggye'')|work=Suwon City website|accessdate=2007-08-07}}</ref> The only ''[[Administrative divisions of South Korea#Gu (District)|gu]]'' currently showing an increase in population is [[Gwonseon-gu]] (though the same was until recently true of [[Paldal-gu]]), while all others have falling number of residents, especially [[Jangan-gu]] and [[Yeongtong-gu]].<ref name="Demographics Statistics"/> ==Education== ===Colleges and universities=== [[File:Sungkyunkwan University Suwon Engineering Building 2 Trees 1.JPG|thumb|200px|left|[[Sungkyunkwan University]]]] There are 11 [[university|universities]] in Suwon and 2 colleges, and these include [[Sungkyunkwan University]]'s Natural Sciences Campus, [[Kyonggi University]], [[Ajou University]], [[Kyunghee University]], [[Dongnam Health College]], Gukje Digital University, Hapdong Theological Seminary, and Suwon Women's College.<ref name="suwon.ne.kr|title=수원시청에">{{cite web|url=http://www.suwon.ne.kr|title=수원시청에 오신 것을 환영합니다 (Suwonsicheonge Osin Hwanyeonghamnida)|work=Suwon City Council|accessdate=2007-12-07}}</ref> The [[University of Suwon]] is not actually in Suwon, but in the neighbouring city of [[Hwaseong, Gyeonggi|Hwaseong]]. The agricultural campus of [[Seoul National University]] was located in Suwon until 2005, but is now in [[Gwanak-gu]], [[Seoul]]. There are also 2 junior colleges in Suwon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.suwon.ne.kr/sub_frame.asp?page_id=sub_02_03_03&root_id=sub_main2&parent_id=sub_02_03|title=Welcome to Suwon City – General State|work=Suwon City Council|accessdate=2007-12-08}}</ref> ===Primary and secondary schools=== There are 33 high schools, 37 middle schools, 81 primary schools and 107 kindergartens in Suwon.<ref name="suwon.ne.kr|title=수원시청에"/> Suwon has three schools devoted to [[special education]], namely the Jahye Institute, the School of Suwon Seokwang and Dream Tree Special School,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.suwon.ne.kr|title=수원시청에 오신 것을 환영합니다 (Suwonsicheonge Osin Hwanyeonghamnida)|work=Suwon City Council|accessdate=2007-12-07}}</ref> and also has wings of mainstream schools for students requiring [[special education]], being the Special Education School of Suwonbuk Middle School, the Special Education School of Suwon Girls' Middle School.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.suwon.ne.kr/sub_frame.asp?parent_id=sub_07_05&page_id=sub_07_05&root_id=sub_main7|title=Welcome to Suwon City – Special Education|work=Suwon City Council|accessdate=2007-12-06}}</ref> International schools: * [[Gyeonggi Suwon International School]] * Suwon Zhongzheng Chinese Elementary School (水原華僑中正小學/수원화교중정소학교)<ref>"[http://www.isi.go.kr/schoolInfo/SinfoView.do?schoolType=ST01&schoolId=38 水原華僑中正小學]." International School Information, Government of South Korea. Retrieved on March 30, 2016.</ref> ==Industry== The main industrial employer in Suwon is [[Samsung]]. In fact, Samsung had major facilities [[Seoul]], but at the beginning of the [[Korean War]], inventories were so damaged that the founder, [[Lee Byung-chul]] was forced to start business again in 1951. [[Samsung Electronics]] was founded in Suwon in 1969 and it now has its headquarters and a large factory complex in central Suwon; it is the city's largest employer. Other companies with offices here include [[SK Corporation|SK]], [[Samsung Electronics]], [[Samsung LED]], [[Samsung SDI]] and others. ==Culture== [[File:Hwaseong2.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Hwaseong Fortress]]]] [[Hwaseong Fortress]] is Suwon's most notable attraction. Built in 1796, the entire city used to be encircled by the walls, but now Suwon has expanded beyond this boundary. [[Hwaseong Fortress|Hwaseong]] is also listed as a [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site. Haenggung Palace, within [[Hwaseong Fortress|Hwaseong]], is another noteworthy historical attraction. On completion of the [[Bundang Line]] extension, Suwon will also be only a few stops from [[Singal Station|Singal]], the location of the [[Korean Folk Village]], and the [[Everland]] theme park is nearby in [[Yongin]]. ===Recreation=== The path around the walls of [[Hwaseong Fortress]] is popular with locals and tourists for sightseeing and walking. [[Manseok Park]] in northern Suwon has a 1200m track around a lake. Other facilities at [[Manseok Park]] include tennis (indoor & outdoor), soccer (dirt and artificial turf) and the Suwon X-Games skatepark. Various other parks are dotted around Suwon and several ski resorts and hiking trails are within easy reach of the city. ===Travel and tourism=== Including Suwon Hwaseong, Suwon city offers various tracking, tour and festivals for tourists.<ref>{{cite web|title=Suwon City Travel and Tourism Official English Website|url=http://eng.suwon.go.kr/sub/travel_tour/travel_tour_01_01.asp?menuCode=0401}}</ref> ===Sport=== Suwon has several sports facilities, including an [[archery]] field, [[badminton]] courts, [[ten-pin bowling]] lanes, indoor [[swimming pool]]s, [[tennis]] courts, [[soft tennis]] courts and [[Football (soccer)|football]] pitches.<ref name="Sports facilities">{{cite web|url=http://eng.suwon.ne.kr/sub_frame.asp?page_id=sub_08_02&root_id=sub_main8&parent_id=sub_08_02|title=Welcome to Suwon City – Sports Facilities|work=Suwon City Council|accessdate=2007-12-05}}</ref> [[Suwon Gymnasium]] hosted the [[Handball at the 1988 Summer Olympics|handball]] events in the [[1988 Summer Olympics]]; it has a capacity of 5,145. Suwon is home to the [[Suwon World Cup Stadium]], a venue during the [[2002 FIFA World Cup]] and home to [[K League Classic]] team [[Suwon Samsung Bluewings]]. [[Suwon FC]], another K League Classic team, plays at the [[Suwon Sports Complex]]. Suwon is home to [[KBO League]] team [[KT Wiz]] since 2015. The team plays at the [[Suwon Baseball Stadium]]. The city was previously the home of the [[Hyundai Unicorns]], but the team folded after the 2007 season and relocated to [[Seoul]], where it is now known as the [[Nexen Heroes]], and the [[Seoul Samsung Thunders|Samsung Thunders]] ([[men's basketball]] team) and [[Yongin Samsung Life Bichumi|Samsung Life Bichumi]] ([[women's basketball]] team).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.suwon.ne.kr/sub_frame.asp?parent_id=sub_08_04&page_id=sub_08_04&root_id=sub_main8|title=Welcome to Suwon City – Suwon Professional Team Introduction|work=Suwon City Council|accessdate=2007-12-05}}</ref> ===Entertainment=== Suwon has three major [[Multiplex (movie theater)|multiplex]] theaters: ''[[Megabox (movie theatres)|Megabox]]'' and ''[[CJ CGV|CGV]]'' theaters in the [[Suwon Station]] complex in the city center, as well as ''Kinex 5'' in the district of [[Yeongtong-gu]]. There are also other theaters that show fewer foreign films: ''Cinema Town'', ''Taehan Theater'', ''Piccadilly Theater'', ''Jungang Theater'', ''Royal Theater'', ''Dano Theater'' and ''Dano Art Hall''.<ref name="Cinemas">{{cite web|url=http://eng.suwon.ne.kr/sub_frame.asp?page_id=sub_05_07_02&root_id=sub_main5&parent_id=sub_05_07|title=Welcome to Suwon City - Movie Theaters|work=Suwon City Council|accessdate=2007-12-06}}</ref> Woncheon in the Yeongtong-gu district also has two [[amusement parks]], Woncheon Greenland and Woncheon Lakeland.<ref name="Amusement Facilities">{{cite web|url=http://eng.suwon.ne.kr/sub_frame.asp?page_id=sub_05_07_02&root_id=sub_main5&parent_id=sub_05_07|title=Welcome to Suwon City - Amusement Facilities|work=Suwon City Council|accessdate=2007-12-06}}</ref> ===Other amenities=== Suwon City Council prides itself on the condition of its [[Washroom|public lavatories]]. It has made efforts in recent years to ensure that new lavatories are clean and while improving existing facilities. There are now guided bus tours of the municipal restrooms offered for visitors.<ref name="Restrooms">{{cite web|url=http://eng.suwon.ne.kr/sub_frame.asp?page_id=sub_05_10&root_id=sub_main5&parent_id=sub_05_10|title=Beautiful Restrooms|work=Suwon City Council website|accessdate=2007-08-07}}</ref> ==Transport== [[File:Suwon Station.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Suwon Station]] Suwon is a regional transportation hub and [[Suwon Station]] is an important stop on the [[Gyeongbu Line|Gyeongbu railway line]] between [[Seoul]] and [[Busan]]. There is a bus service to the [[KTX]] high-speed train station at [[Gwangmyeong Station|Gwangmyeong]]. Suwon is connected to [[Seoul]] and other nearby cities by city and express buses with departure points across the city. There are also two bus terminals in Suwon with inter-city and express bus connections to most cities in Korea. These are [[Suwon Bus Terminal]], which is located near 'Hotel Ramada' and [[West Suwon Bus Terminal]], which is located near [[Sungkyunkwan University]]. KTX trains also make limited number of stops on services from Seoul to Busan. Suwon has several stations on [[Seoul Subway Line 1]], which runs North–South through the city, namely [[Sungkyunkwan University Station|Sungkyunkwan University]], [[Hwaseo Station|Hwaseo]], [[Suwon Station|Suwon]] and [[Seryu Station|Seryu]]. The [[Bundang Line]] also crosses Suwon East-West, terminating at [[Suwon Station|Suwon]], and the [[Suin Line]] connecting [[Suwon Station]] to [[Incheon Station|Incheon]] is under construction. Until 1973, the [[Suryo Line]] also connected Suwon to [[Yeoju]]. The [[Yeongdong Expressway]] (Number 50) passes through Suwon and two exits on this motorway lie within the city limits, being North Suwon and East Suwon. Suwon is also served by the Suwon exit of the [[Gyeongbu Expressway]] (Number 1), though this lies a short distance east of the Suwon's limits, near [[Singal]] in the city of [[Yongin]]. In 2013, the city hosted the [[EcoMobility]] World Festival in the Haenggun-dong neighbourhood (pop. 4,300), where for a month, streets were closed to cars as a [[Pedestrian zone|car-free]] experiment. Instead of cars, residents used non-motorized vehicles provided by the festival organizers.<ref>{{cite news|last=Strother|first=Jason|title=Locals applaud car-free month in Korean city|url=http://www.dw.de/locals-applaud-car-free-month-in-korean-city/a-17124711|accessdate=13 December 2013|newspaper=Deutsche Welle|date=30 September 2013}}</ref> The experiment was not unopposed; however, on balance it was considered a success. Following the festival, the city embarked on discussions about adopting the practice on a permanent basis.<ref>{{cite web|title=Report presents legacy of car-free neighborhood|url=http://www.ecomobilityfestival.org/news/latest-news/news-details/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=163&cHash=38b110b629bddf1219875eed8af8b5b1|work=EcoMobility world Festival 2013|publisher=ICLEI|accessdate=13 December 2013}}</ref> ==Media== There are two newspapers based in Suwon. These are the Gyeonggi Daily (경기일보) and, since 1960, the Gyeongin Daily (경인일보). The former is based in [[Jangan-gu]], with the latter's offices being in [[Paldal-gu]]. Both feature news exclusively in Korean. ==Military== The [[Republic of Korea Air Force|Air Force]] has a base in Jang-ji dong, Gwon-sun gu, Suwon. This was used by the [[United States Air Force]] during the [[Korean War]]. The base is now occupied mostly by the ROKAF (Republic of Korea Air Force), though the US Army houses half of a battalion there presently, and there are a limited number of US Air Force personnel. ==Religion== {{See also|Religion in South Korea}} As in most of [[South Korea]], according to 2006 statistics compiled by the [[South Korean Government|government]], about 25.3% of the population professes to follow no particular religion. [[Christianity in Korea|Christians]] account for 20% of the population and [[Korean Buddhism|Buddhists]] 52%. The Catholic [[Bishop of Suwon|Diocese of Suwon]] was created in 1963 by [[Pope Paul VI]]. ==Food== [[File:Korean.food-Galbi-03.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Galbi]] being cooked]] Suwon is famous for Suwon [[galbi]], a variation on the style beef short rib enjoyed throughout [[Korea]]. The city also has the same variety of [[Korean cuisine|Korean dishes]] served throughout the [[Korean peninsula|peninsula]] and has a wide variety of restaurants serving food from outside Korea. Since 1995, Galbi festival has been held annually, attracting many tourists. ==Flora and fauna== Suwon's wildlife is similar to that of most of [[Gyeonggi-do]]. A notable species, however, is the [[Suwon tree frog]]. This is one of only two [[tree frog]]s to inhabit the [[Korean peninsula]] and it lives in the [[Gyeonggi-do]] area only. ==Notable residents== Famous people from Suwon include: *Former footballer [[Park Ji-sung]] grew up in Suwon. In 2005, a city street was renamed after him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hani.co.kr/section-005000000/2005/06/005000000200506120951047.html|title=수원시 '박지성길' 만든다 <Suwon-si 'pakjiseonggil' mandeunda / Suwon City constructs 'Park Ji-Sung Road'>|work=Hankyoreh |author=Yu Sin-jae (유신재)|date=2005-06-12|accessdate=2007-08-08|language=ko}}</ref> *[[SHINee]] leader [[Lee Jin-ki]] *Pastor [[Billy Kim]], Former President of the [[Baptist World Alliance]] and current President of the Far East Broadcasting Company *[[2AM (band)|2AM]] Leader and variety show trend [[Jo Kwon]] *Cellist [[Han-na Chang]] *Actress [[Hyun Young]] *Actress [[Ha Ji-won]] *Presenter and columnist [[Sam Oh]] *MMA fighter [[Kim Dong-Hyun (fighter)|Kim Dong-Hyun]] *Actor [[Joo Won]] *[[Apink]] member [[Yoon Bo-mi]] *[[BTOB]] member [[Yook Sungjae]] *[[Block B]] member U-Kwon *Actor [[Ryu Jun-yeol]] *[[4Minute]] member [[Jeon Ji-yoon]] ==Twin towns – Sister cities== Suwon is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with: * {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Asahikawa]], Japan (1989) * {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Jinan]], [[Shandong]], China (1993) * {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Townsville]], Australia (1997) * {{flagicon|IDN}} [[Bandung]], Indonesia (1997) * {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Jeju City]], Republic of Korea (1997) * {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Yalova]], Turkey (1999) * {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Cluj-Napoca]], Romania (1999) * {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Toluca]], Mexico (1999) * {{flagicon|MAR}} [[Fes]], [[Morocco]] (2003) * {{flagicon|VIE}} [[Hải Dương Province]], Vietnam (2004) * {{flagicon|CAM}} [[Siem Reap Province]], Cambodia (2004) * {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Nizhny Novgorod]], Russia (2005) * {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Curitiba]], Brazil (2006)<ref name="Sister cities">{{cite web|title=Sister cities|url=http://www.suwon.go.kr/sw-www/www05/www05-01/www05-01-14.jsp|publisher=Suwon City|accessdate=2014-01-27}}</ref> * {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Pohang]], Republic of Korea (2009) * {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Taean County]], Republic of Korea (2009) ==See also== * [[List of cities in South Korea]] * [[Geography of South Korea]] * [[Seoul National Capital Area]] * [[Gyeonggi]] * [[Hwaseong Fortress]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Suwon}} *[http://eng.suwon.ne.kr/ City government website] *{{dmoz|Regional/Asia/South_Korea/Gyeonggi/Suwon}} *[http://english.visitseoul.net/visit2007en/activities/dattoursuggestions/dattoursuggestions.jsp?cid=38&sid=2306 Suwon : Official Seoul City Tourism] *[http://www.fcbluewings.com ''Suwon Samsung Bluewings'' official site] *[http://ehs.suwon.ne.kr/ Official site of Hwaseong fortress] *[http://www.gsis.sc.kr/ Gyeonggi Suwon International School homepage] *[http://www.kgib.co.kr Gyeonggi Daily Newspaper] *[http://www.kyeongin.com Gyeongin Daily Newspaper] {{Gyeonggi}} {{Metropolitan cities of South Korea}} {{coord|37|16|N|127|01|E|region:KR_type:city|display=title}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Suwon| ]] [[Category:Cities in Gyeonggi Province]] 4mwac24w7rixcl8ps3pame1ng563fvp 0 18973752 744857827 744642458 2016-10-17T21:21:10Z Dyanega 1357080 Undid revision 744642458 by [[Special:Contributions/77.125.23.20|77.125.23.20]] ([[User talk:77.125.23.20|talk]]); rv commercial link wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect-multi|3|Ladybird|Ladybug|Lady beetle||Ladybird (disambiguation)}} {{Use British English|date=October 2012}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}} {{Taxobox | name = Ladybug | image = Coccinella magnifica01.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Coccinella magnifica]]'' | domain = [[Eukarya]] | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Arthropod]]a | classis = [[Insect]]a | ordo = [[Beetle|Coleoptera]] | subordo = [[Polyphaga]] | superfamilia = [[Cucujoidea]] | familia = '''Coccinellidae''' | familia_authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1807&nbsp;<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=114329 |taxon=Coccinellidae Latreille, 1807 |accessdate=24 July 2012}}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies&nbsp;<ref name="ITIS" /> | subdivision = * [[Chilocorinae]] <small>[[Étienne Mulsant|Mulsant]], 1846</small> * [[Coccidulinae]] <small>Mulsant, 1846</small> * [[Coccinellinae]] <small>Latreille, 1807</small> * [[Epilachninae]] <small>Mulsant, 1846</small> * [[Hyperaspidinae]] <small>Duverger, 1989</small> * [[Microweiseinae]] <small>Leng, 1920</small><ref>{{cite web | title = Wikispecies: Microweiseinae | url = http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Microweiseinae | year = 2012 | accessdate = 9 March 2013}}</ref> * [[Scymninae]] <small>Mulsant, 1846</small> * [[Sticholotidinae]] <small>Weise, 1901</small> }} '''Coccinellidae''' ({{IPAc-en|,|k|ɒ|k|s|ɪ|'|n|ɛ|l|ɪ|d|aɪ}})<ref name="OED">{{cite encyclopedia | title=coccinellid | encyclopedia=The New Oxford Dictionary of English | publisher=Clarendon Press | accessdate=22 February 2015 | year=1998 | location=Oxford | isbn=0-19-861263-X | quote='''coccinellid''' /,kɒksɪ'nɛlɪd/ '''noun''' a beetle of a family (coccinelidae) that includes the ladybirds | page=351}}</ref> is a widespread [[family (biology)|family]] of small [[beetle]]s ranging from 0.8 to 18&nbsp;mm (0.0315 to 0.708&nbsp;inches).<ref name="Seago">{{cite journal | title=Phylogeny, classification and evolution of ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) based on simultaneous analysis of molecular and morphological data | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=July 2011 | volume=60 | issue=1 | pages=137–151 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.015 | last1=Seago | last2=Giorgi | last3=Li | last4=Ślipińskia | first1=A. E. | first2=J. A. | first3=J. | first4=A.}}</ref> They are commonly yellow, orange, or red with small black spots on their [[elytra|wing covers]], with black legs, heads and [[antenna (biology)|antennae]]. However such colour patterns vary greatly. For example, a minority of species, such as ''[[Vibidia duodecimguttata]]'', a twelve-spotted species, have whitish spots on a brown background. Coccinellids are found worldwide, with over 6,000 species described.<ref>Judy Allen & Tudor Humphries (2000). ''Are You A Ladybug?'', Kingfisher, p. 30</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url = http://www.zin.ru/animalia/coleoptera/addpages/Andrey_Ukrainsky_Library/References_files/Seago11-proof2.pdf|title = Phylogeny, classification and evolution of ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) based on simultaneous analysis of molecular and morphological data|last = Seago|first = Ainsley E.|date = 15 March 2011|journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.015|pmid = |access-date = 14 February 2016|last2 = Giorgi|first2 = Jose Adriano|last3 = Li|last4 = Slipinski|first3 = Jiahui|first4 = Adam}}</ref> Coccinellids are known as '''ladybugs''' in North America, and '''ladybirds''' in other areas. [[Entomology|Entomologists]] widely prefer the names '''ladybird beetles''' or '''lady beetles''' as these [[insects]] are not classified as [[Hemiptera|true bugs]].<ref>White, R.E. 1983. A field guide to the beetles of North America. Peterson Field Guide Series #29.</ref> The majority of coccinellid species are generally considered useful insects, because many species prey on herbivorous [[homoptera]]ns such as [[aphid]]s or [[scale insect]]s, which are agricultural pests. Many coccinellids lay their eggs directly in aphid and scale insect colonies in order to ensure their larvae have an immediate food source.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/bugs/ladybug/?source=A-to-Z|title=Ladybugs, Ladybug Pictures, Ladybug Facts – National Geographic|first=National Geographic|last=Society|publisher=|accessdate=October 4, 2016}}</ref> However, some species do have unwelcome effects; among these, the most prominent are of the [[Taxonomic rank|subfamily]] [[Epilachninae]], which are herbivorous themselves. Usually, epilachnines are only mild agricultural pests, eating the leaves of grain, potatoes, beans, and various other crops, but their numbers can increase explosively in years when their natural enemies, such as [[parasitoid]] wasps that attack their eggs, are few. In such situations, they can do major crop damage. They occur in practically all the major crop-producing regions of temperate and tropical countries. == Etymology == The name ''coccinellids'' is derived from the Latin word ''coccineus'' meaning "scarlet".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary|editor=Brown, L.|year=2007|edition=6|volume=1|pages=441}}</ref> The name "ladybird" originated in Britain where the insects became known as "Our Lady's bird" or the Lady beetle.<ref name="ladybird-survey">{{cite web|url=http://www.ladybird-survey.org/lots_about.aspx|title=Why are ladybirds so-called?|last=Anonymous|work=UK Ladybird survey|accessdate=15 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="Marian">{{cite web|url=http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/questions/yq/ladybug.html|title=Marian Roots of the Name|last=Samaha|first=John M.|work=Our Lady's Bug|publisher=International Marian Research Institute|accessdate=15 October 2010|location=Dayton, Ohio}}</ref> [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary]] (Our Lady) was often depicted wearing a red cloak in early paintings, and the spots of the seven-spot ladybird (the most common in Europe) were said to symbolise her [[Seven Joys of the Virgin|seven joys]] and [[Our Lady of Sorrows|seven sorrows]].<ref name="ladybird-survey" /> In the United States, the name was adapted to "ladybug". Common names in other European languages have the same association, for example, the German name ''Marienkäfer'' translates to Marybeetle.<ref name="Florida">{{cite web|url=http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/beneficial/lady_beetles.htm|title=common name: ladybirds, ladybird beetles, lady beetles, ladybugs (of Florida)|last=Anonymous|work=Featured creatures|publisher=University of Florida|accessdate=8 April 2010}}</ref> == Physical appearance == Most coccinellids have oval, dome-shaped bodies with six short legs. Depending on the species, they can have spots, stripes, or no markings at all. Seven-spotted coccinellids are red or orange with three spots on each side and one in the middle; they have a black head with white patches on each side. As well as the usual yellow and deep red colourings, many coccinellid species are mostly, or entirely, black, dark grey, gray, or brown, and may be difficult for an entomologist/nonentomologists to recognise as coccinellids at all. Conversely, non-entomologists might easily mistake many other small beetles for coccinellids. For example, the [[tortoise beetle]]s, like the ladybird beetles, look similar because they are shaped so that they can cling to a flat surface so closely that ants and many other enemies cannot grip them. Non-entomologists are prone to misidentify a wide variety of beetle species in other families as "ladybirds", i.e. coccinellids. Beetles are particularly prone to such misidentification if they are spotted in red, orange or yellow and black. Examples include the much larger [[Scarabaeidae|scarabaeid]] [[grapevine beetles]] and spotted species of the [[Chrysomelidae]], [[Melyridae]] and others. Conversely, laymen may fail to identify unmarked species of Coccinellidae as "ladybirds". Other beetles that have a defensive hemispherical shape, like that of the Coccinellidae (for example the [[Tortoise beetle|Cassidinae]]), also are often taken for ladybirds. A common myth, totally unfounded, is that the number of spots on the insect's back indicates its age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://everything-ladybug.com/ladybug-spots.html |title=Everything Ladybug! The source for Ladybug Stuff! |publisher=Everything-ladybug.com |accessdate=22 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ladybird-survey.org/lots_about.aspx|title=Ladybird spotters|last=Anonymous|work=UK Ladybird survey|accessdate=17 June 2010}}</ref> In fact, the underlying pattern and colouration are determined by the species and genetics of the beetle, and develop as the insect matures. In some species its appearance is fixed by the time it emerges from its [[pupa]], though in most it may take some days for the colour of the adult beetle to mature and stabilise. Generally, the mature colour tends to be fuller and darker than the colour of the [[Wiktionary:callow|callow]]. == Biology == {{See also|List of Coccinellidae genera}} [[File:Coccinellidae (Ladybug) Anatomy.svg|thumb|Basic anatomy of a ladybird]] Coccinellids are best known as [[predator]]s of [[Sternorrhyncha]] such as [[aphids]] and [[scale insects]], but the range of prey species that various Coccinellidae may attack is much wider. A genus of small black ladybirds, ''Stethorus'', presents one example of predation on non-Sternorrhyncha; they specialise in mites as prey, notably ''[[Tetranychus]]'' spider mites. ''Stethorus'' species accordingly are important in certain examples of [[Biological pest control|biological control]].<ref name="HHEE">Hodek, Ivo; Honek, A. ; van Emden, Helmut F. Ecology and Behaviour of the Ladybird Beetles. Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell 2012. ISBN 978-1-4051-8422-9</ref> Various larger species of Coccinellidae attack caterpillars and other beetle larvae.<ref name="HHEE" /> Several genera feed on various insects or their eggs; for example, [[Spotted lady beetle|''Coleomegilla'']] species are significant predators of the eggs and larvae of moths such as species of [[Spodoptera]] and the [[Plutellidae]].<ref>Roger, Caroline. Mechanisms of Prey Selection in the Ladybeetle Coleomegilla Maculata. Thesis. Department of Natural Resource Sciences. Macdonald campus of McGill University Montréal. Canada 1999 ISBN 0-612-50249-X</ref> [[Cannibalism (zoology)|Larvae and eggs of ladybirds]], either their own or of other species, can also be important food resources when alternative prey are scarce. As a family, the Coccinellidae used to be regarded as purely carnivorous,<ref name="JohnSmart">{{cite book | last = Smart | first = John | title = British Museum (Natural History) Instructions for Collectors NO. 4A. Insects | publisher = Trustees of the British Museum | location = London | year = 1963 }}</ref> but they are now known to be far more omnivorous than previously thought, both as a family and in individual species; examination of gut contents of apparently specialist predators commonly yield residues of pollen and other plant materials. Besides the prey they favour, most predatory coccinellids include other items in their diets, including honeydew, pollen, plant sap, nectar, and various fungi. The significance of such nonprey items in their diets is still under investigation and discussion.<ref name="ACGG">Almeida, Lúcia M. ; Corrêa, Geovan H. Giorgi, José A. ; Grossi, Paschoal C. New record of predatory ladybird beetle (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) feeding on extrafloral nectaries. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 55(3): 447–450, setembro, 2011</ref> Apart from the generalist aphid and scale predators and incidental substances of botanical origin, many Coccinellidae do favour or even specialise in certain prey types. This makes some of them particularly valuable as agents in biological control programmes. Determination of specialisation need not be a trivial matter, though; for example the larva of the Vedalia ladybird ''[[Rodolia cardinalis]]'' is a specialist predator on a few species of [[Monophlebidae]], in particular ''[[Icerya purchasi]]'', which is the most notorious of the cottony cushion scale species. However, the adult ''R. cardinalis'' can subsist for some months on a wider range of insects plus some nectar.<ref>Sands, D. P. A. and R. G. Van Driesche. 2000. Evaluating host specificity of agents for biological control of arthropods: rationale, methodology and interpretation, pp. 69-83. In Van Driesche, R. G., T. A. Heard, A. S. McClay, and R. Reardon (eds.). Proceedings of Session: Host Specificity Testing of Exotic Arthropod Biological Control Agents: The Biological Basis for Improvement in Safety. Xth International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. 4–14 July 1999. Bozeman, Montana. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Bulletin FHTET-99-1, Morgantown, West Virginia, U.S.A.</ref> Certain species of coccinellids are thought to lay extra infertile eggs with the fertile eggs, apparently to provide a backup food source for the larvae when they hatch. The ratio of infertile to fertile eggs increases with scarcity of food at the time of egg laying. Such a strategy amounts to the production of [[trophic egg]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author=J. Perry & B. Roitberg |year=2005 |title=Ladybird mothers mitigate offspring starvation risk by laying trophic eggs |journal=[[Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology]] |volume=58 |pages=578–586 |doi=10.1007/s00265-005-0947-1 |issue=6}}</ref> Some species in the subfamily [[Epilachninae]] are [[herbivore]]s, and can be very destructive [[agricultural pest]]s (e.g., the [[Mexican bean beetle]]). Again, in the subfamily Coccinellinae, members of the tribe Halyziini and the genus ''Tythaspis'' are [[Fungivore|mycophagous]]. While predatory species are often used as [[biological control]] agents, introduced species of coccinellids are not necessarily benign. Species such as ''[[Harmonia axyridis]]'' or ''[[Coccinella septempunctata]]'' in North America outcompete and displace native coccinellids and become pests themselves.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.treknature.com/gallery/photo268028.htm|title=TrekNature – LADY BEETLES Photo|publisher=}}</ref> The main predators of coccinellids are usually birds, but they are also the prey of frogs, wasps, spiders, and dragonflies. The bright colours of many coccinellids discourage some potential predators from making a meal of them. This phenomenon, called [[aposematism]], works because predators learn by experience to associate certain prey [[phenotype]]s with a bad taste. A further defence, known as "[[reflex bleeding]]", exists in which an alkaloid toxin is exuded through the joints of the exoskeleton, triggered by mechanical stimulation (such as by predator attack) in both larval and adult beetles, deterring feeding. Coccinellids in temperate regions enter [[diapause]] during the winter, so they often are among the first insects to appear in the spring. Some species (e.g., ''[[Hippodamia convergens]]'') gather into groups and move to higher elevations, such as a mountain, to enter diapause. Most coccinellids [[Overwintering|overwinter]] as adults, aggregating on the south sides of large objects such as trees or houses during the winter months, dispersing in response to increasing day length in the spring.<ref>{{cite journal |author=A. Honek, Z. Martinkova & S. Pekar |year=2007 |title=Aggregation characteristics of three species of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) at hibernation sites |journal=[[European Journal of Entomology]] |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=51–56 |url=http://www.icbugs.ca/eje_104_1_051_Honek.pdf |doi=10.14411/eje.2007.008}}</ref> Predatory coccinellids are usually found on plants which harbour their prey. They lay their eggs near their prey, to increase the likelihood the larvae will find the prey easily. In ''Harmonia axyridis'', eggs hatch in three to four days from clutches numbering from a few to several dozen. Depending on resource availability, the larvae pass through four [[instar]]s over 10–14 days, after which [[pupa]]tion occurs. After a [[teneral]] period of several days, the adults become reproductively active and are able to reproduce again, although they may become reproductively quiescent if [[Pupa#Emergence|eclosing]] late in the season. Total life span is one to two years on average. == Infestations and impacts == [[File:Ladybugs wide angle.JPG|thumb|Coccinellids covering a branch]] In the United States, coccinellids usually begin to appear indoors in the autumn when they leave their summer feeding sites in fields, forests, and yards and search out places to spend the winter. Typically, when temperatures warm to the mid-60s F (around 18&nbsp;°C) in the late afternoon, following a period of cooler weather, they will swarm onto or into buildings illuminated by the sun. Swarms of coccinellids fly to buildings in September through November depending on location and weather conditions. Homes or other buildings near fields or woods are particularly prone to infestation.<ref>University of Kentucky-College of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Service</ref> After an abnormally long period of hot, dry weather in the [[Summer of 1976 (Europe)|summer of 1976 in the UK]], a marked increase in the aphid population was followed by a "plague" of ladybirds, with many reports of people being bitten as the supply of aphids dwindled.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.thenorthernecho.co.uk/2001/7/5/166513.html |title=Phew, what a scorcher! |last=Anonymous |date=5 July 2001 |publisher=[[The Northern Echo]] |accessdate=8 April 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704094802/http://archive.thenorthernecho.co.uk/2001/7/5/166513.html |archivedate=4 July 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2006/may/17/water.ethicalliving|title=The great drought|first=Martin|last=Wainwright|date=17 May 2006|publisher=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=8 April 2010 |location=London}}</ref> The presence of coccinellids in grape harvests can cause [[ladybird taint]] in wines produced from the grapes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2012/02/ladybird-contamination-on-the-rise/|title=Ladybird contamination on the rise|last=Easton|first=Sally|date=2 February 2012|work=The Drinks Business|publisher=Union Press Ltd|accessdate=21 June 2013}}</ref> == As an alien species == ''[[Harmonia axyridis]]'' (the harlequin ladybird) is an example of how an animal might be partly welcome and partly harmful. It was introduced into North America from Asia in 1916 to control aphids, but is now the most common species, outcompeting many of the native species.<ref name="BBC news">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/essex/3715120.stm|title='Deadly ladybird' sighted in UK|last=Anonymous|date=5 October 2004|publisher=[[BBC News]] |accessdate=17 June 2010}}</ref> It has since spread to much of western Europe, reaching the UK in 2004.<ref name="BBC news" /><ref name="survey">{{cite web|url=http://www.harlequin-survey.org/|title=The Harlequin Ladybird has landed!|last=Anonymous|work=The Harlequin ladybird survey|accessdate=17 June 2010}}</ref> It has become something of a domestic and agricultural pest in some regions, and gives cause for ecological concern. It similarly has turned up in parts of Africa, where it has proved variously unwelcome, perhaps most prominently in vine-related crops. == UK ladybird survey == [[File:Ladybugsmating.jpg|thumb|''[[Coccinella septempunctata]]'' pair [[Animal sexual behaviour|mating]]. This seven-spotted species is by far the most common ladybird in Europe.]] The atlas ''Ladybirds (Coccinellidae) of Britain and Ireland'' published in 2011<ref>{{cite book|last=Roy |first=Helen|author2=Peter Brown |author3=Robert Frost |author4=Remy Poland |title=Ladybirds (Coccinellidae) of Britain and Ireland|publisher=The Field Studies Council|date=15 June 2011|page=204|isbn=978-1-906698-20-1}}</ref> showed a decline of more than 20% in native species due to environmental changes and competition from foreign invaders. The distribution maps, compiled over a 20-year period with help from thousands of volunteers, showed a decline in the numbers of the common 10-spot and 14-spot ladybirds and a number of other species, including the 11-spot, 22-spot, cream-spot, water and hieroglyphic ladybirds, ''Coccidula rufa, Rhyzobius litura'' and ''Nephus redtenbacheri''. Conversely, increases were seen in the numbers of harlequin, orange, pine, and 24-spot ladybirds, as well as ''Rhyzobius chrysomeloides''. The kidney spot ladybird was recorded in Scotland for the first time in recent years, and the 13-spot was found to have recolonised [[Cornwall]], [[Devon]], and the [[New Forest]]. The most commonly recorded species was the 7-spot, closely followed by the Asian harlequin&nbsp;— an invader that arrived from continental Europe in 2003 after being introduced to control pests. An 'explosion' in the number of orange ladybirds, which feed on mildew, is thought to have been due to the warmer, damper conditions that now prevail in parts of England.<ref>{{cite news|title=Spot check finds Britain's native ladybirds struggling to compete with alien invaders|last=Sample|first=Ian|date=15 June 2011|work=The Guardian|publisher=Guardian Newspapers ltd.|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jun/15/british-ladybird-species-struggling|page=3|accessdate=17 June 2011}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery widths="200px" heights="125px"> File:Ladybug among ants - 2013-4-18 - Alberta Canada.webm|HD video of a ladybird near an anthill File:Starr 040201 3622 brumoides suturalis.jpg|''[[Brumoides suturalis]]'' is an example of a longitudinally striped member of the Coccinellidae. File:Rhyzobius chrysomeloides.jpg|Unusually for a Coccinellid, the mature ''Rhyzobius chrysomeloides'' is brown and unspotted. File:Coccinella transversalis 2.jpg|''[[Coccinella transversalis]]'', [[elytron|elytra]] in the open position. In this coccinellid, the black spots are so large they meet. File:Coccinellidae Teneral after ecdysis 6440s.jpg|A specimen of ''Harmonia axyridis'' in South Africa, freshly out of its pupa. Its black spots will develop as its [[exoskeleton]] hardens. File:The Darkening of the Exoskeleton of a Coccinellidae Freshly out of its Pupa.jpg|A coccinellidae photographed freshly out of its pupa, and two and four hours later. File:Epilachna guttatopustulata01.jpg|''[[Henosepilachna guttatopustulata]]'', a herbivore and one of the largest ladybirds, feeding on a [[potato]] leaf. This species is multicoloured. File:Yellow Shouldered Ladybird (Apolinus lividigaster) with Aphis nerii.jpg|This yellow-shouldered ladybird (''[[Apolinus lividigaster]]'') feeding on an aphid has only two colour spots. Some species have none. File:Ladybird coccinella septempunctata.jpg|''Coccinella septempunctata'' File:Ladybug larva (Coccinellidae).jpg|[[Larva]] File:Ladybird Pupate.jpg|[[Pupa]]l stage File:MarienkäferEier 03.JPG|Eggs with the head of a match to show the scale File:Harmonia axyridis cannibalism.jpg|Larva of ''Harmonia axyridis'' eating another one that was beginning to pupate File:Lady beetle taking flight.jpg|Full wings of a ''[[Harmonia axyridis]]'' taking flight File:7-Spotted-Ladybird-Wiki-Zachi-Evenor-0119.jpg|''Coccinella septempunctata'' File:Psyllobora.vigintiduopunctata.6920.jpg|A yellow, twenty-two spot ladybird (''[[Psyllobora vigintiduopunctata]]''). File:Scymnus sp - 2012-10-16.webm|thumbtime=0:39|A brownish ''Scymnus'' sp. (tribe Scymnini) File:Coccinellidae DSC 0064.JPG|Coccinellidae starting flight. File:The feeding lady bug web.jpg|thumb|Lady bug feeding on a tiny bug on the seed head of a grass plant. </gallery> == In culture == [[File:Ladybugs on Jurmala beach.jpg|thumb|upright|Ladybirds on Jurmala beach, Latvia]] Coccinellids are, and have been for very many years, an insect of interest and favour for children. The insects had many regional names (now mostly disused) in English, such as variations on Bishop-Barnaby ([[Norfolk dialect|Norfolk]] and [[Suffolk dialect]])&nbsp;– Barnabee, Burnabee, the Bishop-that-burneth, and bishy bishy barnabee.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/the-tories-in-bournemouth-teachers-promised-support-as-shephard-calls-truce-1442798.html | location=London | work=The Independent | first=Nicholas | last=Timmins | title=The Tories in Bournemouth: Teachers promised support as Shephard calls truce | date=14 October 1994}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Edward Moor|title=Suffolk Words and Phrases: Or, An Attempt to Collect the Lingual Localisms of that County|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6BMLAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA33|year=1823|publisher=J. Loder|pages=33–}}</ref> The etymology is unclear, but it may be from St. Barnabas' feast in June, when the insect appears, or a corruption of "Bishop-that-burneth", from the fiery [[elytra]] of the beetles.<ref>Lewie C. Roache (1960) Ladybug, Ladybug: What's in a Name? The Coleopterists Bulletin 14(1):21-25.</ref> The ladybird was immortalised in the popular children's [[nursery rhyme]] ''[[Ladybird Ladybird]]'': <blockquote>Ladybird, ladybird, fly away home<br /> Your house is on fire and your children are gone<br /> All except one, and that's Little Anne<br /> For she has crept under the [[Bed warmer|warming pan]].</blockquote> This poem has its counterpart in German as ''Marienwürmchen,'' collected in ''[[Des Knaben Wunderhorn]]'', and set to music by [[Robert Schumann]] as Op. 79, No. 13. There is also a [[Poland|Polish]] [[nursery rhyme]], "Little Ladybirds' Anthem", of which a part ("fly to the sky, little ladybird, bring me a piece of bread") became a saying:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ppmalomice.szkolnastrona.pl/index.php?p=m&idg=zt,50,90|title=szkolnastrona – Przedszkole Publiczne im. Jana Brzechwy w Małomicach – Nasze grupy – BIEDRONECZKI – 4 LATKI -|first=|last=Szkolnastrona.pl|publisher=}}</ref> <blockquote>Mała Biedroneczka siedem kropek miała,<br /> Na zielonej łące wesoło fruwała.<br /> Złapał ją pajączek w swoją pajęczynę<br /> - uratuję Cię Biedronko, a ty mi coś przynieś.<br /> Biedroneczko leć do nieba, przynieś mi kawałek chleba.</blockquote> <blockquote>Little ladybird had seven dots,<br /> She was flying over a green meadow.<br /> A little spider caught her in its spiderweb<br /> I will set you free, little ladybird, and you bring me something.<br /> Fly to the sky, little ladybird, bring me a piece of bread.</blockquote> Many cultures consider coccinellids lucky and have nursery rhymes or local names for the insects that reflect this. For instance, the Turkish name for the insect is ''uğur böceği'', literally meaning "good luck bug". In many countries, including Russia, Turkey, and Italy, the sight of a coccinellid is either a call to make a wish or a sign that a wish will soon be granted. In Christian areas, coccinellids are often associated with the [[Virgin Mary]] and the name that the insect bears in the various languages of [[Europe]] corresponds to this. Though historically many European languages referenced [[Freyja]], the [[fertility]] [[goddess]] of [[Norse mythology]], in the names, the Virgin Mary has now largely supplanted her, so that, for example, ''freyjuhœna'' ([[Old Norse]]) and ''Frouehenge'' have been changed into ''marihøne'' ([[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]) and ''Marienkäfer'' ([[German language|German]]), which corresponds with [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Our Lady]]'s bird.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Notes and Queries]] |volume=9 |date=29 December 1849 |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13521/13521-h/13521-h.htm#page132 |title=Bishop Barnaby}}</ref> Sometimes, the insect is referred to as belonging directly to God ([[Irish language|Irish]] ''bóín Dé'', [[Polish language|Polish]] ''boża krówka'', all meaning "God's [little] cow").<ref name="DEX Online">{{cite web|url=http://dexonline.ro/search.php?lexemId=7083|title=dexonline|publisher=}}</ref> In [[Dutch language|Dutch]] it is called ''lieveheersbeestje'', meaning "little animal of our Good Lord". In both [[Hebrew]] and [[Yiddish]], it is called "[[Moshe Rabbenu]]'s (i.e. Moses's) little cow" or "little horse", apparently an adaptation from Slavic languages. Occasionally, it is called "little [[Messiah]]".<ref name="wex">''Born to Kvetch'', [[Michael Wex]], St. Martin's Press, New York, 2005, ISBN 0-312-30741-1.</ref> === As a logo === [[File:2008-09 alphen geen geweld.JPG|thumb|right|220px|Symbol of the Dutch Foundation Against Senseless Violence]] The bold colours and simple shapes have led to use as a [[logo]] for a wide range of organisations and companies, including: * [[Ladybird Books]] (owned by [[Pearson PLC]]) * Ladybird range of children's clothing sold by former [[Woolworths.co.uk]] and [[Woolworths Group plc|Woolworth's]] chain store in the UK * Polish supermarket chain [[Biedronka]] * [[Atmel AVR]] Studio software logo * Software development firm [[Axosoft]] * Symbol of the [[Swedish People's Party of Finland]] * Symbol of the [[Pestalozzi International Village]] charity * Symbol of the [[Hrvatska Lutrija|Croatian Lottery]] * The ladybird street tile (pictured) is a symbol against [[senseless violence]] in the Netherlands, and is often placed on the sites of deadly crimes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coe.int/t/e/com/files/pa-sessions/april-2004/disc-coccinelle.asp|title=Speech by Mrs Maud de Boer-Buquicchio on the occasion of the placement of a ladybird tile at the Council of Europe|last=Anonymous|date=April 2004 |work=Council of Europe|accessdate=21 September 2011}}</ref> In addition, it has been chosen as: * [[List of U.S. state insects|US state insect]] of [[Delaware]], [[Massachusetts]], [[New Hampshire]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Ohio]], and [[Tennessee]], though only New York has selected a species native to the [[United States]] (''[[Coccinella novemnotata]]''); the other states have all adopted an invasive European species (''[[Coccinella septempunctata]]''). * An "official national mascot"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asa.osdcms.com/collegians/news-and-events|title=ASA.osdcms.com|publisher=}}</ref> for [[Alpha Sigma Alpha]], a national [[sorority]] in the United States * An "official national mascot" for [[Swing Phi Swing Social Fellowship Incorporated|Swing Phi Swing Social Fellowship Inc.]]®, a national non-profit sisterhood in the United States * The mascot of [[Candanchú]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.candanchu.com|title=Estación de Esquí de Candanchú – Ven a esquiar en Familia|first=StaffMedia Branding Design S.L ->|last=www.staffmedia.com|publisher=|accessdate=15 September 2016}}</ref> a ski resort situated near the town of [[Canfranc]] in the [[High Aragon]] of the western [[Pyrenees]] ([[Province of Huesca]], Spain) == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == External links == {{Wiktionary|ladybird}} {{Commons category|Coccinellidae}} {{Wikispecies}} * [http://www.ento.csiro.au/biology/ladybirds/ladybirds.htm Ladybirds of Australia] * [http://www.harlequin-survey.org/ Harlequin Ladybird survey in the British Isles] * [http://www.biocontrol.entomology.cornell.edu/predators/ladybeetles.html Biological control: Predators: Lady beetles] Cornell University's ''Guide to natural enemies in North America'' * [http://zoo.prf.jcu.cz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1482&catid=48:vyzkumy&Itemid=75 Nedvěd O., Kovář I., 2012: Appendix: List of genera in tribes and subfamilies.] In: Hodek I., Honěk A., van Emden H.F. (2012) Ecology and Behaviour of the Ladybird Beetles (Coccinellidae). John Wiley and Sons Ltd. pp.&nbsp;526–531. * [http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/kids/animals/creaturefeature/ladybug/ National Geographic Kids – Ladybugs] * [http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/BENEFICIAL/lady_beetles.htm Ladybird beetles of Florida] on the UF / [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences|IFAS]] Featured Creatures website. * [http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/BENEFICIAL/lady_beetles_new_to_fl.htm Ladybird beetles – recent immigrants to Florida] on the UF / [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences|IFAS]] Featured Creatures website. * [http://www.lostladybug.org/ The Lost Ladybug Project] Ongoing North American Ladybeetle Survey and Citizen Science Project based at Cornell University – Submit Photos {{Coleoptera|4}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] [[Category:Biological pest control beetles]] [[Category:Coccinellidae| ]] [[Category:Cucujoidea families]] [[Category:Insects acting as insect pest control agents]] [[Category:Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille]] ce2cj4t23xbbnmsuphtcfq2vzt3kohx 0 32809024 541218289 448034644 2013-02-28T11:33:44Z Addbot 6569922 [[User:Addbot|Bot:]] Migrating 4 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:q1519849]] ([[User talk:Addbot|Report Errors]]) wikitext text/x-wiki '''Heddalsvatnet''' is a lake in the municipalities [[Notodden]] and [[Sauherad]] in [[Telemark]], Norway. The main influx comes from the rivers [[Tinnelva]] and [[Heddøla]]. The lake covers an area of 11.9 km2.<ref name=snl>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Heddalsvatnet |encyclopedia=[[Store norske leksikon]] |publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget |location=Oslo |url=http://www.snl.no/Heddalsvatnet |language=Norwegian | accessdate=20 August 2011 }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{coord|59|30|N|9|15|E|display=title|region:NO_type:waterbody_source:GNS-enwiki}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Heddalsvatnet}} [[Category:Lakes of Telemark]] [[Category:Notodden]] {{Telemark-geo-stub}} kjgrcswbnn72y4t1dwe8v0y0qr3t1r7 0 14877958 743576584 743264865 2016-10-10T07:36:58Z Kingpp93 25926687 /* Urban Renewal */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Refimprove|date=December 2015}} '''Capitol View''' is an inner-city neighborhood a 2.5 miles from downtown [[Atlanta, Georgia]] that was named for its excellent view of the [[Georgia State Capitol]] building. Its boundaries include [[Metropolitan Parkway (Atlanta)|Metropolitan Parkway]] to the east, Lee Street to the west, and the [[Belt Line (Atlanta)|Beltline]] to the north. On the south, the border follows Arden Street, Deckner Avenue, and [[Perkerson Park]]. Its central location is only minutes away from Atlanta [[Downtown Atlanta]], [[Midtown Atlanta]], [[Buckhead]], [[College Park, Georgia|College Park]], [[East Point, Georgia|East Point]], [[Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport]], and major highways and interstates such as the [[Downtown Connector]]/[[Interstate 75|I-75]]/[[Interstate 85|I-85]], [[Interstate 20|I-20]], and [[Metropolitan Parkway (Atlanta)|Metropolitan Parkway]]. Capitol View is filled with a housing stock of 1915-1925 of craftsman bungalows as well as earlier Queen Anne houses that precede the planned development of the neighborhood. Several of the Queen Annes on Metropolitan Avenue were built by the Deckner family, for whom Decker Avenue is named. Many homes are rapidly being renovated.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} [[File:CVBanner.jpg|thumb|right|Capitol View Neighborhood Association Banner]] [[File:Perkerson Park Splash Pad Playing Atlanta, GA.jpg|thumb|right|Perkerson Park Splash Pad]] ==History== ===Early history=== [[File:Capitol View Historical Layout1.jpg|thumb|right|Original Capitol View plans East]] [[File:Capitol View historical plans 2014.jpg|thumb|right|Original Capitol View plans West]] In the first and second decades of the 1900s, the residential area now known as Capitol View was little more than a farm and pasture owned primarily by A.P. Stewart, "Uncle John" Shannon and the Deckner family. There were no paved streets, no electric lights and no sewage system. In 1858, the 12 charter members of Capitol View Baptist Church (then located on Beatie Avenue) went to church by lantern light. Between 1910 and 1914, the community began growing, largely due to the addition of a Masonic Temple and pharmacy to the area. By 1913, utilities were installed and Capitol View was annexed in the City of Atlanta. The early 20th century trolley system revolutionized Capitol View and led to streets laid out in a grid pattern that has a longer north-south axis than east-west. Commercial activity is concentrated along Dill Avenue, with a major commercial intersection at Dill and Metropolitan Parkway. This intersection has two prominent buildings, the 1921 Masonic Temple and the 1927 Capitol View United Baptist Church, as well as several smaller commercial buildings. [[File:Capitol View Streetscape.jpg|thumb|left|Capitol View Streetscape]] ===Urban Renewal=== [[File:Beltline Westside Trail Map.jpg|thumb|right|Atlanta BeltLine Westside Trail]] In the late 1990s, Stewart Avenue was renamed Metropolitan Parkway in an effort to shake the street's unfortunate reputation as a haven of crime and prostitution. Since then Dill Ave restored the area have helped to increase property values and reduce crime. The approval of a [[Tax-allocation district]] for Metropolitan Parkway (although it does not include the Capitol View area) should help to revitalize a long-neglected business corridor. The redevelopment of the nearby [[Fort McPherson]] into a mixed use development/movie studio in the future will provide employment opportunities for existing and new residents. MARTA is also in the process of transitioning the Oakland City MARTA station into a transit-oriented development by converting existing parking lots into condos, apartments, and storefronts. With the 2014 construction of the [[Belt Line (Atlanta)|Beltline]], the rising trend toward city living, and the new library currently under construction in the neighborhood by the old Capitol View Baptist Church, Capitol View appears to be on a track for revitalization like many other in-town Atlanta neighborhoods. ===BeltLine Westside Trail=== [[File:Westside beltline.jpg|thumb|left|Atlanta Beltline Westside Trail groundbreaking Ceremony]] The Atlanta BeltLine runs through the northern part of the Capitol View neighborhood, dropping south from Adair Park and crossing Metropolitan Avenue just north of Erin Avenue (in fact, that’s the BeltLine bridge that you drive under on Metropolitan). From there, the BeltLine heads into neighboring Capitol View Manor. In September 2013, the City of Atlanta was awarded an $18 million TIGER V grant from the U.S. Department of Transportation to develop the southwest corridor of the [[Atlanta BeltLine]]. In the second half of 2014, construction will commence on the 3-mile Westside Trail. The 3-mile Westside trail will run along the northern edge of Capitol View from University Avenue in [[Adair Park]] north to Lena Avenue at [[Washington Park (Atlanta)|Washington Park]] in [[West End (Atlanta)|West End]]. For a half mile along White Street, the trail will use the existing West End Trail. The project funding includes 14 points of entry (11 of which will be ADA-accessible) with ramp and stair systems, greenway, and preservation for future transit. The construction is expected to start in the fall of 2014. The Atlanta BeltLine Westside Trail groundbreaking took place on Wednesday, November 12 at 10:30&nbsp;a.m. The Westside Trail, the next major milestone for the Atlanta BeltLine’s network of trails, transit, parks and green space will be a three-mile addition running from University Avenue in Adair Park to Lena Street at Washington Park.The design of the Westside Trail project was led by Atlanta BeltLine, Inc. in partnership with the Georgia Department of Transportation and support from a design team led by Kimley-Horn and Associates. The initial phase of a project this complex normally takes two years to complete. Yet the process took only nine months with the help of a unique partnership between the City of Atlanta, the Georgia Department of Transportation, the USDOT Federal Highway Administration, Atlanta BeltLine, Inc. and its design team. Construction of this project is expected to take approximately 24 months. When completed, the Westside Trail will have a 14-foot wide concrete multi-use trail in this historic railroad corridor. The project will also include the construction of 14 access points, 11 of which are ADA-accessible, along with lighting, security cameras, signage, way-finding, mile-markers, and underground infrastructure. An expansion of the Atlanta BeltLine arboretum will blend with hundreds of large, native trees and integrate more than 30 acres of inviting and usable new green space. The project will be constructed in preparation for future transit that is currently is the planning stages. The Westside Trail connects four schools and four parks, as well as the residents of 10 southwest Atlanta neighborhoods to public transit, existing community businesses and future economic development sites.<ref>http://beltline.org/2014/11/05/atlanta-beltline-meets-critical-milestone-with-groundbreaking-of-westside-trail/</ref> ==Neighborhood Association== <!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:CVNA Logo in Atlanta.png|thumb|left|CVNA Banner]] --> ===Mission=== Capitol View Neighborhood Association (CVNA) exists to improve the quality of life for Capitol View residents and to preserve, restore, and rejuvenate the neighborhood. Community involvement includes a monthly potluck, and a yearly kick ball competition in its park. Meetings are held on the third Saturday of every month at the Perkerson Park Recreational Center at 10:30. ===Membership=== 2015 CVNA dues are as follows: *$35 for new members (this includes CV banner) *$25 for renewing members *$35 for additional banners (An additional $1 is charged when paying with PayPal) ==Transportation== [[File:MARTA Oakland City.jpg|thumb|MARTA Oakland City Train Station]] Capitol View is conveniently located just a few miles from [[Downtown Atlanta]], [[Midtown Atlanta]], [[Buckhead]], [[College Park, Georgia|College Park]], [[East Point, Georgia|East Point]], [[Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport]], and major highways and interstates such as the [[Downtown Connector]]/[[Interstate 75|I-75]]/[[Interstate 85|I-85]], [[Interstate 20|I-20]], and [[Metropolitan Parkway (Atlanta)|Metropolitan Parkway]]. ===Public Transportation=== Capitol View is located directly on the Red/Gold Lines of the [[MARTA]] Train Rail with a neighborhood stop at the [[Oakland City (MARTA station)|Oakland City]] Train Station. This allows easy public transit options to the Atlanta area and beyond. In addition, Marta Bus stops line the perimeter of the neighborhood and surrounding areas. ===Oakland City MARTA Station layout=== {|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3 |style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''P<br>Platform level''' |style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Southbound''' |style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=400|← [[Gold Line (MARTA)|<span style="background:#{{MARTA color|Gold}};color:black">'''Gold Line'''</span>]] toward [[Airport (MARTA station)|Airport]] <small>([[Lakewood / Fort McPherson (MARTA station)|Lakewood / Fort McPherson]])</small><br>← [[Red Line (MARTA)|<span style="background:#{{MARTA color|Red}};color:white">'''Red Line'''</span>]] toward Airport <small>(Lakewood / Fort McPherson)</small> |- |style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;" colspan=2 align=center|{{small|[[Island platform]], doors will open on the left}} |- |style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|'''Northbound''' |style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|<span style="color:white">→</span> [[Gold Line (MARTA)|<span style="background:#{{MARTA color|Gold}};color:black">'''Gold Line'''</span>]] toward [[Doraville (MARTA station)|Doraville]] <small>([[West End (MARTA station)|West End]])</small> →<br><span style="color:white">→</span> [[Red Line (MARTA)|<span style="background:#{{MARTA color|Red}};color:white">'''Red Line'''</span>]] toward [[North Springs (MARTA station)|North Springs]] <small>(West End)</small> → |- |style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G''' |style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level |style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=400 valign=top|Entrance/Exit, fare barriers |- |style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''L''' |style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Lower level |style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=400 valign=top|Passageway from street to platforms |} ==Housing== Most homes in Capitol View were built during the first half of the twentieth century. Earlier home styles were primarily [[Victorian houses|Country Victorians]] and [[Bungalow|Craftsman Bungalows]] while later housing stock included [[Cape Cod house|Cape Cods]] and [[Colonial architecture|Colonials]]. Most houses feature wide front porches and back decks looking out on spacious yards. Currently, houses in the neighborhood ran the gamut of fixer-uppers to fully renovated to brand new home construction. Prices reflect the condition of the property and the top of the market is in the low $200,000 range. The neighborhood also has several industrial buildings which have been converted to lofts and are a part of the Couer D'Allene loft complex. <gallery mode="packed-hover"> Image:CVHouse12.jpg Image:CVHouse19.jpg Image:CVHouse8.jpg Image:CVHouse7.jpg Image:HouseCV.jpg Image:CVHouse40.jpg <!-- Deleted image removed: Image:CV_House2_2014_Atlanta,_GA.jpg --> Image:CV_House3_2014_Atlanta,_GA.jpg Image:CV_House4_2014_Atlanta,_GA.jpg Image:CV_House5_2014_Atlanta,_GA.jpg Image:CV_House6_2014_Atlanta,_GA.jpg <!-- Deleted image removed: Image:CV_House7_2014_Atlanta,_GA.jpg --> Image:CV House 6.jpg Image:CV House.jpg Image:CV House3.jpg Image:CV House4.jpg Image:CV house5.jpg Image:CV House7.jpg </gallery> ==Parks and Recreation== [[File:PerkersonPark.jpg|thumb|left|PerkersonPark]] [[File:Perkerson Park Splash Pad Opening Atlanta, GA 2014.jpg|thumb|right|Perkerson Park Splashpad]] Capitol View is located between [[Perkerson Park]] and the proposed [[Atlanta Beltline]] park system. Perkerson is a {{convert|50|acre|m2|sing=on}} park with a large pavilion and several other picnic facilities. A new playground was recently installed during a renovation of the park's recreation center. In March 2010, the Friends of Perkerson Park, a community volunteer group, hosted the first "Spring Forward Festival" which raised money to make improvements to the park. The park also features the following sport amenities: *[[Basketball]] courts *[[Tennis]] courts *[[Baseball]], [[Softball]], and [[Little League]] fields *[[Sprayground]] Perkerson Park is home to the only permanent [[disc golf]] course in the city of Atlanta. Capitol View is also between two of the six targeted economic development areas on the Atlanta Beltline: Murphy's Crossing, directly north of Capitol View, and University/Metropolitan to the east. ==Education== ===Atlanta Public Schools=== [[Image:Capitol View Elementary School (Atlanta).jpeg|thumb|right|Latin Academy Charter School]] [[File:Atlantametropolitancollege.jpg|thumb|Atlanta Metropolitan College]] The [[Atlanta Public Schools]] for the neighborhood are: *Perkerson Elementary School *Parks Middle School *Latin Academy Charter School *[[Washington High School (Atlanta)|Washington High School]] ===Colleges and Universities=== In addition, many colleges are located within a few miles of Capitol View. These include: *[[Atlanta Technical College]] *[[Atlanta Metropolitan College]] *[[Morehouse College]] *[[Clark Atlanta University]] *[[Georgia State University]] *[[Georgia Institute of Technology]] *[[Georgia Perimeter College]] ===Metropolitan Library=== [[File:Metropolitan Branch.jpg|thumb|left|Metropolitan Branch Rendering]] The [[Atlanta–Fulton Public Library System]] is currently building the Southwest Atlanta Branch Library in the neighborhood at 1332 Metropolitan Parkway, Atlanta, GA 30310. The Library System is engaged in a $275 million building program, funded by a library bond referendum approved by Fulton County voters in 2008. The project is divided into two phases. Phase I of the Library Building Program consists of 10 projects, 8 new libraries – Alpharetta, East Roswell, Metropolitan, Milton, Northwest Atlanta, Palmetto, Southeast Atlanta, and Wolf Creek – and 2 expanded libraries – Auburn Avenue Research Library on African American Culture and History and South Fulton – with a total budget of $167 million; these dollars include everything from design and construction to funding for collections. Also, each library project includes a public art component, through the Fulton County Public Art Program. ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.capitolview.org/ Official Capitol View Neighborhood Association Website] *[http://wikimapia.org/2122639/ Map of Capitol View from Wikimapia] *[http://www.atlanta.k12.ga.us/domain/108 Atlanta Public Schools] {{Atlanta neighborhoods}} {{Coord|33.71661|-84.415947|display=title}} [[Category:Neighborhoods in Atlanta]] 8ot9mwoo9hfvcnge3f2vyo38nsknksv